CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS

Brozek, Josef M., B.A., Ph.D., Professor, Institute of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015 (USA).

Buzina, Ratko, M.D., Sc.D., D.P.H., Department of Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, Rockefellerova 7, Zagreb (Yugoslavia).

Cheek, Donald B., M.D., D.Sc., Director, Research Foundation, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052 (Australia).

*Chow, Bacon F., Ph.D., Professor of Biochemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 (USA).

Cravioto, JoaquIn, M.D., Professor, Chairman', Division de Investigaci6n Cientifica, IMAN, Hospital Infantil IMAN, Insurgentes Sur 3700, M~xico 22, D.F. (M4xico).

Falkner, Frank, M.D., F.R.C.P., Director, The Fels Research Institute, Yellow Springs, Ohio 45387 (USA).

Goldstein, Harvey, B.Sc., National Children's Bureau, One Fitzroy Square, London, W1P 5AH (England).

Habicht, Jean-Pierre, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H., Head, Biomedical and Epidemiological Section, Division of Human Development, Instituto de Nutricion de Centro America y Panama, Apartado Postal 11-88, Guatemala City, Guatemala (Central America).

Jelliffe, Derrick B., M.D., F.R.C.P., D.C.H., Head, Division of Population, Family and International Health, University of California, School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California 90024 (USA).

* Recently deceased.

353

354 Participants

Jelliffe, E. F. Patrice, R.N., M.P.H., School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 (USA).

Johnston, Francis E., Ph.D., Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, University Museum, 33rd and Spruce Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 (USA).

Malcolm, Laurence, A., M.D., F.R.C.P. (Edinburgh) Health Planning Unit, Department of Public Health, P.O. Box 2084, Konedobu, Papua (New Guinea).

Metcoff, Jack, M.S., M.D., M.P.H., Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190 (USA).

V' / Parizkova, Jana, M.D.,

ustav Telovychovny, Ujezd 450, Praha 1

Ph.D., C.Sc., Head, Vyzkurnny F.T.V.S., Charles University, (Czechoslovakia) .

Roche, Alexander F., M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc., Senior Scientist, The Fels Research Institute, Yellow Springs, Ohio 45387 (USA).

Terada, Harumi, M.D., Professor of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1 Asamizodai, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa-ken, 228 (Japan).

Widdowson, Elsie M., D.Sc., Ph.D., Dunn Nutritional Laboratory, Milton Road, Cambridge CB 4 lXJ (England) .

Wol~nski, Napoleon L., Ph.D., Head, Department of Human Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. NOwy Swiat 72, 00-330 Warszawa (Poland).

INDEX

Adaptation, 230 Adenylic kinase, 95-8, 100-5, 107 Adipose tissue, 123-4, 128, 133, 150, 154, 161 ------, and metabolic activity, 124, 130 -----, cell number, 55, 62-3, 120, 130, 176-7 ------, cell size, 55 ------, changes in rehabilitation, 176 ------, collagen, 62 ------, estimate from height, 60 ------, fatfolds, see separate listing

in maternal diabetes, 49-50, 52, 55 ------, in muscle, 50

in obesity, 236 in pubescence, 56-7

------, in senescence, 125 ------, metabolism of, in muscle, 125 ------, response to insulin, 57, 60, 64 Adrenal gland, 49, 53, 60 Aerobic capacity, 130, 133, 136-7, 141 Age classes, 257-8 Age-independent anthropometry, 7-8, 159, 273 Altitude, high, 82 Amino acids in plasma, 3 Anthropometry, abdominal circumference, 273, 280 -----, age-independent, 7-8, 159, 273 -----, and nutritional status, 4, 15-25, 150, 220, 286,

338 arm circumference, 4-5, 7, 159, 273, 280 arm circumference/ arm length, 7

------, arm circumference/ height, 5-7, 160 ------, arm muscle circumference, 275, 280, 285 ______ , biacromial diameter, 275, 280 ______ , biacromia1/bicrista1 diameter, 272 ______ , bicrista1 diameter, 275, 280 ______ , calf circumference, 275, 280 ______ , chest circumference, 275, 280 ______ , chest circumference/head circumference, 7, 317 ______ , fat area, 5 ______ , fatfo1ds, see separate listing ______ , head circumference, 24 ______ , height, see separate listing

