computer shop manual

8/11/2019 Computer Shop Manual

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Manual

Manufacturing Practices

Computer Shop

For

Computer Science & Engineering

Chitkara UniversityChandigarh-Patiala National igh!ay" #illage $ansla" %eshil a'pura"

(istt) Patiala-*+,+,*) Phone ,*./0-1,.,21"1,.*2/


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EXPERIMENT: *

34M: To describe various components of computer hardware.PUP5SEAssembling and Disassembling of PC being done to get knowledge about the

computer hardware.E6U4EMEN%S Few tools reuired for assembling and disassembling of PC.

1. A screwdriver.

0) A flathead screwdriver.7) !eedle nose pliers" for one particular motherboard mounting screw and in case we drop

something in a hard to reach place.+) A #mm socket wrench" which is the si$e needed for the motherboard mounting posts that

came with the Antec %&'()( case.1) A flashlight can sometimes come in hand* when we+re tr*ing to make out something on

an item we+ve alread* installed" but , doubt we+ll reall* need it./) Alcohol -- pure or Acetone" if we+ll be removing the pre'applied thermal compound

from the CP/ cooler to use the Arctic &ilver 0 instead. ,f so then we+ll also need a clean"e1pired credit card 2for scraping3" a brand new toothbrush 2for scrubbing3 and lint free

cloths 2for wiping and rubbing3 to remove the pre'applied thermal compound.

(ESC4P%45N:

ard!are

4ardware refers to the ph*sical elements of a computer also referred to as the machiner* or theeuipment of the computer. 51amples of hardware in a computer are the ke*board" the monitor"the mouse and the processing unit 4owever" most of a computer+s hardware cannot be seen6 inother words" it is not an e1ternal element of the computer" but rather an internal one" surroundedb* the computer+s casing. A computer+s hardware is comprised of man* different parts" but

perhaps the most important of these is the motherboard. The motherboard is made up of evenmore parts that power and control the computer.

elation 8et!een S9: and 9:

,n contrast to software" hardware is a ph*sical entit*" while software is a non'ph*sical entit*.4ardware and software are interconnected" without software" the hardware of a computer wouldhave no function. 4owever" without the creation of hardware to perform tasks directed b*software via the central processing unit 2bo13" software would be useless.

Components Central Processing Unit ;CPU(7 wide 1 -.B7 deep and Mini'AT? is >>.(7wide 1 ).(7 deep. 9ther maor differences include power suppl* connector" and ke*boardconnector. AT has #'pin large ke*board connector" where as AT? has B'pin mini connector.&imilarl*" AT has single row two connectors ='#E" and ='>(E" whereas AT? motherboard hasdouble row single connector providing ='#E" ='>(E" and 0.0E.

A t*pical AT? PC motherboard with constituent components is given below:


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The important constituent components of an AT? Motherboard are given below:

*) Mouse ke*board0) /&87) Parallel port+) CP/ Chip1) ;AM slots/) Flopp* controller.) ,D5 controller2) PC, slot?) ,&A slot

*,) CM9& 8atter***) AP slot*0) CP/ slot*7) Power suppl* plug in

*) Mouse & key8oard: %e*board Connectors are two t*pes basicall*. All PCs have a %e* boardport connected directl* to the motherboard. The oldest" but still uite common t*pe" is a specialD,!" and most PCs until recentl* retained this st*le connector. The AT'st*le ke*board connectoris uickl* disappearing" being replaced b* the smaller mini D,! P&=('st*le ke*board connector.

PS/2 Ports

P&=( ports were the previous standard before /&8 for ke*boards and mice. The* were no fasterthan &erial ports. This new plug was created b* ,8M when the* launched their P&=( line ofcomputers in >-)


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Ge can use an AT'st*le ke*board with a P&=('st*le socket 2or the other wa*around3 b* using a converter.

0)US@;Universal serial8us


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greater number of pins 2between


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2) PC4 slot: ,ntel introduced the Peripheral component interconnect bus protocol. The PC,bus is used to connect ,=9 devices 2such as !,C or ;A,D controllers3 to the main logic of thecomputer. PC, bus has replaced the ,&A bus.

?) 4S3 slot: 2,ndustr* &tandard Architecture3 ,t is the standard architecture of the 51pansionbus. Motherboard ma* contain some slots to connect ,&A compatible cards.

*,) CM5S @attery: To provide CM9& with the power when the computer is turned off allmotherboards comes with a batter*. These batteries mount on the motherboard in one of threewa*s: the obsolete e1ternal batter*" the most common onboard batter*" and built'in batter*.

**) 3AP slot: ,f we have a modern motherboard" we will almost certainl* notice a singleconnector that looks like a PC, slot" but is slightl* shorter and usuall* brown. Ge also probabl*


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have a video card inserted into this slot. This is an Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) slot

*0) CPU slot: To install the CP/" ust slide it straight down into the slot. &pecial notches in theslot make it impossible to install them incorrectl*. &o remember if it does not go easil*" it isprobabl* not correct. 8e sure to plug in the CP/ fan+s power.

