concentrated photovoltaics (cpv): path to affordable solar...
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Concentrated Photovoltaics (CPV):Path to Affordable Solar Electric Power
Dr. Lewis FraasJX Crystals Inc
Southeast Solar Summit
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Thesis: Cost CompetitiveSolar PV Electricity at 7¢ / kWh
How? Solar PV Today is 28 ¢ / kWh
Improvement Pricereduction
Price
1. Solar Tracking 1.4 x 20 ¢ / kWh2. Lower cost optics 2 x 10 ¢ / kWh3. Higher Efficiency 1.5 x 7 ¢ / kWh
Result Solar PV Tomorrow at 7 ¢ / kWh
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Improvement #1: Follow the Sun
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JX Crystals Sun Tracking Carouselfor Building Flat Roofs
•Single axis azimuth tracker•1.4 x more kWh/kW vs fixed•Fits in 8 ft container•Low Cost Installation•Low wind resistance•No roof penetration•Ballast or Tether Mount•Folds down for shipping
Panel support arms liftup for solar panelinstallation
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JXC Carousel Installation Sequence
1. Ground 2. Lift to roof 3. On roof with ballast
4. Add panels 5. First carousel 6. Multiple carousels
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JXC Carousel with 3-Sun Panels at ORNL
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Planar & Concentrator Solar PV
(a) Standard Silicon Single Crystal Module Fabrication:Crystal to Ingot to Wafer to Module
(b) Concentrator Module Fabrication:Smaller Single Crystal Cells With Mirrors (shown) or Lens Array
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Improvement #2: Substitute lower cost mirrors for expensive single crystal cell material.
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3-Sun mirror module outdoor performance
Test conditions: 1.1 suns, 21oC, 12:48 pm,
8 Feb. 2006, Albuquerque NM
at Array Technologies.
3-Sun # 10 3-Sun # 7 Sharp 175Voc 44.51 45.25 39.95Isc 5.75 5.74 6.11FF 0.66 0.66 0.67
Vmax 33.82 34.39 30.36Imax 4.98 4.98 5.35Pmax,watts 168 171 163
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Improvements 1 & 2 Combined:
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I II III IV V VI VII VIIIH
HydrogenHeHelium
LiLithium
BeBerilium
BBoron
CCarbon
NNitrogen
OOxygen
FFluorine
NeNeon
NaSodium
MgMagnesium
AlAluminum
SiSilicon
PPhosphorus
SSulfur
ClChlorine
ArArgon
GaGallium
GeGerman-
ium
AsArsenic
InIndium
SbAntimony
Periodic Table of the Elements
The III-V compounds form a rich class of Semiconductors.
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Solar Cell Types and the Multi-Color orMulti-Junction 35% Efficient Solar Cell
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Monolithic Triple Junction InGaP/GaInAs/Ge CPV Cell
First Described in 1978 by L. M. Fraas & R.C. Knechtli13th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference
Predicted 40% Efficiency at 300 Suns AM1.5
From Figure 1c on p. 890
From p. 888(at 300 suns AM1.5)
13.3 mA/cm2 x Vopη = ---------------------------------
84 mW / cm2
Vop = 2.55 V
Efficiency = 40%
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Top LightSensitive
Cell
Bottom IRSensitiveCell
Lens Parquet
Circuit on HeatSpreading Back Plate
35% EfficientStacked Tandem Multicolor Solar Cell
(Uses New Infrared Sensitive Cell)
JX Crystals TeamAchieved World RecordSolar Cell Efficiency of 32% for Space and 35%for Terrestrial in 1989.
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JX Crystals Inc - Dual Focus CassegrainToward 40% Efficient Hybrid Multijunction
Terrestrial Concentrator Cells
GaSb IR Cell
InGaP/GaAs2J Cell
Cassegrain PV Module
33% Efficient PV Module
GaSb IR Cell
InGaP/GaAs 2J Cell
Goal: 40% Hybrid Multijunction Cellsfor 33% Efficient PV Concentrator Panel.
