conlaw; gewirtzman; all class notes 2014.docx

8/9/2019 ConLaw; Gewirtzman; ALL Class NOTES 2014.docx

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Constitutional Law Prof. Gewirtzman 4pm Tues/Thurs

PART I: OVERVIEW

Class 1: Introduction to the Constitutional Text; Methods of Constitutional

Interpretation Au!ust "#$

BASICS OF COSTIT!TIO"• #here $i$ the Constitution %ome from&

• #ho $oes the Constitution 'o(ern&

o State A%tion )o%trine"

Constitution onl% applies to !o&ern'ent actors

• Con'ress

• Presi$ent

• Poli%e offi%ers

• An*one who re%ei(es a %he%+ from the 'o(ernment

• #hat $oes the Constitution $o&

o ,- Grants allo%ates an$ limits 'o(ernment power ,law of lawma+in' Separation of Powers

• Framers0 $esire for new national 'o(ernment/e1ual %on%ern

for t*rann* Fe$eralism" Fe$eral 'o(0t (s. State 'o(0t

In$i(i$ual 2i'hts

o ,3 Sets rules for politi%s

o , Pre5%ommitment $e(i%e 6!l*sses 7 the Sirens8

Inten$e$ as an effort 9* so%iet* at :Time -; to impose restri%tions

at a later time ,:Time 3; Bin$s us from temptations to sta* awa* from past

• #h*&&

o #e $on0t trust oursel(es ,emotions 'et the 9est of

uso A$(an%es rule of law (alues" sta9ilit* %onsisten%*

pre$i%ta9ilit* ,ensures $a* in an$ $a* out that thereis some $e'ree of pre$i%ta9ilit* with relian%e on no%han'e

• <ow $o we fi'ure out pre5%ommitments&

o IT=2P2=TATIO

• #h* is the Constitution $ifferent than statutes&

o Foun$ational te>t an$ supreme law ,+in$ of a 9i' $ealo 2atifi%ation pro%ess

o Politi%al spotli'ht

o Te>t is ol$

o ?ultiple interpreters ,@u$'es Presi$ent Con'ress in$i(i$ual people

o Te>t is (a'ue/am9i'uous

#h* (a'ue&

-




4. o e>e%uti(e 9ran%h no presi$ent no national Ju$i%iar* power to ta> power to re'ulate interstate %ommer%e

i(. Pro9lems with Arti%les of Confe$eration"-. 2aisin' re(enue ,onl* wa* to 'et it is ta> must %all states

9ut states refuse$

3. International affairs" la%+ of sin'le e>e%uti(e ma$e it $iffi%ultto resol(e issues in forei'n affairsa. Con'ress ha$ no power to ma+e other states si'n

treaties. #estern e>pansion states sta+in' lan$ %laims %on'ress has D

power to stop them4. ?alaise an$ e%onomi% $ownturn" after re(olution mi$ -HD0s

'oo$will has ran out lo%al mo9s threats to o(erthrow 'o(0tK. !nanimous %onsent re1uirement %annot %orre%t an* of the

a9o(e pro9lems without %onsent ,2I pro9lem$. Constitutional Con(ention of -HH" fi> pro9lems of Arti%les on Confe$eration

,all men all whitei. 2epresentati(es from -3 states ,ot 2I-. 2ewrite the AOC an$ set up new stru%ture for how politi%s on

national le(el %an 9e %on$u%te$a. Framers0 thou'hts on politi%s"

i. Suspi%ious-. #orrie$ a9out"

a. Fa%tions" ,Groups of people'ettin' to'ether an$ a%tin' out of own self interest Be%omin' amaJorit* an$ use position tooppress minorit*

9. Corruption an$ self interest" politi%ians in offi%e an$ a$(an%eself interest an$ line po%+ets

9. Framers )o" 6$ire%t le'al (iolation 9* ne'atin' AOCan$ ma+in' a 9ran$ new one8

i. Create a mu%h more powerful national'o(ernment

-. 2e'ulation of interstate %ommer%e3. Power to ta> spen$ a$(an%e national

welfareii. Pro%ess of lawma+in' in a 9i%ameral two house

le'islature-. Set up house of representati(es to

appease lar'e states3. To appease small states ,2I set up

senate where all states ha(e e1ualrepresentation




. Create 9ran$ new national e>e%uti(e an$ Ju$i%iar* 9ran%hes that $i$n0t e>ist un$er AOC

4. A%%ommo$ation on sla(er* :punt on thisissue; at worse en$orses

K. Set up pro%ess for ratifi%ation ,9* statesII. O=2I=# OF T<= COSTIT!TIOAL ST2!CT!2= 6a%tuall* written $own

set in stone8 Enew i$ea the first an$ ol$est written %onstitution in the worl$a. P2=A?BL="

i. :#e the People of the !nite$ States; 6not in$i(i$ual states8-. Si'nifi%an%e" State i$entit* at the time of ratifi%ation is a real

%han'e3. People themsel(es are the ones $oin' the %onstitutin'

a. So(erei'nt* not with Min' or states 9ut a%tuall* withthe people themsel(es

ii. :In Or$er to form a more perfe%t !nion;-. 2I is 'oin' to %ause a pro9lem3. #hat was wron' with the first one to %reate one more perfe%t&

a. #h* %reate a union at all& Corporate mer'er of $i(ersestates

i. )iploma%* impro(e ne'otiatin' posture with=urope ,more $iplomati% le(era'e

ii. =%onomi% 9enefits" free tra$e/ta>esiii. )efense" forei'n in(asion is still a real ris+

%oor$inatin' with %ommon $efense in%reases%han%e of sur(i(al

i(. =>pansion 9. #hat $oes the %onstitution $o to ma+e the union more

perfe%t&i. Separation of powers throu'h three (estin'

%lauses that 9e'in Arti%les - 3 -. -" Sets out %on'resses power lawma+in'

in 9i%ameralism3. 3" Presi$en%* with e>e%uti(e powers. " @u$i%ial fun%tion in fe$eral %ourts

%reates supreme %ourts an$ authorizes%on'ress to ma+e fe$eral %ourts

ii. Fe$eralism" $istin%ti(e fe$eral stru%ture ,some'o(erne$ 9* Art. 4

-. Fe$eral an$ Statea. Con%urrent power 9. People are ultimate so(erei'ns

iii. ?e%hanisms for prote%tin' in$i(i$ual ri'hts,Bill of 2i'hts/Const.

