computer programming (tmk 3102) lecture notes 1

8/9/2019 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING (TMK 3102) LECTURE NOTES 1

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Chapt er 1: In t roduc t ion t o Com put er & Program m ing

Session Plan (Week1):To understand:

Computer Hardware Concept

Computer Software Concept

Programming Language


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TMK 3102-Chap 1: Introduction toCom uter & Pro rammin

2

What i s a c om puter? An electronic device that stores &

process data

Consists of: Hardware: physical aspect of the computer

that can be seen

Software: set of instruction that control thehardware and make it performs specific tasks


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Com put er Syst em

Computer User

Application Software

System Software

Computer Hardware


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Com puter Hardw are

Compute r Hardw are

Keyboard (Input Device)

Speaker

(Output

Device)

Floppy disk (Secondary Storage)

Mouse (Input Device)

Printer (Output Device)

Monitor

Screen

(Output

Device)

CD ROM, DVD ROM

(Secondary Storage)


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Com puter Hardw are

A computer hardware consists of a CPU,memory, hard disk, floppy disk, monitor,printer, and communication devices.

Memory

CPU

Storage

DevicesDisk, CD, and

Tape

Input

Devices

Output

Devices

Keyboard,

Mouse

Monitor,

PrinterCommunication

DevicesModem, and

NIC


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Comput er Hardw are - CPU

The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of acomputer. It retrieves instructions from memory andexecutes them. The CPU speed is measured inmegahertz (MHz), with 1 megahertz equaling 1 million

pulses per second. The speed of the CPU has beenimproved continuously.

Memory

CPU

Storage

Devices

Disk, CD, and

Tape

Input

Devices

Output

Devices

Keyboard,

Mouse

Monitor,


DevicesModem, and

NIC


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Compute r Hardw are - Mem ory

Memoryis to store data and program instructions for CPU toexecute. A memory unit is an ordered sequence of bytes, eachholds eight bits. A program and its data must be brought tomemory before they can be executed. A memory byte is neverempty, but its initial content may be meaningless to your program.The current content of a memory byte is lost whenever newinformation is placed in it.

Memory

CPU

Storage

DevicesDisk, CD, and

Tape

Input

Devices

Output

Devices

Keyboard,

Mouse

Monitor,


DevicesModem, and

NIC


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Compute r Hardw are - Mem ory

Data of various kinds, such as numbers,characters, and strings, are encoded as aseries of bits (zeros and ones).Computers use zeros and ones becausedigital devices have two stable states,which are referred to as zeroand oneby

convention. The programmers need not tobe concerned about the encoding anddecoding of data, which is performedautomatically by the system based on theencoding scheme. The encoding schemevaries. For example, character J isrepresented by 01001010 in one byte. Asmall number such as three can be stored

in a single byte. If computer needs tostore a large number that cannot fit into asingle byte, it uses a number of adjacentbytes. No two data can share or split asame byte. A byte is the minimum storageunit.

.

.

.

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

.

.

.

01001010

01100001

01110110

01100001

00000011

Memory contentMemory address

Encoding for character J

Encoding for character a

Encoding for character v

Encoding for character a

Encoding for number 3


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Comput er Hardw are - St o rage

Memory is volatile, because information is lost when the power isoff. Programs and data are permanently stored on storagedevices and are moved to memory when the computer actuallyuses them. There are three main types of storage devices:Disk

drives (hard disks and floppy disks), CD drives (CD-R and CD-RW), and Tape drives.

Memory

CPU

Storage

Devices

Disk, CD, and

Tape

Input

Devices

OutputDevices

Keyboard,

Mouse

Monitor,


DevicesModem, and

NIC


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Com puter Hardw are I /O

Keyboard and Mouse received data from user(input)

Monitor and printer displays information (output)Memory

CPU

Storage

Devices

Disk, CD, and

Tape

Input

Devices

Output

Devices

Keyboard,

Mouse

Monitor,


DevicesModem, and

NIC


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Com puter Hardw are -

Communica t ion

A regular modemuses a phone line and can transfer data in a speed up to56,000 bps (bits per second). A DSL (digital subscriber line) also uses aphone line and can transfer data in a speed 20 times faster than a regularmodem. A cable modemuses the TV cable line maintained by the cablecompany. A cable modem is as fast as a DSL. Network interface card

(NIC) is a device to connect a computer to a local area network (LAN).The LAN is commonly used in business, universities, and governmentorganizations. A typical type of NIC, called 10BaseT, can transfer data at10 mbps (million bits per second).

Memory

CPU

Storage

DevicesDisk, CD, andTape InputDevices

Output

Devices

Keyboard,Mouse

Monitor,


DevicesModem, and

NIC


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Quest ions

What is the physical aspect of thecomputer?

Give examples of computer hardware. What are the communication hardware?

What is bit? 1 byte consists of?


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Com puter Sof tw are

Software

An executable program that is run in the computer System Software: Windows, Linux ,hardware drive etc. Application Software: word processing, browser etc.

Program An organized list of instruction that when executed causes the

computer to behave in a predetermined manner

Without program, computers are useless. A program is like arecipe. It contains a list of ingredients (called variables) and a listof directions (called statement) that tell the computer what to dowith the variables. The variables can represent numeric data, textor graphical images

Program are written using computer programming language


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Program m ing Language

Machine Language

Assembly Language

High Level Language


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Mac hine Language

Machine language is a set of primitiveinstructions built into every computer. Theinstructions are in the form of binary code, so

you have to enter binary codes for variousinstructions. Program with native machinelanguage is a tedious process. Moreover theprograms are highly difficult to read andmodify. For example, to add two numbers, you

might write the an instruction in binary like this:1101101010011010


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Assem bly Language

Assembly languages were developed to makeprogramming easy. Since the computer cannotunderstand assembly language, however, aprogram called assembler is used to convertassembly language programs into machinecode. For example, to add two numbers, youmight write an instruction in assembly code likethis:

ADDF3 R1, R2, R3


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High -Leve l Language

The high-level languages are English-like and

easy to learn and program. For example, to

add two numbers, you might write aninstruction in high level language codelike this:

R3 = R1 + R2;


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Popular High Leve l Language

Java (This is what are we going to learn) COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) BASIC (Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instructional Code)

Pascal (named for Blaise Pascal) Ada (named for Ada Lovelace) C (whose developer designed B first) Visual Basic (Basic-like visual language developed by

Microsoft)

Delphi (Pascal-like visual language developed by Borland) C++ (an object-oriented language, based on C)


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Compi l ing

A program written in a high-level language is called a sourceprogram. Since a computer cannot understand a sourceprogram. Program called a compileris used to translate thesource program into a machine language program called anobject program. The object program is often then linked with

other supporting library code before the object can beexecuted on the machine.

CompilerSource File Object FileLinker Excutable File


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Com pi l ing (2)

You can port a source program to any machine with appropriatecompilers. The source program must be recompiled, however, becausethe object program can only run on a specific machine. Nowadayscomputers are networked to work together. Java was designed to runobject programs on any platform. With Java, you write the program

once, and compile the source program into a special type of objectcode, known as bytecode. The bytecode can then run on any computerwith a Java Virtual Machine, as shown in Figure 1.5. Java VirtualMachine is a software that interprets Java bytecode.

Java Bytecode

Java VirtualMachine

AnyComputer


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Quest ions

What are 2 types of software?

Give 3 types of programming language.

List examples of High LevelProgramming Language?

What is the meaning of compiling?


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TMK 3102-Chap 1: Introduction to 22

Thank you.

computer programming (tmk 3102) lecture notes 1

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