355

356

Anthropometry, laterality/linearity, 272 ______ , muscle area, 5 ______ , Quetelet index, 7, 20-2, 28, 240 _____ , reliability, 16-8 ______ , selection, 5 ______ , sensitivity, 16, 21-5 _____ , sitting height/standing height, 272 _____ , skinfo1ds, see fatfo1ds _____ , specificity, 16-8, 20, 24-5, 286 ------, stature, see height ------, weight, see separate listing -----, weight/height, 7, 20-2, 28, 240 -----, weight/height l • 6 , 8 -----, weight/height2 , 270-1 Apparatus, basis for selection, 6-7 ------, design, 317-8 ------, scales, 6-7, 18 Appetite, and exercise, 48

Basal metabolism, 28 Biological status, 246, 249, 265 Birth order, 4, 227, 258, 346-7 Birth size, and diet during pregnancy, 122 ______ , and litter size, 122 Birth weight, 55

and intrauterine infection, 332 ______ , and later malnutrition, 320-7 ______ , and protein intake, 330-1 ______ , genetic factors, 330-1 ______ , in maternal diabetes, 50, 121-2 ______ , maternal factors, 197-201, 331-2 ______ , reference standards, 228 -----, variability, 330 Birth, weight gain after, 55 Blood vitamin levels, 3 Body build, and exercise, 122, 133, 136, 138-9 ______ , urban-rural differences, 282

Index

Body composition, 16, 27, 47, 57, 150-62, 164-79, 182 ______ , adipose tissue, see separate listing ______ , aerobic capacity, 130 ______ , and body shape, 132 ______ , and body size, 132 _____ , and edema, 157-8, 161

Index 357

Body composition, and exercise, 131, 133, 136, 138-9, 14 and functional capacity, 132 and litter size, 123 and maternal diet, 122 and nutritional status, 317

------, and rate of maturation, 132 ------, extracellular space, 53, 157 ------, in maternal diabetes, 49-55 -----, in obesity, 47, 56-7, 60, 64, 236 ------, intracellular mass, 57 --____ , lean body mass, see separate listing ______ , muscle, see separate listing ------, prenatal, 165 ------, thiocyanate space, 157 ------, total body water, 158 Body density, 27 Body fat, see adipose tissue Body size, in malnutrition, 169, 184, 186-9 ------, urban-rural differences, 251, 259 Body surface area, anthropometric estimation, 28, 40 ------, methods of measuring, 28, 40 Body volume, anthropometric estimation, 28 ------, methods of measuring, 28, 40 Bone age, see skeletal age Brain growth, age of cell division, 81 ------, and growth hormone, 54-5 ------, and insulin, 54,64 ------, and maturation in diabetes, 64 ------, and size at birth, 331 -----, sparing, 167-8, 171 Brain maturation, 55, 168, 171 Breast feeding, 48, 56, 64

Calories, 1-5 Caloric intake in infancy, 55-6 Catch-up growth, 342 Cell number in malnutrition, 168, 172, 178 Cell size in malnutrition, 168 Cerebrum, cell number and size, 50

water content, 52 zinc content, 55

Child feeding, 340-1 Child rearing, 340-1

358 Index

Circumferences, see anthropometric measures Climate, 232 Collagen in adipose tissue, 62 Conditioned emotional response, 186-9 Congenital anomalies, 81 Contourograph, moirt, 30-40 Creatinine nitrogen, 3, 8 Critical period, 85 Cross-sectional studies, 287-99, 314-5 Cyrtographometer, 29-30

DNA synthesis, 105-7 Density, see body density Developmental age, 239, 242 Diameters, see anthropometric measures Diabetes, see maternal diabetes ------, sensitivity of pancreas, 64 Diet during pregnancy, see maternal diet Disease, 4, 24, 246, 334, 342-3, 347 -----, and prenatal growth, 82 ------, intrauterine infection, 332 Diurnal variation, 260-1 Dwarfism, pituitary, 54

Ear size, 174 Edema, 21, 157-8, 161 Energy turnover, 123-4, 129 Environmental factors, sensitivity to, 230, 238, 240-1 Enzymes, see leukocytes Exercise, 123, 127-8, 139, 249 -----, aerobic capacity, 130, 133, 136-7, 141 ------, and appetite, 48 -----, and body build, 122, 133, 136, 138-9 -----, and body composition, 64, 123, 131, 133, 136,