4




i(. ew Amen$ment Stru%ture" pro(i$e one forformal %onstitutional %han'e ,Art.

9. A2TICL= i. Impro(ement no re1uirement for unanimous %onsent

ii. B!T" <ar$ to Amen$"

-. Pro%ess" 3 sta'e amen$ment pro%ess"a. Proposali. E3/ ote of 9oth houses of %on'ress O2

ii. Constitutional Con(ention 9. 2atifi%ation"

i. Eote 9* N of state le'islatures O2 ii. otes 9* %on(entions in N of states

iii. Si'noff 9* multiple le(els of 'o(ernment-. ational %onstituen%* an$ then In$i(i$ual state le(el

i(. SupermaJorit* pro%ess"-. Intentional num9ers ,3/ or N re1uirin' wi$e %onsensus for an

amen$ment to 9e ena%te$a. Su''ests that onl* lan'ua'e ma+in' it throu'h is'eneral (a'ue lan'ua'e

(. Con(ention pro%e$ures not spe%ifie$"-. Limite$ 9* su9Je%t matter&3. Pres. Si'noff on an* of these matters&. Con(ention representati(es&

%. A2TICL= II" 2atifi%ation pro%essi. State ratifi%ation %on(entions

-. 2epresentati(es (ote on ratifi%ation of %onstitutionii. State re1uirement

iii. Superse$es Arti%les of Confe$eration an$ some parts of state%onstitutions

i(. es or o ote-. o amen$ments or partial (ote

(. o pro(isions on se%ession or nullif*in' ratifi%ation (ote-. o pro%e$ure for 9a%+in' out of this :$eal;

(i. ew an$ no(el i$ea(ii. People $on0t a%tuall* (ote for %onstitution 9ut for representati(es to

ratif*-. #omen %annot (ote3. People who $on0t own propert* are e>%lu$e$. Sla(es %annot (ote

(iii. Little pre%e$ent for popular (otin' at that timeIII. O=2I=# OF A2TICL= III" estin' Clause

a. Se%tion of %onst. that allo%ates power to @u$i%ial Bran%h 9. ?ust a%t pursuant to some power 'rante$ 9* Art. %. Limite$ powers

i. Onl* Fe$eral @u$i%iar* %onstitute$ 9* this Arti%le$. EListe$ After Con'ress pro(isions Art. - Presi$ent 3

K




e. Ale>an$er <amilton $es%ri9es Fe$eral @u$i%iar* the :wea+est an$ least$an'erous;

f. o a%%ess to per+s has to rel* on other nee$s to ma+e sure $e%ision wasle'itimate an$ %omplie$ with

i. o power of swor$ or per+s

'. Last in stru%ture is sensi9lei. Laws are written 9* %on'ressii. Si'ne$ off 9* Presi$ent

iii. Then @u$i%iar* re(iews themh. @u$i%ial Power shall 9e (este$ in one supreme %ourt an$ in su%h inferior %ourts

as the %on'ress ma* from time to time or$ain an$ esta9lishi. AOC ha$ no fe$eral Ju$i%iar*

-. Con'ress was 9o$* of last resorti. Some e(i$en%e that Art. treats @u$i%iar* as a somewhat wea+er 9ran%h than

Con'ress/Presi$ent J. )oesn0t sa*"

i. A9out size of supreme %ourtii. 2e1uire %ourts to issue written opinionsiii. ot a lot of power to %ontrol inner wor+in'si(. Con'ress $e%i$es when an$ if %ourt sits

-. 2ules of fe$eral pro%e$ure3. Cases hear$ throu'h Apell. @ur.. ast $is%retion o(er %i(il $o%+et

(. @u$i%iar* %an/%annot $e%lare un%onstitutional+. Sele%tion of @u$'es" maJorit* (otel. Bran%hes are perfe%tl* free to %onsi$er politi%s or i$eolo'* in the sele%tion of

fe$eral Ju$'esi. othin' in the %onstitution that pre(ents it

ii. In(ites politi%s into nomination pro%essm. )oesn0t $is%uss an*thin' a9out Interpretationn. Allows Ju$'es to ser(e for life :Goo$ Beha(ior; ,Interprete$ 9* Con'ress

i. ?ust 9e impea%he$o. Fe$eral Ju$'es pai$ out of fe$eral salar* an$ salar* in%reases

i. Cannot %ut salar*-. Alle'ian%e to !S Go(0t3. Con'ress Cannot use it to influen%e %ourts

p. ESe% 3" Sets out %ate'ories of :%ases an$ %ontro(ersies;i. @u$'es nee$ a %ase or %ontro(ers* to ta+e a%tion

-. ?ust 9e an a%ti(e $ispute 9etween in$i(i$uals in or$er to 'etin(ol(e$

a. An$ within - of %ate'ories pro(i$e$ 9* Framers1. Sets out terms of fe$eral %ourts for ori'inal an$ appellate Juris$i%tion

i. Appellate" must file a %ase in lower %ase 9efore Sup. Ct. %an hear it-. Appellate Jur. Controlle$ 9* %on'ress un$er e>%eption %lause

r. Fo%us Areas of Arti%le III ,==) TO MO# FO2 =A?i. @u$i%ial 2e(iew




ii. =>%eptions Clauseiii. @usti%ia9ilit* )o%trines

I. <ISTO2ICAL COT=T FO2 ?A2B!2 6power to $e%lare a%tions 9* Con'ressor presi$ent un%onstitutional8

a. !n%ertaint* a9out future of the 2epu9li%" no 'uarantee that %onstitution is

'oin' to wor+ out 9. Politi%al insta9ilit*"i. -H" Fe$eralists passes law from Alien 7 Se$ition ,re" not tal+in'

sma%+ a'ainst 'o(0t a%ts whi%h are enfor%e$%. )issatisfa%tion o(er ta>es$. !ne>pe%te$ formation of politi%al parties

i. Suspi%ions of fa%tions ,politi%al parties are small 'roups of people whoare self intereste$

e. Fe$eralists" @ohn A$amsf. 2epu9li%ans" Thomas @efferson'. otin'" Person with most (otes is Presi$ent 3n$ most (otes P

i. A$ams Presi$ent (s. @efferson as Ph. #ea+ supreme Courti. At time of foun$in' Sup. Ct. mar'inal an$ Jo9 su%+s

i. Presi$ential =le%tion after G# lea(es offi%e" =le%tion of -DD"i. @efferson (. A$ams"