*7) Po!er supply plug in:

The Power suppl*" as its name implies" provides the necessar* electrical power to make the pcoperate. the power suppl* takes standard >>@'E AC power and converts into ='>('Eolt" ='#'

Eolt" and 0.0'Eolt DC power.

The power suppl* connector has (@'pins" and the connector can go in onl* one direction.


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%he Processor & CPU Cooler

,t+s important that the CP/ Cooler provide enough cooling capacit* for the processor" but it+s alsoa consideration as to how much noise it makes. The CP/ Cooler is perhaps the primar* noisefactor component.

%he ard (rive

A hard drive is a mass storage device found in all PCs 2with some e1clusions3 that is used tostore permanent data such as the operating s*stem" programs and user files.

The data on hard drives can be erased and=or overwritten. The hard drive is classed as a non'volatile storage device" which means it doesn+t reuire a constant power suppl* in order toretain the information stored on it 2unlike;AM3.

,nside ever* hard drive are small round disk'like obects made of either analuminium=allo* or a glass=ceramic composite. These are called platters" each platter iscoated with a special magnetic coating enabling them to store data magneticall*.

4overing above these platters are read=write heads that transfer data to and from theplatters. Ge will cover platters" heads and the other mechanical elements in more detail inthe hard drive mechanics section.
http://www.helpwithpcs.com/jargon/ram.htmhttp://www.helpwithpcs.com/courses/hard-drive-mechanics.htmhttp://www.helpwithpcs.com/jargon/ram.htmhttp://www.helpwithpcs.com/courses/hard-drive-mechanics.htm


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%he C(-5M

A C( :riter2cd burner3 can save data or audio to a special t*pe of recordable CD2C(or C(:3" this is an e1cellent wa* of backing up *our data or creating audio CDs.

Although portable storage" such as the e1ternal hard drive" is a ver* convenient wa* tobackup*our data" a CD; offers that e1tra bit of reliabilit*" hard drives can fail.

Hou will often see CD Griters advertised as )?'>(?'#@?" this means it will burn 2write3 at)?" ;eGrite 2write again over an e1isting rewritable CD3 at >(?" and read at #@? the normalCD speed.For instance" a )? CD Griter will write a CD ) times faster than normal 2


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%he Modem

M5(EM - M5dulator (EModulator

A communications device used to allow a host" such as a personal computer" to communicateacross a network" like the ,nternet.

There are numerous t*pes of modem in use toda*" these include dial'up modems" D&I modems"cable modems and wireless modems.


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Computer 3ssem8ly - o! %o 3ssem8le 3 PC

Safety First

8efore opening the case of *our PC" disconnect the power suppl*. ,t is alsoadvisable to unplug an*thing else from the computer" including an* networkconnections.

Steps %o 3ssem8le 3 PC,nstall the Motherboard into the Computer CaseThe motherboard is read* to be installed in the computer case. At this point" the processor" CP/cooler and memor* modules have been installed onto the motherboard so it looks like this.

;emove the right'hand panel from the computer case and la* the computer case on its side. Themotherboard will la* flat inside the case" resting on brass'colored mounting posts.

This shot is taken looking straight down into the case at the position in which the motherboard isto be installed. The orientation of the motherboard when it is inside the case is the same as thepicture of the motherboard above. ,t+s eas* to see in the enlargement of the picture below that thecase comes with four brass'colored mountings posts alread* installed. There are holes in the casefor additional mounting posts" but not all of them are appropriate for all motherboards.
http://www.mysuperpc.com/pc_assembly/case_on_side_overview.jhttp://www.mysuperpc.com/pc_assembly/case_on_side.jhttp://www.mysuperpc.com/pc_assembly/mb_hsf_ram.j


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The motherboard is read* to be affi1ed to the case. This is done using parts that came with thecomputer case" shown in the picture below. Ghat+s needed are some" but not all" of the brass'colored mounting posts shown in the upper'left of this picture" as well as some" but not all" of themounting post screws shown in the lower'right of this picture. At this point" pair up screws thatfit easil* into a corresponding mounting post" including the four mounting posts pre'installedinside the case.

The motherboard is affi1ed to the case b* inserting mounting post screws through holes in the

motherboard and into the mounting posts. The first step is to determine in which case holes themounting posts should be installed. The A8,T %;00. ,n addition" of the remaining # holes inthe motherboard have a corresponding case hole for a mounting post" so additional mountingsposts can be installed. The additional mountings posts should be carefull* tightened 2not overl*tightened3 into place using a #mm socket wrench. After installing the additional mounting posts"the interior looks like this.

!ow rest the motherboard down inside the case on the mounting posts. ,nsert the screws throughthe holes in the motherboard and into the mounting post" getting each screw started but not at alltight ' ust far enough in the mounting post so the screw does not fall out. The motherboard holein which it is most difficult to get a screw started is the one in the upper right of the board nearthe CP/ cooler./se needle'nose pliers to lower the screw down to the hole between the CP/cooler and power suppl* frame. 9nce all ) have been started" all ) can be tighted into place oneat a time" again starting with the one in the upper'right corner.
http://www.mysuperpc.com/pc_assembly/case_on_side_posts.jhttp://www.mysuperpc.com/pc_assembly/antec_ks282_parts.j


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Step 0 5uter Shell9Casing

!ow that the computer is full* unplugged" move the PC to a clean work space" preferabl* acarpet. The carpet is better than tile" because screws and other small parts will roll aroundStep 7 5uter Shell9Casing ;cont)4$.

