conclusion of agronomy and plant protection iwona bartkowiak-broda marek wójtowicz plant breeding...

Conclusion of Agronomy

and Plant Protection

Iwona Bartkowiak-Broda

Marek WójtowiczPlant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute

Poznań, Poland

OOrraall pprreesseennttaattiioonnss PPoosstteerrss

AGRONOMY 4422 111111

Cultivation technique 14 54

Soil nutrition 9 18

Crop Physiology 11 20

Farming systems and Ecology 6 15

Digital Agriculture 2 4

PLANT PROTECTION 4433 8811

Diseases 34 57

Pests 7 19

Herbicides 2 5

Europe

Canada

Argentina China

Egypt Iran

Australia Korea

Authors represented 5 continents – 20 countries

Czech Republic

France

Germany

Italy

Latva

Lithuania

Poland

Russia

Serbia

Spain

Switzerland

UK

Objects of investigationsObjects of investigations

Eruca sativa Sinapis alba

Brassica campestris

Brassica tournefortii

Brassica napus var. oleifera f. annua

and f. biennis

Raphanus sativus

AGRONOMYAGRONOMY Cultivation technCultivation technologyology

Presented works mostly concerned integrated agrotechnical systems especially taking into account:

dates of sowing

rates of seed sowing

levels and dates of fertilization

weed controlling

problem of irrigation — in the areas characterized by considerable shortage in precipitation.


Many authors in their work made reference

to the ways of soil cultivation before sowing and

to the succession of plants in plant rotations.

In their reports authors often focused on seed sowing,

mainly on the dates and sowing rates, and to a lesser

degree on technology of sowing.

These issues were of interest first of all for authors

from India and China.


The influence of sowing datesof sowing dates on yield and elements on yield and elements

of its structureof its structure was variable and depended on environmental conditions.

Besides the results which indicated a significant dependence of the number of siliques on a plant and on m2, of 1000 seed weight and number of seeds in a silique at the date of sowing, there were also such results which did not show this dependence.


Many authors emphasized how important it is to choose choose

a proper varietya proper variety for cultivation in order to gain high yields.

Due to a higher yielding ability of hybrid varietieshybrid varieties,

they are becoming especially attractive.

An unquestionable advantage of these varieties

is their fast development after germination.

It may improve the use of fertilizers and cut down losses

of nutritional components.


Over the last 5 years in Canada the area of cultivation of hybrid varieties has increased by 15–70%.

At present in Canada, more than 90% of canola production involve herbicide-resistant (HR) cultivars. Combining hybrid cultivar with seeding rate of 150 seeds/m2 and the earliest time of weed removal (2 leaves) led to a 41% yield increase compared to the combination of open pollinated cultivar, seeding rate of 100 seeds/m2 and latest time of weed removal (6 leaf).

Also the Czech scientists’ research confirmed a diverse response of varieties to the level of applied technologies.


Authors of many reports emphasized significant

differences among varietiesdifferences among varieties in respect to yield height, yield height,

plant morphology, seed quality, and physiological traitsplant morphology, seed quality, and physiological traits

which are responsible for tolerance of rapeseed rosette

for low temperatures.

The results showed The results showed that rosette tolerance for cold

in some cultivars does not correlate with seed yield. with seed yield.

It was also showed that the cultivars producing It was also showed that the cultivars producing

the highest seed yield may not necessarily show the best the highest seed yield may not necessarily show the best

Crown Cell Membrane Stability at rosette stage.Crown Cell Membrane Stability at rosette stage.


Presented work also elaborated on the issue

of the importance of agro-technologicagro-technologicalal procedures procedures

for the quality of seed yield quality of seed yield.

Attention was paid, among others, to the influence influence

of sowing date on the synthesis of fatty acidsof sowing date on the synthesis of fatty acids,

as well as on oil, proteinprotein and glucosinolateglucosinolate content.

Also the dependence of seed quality dependence of seed quality on sowing amount sowing amount

and date of N fertilizationand date of N fertilization was shown.


Moreover, it was shown that the influence influence

of N fertilization on fat, protein and glucosinolateof N fertilization on fat, protein and glucosinolate contents

depended on water deficiencywater deficiency in a flowering period.