-. :Criti%al; <i'hli'htin' ris+sii. =le%toral %olle'e is tie$ 9etween Thomas @eff. an$ Aaron Burr

-. )ire%ts ele%tion to <ouse of 2ep. where e(er* state 'ets one(ote

J. The Aftermath of the -DD =le%tion"i. A$ams nominates ?arshall as %hief Justi%e

-. Ser(es until @eff. ta+es offi%eii. Cir%uit @u$'e A%t of -D-" - new %ir%uit %ourt Ju$'es

iii. )istri%t of Colum9ia @u$'es A%t" 43 new Ju$'es in )C-. ?ar9ur*

i(. Imme$iatel* repeal %ir%uit Ju$'e a%t of -D--. If fe$eral Ju$'es ser(e for :'oo$ 9eha(ior; %annot repeal them

a. Suspension of Court0s -D3 term 9. Impea%hment pro%ee$in's a'ainst @u$'es

+. A$ams sen$s 43 names to Fe$eral Senate for %ommission 6?ar9ur*8i. ?arshall stamps/seals

l. @efferson sees %ommissions an$ ?a$ison $estro*si. )e%em9er" Attorne* with #rit of ?an$amus so ?ar9ur* %an 9e seate$

as a Justi%e of )C-. Con'ress %an%ele$ -D3 term 9ut now

m. EImportant"i. Part of the Canon

ii. EEECourt esta9lishes for itself power of Ju$i%ial re(iew-. %ourt $e%lares a%ts of %on'ress an$ e>e%uti(e un%onstitutional

H




a. first instan%e of sup. Ct sa*in' now an$ for%in' %onst.a'ainst another %oor$inate 9ran%h of 'o(t

. ?A2B!2 A) @!)ICIAL 2=I=#a. ?arshall writes opinion"

i. )oes ?ar9ur* ha(e a ri'ht to his %ommission&

ii. Is there an a(aila9le reme$*&iii. Is man$amus the appropriate reme$* an$ $oes the Court ha(e@uris$i%tion&

-. EEThe a9o(e 1uestions are strate'i%all* mispla%e$ 9* ?arshall:Juris$i%tion; 1uestion must 'o first

9. ?ar9ur*"i. Si'nin' an$ Sealin' is =nou'h

%. ?a$ison"i. ?ust 9e si'ne$ seale$ an$ (este$

-. But the %ommissions were 9urne$ somewhere so no lu%+.$. If ?ar9ur* has a ri'ht to the %ommission wh* $oesn0t the Court ha(e the

power to issue a reme$* to or$er ?a$ison to $eli(er the %ommissioni. @efferson ar'ues that a%t of $eli(erin' %ommission is a politi%al one of$is%retion

-. Presi$ent has $is%retionar* e>er%ises of power"a. eto 9. Ca9inet%. Par$ons

e. ?ar9ur* sa*s this is not a politi%al a%t"i. In$i(i$ual ri'ht in(ol(e$ ,m* (este$ ri'ht of %ommission

-. Courts enfor%e in$i(i$ual ri'htsii. EThis isn0t a politi%al a%t 9e%ause *ou are re1uire$ to $o this 9* law

e>e%utin' law ena%te$ 9* Con'ress ,$istri%t of Colum9ia a%t-. This is a ministerial a%t an$ man$ator* ,Pres. Is a se%retar*

e>e%ute the law as or$ere$ 9* Con'ressf. ?ar9ur* has an in$i(i$ual ri'ht 7 an a(aila9le reme$*

i. ?arshall sa*s *ou ha(e to $o it *ou $on0t ha(e a %hoi%e-. A9ilit* to tell the e>e%uti(e 9ran%h what to $o when the* are

a%tin' ministerial'. )oes ?ar9ur* ha(e a ri'ht to his %ommission& =Sh. Is there an a(aila9le reme$*& =Si. Is man$amus the appropriate reme$* an$ $oes the Court ha(e @uris$i%tion&

i. Arti%le III" Se%.3-. I all %ases affe%tin' Am9assa$ors other pu9li% ministers an$

%ounsuls an$ those in whi%h the state shall 9e a part* the sup.Ct. shall ha(e ori'inal Juris$i%tion. In all the other %ases 6towhi%h the fe$eral Ju$i%ial power e>ten$s8 the supreme %ourtshall ha(e appellate Juris$i%tion 9oth as to law an$ fa%t withsu%h e>%eptions an$ un$er su%h re'ulations as the %on'ressshall ma+e.;




a. A2G!?=T" Ori'inal @uris$i%tion" @efferson %laimsthat the list in Art. is e>%lusi(e.

i. State is not a part* in this %ase. Therefore OOri'inal @uris$i%tion

9. OPPOSIG A2G!?=T" B!T" Se%tion - of the

@u$i%iar* A%t of -H"%. 2=B!TTAL" :!n$er su%h re'ulations as the Con'ressshall ma+e.;

ii. <ow mi'ht *ou ma+e an ar'ument that Art. III allows %on'ress toe>pan$ 9e*on$ this list

-. )oesn0t sa* e>%lusi(e in Art. III3. :#ith su%h e>%eptionsQ; This %oul$ 9e one of the e>%eptions

iii. ?arshall si$es with @efferson" )e%larin' Se%tion - of @u$i%iar* A%tan A%t of Con'ress !n%onstitutional

J. )oes Supreme Court ha(e the power to $e%lare an A%t of Con'ressun%onstitutional&

+. ?ar9ur* has a ri'ht an$ reme$* 9ut ?arshall 'a(e @efferson opinion an$ woni. But ?arshall +nows that there woul$ 9e serious %onse1uen%es to or$er @efferson an$ the %ommission

-. ?arshall $e%lares that !S sup. Ct. has a lar'er power to $e%larea%ts of %on'ress un%onstitutional an$ to or$er e>e%uti(e 9ran%hto $o thin's while also a(oi$in' politi%al sma%+$own an$imme$iate 9attle with @efferson

SI?!LATIO" Potential sour%es in %onstitutional te>t assertin' power of Ju$i%ialre(iew"

