Conception of a global SAR mission for land imaging on the tropics

Gilberto CâmaraDirector General National Institute for Space Research (INPE)Brazil

How can Brazil achieve its deforestation targets?

Motivation: Brazilian National Plan for Climate Change

INPE has international credibility

TerraAmazon

“Today, Brazil’s monitoring system is the envy of the world. INPE has its own remote sensing satellite, a joint effort with China, that allows it to publish yearly totals of deforested land that scientists regard as reliable.”

INPE´s results have worldwide impact

Society is watching!

Until 2015, Norway will give up to US$ 1 billion to reduce deforestation in the Amazon. Norway’s contribution will depend on how successful Brazil will be in reducing deforestation. Brazil has the largest rain forest and one of the world’s most advanced systems for surveillance of deforestation.

Other countries want to help

Challenge: Cloud cover in the tropics

Most tropical areas have > 50% cloud cover yearly (source: International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project)

Challenge: Cloud cover in Amazonia

São Félix do Xingu, Brazil, cloud covered from October to May

Deforestation classes per area

13%22%27%32%31%68%38%More than 300 ha

10%11%11%12%14%6%12%150 a 300 ha

7%7%7%7%8%3%8%100 a 150 ha

16%14%13%12%13%6%12%50 a 100 ha

19%16%13%11%11%5%11%25 a 50 ha

25%20%16%14%12%6%11%10 a 25 ha

10%9%9%8%6%4%5%Less than 10 ha

2006200520042003200220012000

Tendência de Aumento Tendência de ReduçãoAproxim. Estável

Au

men

toR

edu

çãoE

stável

Challenges: clearing size is falling

Alerta DETER nov-2007Landsat/TM

August 2007

MODIS

November 2007

Challenge: deforestation during the rainy season

Clearing land for pasture during the rainy season

Checking DETER´s data (February 2008)

Landsat/TM 226/68

17/Ago/2007

New deforestation shown by DETER

DETER out-2007

Challenge: need for medium-resolution data during the rainy season

Exploração – estágio inicialChecking DETER´s data (February 2008)

Intensive timber extraction during the rainy season

SAR user requirements in Brazil

Source: Brazilian SAR users workshop, 2002 + recent additions (Forestry)Workshop organizer (2002): W. Paradella Recent additions: D. Valeriano

Agricult. Cartogr. Oil spills Forestry Geology Hydrology Oceans UrbanMapping

Frequency L L C L L L C L

Polariz. Quad-pol. N. A. VV, HH Quad-pol. HH, HV Quad-pol. Quad-pol. Quad-pol.

IncidenceInterval Variable Variable 20-30°/

45-60° 20-45° Large interval 20-45° 45-60° 40-45°

SpatialResol. 10-30 m 2-5 m 30-50 m 10 – 50 m 5 – 10 m 10 meters 30-100 m 2-5 m

SwathWidth

30-300 Km N. A. 150-350

Km100–500

Km 40-100 Km 100 Km 350 Km 40-100 km

Revisit 15 days N. A.. < 1 day 7-15 days Seasonal 10 - 15 days Daily N.A.

PETROBRAS Solimões Terminal, Coari [LHH(R) + LVV (G)+LHV(B)]

Motivation for L-band SAR: Amazonia

Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir ParadellaResearcher: F. P. Miranda (PETROBRAS)

Tapajós National Forest [ 10 m res, LHH(R) + LVV (G) + LHV (B)]

Motivation for L-band SAR: Amazonia

Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella INPE researchers: C. Freitas, J. R. Santos, L.V. Dutra, C.

Mura

Bragança, Pará [10 m res, LHH(R) LVV(G) LHV(B)]

Motivation for L-band SAR: Coastal regions

Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella Researchers: P. W. Souza (UFPA), M. T. Prost (MPEG)

Motivation for L-band SAR: AgricultureL.E. Magalhães, Bahia [ 10 m resul, LHH(R)+LVV(G)+LHV(B)]

Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella INPE researchers: B. Rudorff, A.R. Formaggio

Industrial motivation:Brazilian OrbiSAR-1 SYSTEM

X-band SAR-Image 3x3mCampinas, Brazil)

P-band SAR-Image 3x3m, Sorocaba, Brazil (10/2002)

Industrial motivation:Brazilian OrbiSAR-1 SYSTEM

X-band SAR-Image 3x3m, Campinas, Brazil

Industrial motivation:Brazilian OrbiSAR-1 SYSTEM

LANDSAR (SAR for world´s tropics)

5-day full world coverage at 30m;25-day full world coverage at 10m;1-day spot at 5m;

Sun-Synchronous Dawn-Dusk Orbit;

Full Power on descending and ascending;

Double-sided access by roll maneuver;

LANDSAR (SAR for world´s tropics)

Positioning Control: 100m Positioning Determination: 30cm near real time.