6uad Core Processor

A uad'coreprocessoris achipwith four independent units called cores that read and e1ecute

central processing unit 2CP/3 instructions such as add" move data" and branch.

Githin the chip" each core operates in conunction with other circuits such

as cache"memor* management" and input=output 2,=93 ports. The individual cores in a uad'core

processor can run multiple instructions at the same time" increasing the overall speed for

programs compatible withparallel processing.Manufacturers t*picall* integrate the cores onto asingle semiconductor wafer" or onto multiple semiconductor wafers within a single ,C2integrated

circuit3 package.

Although it+s tempting to suppose that a uad'core processor would operate twice as fast as a

dual'core processor and four times as fast as a single'core processor" things don+t work out that

simpl*. ;esults var* depending on the habits of the computer user" the nature of the programs

being run" and the compatibilit* of the processor with other hardwarein the s*stem as a whole.

The best results are usuall* seen when running man* programs simultaneousl*" or in situations

that reuire massive" brute'force arithmetic calculations such as:

0'D2three'dimensional3 graphics.

Eirtual realit*.

CompressionofCDdata into MP0s.

Compression ofDEDdata into portable movies.

;obotcontrol.

Manufacturers

Intel and $"are the two companies who dominate the PC Processor market. 8oth have been

around for decades and have become the main Chip suppliers for the home and business markets.8oth companies have fierce rivalr* and the* file and counter file court cases against each otherall we care about is that the* have near identical chip products on the market at the same time asthe* compete for the fastest chip and share of the market.The competing products are ver* close to each other and reall* onl* the techies compare thebenchmarks before choosing.

There is little difference between using both makes and have run man* stable and fast s*stemsusing both makes. The AMD processors do tend to run hotter than the ,ntel versions" but with asuitable fan this is easil* kept under control.
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,ntel products have alwa*s been more e1pensive t*picall* L(@ more than the AMD euivalent.Throughout our use and builds we find the AMD nearl* alwa*s more affordable as often ,ntel+sproducts e1tra price is a result that the* are available more in retail packaging rather than cheaper95M.

,f we are looking to upgrade ust the CP/ of the s*stem then we need to check what t*pe ofsocket the Motherboard uses and then check if there is a speed limit on the processor. ,f not thenwe need to check if we can bu* a new processor for the e1isting Motherboard " dont forget thecompatible motherboard and ma*be a memor* upgrade.

5thers

A Macintosh processor is different from a Gindows processor" because the Macintosh processoris more powerful. There are also different processors for different for different t*pes oftechnolog*. A PDA would have B'bit processor" but the* are under ,ntel. The /nited &tates isthe onl* countr* that makes processors" both ,ntel and AMD.

%he specific types of processors are

4ntel

>. Pentium Pro (. Pentium ,, 0. Celeron 2Pentium 8ased 8ut More Powerful3 . Pentium ,, ?eon#. Pentium ,,, B. Pentium ,, and ,,, ?eon


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A CPU socketor CP/ slot is a mechanical component that provides mechanical and electricalconnections between amicroprocessorand aprinted circuit board 2PC83. This allows the CP/ tobe replaced without soldering.

Function

A CP/ socket is made of plastic" a lever or latch" and metal contacts for each of the pins or landson the CP/. Man* packages are ke*ed to ensure the proper insertion of the CP/. CP/s

with a PA package are inserted into the socket and the latch is closed.

CPU Socket %ypes PA3 3nd BA3

The t*pe determines the CP/+s form it supports and its architecture. The PA and IA are theCP/+s forms that are the most popular. Iet us have a look to see what those forms have.

PGA !P" %orm

PA3stands for Pin rid Arra*. The CP/+s circuits are integrated inside a ceramic la*er with anarra* of pins on the surface.

At the installation the pins are inserted in the socket+s holes making contact with the

motherboard+s circuits.

BA3stands for Iand rid Arra*. ,f *ou look at the image" *ou can see there are no pins. ,nstead

it is an arra* of pads that is built on the CP/+s surface.

At the installation the CP/ is sat on the socket+s pins where the* are fi1ed to the motherboardand contact with the circuits.

The IA form offers a clock freuenc* higher than the PA caused b* its larger contact point.

&ome popular &ockets /sed from beginning till now:

&ocket >>##' ,ntel i0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board


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&ocket >>#B' ,ntel i# &ocket >0BB ' ,ntel i< &ocket AM0 ' AMD Phenom ll


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EPE4MEN% 7

34M (escri8e SMPS and its functionality

(ESC4P%45N

5ver* electrical or electronic device needs power for work and the computer is not e1ception toit. Computers" too" have a particularl* designed power suppl* component known as &witch ModePower &uppl* 2&MP&3. &MP& converts raw input power to controlled voltage and current for theoperation of various components of the computer. &MP& uses switches for high efficienc*. Theprimar* function of &MP& is to convert the alternating current 2AC3 power available in homesinto direct current 2DC3 reuired for a computer s*stem. ,n desktop computers" a metal bo1found in the corner of the CP/ case supplies power to various components in the CP/ bo1. Thepower suppl* converts >>#'(0@ volt AC into DC that is reuired for computer components towork.