• Art. I" Suprema%* Clause" if *ou allow %on'ress or some other 9o$* to sa* what

the %onst. means effe%ti(el* %on'ress woul$ alwa*s sa* its %onstitutional

•

Art. III" Oath Clause• Art. III Arisin' un$er %lause" @u$'es ha(e the ri'ht to re(iew ,Framers en(isione$

that the Court was 'oin' to en'a'e in Const. te>t

• Art. III" estin' %lause"

o @u$i%ial Power of the !S ,Constitution is a form of law the @u$i%iar* has

the power to re(iew Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee"

• Sup. Ct. %laims power to re(iew state %ourt interpretations of %onstitution un$er

fe$eral law

• E)e%ision"

o Ruestions of Fe$. Law an$ Const. State %ourts must follow Sup. Court

an$ Court has power to tell State Courts :O; !niformit*

State alle'ian%es

?ar9ur*" 2easons for S+epti%ism

• ?arshall shoul$ ha(e re%use$ himself from this %ase

o <e seale$ the %ommission

• Stru%ture of the opinion"




o @uris$i%tion shoul$ ha(e 9een %onsi$ere$ prior to the merits

• ?arshall mi'ht ha(e 9een 'oin' a'ainst Framers0 intent

o @u$i%iar* A%t was $rafte$ 9* Framers

o Lan'ua'e of @u$i%iar* A%t" Interpretation ma+es it %lear otherwise

?ar9ur* ta+eawa*s"

• Court %laims power to re(iew 9oth e>e%uti(e an$ le' a%tso Te>t sour%es

• Art. III as a %eilin' for the Court0s ori'inal Juris$i%tion %on'ress %annot a$$ to it

• Certain e>e% a%tions are $is%retionar* an$ not su9Je%t to Ju$i%ial re(iew

• Shows intertwinin' of law an$ politi%s

o Form of settlement 9etween politi%al 9ran%hes in a wa* of sol(in' $isputes

• 2are earl* %ase of Court $e%larin' a%t of %on'ress un%onst.

e>t Class"Art. III =>%eptions Clause

@ustifi%a9ilit* )o%trinesEBar on a$(isor* opinionsEStan$in'

EEESi$enote" For preparation of the %ase" Ta+e notes of %ases with pie%e of paper an$arti%ulate ar'uments of 9oth si$es

C(A)) T*REE: )EPTEM+ER ", "-1.

/oals:

Wh% /i&e 0ud!es the poer to re&ie acts of Con!ress2What3s pro4le'atic a4out 0udicial re&ie2

*o can other 4ranches chec5 the Court3s exercise of 0udicial re&ie2

What is the scope of Con!ress3 poer to restrict the Court3s 6urisdiction under the

Exceptions clause

What are the re7uire'ents for Article III standin!2

Eotes"#e$nes$a* /-D at -P? #K3D 2SPPanel 2e" Impa%t Center Supreme Court Pre(iew

2e(iew of Class 3"• Te>tual Sour%es for @u$i%ial 2e(iew

o Arisin' !n$er Clause

o In(o+es Art. Suprema%* Clause"

Const. won0t 9e supreme an*more 9e%ause Con'ress will run ri'ht

o(er ito Oath %lause" SC Justi%es ta+e oath to prote%t %onst. an$ it woul$n0t 9e

worth mu%h a'ainst other 9ran%hes

-D




o estin' Clause"

Inherent in Ju$i%ial power a9ilit* to interpret law

• SC must ha(e power to sa* what it means

• Court %laims power to re(iew 9oth e>e%uti(e an$ le'islati(e a%ts

• )istin%tion 9etween $is%retionar* an$ ministerial a%ts

• Art III as a %eilin' for the %ourt0s ori'inal Juris$i%tion

o @ohn ?arshall

Intereste$ 9e*on$ politi%s

• Buil$in' up SC as new institution an$ 'i(in' national

'o(ernment some %re$i9ilit*

• Create infrastru%ture allowin' preser(ation

)=SC2IPTI= F2A?=#O2M O2?ATI= F2A?=#O2M ,ta+e a step 9a%+

'oo$ or 9a$ thin'& #h*& Is @u$i%ial re(iew a 'oo$ i$ea&)es%ripti(e" ,ar'uments the wa* the worl$ is

•In ?ar9ur* SC %laims power to $e%lare a%ts of %on'ress un%onstitutional

• ?artin (. <unter Lessee" Similar power Court will step in if %on'ress (iolates

%onst.o ormati(e" #h* 'i(e Ju$'es (s. other entit* the power to $e%lare laws

un%onstitutional& @u$'es ha(e e>pertise in interpretin' law

:Law Lan$; Promotion of rule of law (alues

The* are in$epen$ent

• Pre5%ommitment %he%+ on politi%s

@usti%es nominate$ 9* Presi$ent are more li+el* to 9e politi%all*

9iase$ Lar'er 'oal 9e*on$ imme$iate politi%al short turn

Counter Ma0oritarian difficult%

o #hen %ourt a%ts to $e%lare a statute un%onstitutional it a%ts a'ainst the

wishes of the ele%te$ representati(es of the people. )emo%ra%* is not suppose$ to tell maJorit* of :we the people

O0;

• iolates pre5%ommitment

#e all li(e in a $emo%ra%*" han$ o(er so(erei'nt* to ele%te$

representati(es

• )emo%ra%ies operate 9* a maJorit* rule K-/4

Pro9lem" Fe$eral @u$'es aren0t ele%te$ an$ %annot 9e (ote$ out ofoffi%e

• 2esult" ot a%%ounta9le to people

o There0s a $an'er that Ju$'es will use their power of

Ju$i%ial re(iew to impose their personal poli%* preferen%es without a%%ounta9ilit*

o 8C(AIM):8

--




)estro*s %on%ept of 'o(0t

Anti5$emo%rati%

o Criti1uin' the Counter5?aJoritarian )iffi%ult*"

Are the le'islatures reall* $emo%rati%&

• #e ha(e representati(es interests are not of that of the

people• )oes our so%iet* operate 9* maJorit* rule&

Are unele%te$ %ourts reall* %ounter5maJoritarian&

• One 'roup of people that %an a%tuall* represent :we the

people; Ju$'es

• Theor*" popular opinion represents a %onstraint on Ju$i%ial

re(iewo Supreme Court )o%trine" <ow $o these Ju$'es $o a

'reat Jo9 %hannelin' pu9li% opinion& Pu9li% opinion a%ts as a limit on e>er%ise of

Ju$i%ial re(iew• @u$i%ial re(iew (s. Ju$i%ial suprema%*

o ?o$els of @u$i%ial 2e(iew"

