computer organization lecture 02
TRANSCRIPT
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IT225: Computer Organizations
August 20, 2014 (Wed)
Lecture 2
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Assignments
Reading for today
1.1 (structured computer organization) 1.2 (milestones in computer architecture)
Skim 1.3 (the computer zoo)
1.4.1-1.4.2 (skip 1.4.3) (example computer families)
for Monday
1.5 (metric units)
Ch 2.1.1-2.1.4 (processors)
Watch the following Youtube Video
Inside microchip (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGN-
KLABVLk How mircochips are made
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2KcZGwntgg)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4ngrnLULOY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGN-KLABVLkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGN-KLABVLkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2KcZGwntgghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4ngrnLULOYhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4ngrnLULOYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2KcZGwntgghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGN-KLABVLkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGN-KLABVLkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGN-KLABVLk -
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Assignments-continued
Homework#1
Due Wed (August 27th) @ 11:55pm Available right now on Reggienet
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Outline
What drives new trends in computer industry?
Technology; cost vs. performance
Structured Computer Organization
The Computer ZOO
Example Computer families
metrics
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Review: The Digital Computer
Machine to carry out instructions
A program
Instructions are simple Add numbers
Check if a number is zero
Copy data between memory locations Primitive instructions in machine language
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Review: Big gap between what human
wants and machine can do
You wish if you could do the following:
You: Siri, will you marry me?
Siri: No, we barely know each other
You: You are very disappointing! Then,
let me know if 143 is a prime number
Siri: yes, it is a prime number
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Review: Big gap between what human
wants and machine can do
In reality, You write the following program:
main()
{
for (int i=1; i < 143; i++)
Your program is translated into the following
assembly/machine language code:
mov ax, 1
Add ax, ax,1
.
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Structured Computer Organization, 6thEdition by Tanenbaum and Austin, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2012
Languages, Levels,
and Virtual Machines (1)
Figure 1-1. A multilevel machine.
.
.
.
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Languages, Levels,
and Virtual Machines (2)
Figure 1-1. A multilevel machine.
.
.
.
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Contemporary Multilevel Machines (1)
Figure 1-2. A six-level computer. The support method for each
level is indicated below it (along
with the name of the supporting program).
.
.
.
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Contemporary Multilevel Machines (2)
Figure 1-2. A six-level computer. The support method for each
level is indicated below it (along
with the name of the supporting program).
.
.
.
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Basic JVM Components
The Java Virtual Machine
Classloader
Executionengine
Host operating system
Program
Class
fi les
The Java
APIs
class f i les
Native methods invocation
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Java -> IJVM
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Milestones (1)
Figure 1-4. Some milestones in the development
of the modern digital computer.
.
.
.
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Milestones (2)
Figure 1-4. Some milestones in the development
of the modern digital computer.
.
.
.
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Milestones (3)
Figure 1-4. Some milestones in the development
of the modern digital computer.
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Computer Generations
Zeroth GenerationMechanical Computers (16421945)
First Generation
Vacuum Tubes (19451955)
Second GenerationTransistors (19551965)
Third Generation
Integrated Circuits (19651980)
Fourth GenerationVery Large Scale Integration (1980?)
Fifth Generation
Low-Power and Invisible Computers
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1-19
Mechanical Computers
Babbages Analytical Engine
Copyright 2010 JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.
Abacus
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1-20
Vacuum tube, Transistors, IC, and VLSI
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How transistor works:
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1-22
Early History
1642: Blaise Pascal invents a calculating machine 1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that
uses punch cards
1800s: Charles Babbage attempts to build an analytical engine
(mechanicalcomputer)
Augusta Ada Byron develops many of the fundamental
concepts of programming George Boole invents Boolean logic.
Copyright 2010 JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.
Note: focus on words in red color
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1-23
Modern Computer Development
1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM). First electronic computer using relays. 1939: ABC is built
First fully electronic digital computer. Used vacuum tubes.
1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of
Pennsylvania). First general purpose digital computer. 1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed.
Main concept: Stored program in memory
Proposed digital logic (i.e., use binary rather than decimal)
Still the standard for present day computers. 1947: Creation of transistor
(Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs).
1951-2: EDVAC and IAS
IC and VLSI
. Copyright 2010 JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.
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1-24
Early Computers
ENIAC
Copyright 2010 JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAnhFNJgNYY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxj6h5JyfXs
V N M hi (f fi t )
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAnhFNJgNYYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxj6h5JyfXshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxj6h5JyfXshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAnhFNJgNYY -
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Von Neumann Machine (from first gen)
- stored program in memory
The original Von Neumann machine.
(from first gen)
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Review: Von Neumann Machine (from first gen)
- stored program in memory
The original Von Neumann machine.
Program + Data
1. add
2. subtract
3. and
4. if result is false, jump
5. move.
CPU
PDP 8 I ti Si l B
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PDP-8 InnovationSingle Bus
(from second gen.)
The PDP-8 omnibus
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Outline
What drives new trends in computer industry? Technology; cost vs. performance
Milestones in computer architecture
A few key ideas
The Computer ZOO
Example Computer families
Processors
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Technological and Economic Forces
Figure 1-8. Moores law predicts a 60 percent annual increase in
the number of transistors that can be put on a chip. The data
points given above and below the line are memory sizes, in bits.
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The Computer Spectrum (1)
Figure 1-9. The current spectrum of computers available.
The prices should be taken with a grain
(or better yet, a metric ton) of salt.
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The Computer Spectrum (2)
Figure 1-10. A printed circuit board is at the heart of every
personal computer. This one is the Intel DQ67SW board. 2011
Intel Corporation. Used by permission.
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Microcontrollers
Appliances
Communications
gear Computer
peripherals
Entertainment
devices
Imaging devices
Medical devices
Military weapon
systems
Shopping devices
Toys
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Introduction to the x86 Architecture (1)
Figure 1-11. Key members of the Intel CPU family. Clock
speeds are measured in MHz (megahertz),
where 1 MHz is 1 million cycles/sec.
.
.
.
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Introduction to the x86 Architecture (2)
Figure 1-11. Key members of the Intel CPU family. Clock
speeds are measured in MHz (megahertz),
where 1 MHz is 1 million cycles/sec.
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Introduction to the x86 Architecture (3)
Figure 1-12. The Intel Core i7-3960X die. The die is 21 by 21 mm
and has 2.27 billion transistors. 2011 Intel Corporation.
Used by permission.
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Introduction to the x86 Architecture (4)
Figure 1-13. Moores law for (Intel) CPU chips.
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Introduction to the ARM Architecture
Figure 1-14. The Nvidia Tegra 2 system on a chip.
2011 Nvidia Corporation. Used by permission.
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Introduction to the AVR Architecture
Figure 1-15. Microcontroller classes in the AVR family.
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Metric Units
Figure 1-16. The principal metric prefixes.
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Metric Units
The principal metric prefixes.
NOTE: - Memory size is represented in binary number Therefore, 1MBis 1024
kilobytes, or 1048576 (1024x1024) bytes, not one million bytes
H t k b d idth i t d i d i l b Th f