The terms such as voltage" AC" DC etc." are closel* associated with the power suppl* or &MP&.

&oltage is an electric potential difference between two points and is measured in volts.

AC stands for alternating current. ,t is an electric current whose magnitude and direction var*c*clicall*.

DC stands for direct current. ,t is considered as the constant flow of electrons in a singledirection from low to high potential. Computers use DC power. 8ecause of the advantage ofalternating current over direct current in transforming and transmission" electric power

distribution toda* is nearl* ever*where alternating current.

The &MP& or power suppl* of a computer comes in different form factor st*les. The form factorrefers to the ph*sical dimensions of a component. The form factor of the power suppl* mustmatch with the form factor of the computer case into which the &MP& is inserted. There arevarious industr* standard form factors available. &ome of the commonl* used form factors withtheir characteristics are given below:

IP?

AT?
http://www.ucertify.com/article/factors.htmlhttp://www.ucertify.com/article/factors.html


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&F?

TheLP'form factor st*le power suppl* has e1actl* the same motherboard and disk driveconnectors as the previous standard power suppl* form factors. IP? form factor power suppl*differs in its reduced si$e that allows building much smaller and consumer oriented PCs. Due totheir small si$e" the* can be put into almost ever* t*pe of computer cases.

The$T'form factor is developed b* ,ntel in >--#. AT? is similar to IP? in ph*sicaldimensions. The difference between the two is that the power pass through'outlet for the monitorhas been removed from AT?. Another difference is that in AT?" the cooling fan is mountedalong the inner side of the power suppl*. Gith this kind of arrangement" the fan draws air in fromthe back of the chassis and blows it inside across the motherboard.

TheS('form factor st*le power suppl* is >@@ mm wide" >(# mm deep" and B0.# mm in height.,t includes a B@ mm power suppl* fan for cooling. The main &F? motherboard connector is inthe same shape and si$e as the AT? connector. The one difference here is that the &F? powersuppl* specification does not support the '#E compatibilit* voltage and" therefore" should not beused with motherboards that have ,&A slots.

5ach &MP& or power suppl* on a computer contains a connector that connects to themotherboard" which supplies power to the s*stem processor" memor*" and all add'on cardsconnected to slots such as ,&A" PC," AP" etc.

,ndustr* standard PC" ?T" AT" and IP? motherboards use the same t*pe of main power suppl*connectors. The* use two main power connectors: P) and P-. 5ach of the P) and P- connectorshas B pins that connect power suppl* to the motherboard.

AT? main power connector is used to connect to the power connectors on the AT?" &F?" and inall AT? based motherboards. AT? main power connector is a (@'pin connector with a suarehole for pin O> and round holes for the other >- pins.


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&erial'ATA 2&ATA3 power connector is used to provide power to &ATA hard disk drives.

The number of power connectors on the power suppl* varies with the t*pe of power suppl*. ,fthe power suppl* is large" the connectors are more in number so that more devices can beattached to it. Power supplies have man* other specifications and features to protect computers.A good power suppl* should have ver* low current leakage" i.e." less than #@@ microamps" toground.

Ghile adding add'on cards or other components on a computer" a technician should make surethat the power suppl* is not overloaded. Most of the time the power suppl* is overloaded b*filling up the e1pansion slots and adding more hard disk or CD';9M drives. Toda*s processorsma* also have high current reuirement for the #v or 0.0v supplies. Therefore" when selectingan &MP& for a computer" technicians should have future s*stem upgrades in mind.

,n case of a defect or problem with power suppl*" it is not recommended that an ine1perienceduser open a power suppl* for repairing. The power suppl* has dangerousl* high voltage. 5venafter unplugging" power supplies can retain dangerous voltage and must be discharged 2like amonitor3 before servicing it. These internal repairs are not recommended unless the technician is

speciall* trained to repair such components.


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SMPS %ES%4NA

&MP& 2&witched Mode Power &uppl* 3 " the power supplier to Motherboard and all othercomponents is the main part of a CP/. 4ow do we know when the computer stops working on asudden and whether it is the complaint of &MP& or notQ

,t is ver* eas* to check &MP& problem. Ge can check with a piece of power code 2wire3 or withmulti meter. /se whichever is available with we.

>. /nplug &MP& or P&/. Disconnect all P&/ leads to motherboard and drives. Ieave at leastone fan directl* connected to 'pin Mole1 connector of P&/.

(. !ow" on the (@ or (@ pin main AT? power connector" short the pin with ;55! wire 2P&'9!3 to an* adacent pin with 8IAC% wire. This process makes the power suppl* turn 9! onceplugged to AC main.