138-9, 142 -----, and longevity, 48 ------, and malnutrition, 132 ------, and muscle growth, 48 ------, and myocardial lesions, 131 ______ , and nutritional status, 232 -----, and obesity, 236, 238 ------, change with age, 129 ------, in pubescence, 123, 139

Index 359

Exercise, in senescence, 123, 139 Extracellular volume, 53, 157

Fat, see adipose tissue Fatfolds, 5, 9, 28, 162, 280, 286, 338-9 _____ , in maternal diabetes, 121-2, 132-3, 280, 338-9 ______ , in newborn, 132 ------, in prematurity, 132 ------, suprailiac, 132 ------, triceps, 5, 9 Fetal death, 73, 75, 77 Fetal malnutrition, 73-80, 82-4, 164-8, 184, 186-9,

202-11 ------, DNA and RNA synthesis in maternal leukocytes,

106-8 ------, and congenital anomalies, 81 ------, and functional changes, 81-2 ------, and respiratory distress syndrome, 81 ------, cell replication, 74 --____ , fetal head size in, 108 ______ , hypoglycemia in, 81

maternal leukocyte enzymes in, 95-8, 100-5, 107 ______ , organ changes in, 80-1 ______ , synapses in, 81 _____ , types, 85-8 Food intake, and hormone secretion, 48 _____ , total, 337, 340 Food utilization, in malnutrition, 131-2 Formula feeding, 56 Functional capacity and rate of maturation, 131-2

Genetic factors, and growth, 9, 330 Grandmother's nutrition, 85 Gross national product, and height, 239 Growth, and birth order, 4 ______ , and disease, 342-3, 347 ______ , and litter size, 122 ______ , and seasons, 342 ______ , and socioeconomic status, 4, 9, 11 ______ , genetic factors, 9 ______ , prenatal, 330 ______ , retarded in utero, see fetal malnutrition Growth charts, see reference standards

360

Growth hormone, 48-9, 54-5, 60, 191-2 Growth rate, 262

Hair root, 4 Head size, 174 Height, 5, 19, 23-4 -----, and malnutrition, 282, 332-4, 342-3, 347 ------, and gross national product, 239 ------, and obesity, 56 ------, and protein intake, 240, 334, 338, 347 ------, changes in, 23-4 ------, preschool pattern, 332-4 ------, reference standards, 229 Hematocrit, 53, 252 Hemoglobin, 235, 252 Heterosis, 236, 238, 243-4 Heterozygosity, 236-8 High altitude, 82 Hormones, see individual glands Hormone secretion and food intake, 48 Hydroxyproline excretion, 3 Hypoglycemia in fetal malnutrition, 81 Hypothalamus, 54

Ilial bypass, 60, 64 Illness, see disease Infancy, caloric intake in, 55-6 ______ , obesity in, 2, 10-1 _____ , mortality, 243-4, 334, 343 Infection, birth weight and, 332 Insulin, 47-9, 54, 64 ______ , and brain growth, 54, 64 ______ , muscle response to, 57, 60 ______ , response of adipose tissue to, 57, 60, 64 Intracellular mass, 57 Iron in serum, 235

Kwashiorkor, 21, 323, 342-3

Lactation, and protein supplementation, 195-6 ______ , in preindustrial societies, 334 Lean body mass, 49-50, 53, 56-7, 64, 236 Leukocyte enzymes, 95-8, 100-5, 107

Index

Index

Litter size, and body composition, 123 and growth, 122

Longevity, and exercise, 48 ___ , and obesity, 64 Longitudinal studies, 288-90, 298-301, 312-4 Low-birth-weight babies, 74, 76, 79, 82 Lung volume, residual, 42 Lysine, 204-13, 215

Marasmus, 323, 342-3 Malnutrition, 2-4, 16-17, 21, 159, 169, 184, 186-9 ----, and exercise, 132 -----, and growth hormone, 191-2 ____ , and infant mortality, 334, 343 ______ , and menarche, 346 ~---, and postnatal growth, 169 -----, and protein supplementation, 20, 154, 184,

