computer systems organization and architecture. [email protected] 03 - 8921 6324 level 2, room...

[email protected] - 8921 6324Level 2, Room No. 5(Near JKEES Office)

The course begin with design methodology, which consists of modeling and design at the gate, register and processor level. Processor and controller design in computer systems will then be learnt. Memory, I/O organization and parallel processing will also be discussed

Pre-requisite : KL2013 (Digital Electronics) & KL2023(Microprocessor and Microcomputers)

1-4

User◦ Understand system capabilities and limitations◦ Make informed decisions◦ Improve communications with information technology

professionals Programmer

◦ Create efficient application software for specific processing needs

Systems Architect or Systems Analyst◦ Specify computer systems and architecture to meet

application requirements◦ Make intelligent decisions about system strategy

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

1-5

System Administrator / Manager◦ Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade

computer systems◦ Maximize system availability and efficiency◦ Optimize system performance◦ Ensure system security

Web Services Designer◦ Optimize customer accessibility to Web services◦ Optimize web system configurations◦ Select appropriate data formats, page designs

and scripting languages◦ Design efficient Web pages


1-7

• Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards

• Processing: CPU executes the computer program

• Output: monitor, printer, fax machine

• Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape


1-9

Hardware◦ Processes data by executing instructions◦ Provides input and output◦ Control input, output and storage components

Software◦ Applications and system software◦ Instructions tell hardware exactly what tasks to perform

and in what order Data

◦ Fundamental representation of facts and observations Communications

◦ Sharing data and processing among different systems


1-10

Input/Output devices Storage Devices CPU – Central Processing Unit

◦ ALU: arithmetic/logic unit◦ CU: control unit◦ Interface unit

Memory◦ Short-term storage for CPU calculations


Minimum 80%

8.00 - 9.00

9.00 - 10.00

10.00 - 11.00

11.00 - 12.00

12.00 - 1.00

1.00 – 2.00

2.00 - 3.00

3.00 - 4.00

4.00 - 5.00

5.00 - 6.00

6.00 - 7.00

MONDAY

TUESDAYKT4054

BK11

WEDNESDAY Consultation

THURSDAYKT4054

BK1

FRIDAY

Items Weightage

Quizzes / Test 25% - 35%

Assignments / PBL

15% - 25%

Final Exam 40% - 55%

TOTAL 100%

We shall assign you :We shall assign you : Items

Few Quizzes (individual)

TWO Assignments

Mid-Semester Test

Final Exam

• Mano M. Morris, 1993, Computer System Architecture, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall.• Hayes J. P., 1988, Computer Architecture and Organization, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, NewYork.• Protopapas, D.A., 1988, Microcomputer Hardware Design, Prentice Hall, EnglewoodCliffs.• Hamacher V. C., Vranesic Z. G. and Zaky S. G., 1996, Computer Organization, 4 th

Edition, McGraw-Hill.

Author: William StallingsTitle: Computer Organization and ArchitectureEdition: 2010, 8th EditionPublisher: Pearson

NO MAIN TOPICS Chapters

1 Overview & Computer structureSystem level, CPU level, Computer function and interconnection

1-3

2 Memory OrganizationMemory technology, Cache memory, Virtual memory

4-6

3 Processor Design Computer arithmetic including fixed point and floating point, Instruction set, Addressing modes & formats

9,10,11

4 CPUBasic computer design, Hardwire control unit, Micro program control unit, CISC and RISC, Vector processor and

pipeline processor

12-14

5 System OrganizationInterconnection system, I/O system, operating system

7,8,18

1 2 3 94 5 6 7 8 10

11

12

13Week

Course overview & Review; Design

Methods

14

Memory Organization

CPU System organization

Processor Design

Week Date Topics Lecturer

1 12-16 Sep

Course overview & Review; Design Methods

Dr. Nasharuddin

2 19-23 Sep

3 26-30 Sep

4 3-7 Oct Memory Organization

5 10-14 Oct

6 17-21 Oct

Processor Design 7 24-28 Oct

8 31 Oct – 4 Nov

9 14-18 Nov

CPU

Pn. Wan Mimi

10 21-25 Nov

11 28 Nov – 2 Dec

12 5-9 Dec

System organization13 12-16 Dec

14 19-23 Dec

Sem break: 7-11 Nov 2011

Exam starts : 3-20 Jan 2012

No. Course Outcomes (CO)

PO1

PO2

P03

P04

PO5

PO6

PO7

PO8

PO9

P O10

P O11

O12

Teaching Assessment

1 Ability to apply transfer register notation to describe data flow in CPUs (Application)

3 2 2 2 1 2 2 In- class teaching Examination

2 Ability to design micro-programmed control units (Synthesis)

3 2 2 1 2 2 In- class teaching Examination

3 Ability to design datapath logic in CPUs (Synthesis)

3 2 2 2 2 In- class teaching Examination

4 Ability to design ALUs for use in CPUs (Synthesis)

3 2 2 2 In- class teaching Examination

5Ability to explain interrupt operation and exception handling mechanism (Comprehension)

3 2 2 2 In- class teaching Examination

6 Ability to compare main and virtual memory, and cache systems operation (Analysis)

3 2 2 2 2 In- class teaching Examination

http://www.spin.ukm.my

Ability to apply transfer register notation to describe data flow in CPUs Ability to design microprogrammed control units Ability to design datapath logic in CPUs Ability to design ALUs for use in CPUs Ability to explain interrupt operation and exception handling mechanisms Ability to compare main and virtual memory, and cache systems operation

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1642: Blaise Pascal invents a calculating machine

1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punch cards

1800’s: ◦ Charles Babbage attempts to build an analytical

engine (mechanical computer)◦ Augusta Ada Byron develops many of the

fundamental concepts of programming◦ George Boole invents Boolean logic.