0. Plug the power suppl* to AC main. P&/ fan and connected fan should rotate. Ge can now test

with a multi meter. 4ere are the voltages:H5II9G wireR >(EDC;5D wireR #EDC9;A!5R 0.0EDCEoltage readings must be within ='# of above values.&ource: Personal e1perience with m* >> power suppl* units ranging from 0(#G to


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EPE4MEN% +

34M Aive details of different Ports)

P5%

,n computer hardware" a port serves as an interface between the computer and other computers orperipheral devices. Ph*sicall*" a port is a speciali$ed outlet on a piece of euipment to whichaplugor cableconnects.

An interfaceon a computer to which *ou can connect a device. Personal have various t*pes ofports. ,nternall*" there are several ports for connecting disk drives"displa* screens"andke*boards. 51ternall*" personal computers have ports forconnecting modems"printers" mice"and otherperipheral devices.Almost all personal computers come with aserial;&'(0(Cport or ;&'((port for connecting amodem or mouse and aparallel port for connecting a printer.

SE43B P5%

An As*nchronousport on the computer used to connect a serial device to the computer andcapable of transmitting one bit at a time. Serial portsare t*picall* identified on ,8M compatiblecomputers as C9M 2communications3 ports.

Considered to be one of the most basic e1ternal connections to a computer" the serial porthasbeen an integral part of most computers for more than (@ *ears. Although man* of the newers*stems have done awa* with the serial port completel* in favor of /&8 connections" mostmodemsstill use the serial port" as do some printers" PDAs and digital cameras.Few computershave more than two serial ports.

P33BBEB P5%

The parallel portis found on the back of ,8M compatible computers and is a (#'pin 2t*pe (@-

01--< which allows a graphics cardto access s*stem memor*and the processor directl*" rather than using the PC, bus which was shared b* an* other PC,devices.

#A3 ;#ideo Araphic 3daptor.> standard. A new standard ' >.("was formali$ed in earl* !ovember (@@0 and this will uickl* become the dominant standard.

8luetooth has been slow to become accepted in the market" but now is starting to becomeincreasingl* prevalent. Prices are falling and increasing numbers of devices are offering8luetooth connectivit*. 9ver one million 8luetooth devices are now being sold ever* week2although mainl* outside the /&3.

@luetooth ange

These have range comparable to that of Gi'Fi" ie" >@@ m or 00@ ft.

Gith 8luetooth" short range is actuall* a benefit" because it reduces the chance of interferencebetween the 8luetooth devices and those belonging to other people nearb*.

(evices that Use @luetooth

A limited" but growing number of devices use 8luetooth at present. Devices that are starting tohave 8luetooth connectivit* built in include:

Digital cameras and camcorders

Printers

&canners

Cell Phones

PDAs

Iaptops

%e*boards and Mice

4eadsets

,n'car hands free kits

P& navigation receivers

4ome appliances 2microwaves" washers" driers" refrigerators3

,n addition" add on 8luetooth adapters are available for computers 2eg with a /&8 interface3 andfor PDAs 2eg &D cards3.

o! it !orks=

8luetooth is a high'speed" low'power microwave wireless link technolog*" designed to connectphones" laptops" PDAs and other portable euipment together with little or no work b* the user./nlike infra'red" 8luetooth does not reuire line'of'sight positioning of connected units. Thetechnolog* uses modifications of e1isting wireless IA! techniues but is most notable for itssmall si$e and low cost. Ghen one 8luetooth product comes within range of another" 2this can beset to between >@cm and >@@m3 the* automaticall* e1change address and capabilit* details. The*can then establish a > megabit=s link with securit* and error correction" to use as reuired. Theprotocols will handle both voice and data" with ver* fle1ible network topograph*. This


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:i-Fi certification

+Gi'Fi+ is not a technical term. 4owever" the Alliance has generall* enforced its use to describeonl* a narrow range of connectivit* technologies including wireless local area network2GIA!3based on the ,555 )@(.>>standards" device to device connectivit* Vsuch as Gi'Fi Peer to PeerA%A Gi'Fi DirectW" and a range of technologies that support PA!" IA! and even GA!connections. Gi'Fi certified and compliant devices are installed in man* personal computers"video game consoles" MP0 pla*ers" smartphones " printers" digital cameras" and laptopcomputers. Gi'Fi technolog* builds on ,555 )@(.>> standards. The ,555 develops andpublishes some of these standards" but does not test euipment for compliance with them.

%he name :i-Fi

The term Gi'Fi suggests Gireless Fidelit*" resembling the long'established audio'euipmentclassification term high fidelit* 2in use since the >-0@3 or 4i'Fi2used since >-#@3

9ne can also connect Gi'Fi devices in ad'hoc modefor client'to'client connections without arouter. .

3pplications

,nternet access

Cit*'wide Gi'Fi

Campus'wide Gi'Fi

Direct computer'to'computer communications

Future directions

As of (@>@ Gi'Fi technolog* has spread widel* within business and industrial sites. ,n businessenvironments" ust like other environments" increasing the number of Gi'Fi access pointsprovides network redundanc*" support for fast roamingand increased overall network'capacit*b* using more channels or b* defining smaller cells.Gi'Fi enables wireless voice'applications2Eo GIA!or GE9,P3. 9ver the *ears" Gi'Fi implementations have moved toward 7thin7access points" with more of thenetwork intelligence

3dvantages and limitations

3dvantages

Gi'Fi allows the deplo*ment of local area networks 2IA!s3 without wires for client

devices" t*picall* reducing the costs of network deplo*ment and e1pansion. As of (@>@manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops.

