Conjunctions

AND

• Join two words or clauses when they are equal and their meaning go well together.

• E.g. Every evening mom walks. • Every evening Dad jogs.• Every evening mom walks and Dad

jogs.

BUT

• Join two clauses when their meaning contrast with each other.

• E.g. My brother enjoys playing hockey.

• I dislike games.• My brother enjoys playing hockey

but I dislike games.

ORJoin clauses to show that only one of the choices will take place.

• You must do some exercise.

• You will grow fat.• You must do some

exercise or you will grow fat.

• We can go to the zoo.

• We can visit the museum.

• We can go to the zoo or we can visit the museum.

3 or more than 3 clauses case

• When we use and/or to join three or more clauses, we use comma & and/or.

• E.g. I’ll sing. You will dance. • She will play piano. He will jokes. • I’ll sing, you will dance, she will

play piano and he will jokes.

because & because of to answer the question ‘why?’

• because +subordinate clause

• to give the reason for what is state in the main clause.

• Why did she cry?• She cried because

(it was painful).

• because of + noun = adverbial phrase

• Why did she cry?• She cried because

of the pain.

• The nouns can have an article or possessive pronoun before it.

noun

because & so (can’t use together)We use’ because’ to give the reason for something

• I was late because I missed the bus.

• She didn’t go out because she was busy.

We use ‘so’ to describe the result of an action or situation

• I missed the bus, so I was late.

• She was busy, so she didn’t go out.

Common mistakes

• Everyone likes her because of she is friendly.

• I am sweating because of hot.• He rested it’s because he had a

headache.• Because Anna had a headache, so

she went straight to bed.• She’s angry, so he lied to her.

Although (can’t use it with but)• We use although

to link sentences that are about different or opposite ideas.

• At the beginning • Although she

wasn’t invited, she came to the party.

• E.g. Although I tried, I couldn’t do the exercise.

• In the middle• She came to the

party although she wasn’t invited.

when & while

• when + the thing happening 1st = subordinate clause

• The main clause tells the thing happening slightly late.

• We use while to connect two things happening at the same time.

• We often use the same tense for the main clause and the subordinate clause beginning with while.

• to connect two things

when

• The lion roared when it saw the hunters).

(slightly late) (happening 1st )

main clause

subordinate clause

while

• Len was swimming while Andy was fishing.

• Len swam while Andy fished.

• Swimming and fishing were happening at the same time.

past continuous tense

simple past tense

Exercise Time

Study the following sentences and underline the word or words which are unnecessary.

• 1. Although she was tired but she went to work.

• 2. Because I liked him, so I tried to help him.

• 3. I have got a friend who he works in a pub.

• 4. The guy that she married him is an old friend of mine.

• 5. Though he is fat still he runs fast.

• 6. As he is fat, so he runs slowly.• 7. If he works hard, then he will

win.• 8. As I fired at the tiger at that

time he shook my hands.• 9. Because he is clever, therefore

he gets good marks.• 10. Until you do not try, you must

be punished.

Correct the following sentences.

• 1. She was upset, because didn’t know what to do.

• 2. As you know, that I work hard.• 3. Unless you do not try, you will not

win.• 4. No sooner I had spoken, than he

left.• 5. Neither he comes nor he writes.• 6. Not only he will go, but also he will

remain there.