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1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM).◦ First electronic computer using relays.

1939: ABC is built◦ First fully electronic digital computer. Used vacuum

tubes. 1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of

Pennsylvania). ◦ First general purpose digital computer.

1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed. ◦ Still the standard for present day computers.

1947: Creation of transistor ◦ (Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs).

1951-2: EDVAC and IAS


1-24

Babbage’s Analytical Engine ENIAC


Early computers had no operating systems and were single user systems◦ Programs were entered using switches for each bit or by

plugging wires into a panel 1953-54: First operating system was built by

General Motors Research Laboratories for their IBM 701 computer

Other early systems◦ FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS)◦ IBSYS◦ Share Operating System (SOS)


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1963: Master Control Program (MCP) by Burroughs. Included many modern OS features.

1964: OS/360 by IBM. Included batch processing of programs.

1962: MIT Project MAC created a time-sharing OS called CTSS. Shortly afterwards, MIT, Bell Labs, and GE developed Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Services).


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After Bell Labs withdrew from the Multics project, Ken Thompson developed a personal operating system called UNIX using assembly language.

Dennis Ritchie developed the programming language C which was used to rewrite much of UNIX in a high-level language.

UNIX introduced◦ A hierarchical file system◦ The shell concept◦ Document production and formatting◦ Tools for networked and distributed processing


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1960s: Doug Englebart (Stanford Research Institute)◦ Invented windows and a mouse interface

1970s: Xerox PARC◦ Creates a practical windowing system for the

Dynabook project 1980s: Steve Jobs (Apple)

◦ Developed the Apple Lisa and MacIntosh


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1982: Stand-alone, single user computer PC-DOS, MS-DOS (disk operating system) Later versions of DOS added

◦ Hierarchical directory file storage◦ File redirection◦ Better memory management

Windowing systems◦ Windows 2.0, Windows 3.1, Windows 95◦ Windows NT, Windows XP, Windows Vista◦ Windows 7


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1960s and 1970s: users communicated on multiterminal computer systems using talk and email facilities

1971: Ray Tomlinson creates the standard username@hostname email standard

Modems permitted users to login to office systems, electronic bulletin board systems, Compuserve, AOL, and Prodigy

1969: ARPANET begun 1985: First TCP-IP wide area network 1991: Tim Berners Lee develops the concepts that

become the World Wide Web 1993: Max Andreessen develops Mosaic, the first

graphical browserCopyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc.1-30

I/O systemProcessor

CompilerOperating

System(Mac OS X)

Application (ex: browser)

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Data path & Control

transistors

MemoryHardware

Software Assembler

Keyboard, Mouse

Disk (where programs, data live whennot running)

Personal Computer

Processor

Computer

Control(“brain”)

Data path(“brawn”)

Memory

(where programs, data live whenrunning)

Devices

Input

Output

Display, Printer

size

Year

Bit

s

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

1000000000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

year size (Mbit)

1980 0.0625

1983 0.25

1986 1

1989 4

1992 16

1996 64

1998 128

2000 256

2002 512

2003 1024

Gordon Moore – co-founder of Intel Increased density of components on chip Number of transistors on a chip will double every

year Since 1970’s development has slowed a little

◦ Number of transistors doubles every 18 months Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged Higher packing density means shorter electrical

paths, giving higher performance Smaller size gives increased flexibility Reduced power and cooling requirements Fewer interconnections increases reliability

Year

Tra

nsi

sto

rs

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

i80386

i4004

i8080

Pentium

i80486

i80286

i80862X transistors/ChipEvery 1.5 years

Called “Moore’s Law”

Alpha 21264: 15 millionPentium Pro: 5.5 millionPowerPC 620: 6.9 millionAlpha 21164: 9.3 millionSparc Ultra: 5.2 million

Moore’s Law

Athlon (K7): 22 Million

Itanium 2: 410 Million

0100200300400500600700800900

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

DEC Alpha 21264/600

DEC Alpha 5/500

DEC Alpha 5/300

DEC Alpha 4/266

IBM POWER 100

1.54X/yr

Intel P4 2000 MHz(Fall 2001)

year

Per

form

ance

mea

sure

Continued rapid improvement in computing◦ 2X every 2.0 years in memory size;

every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 1.0 year in disk capacity;

◦ Moore’s Law enables processor(2X transistors/chip ~1.5 yrs)