The price of chipsetsfor Gi'Fi continues to drop" making it an economical networking

option included in even more devices.

Different competitive brands of access points and client network'interfaces can inter'

operate at a basic level of service.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_consolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fidelityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_ad_hoc_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_WLANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_consolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fidelityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_ad_hoc_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_WLANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipset


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The current version of Gi'Fi Protected Accessencr*ption 2GPA(3 as of (@>@ is widel*

considered secure" provided users emplo* a strongpassphrase.

Powers saving mechanisms 2GMM Power &ave3 improve batter* operation.

Bimitations Mo8ility

The ver* limited practical range of Gi'Fi essentiall* confines mobile use to such applicationsas inventor*'taking machines in warehouses or in retail spaces"barcode'reading devices atcheck'out stands" or receiving=shipping stations.

(ata security risks

The most common wireless encr*ption'standard"Gired 5uivalent Privac*2G5P3" has beenshownto be easil* breakable even when correctl* configured.

Population

Man* (. 4$ )@(.>>b and )@(.>>g access'points default to the same channel on initialstartup" contributing to congestion on certain channels.

Channel pollution

Gi'Fi pollution" or an e1cessive number of access points in the area" especiall* on theneighboring channel" can prevent access and interfere with other devices+ use of other accesspoints" caused b* overlapping channels in the )@(.>>g=b spectrum" as well as with decreasedsignal'to'noise ratio 2&!;3 between access points. This can become a problem in high'densit* areas" such as large apartment comple1es or office buildings with man* Gi'Fi access

points.

Piggy8acking

Pigg*backing refers to access to a wireless ,nternet connection b* bringing one+s owncomputer within the range of another+s wireless connection" and using that service withoutthe subscriber+s e1plicit permission or knowledge.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passphrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passphrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluhrer,_Mantin_and_Shamir_attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passphrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluhrer,_Mantin_and_Shamir_attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio


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EPE4MEN% /

34M 4ntroduction to components of a Baptop

PUP5SE Familiarit* with all the parts of the Iaptop.

(ESC4P%45N

Following are the components of the Iaptop:

SS%EM @53( or M5%E@53(

The s*stem board is the main logic board in an* laptop. All internal components are connected tothe s*stem board. This is one of the most e1pensive parts in a laptop.

A s*stem board also known as motherboard or main board is the main circuit board in an*laptop. /nlike desktop PC s*stem boards" laptop s*stem boards come in thousands of differentshapes and si$es. All parts inside a laptop are connected to the s*stem board" either directl* via aconnector mounted on the s*stem board or through a cable.

4n a typical laptop the follo!ing ports and components are permanently attached to the

system 8oard and cannot 8e easily removed and replaced !ithout soldering

>. 4ard drive 24DD3 connector.

(. CD=DED drive connector.

0. Memor* 2;AM3 slots.

. 8atter* connector.

#. %e*board connector.

B. Audio 2headphone and microphone3 acks.


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>@. ,555 >0- 2Fire Gire3 ports.

>>. Eideo chip and some other components and ports.

&*stem board"processor2CP/3 and ICD screenare the most e1pensive parts in an* laptop. ,nsome cases" when one of these three parts fails" its cheaper to bu* a brand new laptop than

replace the failed part. 8ut each case is different so do the research.

The s*stem board is mounted inside the laptop base assembl*. ,n order to remove or replace themotherboard" well have to disassemble the whole laptop.

MEM5 or 3M

A laptop memor* also know as ;AM 2;andom'access memor*3 is a temporar* data storage. ,tsa volatile t*pe of memor*. Ghen we turn off the laptop" all the information stored in a ;AMmodule is lost.A t*pe of memor* used in laptop computers called S5-(4MM 2&mall 9utlineDual ,n'line Memor* Module3.More memor* we have installed X better the performance of the

laptop.

ere are three most common memory types found in laptop computers

*) S(3M S5-(4MM memory has *++pins)

0) (( S5-(4MM memory has 0,, pins)
http://www.laptopparts101.com/processor-cpu/http://www.laptopparts101.com/lcd-screen/http://www.laptopparts101.com/memory-ram/http://www.laptopparts101.com/processor-cpu/http://www.laptopparts101.com/lcd-screen/http://www.laptopparts101.com/memory-ram/


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7) ((0 S5-(4MM memory has 0,, pins)


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3( (4#E

The hard drive is the main storage of information in a laptop. All s*stem files" personal files are storedinside the hard drive.

Most modern laptops use (.# hard drives. 9lder laptops use ,D5 hard drives" newer laptops use&ATA hard drives. &ATA and ,D5 drives are not interchangeable" the* have absolutel* differentconnectors. ,f the laptop came with an ,D5 hard drive we cannot replace it with a &ATA drive.The connectors on the drive will not mach connector on the motherboard.

