computer programming chapter ( 3 )
DESCRIPTION
C Programming CS 002 Computer ProgrammingTRANSCRIPT
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LOGO
Prepaid By: Eng. Ibrahim Elewah
Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City6th of October Branch
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
Main Reference
HTI Student Book and “C For Dummies”
by Dan Gookin 2nd Edition
Lecture Notes in
1
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Course Contents
Introduction
C Programming Higher Technological Institute2
1
Program Development2
The Essential of C Programs3
Manipulating Data with Operators 4
Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O5
Decision6
Iteration7
Arrays8
C Functions9
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Course Contents
C Programming Higher Technological Institute3
The Essential of C Programs3
Constants and variables
Expressions
Arithmetic operators
Statements
Statement blocks
Data Types and Names in C
Naming a Variable
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Expressions
o An expression is a combination of constants,variables, and operators that are used todenote computations
1. Taking the value contained in the drawer(variable) A
2. Multiply this value by 2
3. Subtract 1 from result obtained from 2
4. The value contained in drawer A is omitted, thenputting the result obtained from 3 into drawer A.
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𝑨 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝑨 − 𝟏
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Arithmetic Operations
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Addition
DivisionMultiplication
Subtraction
Reminder
The Reminder operator % is used to obtainthe reminder of the first operand divided bythe second operand
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Arithmetic Operations
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Addition
DivisionMultiplication
Subtraction
Reminder
𝟔% 𝟒 = 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏%𝟐 = 𝟏 𝟒𝟖%𝟓 =
Example
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Arithmetic Operations
C Programming Higher Technological Institute7
Addition
DivisionMultiplication
Subtraction
Reminder
𝟔% 𝟒 = 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏%𝟐 = 𝟏 𝟒𝟖%𝟓 = 𝟑
Example
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Constants and Variables
o As its name implies, a constant is a value that neverchanges.
o A variable, on the other hand, can be used to presentdifferent values.
o For instance, consider the following:
𝒊 = 𝟏 ;o Where the symbol i is a constant because it always has
the same value (1) and the symbol i is assigned theconstant 1.
o In other words, i contains the value of 1 after thestatement is executed.
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Data Types and Names
oThe C language reserves some keywordswords that have special meanings to thelanguage.
oThose reserved words should not be usedas variables, constants, or function namesin your program.
oAll C keywords must be written inlowercase letters, for instance INT will notbe treated as a keyword, it must be writtenas int.C Programming Higher Technological Institute9
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The computer list of C keywords
auto break case char
const continue default do
double else enum extern
float for goto if
int long register return
short signed sizeof static
struct switch typedef union
unsigned void volatile while
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Naming a Variable
o Characters A through Z and a through z
o Digit characters 0 through 9, which can be used in any position except the first of a variable name.
o The underscore character _
Examplesstop_sign loop3 and_pause
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Valid Variable Name Can Use
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Naming a Variable
o A variable name can’t contain any C arithmetic signs.
o A variable name can’t contain any dots.
o A variable name can’t contain any apostrophes.
o A variable name can’t contain any other special symbols such as *, @, #, and so on.
Examples4flags sum-result method*4
return what_size? ahmed.ali
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Invalid Variable Name Can NOT be Used
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Data Types
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C Data Type
char
a, B, $, #
int
5, 17, 128
float
2.5 , 0.3
double
23433.3455
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Declaration Statement
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Typechar
int
float
double
Namec1
N1
F1
d1
Value‘&’
100
32/10
5e3
char c1 = ‘&’ ;
int n1 = 100 ;
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Declaration Statement
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Typechar
int
float
double
Namec1
N1
F1
d1
Value‘&’
100
32/10
5e3
char c1 ;
int n1 ;
c1 = ‘&’ ;
n1 = 100 ;
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Declaration Statement
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Typechar
int
float
double
Namec1
n1
f1
d1
Value‘&’
100
32/10
5e3
float f1= 32/100 ;
double d1=5e3 ;
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Declaration Statement
C Programming Higher Technological Institute17
Typechar
int
float
double
Namec1
n1
f1
d1
Value‘&’
100
32/10
5e3
float f1 ;
double d1 ;
f1 = 32/100 ;
d1 = 5e3 ;
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Some special characters in C
\b BackspaceMoves the cursor to the left one character
\f Form feedGoes to the top of a new page
\n New lineCarriage return and line feeds
\r ReturnReturns to the beginning of the current line
\t TabAdvances to the next tab stop
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Examples
/* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
return 0;
}
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Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1);
printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c \n”, c2);
return 0;
}
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Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1);
printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c \n”, c2);
return 0;
}
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printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
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Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1);
printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c \n”, c2);
return 0;
}
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printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
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Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1);
printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c \n”, c2);
return 0;
}
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printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
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Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1);
printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c \n”, c2);
return 0;
}
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printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
New Line
Specifier
for
Character Data Type