211-2, 337, 343, 346-7 ------, and rate of maturation, 252, 328, 346 -----, and sexual maturation, 178 -----, body composition in, 16-7 ------, body size in, 235 -----, brain maturation in, 168, 171 -----, brain sparing in, 167-8, 171 ------, cell number in, 168, 172, 178 -----, cell size in, 168

conditioned emotional response in, 186-9 -----, ear size in, 174 ------, effects of supplementation, 20, 154, 184,

211-2, 337, 343, 346-7 ------, estimate of chronicity, 282, 317 ------, fatfolds in, 338-9 ------, fetal, see fetal malnutrition ------, food utilization in, 202-11, 214-5 -----, head circumference in, 24 -----, head size in, 174 -----, height in, 282, 332-4, 342-3, 347 ------, hemoglobin in, 235 ------, maternal, timing of, 85-8 ------, maze running test in, 186-7 -----, pituitary in, 188, 191 ----, prenatal, see fetal malnutrition -----, rehabilitation, 164, 174-5, 178-9

361

362

______ , screening for, 16 ______ , serum iron in, 235

skeleton in, 168-71 ------, speed of movement in, 153 ------, strength in, 154 -----, weight in, 282, 332-4, 342-3, 347 Maternal diabetes, 49-55 ------, adipose tissue in, 49-50, 52, 55 ------, birth size in, 50, 121-2 ------, body composition in, 49-55 ------, brain maturation in, 55 ------, cerebral cell number in, 50 ------, cerebral cell size in, 50 ------, cerebral water in, 52 ------, extracellular volume in, 53 -----, fatfolds in, 121-2, 132-3, 280, 338-9 ------, adipose tissue in muscle in, 50 ------, hematocrit in, 53 ------, hormones in, 53-4 ------, lean body mass in, 49-50, 53 ------, muscle cell number in, 50 ------, muscle cell size in, 50 ------, muscle water in, 50 ------, organ size in, 50, 55 ------, placenta, 49 ------, water content in cerebrum, 52 ------, zinc in cerebrum, 55 Maternal diet, 75, 77, 82, 84, 96-8, 100-5 -----, and birthweight, 122, 197-201, 331-2 ------, and body composition, 122 ------, and brain size, 331 ------, and protein supplementation, 193, 195, 202 Maternal malnutrition, 85-8 Maturation, rate of, 252, 328, 346 ______ , and body composition, 132 _____ , and body shape, 132 ______ , and body size, 132 ______ , and functional capacity, 132 Maturation, sexual, 64, 178 Maze running test, 186-7 Measurement error, 302-5 Menarche, 346 Metabolism, basal, 28

Index

Index

Metabolism, basal, of fat in muscle, 125 Mixed longitudinal studies, 302, 315-6 Mobili ty, 238 Moire contourograph, 30-40 Monophotogrammetry, 29-30 Mortality, infant, 243-4, 334, 343 Muscle, and exercise, 48

and growth hormone, 54 ------, and insulin, 54, 64 ------, and somatomedin, 54 -----, cell number, 50, 57-8, 60, 64 ------, cell size, 50 ------, fiber number, 172-3 ------, fiber size, 173 ------, growth in malnutrition, 48 ------, in pubescence, 56-7 ------, water in, 50 Multiplex projector, 28

Normative data, see reference standards Nutritional assessment, 3-4, 8, 310-2 Nutritional needs, 124 Nutritional status, and climate, 232

and disease, 4 and exercise, 232 and psychological factors, 4 and season, 4

-----, anthropometry, 4, 15-25, 150, 220, 286, 338 -----, body composition, 317 ------, definition, 109-10 ------, estimation of chronicity, 282, 317 -----, genetic effects, 239 ------, grading systems, 8 ------, in individuals, 2 ------, in populations, 2-3 ------, measures of, 230-1, 238, 244-6

