LOGICAL THINKING

STRUCTURE

THE LOGICAL WAY ON

HOW THE MIND OPERATES

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MENTAL OPERATION

MENTAL PRODUCT

EXTERNALSIGN

Simple Apprehension

Concept Term

Judgment Doctrine/Theory Proposition

Reasoning Argument Syllogism

THE PROCESS

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HOW IT WORKS1. Each mental operation gives individual production and external sign.

2. Simple apprehension, the product is known as a concept and is externalized through a term.

3. Judgment has doctrine or theory and is externalized through a proposition.

4. Reasoning and argument is produced and is externalized through a syllogism.

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SIMPLE APPREHENSION• The mental act which evolves a

concept is simple apprehension.

• It is defined as “the mental process by which we grasp the general meaning of a thing without affirming or denying anything about it.”

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HOW THE MIND GRASPS A CONCEPT?

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A. FIRST CLASSIFICATION

1. First Intention is a concept by which we know a thing independent of our mind.

Example: “Man is a rational being.” It is a reality that exists as part of the nature of man.

2. Second Intention is a concept by which we conceive a thing in reality in so far as the mind knows or understand it.Example: “Japan is the land of the rising

sun.”

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B. SECOND CLASSIFICATION

1. Concrete is a concept which creates a form and a subject in the mind.

Example: “Intelligent student,” black dress,” “loyal servant.”

2. Abstract is a concept endowed with form only.

Example: “Intelligence,” blackness,” “loyalty.”

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C. THIRD CLASSIFICATION

1. Absolute is a concept that manifest itself to the mind as a substance and as independent reality.

Example: Man, people, God, Society, Flower, Table, Chair, Student.

2. Connotative is a concept that manifest itself to the mind as an accident connected to a substance.

Example; Kind person, beautiful dress, etc. Some nouns like communicator, debater, orator are also connotative concepts.

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D. FOURTH CLASSIFICATION

1. Positive is a concept that manifests an object to the mind according to what it is or what it is made of.

Example: The ball is round.

2. Negative is a concept that manifests an object to the mind according to what it is not or what it is not made of.

Example: Man is not brute.

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Identify the statements below according to their intentions (first intention or

second intention):

1. Man is a mortal being.

2. Paris is the city of lights.

3. New York is a city that never sleeps.

4. Animals are brute.

5. Rome is an eternal city.

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Identify the concepts according to its second classification (Concrete or Abstract):

1. good student

2. intelligence

3. obedience

4. honest employee

5. red car

6. darkness

7. loyalty

8. diligent student

9. diligence

10. white house

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Identify the concepts in the third classification (Absolute or

Connotative):

1. fighter

2. mankind

3. eternity

4. orator

5. intelligence

1. kind man

2. beautiful lady

3. highness

4. holiness

5. upright person

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Identify the concepts according to its fourth classification

(Positive or Negative):

1. The world is spherical.

2. Water is liquid.

3. Man is not immortal

4. Animals are not rational.

5. Human beings are rational.