#ho the authoritati(e interpreter shoul$ 9e&

• @u$i%ial Suprema%*" Court is the sole an$ final ar9iter of

what the %onstitution means

• o supreme Interpreter" =a%h 9ran%h 'ets to interpret the

Constitution no sin'le 9ran%h is authoritati(eo In$epen$ent responsi9ilit* no interpretation is

9etter than the other #hen there0s a $ifferent opinion :we the

people; ha(e final authorit*

• )epartmentalism" =a%h 9ran%h is authoritati(e in %ertain

areas

• #a*s to restri%t the Court0s power

o Che%+s on Court0s power for @u$i%ial re(iew"

Con'ress %an %ourt0s 9u$'et an$ $en* salar* raises

!se powers un$er =>%eptions Clause" +eep them out of session

Impea%h pro%ess

Amen$ Constitution

Influen%e pu9li% opinion

• !se the uni1ue features of their offi%esARTIC(E III: E9CEPTIO) C(A)E:

• Se%tion 3 Clause 3 :Qthe Supreme Court shall ha(e appellate @uris$i%tion 9oth

as to Law an$ Fa%t with su%h =>%eptions an$ un$er su%h 2e'ulations as theCon'ress shall ma+e.;

• Ex Parte v. McCardle

o Full of politi%s

-3




o Timeline" ,aftermath of Ci(il #ar" 2e%onstru%tion

)e%lare ?arshall Law5 sen$ fe$eral troops into - southern states

an$ $i(i$e south into militar* Juris$i%tions

• <a9eas Corpus A%t of -H" Confirms Fe$. @u$'es ha(e

power to issue Or$er from @u$'e or$erin' Custo$ian to

9rin' person into %usto$* ph*si%all* into %ourt an$ respon$to %har'es unlawful

o <elpful to 9la%+s or whites a'ainst those not for

2e%onstru%tion

• ?ilitar* Constru%tion A%t of -H"

o Prote%ts Southern Bla%+s an$ !nion lo*al so(erei'n

whites a'ainst upset south ?%Car$le ta+en into militar* %usto$* %har'e$ for unmilitar*

%rimes Li9el/)istur9in' pea%e

• Files for #rit of <a9eas Corpus %hallen'in'

%onstitutionalit*

• -" Con'ress passes 2epealer A%t"

o @a%+son (etoes

Con'ress o(erri$es

• @uris$i%tion Strippin' ,not man*

%aseso Threat of @ur. Strippin' mi'ht

9e enou'ho Law" Ple$'e Prote%tion A%t" Simulation"

Constitutional"

• Stru%tural" ot e>pan$in' to State Courts Constitutional

9e%ause the* %an alwa*s 9rin' it to State Courto ot Immune from %onstitutional re(iew

• )o%trinal" A%t is similar to the ?%Car$le A%t e>%eption to

what +in$ of %ases the* %an an$ %annot hear 9e%ause unli+eMlein not a%tuall* separatin' from Ju$i%ial powers

o #hat allows Con'ress the a9ilit* to hear %ases

Art. III Se%tion - Clause -" Con'ress has

a9ilit* to or$ain an$ esta9lish %ourts

• Sin%e %on'ress has power to

%reate/or$ain/esta9lish lower %ourts*ou 'et the a9ilit* to restri%t them

!n%onstitutional"

• Stru%tural" Separation of powers pro9lem

o S*stem of %he%+s an$ 9alan%es are infrin'e$ upon

9* Con'ress onto @u$i%ial $ept. Mlein

)istin'uishes from ?%Car$le ma+in' it

more serious

-




o =>%eptions Clause"

Ta+eawa*s"

• !nresol(e$ areas of law

• 2aises important 1uestions a9out Con'ress0 a9ilit* to

%ontrol the Ju$i%ial 9ran%h

• Out%ome $epen$s on"o Interpretation

o !n$erl*in' poli%*

o Interpretations of past pre%e$ent

@!STICIABILIT )OCT2I=S"

• #a*s of %onstrainin' s%ope of Ju$i%ial power an$ re(iew

o Ser(es as an :off ramp; for fe$eral %ourts

o Operate 9efore a %ourt hears the %ase on the merits

o @!STICIABILIT IS )IFF=2=T F2O? @!2IS)ICTIO

A %ase %an in(ol(e a fe$eral 1uestion $i(ersit* 9ut %ase 9* not 9e

ripe/moot or ma* 9e a politi%al 1uestiono Arise from Art. III Se%tion 3" :Q%ases an$ %ontro(ersiesQ; who %an sue

when a %ase %an 9e 9rou'ht a plaintiff must satisf* Justifia9ilit*re1uirements

• Bar on A$(isor* Opinion

o Fe$eral Courts ma* not $e%i$e 1uestions that are a9stra%t h*potheti%al or

%onJe%tural ,%ontin'ento There must 9e an a%tual $ispute 9etween liti'ants for there to 9e a :%ase or

%ontro(ers*; un$er Art. III EEA lot of state %ourts that allow issuan%e of a$(isor* opinions 9ut

OT national %onstitution

• Stan$in'EEEE"o )etermination of whether a parti%ular person is the proper part* to present

a parti%ular issue 9efore a fe$eral %ourt for $eterminationo Constitutional stan$in' re1uirements

InJur* Causation 2e$ressa9ilit*

o Pru$ential stan$in' re1uirements ,Con'ress has a9ilit* to o(errule if it

wants Prohi9itions on thir$ part* stan$in' an$ 'eneralize$ 'rie(an%es

• Stan$in' <*po

o Go(ernor of ew or+ State announ%es that an* state emplo*ee that uses

9irth %ontrol will 9e fire$. #a*s to restri%t the power of the Ju$i%ial 9ran%h"

• #a*s of limitin' when the Court %an 'et in(ol(e$

o Stan$in'" Court %an restri%t 9* themsel(es

o Allen v. !ri"ht

Ba%+'roun$"

• )efen$ants are 'roup of all white pu9li% s%hools

-4




o Sen$ +i$s to pri(ate s%hools

• Pri(ate s%hools are e>pensi(e an$ ta> $e$u%ti9le status a%ts

as su9si$*

• I2S re1uire$ 9* statute to $en* ta> e>empt status to ra%iall*

$is%riminate pri(ate s%hools

Issue" Statute (iolates %onstitution ,art. III 2ule" Stan$in' must e>ist to 9rin' a fe$eral %ase.