Also cultivation systems influenced seed quality.

Lower fat content was observed in seeds from plants

coming from plots (fields) with simplified cultivation simplified cultivation

technologytechnology in comparison to conventional cultivationconventional cultivation.


The necessity to keep up the quality The necessity to keep up the quality

of collected seeds was highlighted. of collected seeds was highlighted.

Research conducted in Switzerland on the influence

of cultivation on the maintenance of low content

of linolenic acid in HOLL varieties showed that:

beyond 50 meters of distance, a field of conventional

rapeseed caused only a minor increase in C18:3 content

of a neighbouring low-linolenic rapeseed field.

After 20 meters contamination estimated

from linolenic acid increase was about 1%.


According to simulation, the presence of volunteers the presence of volunteers

of conventional rapeseed in the low-linolenic field had of conventional rapeseed in the low-linolenic field had

the most dramatic effectthe most dramatic effect:

in a short crop rotation an important amount of volunteers

significantly increased the linolenic acid content.

In Switzerland, all oilseed rape is usually grown

with a longer interval than every four years in normal crop

rotations, which is usually enough to prevent major

contamination by volunteers if the latter are correctly

managed.


Another important issue mentioned in the reports

was the influence of environment on plant development, influence of environment on plant development,

and yield height and qualityand yield height and quality.

The conditions throughout vegetation season determine

plant development from germination to crop.

AGRONOMYAGRONOMY Soil nutritionSoil nutrition

FertilizationFertilization — a lot of attention was paid to fertilization

with nitrogennitrogen, whose importance for yield quality

and quantity was investigated in differentiated

agrotechnical and environmental conditionsagrotechnical and environmental conditions.

The research projects also took into account interaction interaction

between fertilization fertilization and the genotypegenotype.

Moreover, a negative influence of nitrogen fertilization negative influence of nitrogen fertilization

on environmenton environment was observed.


In investigations on the possibility of limiting nitrogen

fertilization, and consequently, reducing the washing

out of nitrogen to ground waters, semi-dwarf varieties

of rapeseed were used.

It was assumed in a working hypothesis that semi- semi-

dwarf varietiesdwarf varieties may be characterized by a reduced

demand for nitrogen in comparison with conventional

varieties. However, all tested varieties needed similar all tested varieties needed similar

N fertilization for their maximum yield. N fertilization for their maximum yield.

No interaction between genotype and N treatment No interaction between genotype and N treatment was was

stated stated. .


In the reports were investigated

also the problems related

to the influence of sulphursulphur

fertilization on the attractiveness

of rapeseed for beesbees.

AGRONOMYAGRONOMY Crop PhysiologyCrop Physiology

Influence of environmental conditions on seed germination

CO and low temperature can accelerate seed germination

Aspects of reaction of different varieties to drought stress at different development stages

Influence of maturity regulators on microbiotical population on the surface of seeds

Phytoremediative potential of oilseed rape

AGRONOMYAGRONOMY Farming systems and EcologyFarming systems and Ecology

Coexistence of conventional and GM cropsCoexistence of conventional and GM cropsCoexistence in accordance with European regulation

betweenGM and non GM crops is difficult at the farm level

in the case of oilseed rape.

Gene flow by: pollen seeds in time and in space

Importance of gene flow depends on: farm types landscape cropping systems design of grain collect

Management of coexistence varies between each regionand also within each of them

AGRONOMYAGRONOMY Farming systems and EcologyFarming systems and Ecology

Influence of cultivation systems on seed qualityInfluence of cultivation systems on seed quality

Problems of climate warmingProblems of climate warming

The use of biological preparation in seed treatmentThe use of biological preparation in seed treatment

Sustainability of winter oilseed rape cropping systemSustainability of winter oilseed rape cropping system

Development computer model REPRO in Germany. This model allows to quantify all majorenergy and material flows on the farm and in the field and to incorporate information on economic effects of the different decisions taken on the farm.