Approach: Cassegrain PV Module withdichroic secondary and two focal regions,one for near-visible and second for IR.
Conclusion: Cassegrain PV module makesachieving near ideal efficiencies for 3J and4J cells practical. (40% near term with InGaP/GaAs-GaSb).Ideal efficiency for hybrid 3J cells = 2J + 1J is 47%Ideal efficiency for hybrid 4J cells = 2J + 2J is52%.
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Outdoor Testing of Dual-Focus Cassegrainian PV ModulesJX Crystals Inc
Table III: Performance SummaryPackagedCells atSTC
ProjectedSTC with90%OpticalEffic
MeasureatOperateTemp(April 28)
MeasureModuleat STC(April 28)
DJ CellPower
17.4 W 15.7 W 14.4 W 15.1 W
DJ CellEffic.
31.5% 28.4% 26.1% 27.3%
IR CellPower
3.64 W 3.28 W 2.6 W 3.1 W
IR CellEffic.
6.6% 5.9% 4.7% 5.6%
SumPower
21 W 19 W 17 W 18.7 W
SumEffic.
38.1% 34.3% 30.8% 32.9%
NIP DNI = 0.92; Area = 600 cm2; Input Power = 55.2 W
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JXC Dual-Focus Cassegrain at ORNL
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Table 1:SAM Commercial System Inputs and ResultsParameter Commercial
Flat PlateSystem 2006
Commercial 3-sunwith carouseltracker 2007
Commercial 3-sunwith carouseltracker 2010
Commercial 3-5 Concentrator2015
No ChangesSystem Size 150 kW 150 kW 150 kW 150 kWPanel dimensions 1.5 m x 0.8 m 1.5 m x 0.8 m 1.5 m x 0.8 m 1.5 m x 0.8 mO&M costs $6,365 / yr $6,365 / yr $6,365 / yr $6,365 / yrEvolutionary ChangeInverter Cost $90,000
$0.60 / W$90,000$0.60 / W
$75,000$0.50 / W
$75,000$0.50 / W
Installation $0.55 / W$82,500
$0.55 / W$82,500
$0.50 / W$75,000
$0.50 / W$75,000
Changes via TIOsPanel Efficiency 13.5% 13.5% 18% 33%# Panels Required 1000 1000 750 450Panel Cost $525
$3.50 / W$525$3.50 / W
$400$2 / W
$400$1.21 / W
Tracking BOS
Fixed$0.54 / W$81,000
1-axis$0.75 / W$112,000
1-axis$0.50 / W $75,000
2-axis$0.50 / W$75,000
Indirect (32% marginover panel cost)
$1.10 / W$165,000
$1.10 / W$165,000
$0.64 / W$96,000
$0.39 / W$58,000
ResultsSystem Cost $943.5k $975k $621k $463kInstalled Cost / W $6.29 / W $6.50 / W $4.14 / W $3.12 / WLCOE cts/kWh 15.93 cts 12.43 cts 8.3 cts 7.14 ctskWh / kW Phoenix 1,820 2,409 2,409 2,215
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Solar Electric Costs
00.05
0.10.15
0.20.25
0.30.35
0.40.45
0.5
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Year
US$
/ K
Wh
Crystal SiliconFlat Plate Concentrator
Solar PV Economics (Prediction)
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Reason for 3-sun PV
3 times less silicon feedstock
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Book for Sale $35jxcrystals.com
Topics Include
•Shrinking Oil and Gas Resource•Unlimited Solar Resource•Vulnerable Electric Power Grid•Commercial Solar Cell Today•35% Efficient Solar Cells•Concentrated Sunlight Systems•Hybrid Solar Lighting•Infrared TPV Cells and Systems•Cost of Solar Today and Tomorrow•The Investment Problem•Need for Top-Down Commitment