• InJur*" ?ust 9e $istin%t an$ palpa9le

• Causation" ?ust 9e fairl* tra%ea9le 9a%+ to $efen$ant0s

a%tions

• 2e$ressa9ilit*" 2elief li+el* to follow from a fa(ora9le

$e%ision Alle'e$ InJuries"

• <arme$ $ire%tl* 9* the mere fa%t of

Go(ernment finan%ial ai$ to

$is%riminator* pri(ate s%hools• Fe$eral ta> e>emptions to ra%iall*

$is%riminator* pri(ate s%hools intheir %ommunities impair their a9ilit*to ha(e their pu9li% s%hools$ese're'ate$

• 2a%ial Sti'ma

o Court respon$s 9* sa*in'"

the* ha(e to 9e personall*$enie$ e1ual treatment

Court wants to see

them appl* to theses%hools 'et reJe%te$an$ then 'etsti'matize$

• Communal outra'e

• Politi%al Ruestion )o%trine

• ?ootness

• 2ipeness

e>t Class"

• Stan$in'"

o LuJan

o ClapperEE

o !S (. 2i%har$ ,9rief


o Ba+er (. Carr

-K




o Gol$water (. CarterE

o i>on

• #rap up Arti%le III

CLASS FO!2" S=PT=?B=2 4 3D-42e(iew"

• Fo%use$ on ormati(e 2e(iew

• Counter maJoritarian $iffi%ult*"

• Che%+s that the politi%al 9ran%hes ha(e on e>er%ise of Ju$i%ial re(iew fo%usin' on

spe%ifi%all* e>%eptions %lause arti%le

• Bar on a$(isor* opinions

o Arti%le " Stan$in'

Three %ore elements"

• InJur*

• Causation

• 2e$ressa9ilit*• Allen v. !ri"ht

o InJur*"

Generalize$ Grie(an%e"

• Some in$epen$ent ri'ht that0s (iolate$

Sti'mati% InJur*

)epri(e$ of ri'ht to re%ei(e a $ese're'ate$ pu9li% s%hool

e$u%ation

• Court wants to see e(i$en%e of personal $enial to %all it

inJur*o

Con%erns re" floo$'ates openin' of man* othersfilin' )iminishe$ a9ilit*

• Court sa*s that there is a %o'niza9le inJur*

o Pro9lem" ot %lear how man* of the s%hools are

'ettin' ta> e>emptions ot %lear whether the with$rawal of the

s%hools re%ei(in' the ta> e>emptions woul$lea$ white parents sen$in' their +i$s 9a%+ tos%hool

o o e(i$en%e that *ou 'et ri$ of ta> e>emption that

*ou will 'et ri$ of se're'ationo Separation of Powers"

Sin%e I2S is esta9lishe$ 9* =>e%uti(e 9ran%h it is not up to the

Court to $etermine what the I2S effe%ti(e shoul$ 9e $oin'

• Lu#an v$ Defenders of !ildlife

-




o -" !S )epartment of Interior ta+es a position an$ interpretation of the

en$an'ere$ spe%ies a%t to a%tions ta+en 9* the 'o(ernment in the !S orhi'h seas

o lon'er applies to wor+ $one 9e fe$eral a'ents/%ontra%tors

outsi$e !S

o Plaintiffs 9rin'in' suit un$er pro(ision that Con'ress wrote into=n$an'ere$ Spe%ies A%t

Allowe$ all persons to operate as $eput* offi%ials

o Fa%ts"

Plaintiffs" @o*%e Mell* tra(els to ='*pt to see the en$an'ere$ ile

Cro%o$iles

• Buil$in' Oswan $am

Am* S+ill9re$" Tra(elin' to Sri lan+a to o9ser(e elephants an$

leopar$s

• Cannot see it $ue to $am

o Theories"

=%os*stem e>us Theor*" an*one a$(ersel* affe%te$ 9* a fun$e$

a%ti(it* has stan$in' e(en if the a%ti(it* is lo%ate$ a 'reat $istan%eawa*.

• InJur* must 9e a%tual or imminent

Cla%%er v. Amnest& 'nternational

• Law at Issue"

o FISA

• Fa%ts"

o Allows !S to en'a'e in #iretappin' non%itizens outsi$e the !S

?ust 'et appro(al from FISC

o Claim of InJur*" Cannot a%tuall* %ommuni%ate must fl* there in or$er to

%ommuni%ate O9Je%ti(el* reasona9le li+elihoo$ that %ommuni%ations will 9e

wiretappe$ If *ou $on0t fin$ inJur* for people li+e us who thin+ that there is no

inJur*/wiretappin'

• Court sa*s there must 9e inJur* that is :%ertainl*

impen$in';o o proof that an*one is ea(es$roppin' on what the*

are sa*in'o If sp*in' on them mi'ht 9e another wa* to 'et

informationo o a%tual +nowle$'e

• In or$er to ha(e a %ase the* woul$ in essen%e ha(e to

a%tuall* ha(e a suit alrea$* 9rou'ht a'ainst them in or$er toMO# that the* ha(e 9een tappe$

-H




• O2 erizon or ser(i%e pro(i$er $oes it on 9ehalf ,*eahQ

not li+el* Pi%er v. Dru" Enforcement A"enc& 6Simulation8

• InJur* pro9lems

• 2e$ressa9ilit* pro9lems"

• Causation"o )i$ )=A0s a%tion %ause A0s inJur* Piper0s inJur*&

Fairl* tra%ea9le

Certainl* Imminent

• EE<ow important it is when filin' a %omplaint to thin+ a9out $efen$ant

Pru$ential Stan$in'"

• Thir$ part* stan$in'

• Generalize$ Grie(an%es

o !S ( 2i%har$son

Arti%le -" Se% " re1uires pu9li%ation of a :re'ular statement an$a%%ount of re%eipts an$ e>pen$itures of all pu9li% mone*;

CIA fails to report

Ta>pa*er files suit alle'in' inJur* to a ta>pa*er0s ri'ht to +now

how their mone* is 9ein' spent Court fin$s no stan$in'

• Fe$eral %ourts will not 'et in(ol(e$ on *our 9ehalf

EEOr$inar* ta> pa*ers that aren0t $ire%tl* inJure$ are still a9le to

%hallen'e 'o(0t e>pen$itures as (iolate of -st am.o Stan$in' ta+eawa*s"