&ATA hard drives has faster data transfer rate then ,D5 drivers. &ATA X >#@M8=s and ,D5 X>@@=>00M8=s.

Spinning speed

Iaptop hard drives spin at different speeds and most common are (@@;PM" #@@;PM"


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P5CESS5 or CPU

The processor is the brain of the laptop. Faster CP/ means faster data processing.

A processor also known as CP/ 2Central Processing /nit3 is the brain of a laptop computer. Theprocessor is one of the main components in a laptop. Iaptop processors are made mainl* b* ,nteland AMD. The processor connects directl* to the s*stem boardvia a processor socket aka CP/socket as it shown on the picture below.

>E@53(
http://www.laptopparts101.com/processor-cpu/http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/keyboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/processor-cpu/http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/keyboard/


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The ke*board is the main input device. Find out how the ke*board is connected to themotherboard and how it can be removed or replaced.

,n laptops" a ke*board is the main input device. ,ts interface between a user and a laptop.,n mostlaptops the ke*board is connected directl* to the motherboardvia a flat ribbon cable.

C(9(#( 5P%4C3B (4#E

The CD=DED drive allows we to read=write data from=to a CD or DED disc.

Most modern laptops are euipped with a CD=DED';G drive also known as an optical discdrive which allows it to read and write data from or to a CD=DED disc. All laptop CD=DEDdrives are shaped the same but the* all have different face plates also know as front be$els. 9nthe picture above we can see three different laptop CD=DED drives with different faceplates=front be$els.

Ghen we are replacing a failed CD=DED drive" we have to make sure that the face plate fromthe old drive will fit the new drive.

C55B4NA F3N

The cooling fan is a part of the cooling module in a laptop. The fan helps to cool down theprocessor when the laptop is turned on.
http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/cd-dvd-optical-drive/http://www.laptopparts101.com/cooling-fan/http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/cd-dvd-optical-drive/http://www.laptopparts101.com/cooling-fan/


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A CP/ cooling fan is a dedicated fan which cools down the heatsink and eventuall* the CP/2Processor3. /suall* the CP/ cooling fan comes as a part of the heatsink assembl* X a metal partdrawing heat from the CP/ chip. ,n addition to the CP/ cooling fan" some laptops have adedicated P/ 2graphics processing unit3 fan which cools down the P/ chip.

The CP/ and P/ cooling fans connect directl* to the motherboardvia a cable running from thefan. Ghen CP/ and P/ chips get hotter" the cooling fan spins faster.

#4(E5 C3( or A3P4CS C3(

,n most modern laptops the video card is integrated into the s*stem board. ,f the video card failswe have to replace the whole motherboard.,n some laptops the video card is a discrete module and can be removed or replaced separatel*from the motherboard.

A graphics card also known as a video card or EA board is a laptop component responsible forcreating images on a laptop screen. ,n most low'mid range laptops the graphics card is integratedinto the motherboard. ,n other words" its a part of the motherboard. ,f thats the case" thegraphics card is not removable or upgradeable.

3U(45 @53( or S5UN( @53(
http://www.laptopparts101.com/processor-cpu/http://www.laptopparts101.com/processor-cpu/http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/graphics-card-video-board/http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/audio-sound-board/http://www.laptopparts101.com/processor-cpu/http://www.laptopparts101.com/processor-cpu/http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/graphics-card-video-board/http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/audio-sound-board/


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,n most laptops the audio board is a part of the motherboard. ,f thats the case" all audio boardinput=output components such as volume control" microphone ack and headphone ack aresoldered director* to the motherboard.

,n most laptops the audio board also know as sound board is integrated into the motherboard.,n

other words" its a part of the motherboard and cannot be removed or replaced separatel*.

:4EBESS NE%:5> C3(

The internal wireless card helps to connect to the ,nternet without running a cable. Iearn aboutdifferent t*pes of internal wireless cards and how the* are connected to the motherboard.

Iaptop internal wireless network cards also know as GIA! card or Gi'Fi card come in differentshapes and si$es. 9n the picture above we see two most common internal wireless card t*pes

found in laptops. The wireless card plugs into the Mini PC, or Mini PC,'5 slot on themotherboard.Most internal cards have two small connectors for wireless antenna cables" somenewer Mini PC,'5 cards have three connectors and reuire three antenna cables.

CM5S @3%%E or %C @3%%E

The CM9& batter* provides power to the CM9& chip when the laptop is turned off ordisconnected from the wall outlet.
http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/wireless-card/http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/wireless-antennas/http://www.laptopparts101.com/cmos-rtc-battery/http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/wireless-card/http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/wireless-antennas/http://www.laptopparts101.com/cmos-rtc-battery/


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An* laptop computer has a CM9& batter* also known as ;TC batter*. The CM9& batter*connects directl* to the laptop s*stem board and helps to retain important 8,9& settings such ass*stem time" date" 8,9& configuration while the laptop is turned off or even when the mainbatter* is removed.

The CM9& batter* is rechargeable and its getting charged when the laptop is plugged into themains.