5 classic components of all computers Control Data path Memory Input Output

Capacity Speed (latency)Logic 2x in 3 years 2x in 3 yearsDRAM 4x in 3 years 2x in 10 yearsDisk 4x in 3 years 2x in 10 years

BIG◦ LaCie the first to offer consumer-level 1.6

Terabyte disk!◦ Cost ? ~ US$2,000◦ Weighs 11 pounds!◦ 5 1/4” form-factor

SMALL◦ Pretec is soon offering a 12GB CompactFlash card◦ Size of a silver dollar◦ Cost ? ~ US$15,000 www.lacie.com/products/product.htm?id=10129 www.engadget.com/entry/4463693158281236/

1946: ENIAC, us Army, 18,000 Vacuum Tubes 1949: UNIVAC I, $250K, 48 systems sold 1954: IBM 701, Core Memory 1957: Moving Head Disk 1958: Transistor, FORTRAN, ALGOL, CDC &

DEC Founded 1964: IBM 360, CDC 6600, DEC PDP-8 1969: UNIX 1970: FLOPPY DISK 1981: IBM PC, 1st Successful Portable

(Osborne1) 1986: Connection Machine, MAX Headroom Debut

Generation

Evolutionary

Parallelism

Year Logic Storage Prog. Lang. O/S54 Tubes core (8 ms)58 Transistor (10µs) FORTRAN60 ALGOL, COBOL Batch64 Hybrid (1µs) thin film (200ns) Lisp, APL, Basic66 IC (100ns) PL/1, Simula,C67 Multiprog.71 LSI (10ns) 1k DRAM Object Oriented Virtual Mode

73 (8-bit µP)75 (16-bit µP) 4k DRAM78 VLSI (10ns) 16k DRAM Networks80 64k DRAM84 (32-bit µP) 256k DRAM ADA87 ULSI 1M DRAM89 GAs 4M DRAM C++92 (64-bit µP) 16M DRAM Fortran 90

Computer Architecture is the design of computers, including their instruction sets, hardware components, and system organization [Patterson].

Two essential parts of computer architecture: ◦ Instruction-set Architecture (ISA)

◦ Hardware-system Architecture (HSA)

The instruction set architecture of a computer includes anything a programmer would need to know to make the computer run correctly. This include:◦ (a) The number and types of registers◦ (b) Instruction set (what operations can be performed?)◦ (c) Instruction format (how are they specified?)◦ (d) Addressing mode (how is data obtained? - direct vs.

indirect)◦ (e) Exception handling (what happens when something

goes wrong?) Instruction-set architecture includes the specifications that

determine how machine-language programs will interact with the computer. That is, in general, two computers with the same ISA will run the same programs. This is the notion of a computer-family architecture.

The Hardware-system architecture deals with the computer's major hardware subsystems, including central processing unit (CPU), its storage system, and its input-output system.

The computer hardware design determines the implementation of the various computer components. This includes◦ (a) Capabilities and performance of the functional units

(e.g., registers, ALUs, shifters) ◦ (b) Methods for connecting the functional units (e.g., data

bus)◦ (c) Control logic for the functional units

Typically, the computer hardware is designed based on the instruction set architecture.

A successful ISA generally has many implementations (a computer-family) which are different in their HSA.

Compatibility is the ability of different computers to run the same programs. ◦ Upward compatibility allows high-performance

members of a family to run the same program as do the low-performance members

◦ Downward compatibility is not always possible, since high-performance family members often have features not available on lower-performance members.

Computer Architecture◦ Architecture is those attributes visible to the

programmer◦ Instruction set, number of bits used for data

representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.

◦ e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? Computer Organization

◦ Organization is how features are implemented to realize the architecture

◦ Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.◦ e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by

repeated addition?

Computer manufactures offer several models with the same architecture but with different organization

Example :-◦IBM System/370 family share the same architecture

◦Intel x86 family share the same architecture

Provides compatibility

Computer is a complex system Best way to describe is through hierarchical

flow The system can be divided into

subcomponents until the lowest level At each level, the components can be

described with structure and function Structure

◦ The way the components are interrelated Function

◦ The operation of each component as part of the structure

Computer

Main Memory

Input / Output

SystemInterconnection

Peripherals

Communicationlines

CentralProcessing Unit

Computer

Computer Arithmeticand Login Unit

ControlUnit

Internal CPUInterconnection

Registers

CPU

I/O

Memory

SystemBus

CPU

CPU

ControlMemory

Control Unit Registers and Decoders

Sequencing Logic

ControlUnit

ALU

Registers

InternalBus

Control Unit

Computer

Computer

CPU

I/O

Memory

SystemBus

CPU

ControlUnit

ALU

Registers

InternalBus

ControlMemory

Control Unit Registers and Decoders

SequencingLogin

Control UnitTop-down

Basic function of a computer ◦ Data processing◦ Data storage◦ Data movement◦ Control

Data movement Data storage Data processingFrom/to storage

Data processingFrom/to I/O

computer systems organization and architecture. [email protected] 03 - 8921 6324 level 2, room...

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