2ole of stan$in' an$ Justi9ilit* $o%trines in separations of powers

s%heme =lements of Art III stan$in'" InJur* in fa%t %ausation

re$ressa9ilit*

• Allen (. #ri'ht

• LuJan (. )efen$ers of #il$life

• Clapper (. Amnest* international

Pru$ential elements"

• Generalize$ 'rie(an%es ,2i%har$son

• Politi%al Ruestion )o%trine"

o ame is mislea$in'

)o%trine refers to su9Je%t mater as the %ourt $eems inappropriate

for Ju$i%ial re(iew an$ as a result sta*s out of it an$ lea(es it to politi%al 9ran%hes to fi'ure it out

o #h* ha(e a politi%al 1uestion $o%trine at all&

?inimize$ %ounter5maJoritarian $iffi%ult*

Allows %ourt to 9e $eferential to 9ran%hes that +now more

Pai$ to fi'ure out answer to these 1uestions

-




o Politi%al Ruestion )o%trine" The +a5er &< Carr Test:

Te>tuall* $emonstra9le %ommitment of the issue to a politi%al

9ran%h La%+ of $is%o(era9le an$ mana'ea9le stan$ar$s

• In(ol(es an initial poli%* $etermination more appropriate

for non5Ju$i%ial $is%retion• #oul$ in(ol(e la%+ of respe%t for other 9ran%hes

• #oul$ in(ol(e a$heren%e to a politi%al $e%ision alrea$*

ma$e

• #oul$ result in em9arrassment from multiple

pronoun%ements from ea%h $epartment on a %onstitutional1uestion

)ismissin' %ases on Politi%al 1uestion 'roun$s $oes this (er*

rarel* Comes up on three e>amples"

•

=>er%ise of #ar power • Treat* ratifi%ation an$ res%ission

• Forei'n poli%*" E?ost %ommon

o Gol$water (. Carter

Carter res%in$s a treat* with Taiwan

• If *ou nee$ Senate appro(al to ma+e

a treat* it shoul$ 9e re1uire$ to alsoha(e Senate appro(al to res%in$ one

o o e>pli%it rule for res%ission

Therefore Politi%al

Ruestion )o%trine

an$ non Justi%ia9le Court will not $e%i$e whether Carter

(iolate$o Te>tuall* $emonstra9le %ommitment of the issue to

a politi%al 9ran%h

• Impea%hment

o i>on (. !S

Senate $ele'ates Impea%hment trial

• Senate shall ha(e the sole power to

tr* all impea%hments

o Art. II Se%. 4" The presi$ent P an$

all %i(il offi%ers of !Sshall 9e remo(e$

• Con'ressional self 'o(ernan%e

o Fili9uster

• Some ele%toral pro%ess 1uestion

o Partisan 'err*man$erin'

-




• Arti%le pro%esses

o Gui$elines for %onstitutional %on(ention

o #hen it is appropriate&

o #rap up on Art. III

@u$i%ial 2e(iew

• ?ar9ur* (. ?a$ison• Counter5maJoritarian )iffi%ult*

o O!TLI=" E?ust i$entif* ea%h element

spe%ifi%all* an$ input %ases =>%eptions %lause

• ?%%ar$le 7 Mlein

@usti%ia9ilit* $o%trines

Stan$in'

• Allen luJan %alpper an$ 2i%har$son

PR)"

• Gol$water 7 i>on• e>t Class"

o Art. - Se%tion

Fo%us on Art. - an$ le'islati(e powers

CLASS FI=" S=PT=?B=2 3D-4

Separation of Powers" I$ea that three 9ran%hes of 'o(0t e>er%ises powers that are limite$to their spheres what the*0re (este$ with.

• People are self intereste$ an$ so are politi%ians 9uil$in' empires $esi'ne$ to

ser(e themsel(eso framers operatin' as 9a%+$rop a'ainst 9ritish monar%h*

Che%+ a'ainst self5interest an$ t*rann*

Preser(e in$i(i$ual li9ert*"

• If one 9ran%h was powerful the first thin' the* woul$ $o is

trample on in$i(i$ual ri'htso Limit powers an$ lessen ris+ that an* in$i(i$ual

9ran%h will infrin'e on minorit* Preser(e fe$eralism

Spe%ialization" Gi(in' one 9ran%h a spe%ifi% $ut*/power the* will

'et reall* 'oo$ at their Jo9

• ot perfe%t" Const. $eparts from stri%t separation of powers" C<=CMS A)

BALAC=So Pres %an (eto le'islation in(ol(in' Presi$ent in le'islati(e pro%ess

o Senate %an 'i(e nominees in(ol(in' le'islati(e 9ran%h in e>e%uti(e power

to nominate representati(es

• States as entities of 'eneral Juris$i%tion" Poli%e power"

o =mpowere$ to re'ulate :health safet* welfare an$ possi9l* morals.;

• Con'ress0 powers are limite$ to those enumerate$ in the %onstitution

3D




o In or$er for %on'ress to pass le'islation it must 9e a9le to point to spe%ifi%

authorit* in the %onstitutional te>t

• #hat limits the %onstitution imposes on states"

o An* area where %onstitution sa*s to the states :O;&" Article 1; sec< 1-

• Polic% =uestion Raised: Wh% should e ha&e states in the first place2

o Lo%alism" State 'o(ernments are mu%h %loser to the peopleo Lo*alt* to their state sense of pri$e

o States as La9s to e>periment for new i$eas

o Che%+ on fe$eral 'o(ernment $e%reases li+elihoo$ of fe$eral t*rann*

o Promotes in$i(i$ual ri'hts

KD other %enters of power to a%t as zealous 'uar$ians of in$i(i$ual

ri'hts States ma* ha(e politi%al tools to fi'ht 9a%+ a'ainst the politi%al

'o(ernmentAllo%ation of Power 9etween ational Go(0t an$ States" Fe$eral Suprema%*

6Cooperati(e Fe$eralism8 State So(erei'nt*• If *ou see a fe$eral law" )O=S COG2=SS <A= T<= PO#=2 TO )O T<IS

6!)=2 A2TICL= -8

Whene&er %ou see a federal la:

>IR)T: As5 hether it falls ithin the scope of Con!ress3 constitutional

poers?