Attitude :Control - 0.1º in roll, pitch and yawDetermination - 0.05º in roll, pitch and yaw

Timing Accuracy: 50us.

ScanSARScanSAR TOPSARTOPSAR

LANDSAR Modes (initial proposal)

ScanSAR/TOPSAR:Number of range looks of detected products: 4Total ground range swath at the equator: 560kmResolution: 30 m x 30 mGlobal coverage time at the equator: 5 daysPolarization: HH+HV

SpotlightSpotlight

StripmapStripmap

LANDSAR Modes (initial proposal)Number of range looks of detected

products: 8Total ground range swath at the equator:

115kmResolution: 14 m x 14 mCoverage time at the equator: 25 daysPolarization: HH+HV

Number of range looks of detected products: 2

Total ground range swath at the equator: 50km

Resolution: 5 m x 5 mTime for Surveying: 1 dayPolarization: HH+HV

Interferometric SARPolarization HH + HV

LANDSAR Polarization + InSAR

LANDSAR Operational Capabilities:Amazonia in 5 days with 30 m resolution

LANDSAR Operational Capabilities:Amazonia in 25 days with 10 m resolution

LandSAR RISAT

(India)

Sentinel

(ESA)

SAOCOM

(Argentina)

ALOS-2 TerraSAR-X

Cosmo-Skymed

Frequency (GHz) 1.25 5.35 5.4 1.3 1.2 9.65 9.6

Resolution (m) 30 50 25 115 100 18.5 100

Max Range Swath (km) 560 240 250 270 350 100 200

Polarization HH, HV, VH, VV

dual HH, HV, VH, VV

HH, HV, VH, VV

Single, Dual

HH+HV or VV+VH

HH, HV, VH, VV

Repeat Cycle (days) 25 ? 6 (2sats)

? ? 11 4 (4 sats)

Coverage Time (days) 5 13 6 (2sats)

2 at 35º South

? 2 0.5 (4 sats)

Systematic

Acquisition (times/year)

73 ? 60 (2sats)

- - - -

To be launched in 2014 2009 2011 and 2014

2010 2013 2010 2007-2010

Comparison: wide swath in 2014

LandSAR RISAT

(India)

Sentinel

(ESA)

SAOCOM

(Argent)

ALOS-2 TerraSAR-X

Cosmo-Skymed

Frequency (GHz) 1.25 5.35 5.4 1.3 1.2 9.65 9.6

Resolution (m) 14 3 5 7 10 6 15

Max Range Swath (km) 115 30 80 50 70 30 40

Polarization HH, HV, VH, VV

HH, HV, VH, VV

HH, HV, VH, VV

? Single, Dual, Full

dual HH, HV, VH, VV

Repeat Cycle (days) 25 ? 6 (2 sats)

? ? 11 4 (4 sats)

Coverage Time (days) 25 19 6 (2 sats)

? ? 2 0.5 (4 sats)

Systematic

Acquisition (times/year)

14 ? 60 (2 sats)

- - - -

To be launched in 2014 2009 2011 and 2014

2010 2013 2010 2007-2010

Comparison: narrow swath in 2014

LandSAR RISAT

(India)

Sentinel

(ESA)

SAOCOM

(Argent)

ALOS-2 TerraSAR-X

Cosmo-Skymed

Frequency (GHz) 1.25 5.35 - - 1.2 9.65 9.6

Resolution (m) 3 <2 - - 3 1.5 1

Max Range Swath (km) 50 10 - - 25 10 10

Polarization dual ? - - Single Dual HH, HV, VH, VV

Repeat Cycle (days) 25 ? - - ? 11 4 (4 sats)

Coverage Time (days) 1-2 ? - - ? 2 0.5 (4 sats)

Systematic

Acquisition (times/year)

- ? - - - - -

To be launched in 2014 2009 2011 and 2014

2010 2013 2010 2007-2010

Comparison: spotlight mode in 2014