BC( SCEEN

The ICD screen is one of the most e1pensive parts in a laptop computer. The ICD screenmounts inside the displa* panel.,f we accidentall* cracked the screen" it has to be replaced. Ge cannot repair a cracked screen.

A laptop screen also known as ICD screen displa*s an image generated b* the laptop video card.The ICD screen receives data signal from the video card through the ICD cable.

Iaptop screens come in man* different si$es and resolutions. ,n order to find the ICD screensi$e 2in inches3" well have to measure the screen between the two diagonal corners.

SCEEN C3@BE or #4(E5 C3@BE
http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/main-battery/http://www.laptopparts101.com/main-battery/http://www.laptopparts101.com/lcd-screen/http://www.laptopparts101.com/graphics-card-video-board/http://www.laptopparts101.com/lcd-screen-video-cable/http://www.laptopparts101.com/lcd-screen-video-cable/http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/main-battery/http://www.laptopparts101.com/main-battery/http://www.laptopparts101.com/lcd-screen/http://www.laptopparts101.com/graphics-card-video-board/http://www.laptopparts101.com/lcd-screen-video-cable/http://www.laptopparts101.com/lcd-screen-video-cable/


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The video cable connects the Iaptop screen to motherboard. The video cable carries data signalfor the ICD screen and power for the inverter board.

A laptop ICD cable also known as video cable" displa* cable or screen cable. This cabletransfers data signal from the motherboardand video card to theICD screen.The cable has three

ends with three connectors. 9ne end plugs into the connector on the back of the ICD screen" thesecond end plugs into the inverter board" the third end plugs into the connector on themotherboard or video card.The top part of the cable runs inside the laptop displa* panel betweenthe ICD screen and displa* cover.

:E@ C3ME3

Man* modern laptops come with a web camera built into the displa* panel. The web camera isnot a part of the ICD screen. The web camera is located on a separate board and can be replacedseparatel* from the ICD.

Most newer laptops come with a build'in web camera also known as webcam. The web camera islocated on the top of the displa* panel. &ome people think the web camera is a part of the ICDscreen but its not. The web camera is a separate module which is mounted inside the displa*panel above the ICD screen.

(4SPB3 4NAES or SCEEN 4NAES

The displa* hinges connect two main parts of an* laptop X the displa* panel and base assembl*.
http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/graphics-card-video-board/http://www.laptopparts101.com/lcd-screen/http://www.laptopparts101.com/web-camera/http://www.laptopparts101.com/lcd-screen/http://www.laptopparts101.com/display-screen-hinges/http://www.laptopparts101.com/system-board-motherboard-mainboard/http://www.laptopparts101.com/graphics-card-video-board/http://www.laptopparts101.com/lcd-screen/http://www.laptopparts101.com/web-camera/http://www.laptopparts101.com/lcd-screen/http://www.laptopparts101.com/display-screen-hinges/


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Displa* hinges connect two halves of a laptop X the displa* panel and base assembl*. All regularlaptops have two hinges located on the left and right sides of the displa* panel. Tablet PCs haveone hinge'swivel located in the middle of the displa*. The displa* hinges are not repairable. ,fthe hinge is broken or too loose to keep the displa* in an open position" we have to replace itwith a new one.

3C9(C P5:E 3(3P%EThe AC=DC power adapter converts high voltage AC power from the mains to low voltage DCpower reuired b* the laptop.

AC=DC power adapter as known as power suppl* or power brick converts the high voltage ACpower from a wall outlet into the low voltage DC power needed for the laptop. The AC=DCadapter provides power for the laptop and charges the batter*.,ts ver* important to use the rightadapter for the laptop.

M34N @3%%E

The batter* is a secondar* source of power for a laptop. The batter* gets charged while thelaptop is plugged into the mains and keeps the laptop running when its unplugged from themains.
http://www.laptopparts101.com/ac-dc-power-adapter/http://www.laptopparts101.com/main-battery/http://www.laptopparts101.com/main-battery/http://www.laptopparts101.com/ac-dc-power-adapter/http://www.laptopparts101.com/main-battery/http://www.laptopparts101.com/main-battery/


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An* laptop computer has a batter* pack which provides power to the laptop while its notconnected to the wall'plug through AC=DC power adapter. The laptop batter* life depends uponman* conditions and circumstances: screen brightness" intensit* of running programs" thetemperature of the working environment" etc. &ome of these settings could be changed onl*through the manufacturers power management software. ,n most laptops the main batter*

connects directl* to thes*stem board.

US@ P5%S

S The goal of /&8 is to end all of these headaches. The /niversal &erial 8us gives we asingle" standardi$ed" eas*'to'use wa* to connect up to >(< devices to a computer.

S ust about ever* peripheral made now comes in a /&8 version. A sample list of /&8devices that we can bu* toda* includes:

S Printers &canners Mice o*sticks Flight *okesS Digital camerasGebcams &cientific data acuisition devicesS Modems &peakers Telephones Eideo phones

S &torage devicessuch as Kip drives !etwork connectionsS Connecting a /&8 device to a computer is simple '' we find the /&8 connector on the

back of the machine and plug the /&8 connector into it.
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