AGRONOMYAGRONOMY Digital AgricultureDigital Agriculture

FFRANCERANCE• The adoption of GenesysGenesys model to predict linolenic acid content of low linolenic rapeseed harvest in different management systems

• FarmstarFarmstar — system used to determine optimal N doses on the basis of satellite data

AGRONOMYAGRONOMY Digital AgricultureDigital Agriculture

CCHINAHINA• IDSSRP — Inteligent Decission Support System

for Rapeseed Production

• Rapeseed CSODSS — Rapeseed Cultivation Simulation

— Optimalization DSS.

• Field experiments where IDSSRP was used showed a possibility of 20% increase in income in comparison with traditional cultivation methods. In experiments where Rapeseed CSODSS was used, the yield could be increased by 10–21%, N fertilization lowered by 18–28% and costs lowered by 10%.

PLANT PROTECTIONPLANT PROTECTION DiseasesDiseases

Blackleg and Sclerotinia stem rot are the two most important diseases of oilseed rape worldwide

Majority of papers are devoted to investigations concerning: the genetic basis of resistance to these pathogens genetic and physical mapping functional genomic approaches for resistance gene discovery variation of populations of pathogens variation of resistance to pathogens effects of fungicides


Genetic basis Genetic basis of resistance to blacklegof resistance to blackleg

new source of resistance introduced from B. carinata investigations of resistance derived from Sinapis arvensis. Coincya monensis, Brassica juncea


Other diseasesOther diseases

Fungus and mycotoxins contaminatingoilseeds during storage

Macrophomina phaseolina - causes new diseases on Canola in Australia

Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. severly affects mustard crops


Epidemiological studies

System of risk assessment of disease occurrence

Strategies to prevent spread of diseases

Biocontrol e.g. MYR-GLs system

EU project SECURE – Stem Canker of oilseed rape: Molecular methods and mathematical modeling to deploy durable resistance

PLANT PROTECTIONPLANT PROTECTION PestsPests

Presented papers mostlyPresented papers mostlyconcerned:concerned: occurrence and control of pests in oilseed rape and in mustard susceptibility of oilseed rape varieties to the pests resistance of pest insects to pyrethroid insecticides control of insect pest using systemic resistance induced by bacterial strains and in organic crop management


Investigations on predator species in oilseed rape cropInvestigations on predator species in oilseed rape crop

The effects of different crop management techniques on key predators were investigated in 5 European countries.

The effect of management has a considerable effect on species composition:

— low species similarity of ICM and STN system.

In summer the number of dominant/subdominant species decreased from the West of Europe to the East, in autumn on the contrary.

Each country shows unique performance of the predatorspecies composition.

The majority of ground beetle species occure exclusivelyin spring rape or in winter rape.


EU projectsEU projects

ENDURE – European network for durable exploitation of crop protection strategies – aiming at the development and implementation of sustainable pest management strategies

MASTER – Integrated pest management strategies incorporating bio-control for European oilseed rape pest

PLANT PROTECTIONPLANT PROTECTION HerbicidesHerbicides

VolunteerVolunteer oilseed rape control

— post-emergence herbicides provide

excellent control at 3-leaf as well as 6-leaf

stage of plant development.

Ecology Ecology — mechanical weed control

an alternative or a complement to chemical

weed control

Presented reports also included information about:Presented reports also included information about:

sowing areasowing area

yield yield

size of production.size of production.

China is the leading country with 10 million tons of oil production, Canada is the second with 7.1 million tons and India is the third with 6.1 million tons among countries all over the world.

GGENERAL INFORMATIONENERAL INFORMATION

A great number of papers and the variety A great number of papers and the variety

of discussed topics within the areaof discussed topics within the area of agronomyof agronomy

and plant protectionand plant protection confirm its significance confirm its significance

in obtaining faithful and high yield of seeds in obtaining faithful and high yield of seeds

of required quality.of required quality.

Getting to know how environmental conditions, Getting to know how environmental conditions,

farming systems, cultivation technology farming systems, cultivation technology

and plant protectionand plant protection influence quantity and quality influence quantity and quality

of seed yield of oilseed crops from of seed yield of oilseed crops from Brassica Brassica genus genus

allowsallows to estimate the range of variability of yield to estimate the range of variability of yield

and row material obtained for oil industryand row material obtained for oil industry

SUMMARYSUMMARY