Obesity, 16, 47-8, 55, 236, 255-6, 262-3, 282 ------, adipose tissue in, 235 ------, aerobic capacity in, 137

and breast feeding, 56 and diabetic mother, 49-55 and exercise, 236, 238

363

364

Obesity, and ileal bypass, 60, 64 ------Q and longevity, 64 -----, body composition in, 47, 56-7, 60, 64, 236 ------, effects of weight reduction, 60, 238 ------, fat cell number in, 55, 62-3 ------, fat cell size in, 55 ------, fatfolds, see separate listing -----, height in, 56 ------, hormones, in 56-7, 60, 64 ------, infantile, 2, 10-1

insulin, muscle response to, in, 57, 60 intracellular mass in, 57

------, lean body mass in, 56-7, 64, 236 muscle cell number in, 57-8, 60, 64

------, muscle response to insulin, in, 57, 60 ------, sexual maturation in, 64 -----, skeletal age in, 58-64 Ovary, 53-60 Overnutrition, see obesity Overweight, 224

Parent-child correlations, 232-4, 347 Photodermoplanimeter, 29 Photogrammetry, 28-30 ------, cyrtographometer, 29-30 ------, moir~ contourograph, 30-40 ------, monophotogrammetry, 29-30 ------, multiplex projector, 28 ------, photodermoplanimeter, 29 ______ , stereophotogrammetry, 28 Physical activity, see exercise Pituitary, 53-4, 188, 191 ------, dwarfism, 54 Placenta, in maternal diabetes, 49 ------, insufficiency, 75 Plasma amino acids, 3 Prematurity, 77,79 Prenatal growth, 329

and disease, 82 -----, and high altitude, 82 ------, see fetal malnutrition Program evaluation, 318 Protein-calorie malnutrition, see malnutrition

Index

Index 365

Protein intake, and birth weight, 330-2 -----, and height, 240, 334, 338, 347 ------, and Quetelet index, 240 -----, and weight, 334, 338 Protein needs, 1, 4-5 Protein supplementation, 20, 154, 184, 211-2, 337,

343, 346-7 ------, and lactation, 195-6 Psychological factors, 4 Pubescence, adipose tissue in, 56-7 ------, and exercise, 123, 129 ------, muscle in, 56-7 Pyruvic kinase, 95-8, 100-5, 117

QUAe stick, 5-7, 160 Quetelet index (W/H) , 240

RNA synthesis, 105-7 Rate of maturation and functional capacity, 130-1 Ratios, see anthropometric measures Reference standards, 2, 9-11, 223-9, 232, 239, 246-51,

256, 258 ------, age classes, 257-8 -----, birthweight, 228 ------, bivariate, 229 -----, height, 229 Rehabilitation, 164, 174-5, 178-9 Relative body weight, 273-81 Residual lung volume, 42 Respiratory distress syndrome, 81 "Runt" pigs, 166-7 -----, postnatal growth, 169 -----, skeleton, 168-71

Sampling errors, 222-3, 259-60, 292-301 Scales, see apparatus Seasonal effects, 4, 313, 342 Secular changes, 119-20, 261, 282 Senescence, adipose tissue in, 125 ------, and exercise, 123, 139 Serum albumin, 3-4, 8 Serum iron, 235 Sexual maturation, 64,178

366 Index

Skeletal age, 58, 64 Skewness, 260 Skinfolds, see fatfolds Small-for-dates, see fetal malnutrition Social customs, 48 Socioeconomic status, 4 Somatomedin, 54, 60 Speed of movement, 153 Standards, see reference standards Stature, see height Stereophotogrammetry, 28 Strength, 154 Supplementation, see protein Surface area, 256 Surveillance, types of, 3 Survey purposes, 309-10 Synapses, in fetal malnutrition, 81

Talus inclination, 252-5 Testis, 53,60 Thermography, 93 Threonine, 194-204 Total food intake, 337, 340

Urban-rural differences, 346 -----, in body build, 282

in body size, 251, 259 in difficulty of assessment, 235 in foodstuffs, 234 in heterozygosity, 238 in mobility, 238

Urea nitrogen, 8

Validity of indicators, 316-7 Vital capacity, 252 Vitamin A, 153, 155 Vitamins, blood levels, 3

water, balance, 17-8 _____ , total body, 158 Weaning, 15 ______ , diet during, 337 Weight, 15-8, 21

Index 367

Weight, and calorie and protein intake, 334, 338 ------, and nutritional status, 15-8, 21 ------, changes in, 16-8, 22-4 ------, for height, see anthropometric measures ------, gain after birth, 55 -----, in malnutrition, 282, 332-4, 342-3, 347 ------, preschool pattern, 332-4 -----, relative body weight, 273-81

Zinc in cerebrum, 55