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Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1);
printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c \n”, c2);
return 0;
}
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You Have To Know about Data Types
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Type
char
int
float
double
Name
c1
n1
f1
d1
Value
‘&’
100
32/10
5e3
Specifier
%c
%d
%f
%e,%E
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Examples /* The arithmetic operations on integers */
# include<stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 15 */
int m = 3;
int n=2;
printf ( "The summation of %d and %d is : %d.\n", m, n, m+n);
printf ( "The difference between %d and %d is : %d.\n", m, n, m-n);
printf ( "The multiplication of %d by %d is : %d.\n", m, n, m*n);
printf ( "The division of %d by %d is : %d.\n", m, n, m/n);
printf ( "The remainder of division of %d by %d is : %d.\n", m, n, m%n);
return 0 ;
}
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Operators Precedence
Operator Sign Name
( ) Brackets
/ Division
* Multiplication
+ Addition
- Subtraction
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Logic Operators
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Operator Sign Name
| | OR
&& AND
!= NOT
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Examples /* Example3 : Integer vs. floating point divisions */
# include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf ()
function */
main ( )
{
int n1,n2,n3;
float m1,m2,m3;
n1 = 32/10; m1= 32/10;
n2 = 32.0/10; m2= 32.0/10;
n3 = 32/10.0; m3 = 32/10.0;
return 0;
}
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Examples /* Example3 : Integer vs. floating point divisions */
# include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{
int n1,n2,n3; float m1,m2,m3;
n1 = 32/10; m1= 32/10;
n2 = 32.0/10; m2= 32.0/10;
n3 = 32/10.0; m3 = 32/10.0;
printf ( “ The integer division of 32/10 is : %d \n”, n1);
printf ( “The floating point division of 32/10 is : %f \n”, m1);
printf ( “The integer division of 32.0/10 is : %d \n”, n2);
printf ( “The floating point division of 32.0/10 is : %f \n”, m2);
printf ( “The integer division of 32/10.0 is : %d \n”, n3);
printf ( “The floating point division of 32/10.0 is : %f \n”, m3);
return 0;
}C Programming Higher Technological Institute31
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Double Data Type
o Here are two examples:
[mantissa] e [exponent]
[mantissa] E [exponent]
Example
5000 5e3.
-300 -3e2
0.0025 2.5e-3.
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Specifier %e or %E
With printf ( )
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Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
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Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
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Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
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X = E * D – B / C + A ;
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Precedence Example
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
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X = E * D – B / C + A ;
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Precedence Example
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X = E * D – B / C + A ;
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Precedence Example
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X = E * D – B / C + A ;
A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
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Precedence Example
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X = E * D – B / C + A ;
2 * 10 – 6 / 3 + 20 A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
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Precedence Example
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X = E * D – B / C + A ;
2 * 10 – 6 / 3 + 20
20 – 2 + 20
A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
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Precedence Example
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X = E * D – B / C + A ;
2 * 10 – 6 / 3 + 20
20 – 2 + 20
38
A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
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Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
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Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
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Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
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Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
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Precedence Example
.
.
.
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Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
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Precedence Example
.
.
.
38
C Programming Higher Technological Institute46
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
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Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute47
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Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute48
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
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Precedence Example
C Programming Higher Technological Institute49
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
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Precedence Example
C Programming Higher Technological Institute50
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
![Page 51: Computer programming chapter ( 3 )](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052619/5561f7bad8b42ae04e8b4b48/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Precedence Example
C Programming Higher Technological Institute51
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
20 * 4 / 5A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
![Page 52: Computer programming chapter ( 3 )](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052619/5561f7bad8b42ae04e8b4b48/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Precedence Example
C Programming Higher Technological Institute52
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
20 * 4 / 5
16
A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
![Page 53: Computer programming chapter ( 3 )](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052619/5561f7bad8b42ae04e8b4b48/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute53
![Page 54: Computer programming chapter ( 3 )](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052619/5561f7bad8b42ae04e8b4b48/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute54
![Page 55: Computer programming chapter ( 3 )](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052619/5561f7bad8b42ae04e8b4b48/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Home Work ..!!Exercises 3 Page 44
C Programming Higher Technological Institute55
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LOGO
Eng. Ibrahim Elewah
Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City6th of October Branch
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
56
Main Reference
HTI Student Book and “C For Dummies”
by Dan Gookin 2nd Edition