Then: I> @E), as5 hether it &iolates so'e other pro&ision of the

Constitution2ARTIC(E I: VE)TI/ C(A)E:

Se%tion -" All le'islati(e powers herein !ranted, shall 9e (este$ in a Con'ress of

the !nite$ States whi%h shall %onsist of a Senate an$ <ouse of 2epresentati(eso #hat is le'islati(e power& #hat $i$ Con'ress 'et (este$ with&

o *erein /rantedB ?!ST ACT #IT<I T<= PO#=2S

=!?=2AT=) A) LI?IT=)o ARTIC(E I: )ection ":

=sta9lishes an$ stru%tures <ouse of 2epresentati(es

• )ire%t ele%tion

Rualifi%ations for mem9ership

Apportionment an$ /K Clause

Sole Power of impea%hment

• Arti%le I Se%tion "

o =sta9lishes an$ stru%tures !S Senate

o P ser(es as Presi$ent of Senate no (ote unless there0s a tie

o Sole power to tr* impea%hments

o =le%tion 9* State le'islatures

3-




• An*time Con'ress a%ts it must a%t un$er powers liste$ un$er Art. -

• Art. - Se%. "

o - =numerate$ powers 6onl* fo%us on8"

e%essar* an$ Proper Clause

Commer%e Clause

Ta>in' an$ Spen$in' Powerso EE-4th Am. Se%. K" A$$e$ power

• Art. - Se%. "

o List of thin's Con'ress %annot $o"

Suspension Clause

Anti5o9ilit* Clause" Cannot %onfer aristo%rati% 'o(ernment ,:we

the people; Ban on e> post fa%to laws

• Art. - Se%. -D ,Limits on State Power

o Cannot enter treaties allian%es with forei'n nations

o Can0t ta+e more %an0t %oin mone*o =n$ e%onomi% warfare on states

• <ow %an Con'ress %he%+ the other 9ran%hes&

o Pass laws that superse$e fe$eral re'ulation

o A$Journ Supreme Court

o eto 9ill a9ilit* to o(erri$e presi$ential (eto

o O(ersi'ht

McCulloch v. Mar&land

)oes the Constitution 'i(e Con'ress the power to %har'er the se%on$ 9an+ of the!S& =S

McCulloch Simulation Law Cler+ for a Justi%e who wants to write a $issent in?%Cullo%h. <e has as+e$ for *our help in writin' an outline"

o Let the en$ 9* le'itimate let it 9e within the s%ope of the %onstitutionQ;

o 2e%ent Arti%ulation of e%essa* an$ Proper Clause Test"

:6#8e loo+ to see whether the statute %onstitutes a means that is

rationall* relate$ to the implementation of a %onstitutionall*enumerate$ power.; !S (. Comsto%+.

Suprema%* %lause imposes a limit on ?)0s a9ilit* to ta> fe$eral

entities

)oes Con'ress ha(e the power to %reate the national Ban+& =S)oes ?ar*lan$ ha(e the power to ta> it& O

Ta+eawa*s on ?%Cullo%h"o Court wei'hs in on the si$e of e>pansi(e fe$eral power

o e%essar* an$ proper %lause is not an in$epen$ent 'rant of authorit*

33




o Pro(i$es Con'ress with means to e>er%ise other enumerate$ powers

o Arti%le I Suprema%* Clause sets limits on state interferen%e with fe$eral power.

CLASS SI" S=PT=?B=2 -- 3D-4

e%essar* an$ Proper Clause"Gi(es %on'ress the latitu$e to fin$ the means %on'ress is usin' an$ it0s enumerate$ power E?%Cullo%h" States %annot ta> the fe$eral 'o(ernment

The Commer%e Clause" The Power Con'ress ?ost relies upon within Art. to 'et stuff$one

• Fe$eralism" ational an$ state 'o(0t has some $i((*in' of power

• Sour%es of State Power

o Poli%e Power to re'ulate"

<ealth

Safet*

#elfare ?orals ,&

o ot mentione$ in %onstitution"

2esi$ual power that states +ept when the* 'a(e o(er power to

fe$eral 'o(0t when the* si'ne$ an$ ratifie$ fe$eral 'o(ernment Constitution limits poli%e power"

• Bill of 2i'hts

• Arti%le - Se%tion -D

• Arti%le I Suprema%* Clause

o #hen States e>er%ise power o(er fe$eral 'o(0t"

preemption Fe$eral Law T2!?PS state law

• O(er time Con'ress has use$ its enumerate$ powers in

%onne%tion with e%essar* an$ Proper %lauseo O(er time see fe$eral 'o(ernment 'et 9i''er an$

9i''er o 2ole of Statutes in Constitutional Law"

Two wa*s to 9rin' a %onstitutional %hallen'e to statutes"

• Fa%ial Challen'es" Statute is un%onstitutional in ALL its

potential appli%ation re'ed% is that the entire statutor%

pro&ision is struc5 don As Applie$ Challen'es" ,?ost %ommon Statute is

un%onstitutional as applie$ to the parti%ular fa%ts of the%ase re'ed% is that statute re'ains &alid 4ut cannot 4e

forced a!ainst the parties in the case

o Can still 4e applied to other people ho don3t

ha&e the sa'e situation as %ou

Go(0t %an still appl* the law

3




octrine of Constitutional A&oidance:

#hen Possi9le" %ourts shoul$ a(oi$ issuin' %onstitutional

rulin's"o #hen plaintiff 9rin's %laim that a 'o(ernment

a%tion (iolates 9oth a statute an$ the %onstitution

%ourts more li+el* to rule that the a%tion (iolates these%tion

o #hen a statute (iolates the %onstitution %ourts are

more li+el* to issue a narrowin' interpretation ofthe statute so that it %onforms with the Constitutionrather than stri+in' $own the entire law.

Article 1, )ection D: Co''erce Clause: Con!ress shall ha&e the poer ?to re!ulate

co''erce?a'on! the se&eral states?

• <istori%al anal*sis"

o )e(elopment of Commer%e Clause )o%trine"

=arl* Perio$ ,Gi99ons -K• Lo%hner =ra ,-K5-H Court Shrin+s Con'ress0 Power

o Post5Lo%hner =ra ,-H5-K Con'ress 9a%+s off

a$opts a 9roa$ $efinition of %ommer%e ?o$ern =ra ,-K5Present

(ibbons v. )"den

• Fa%ts"

o O'$en wins in state %ourse 'rantin' e>%lusi(e li%ense

• Basis of Gi99ons0 ar'ument" fe$eral li%ense is (ali$

o O'$en Ar'ument"

Falls outsi$e an$ is un%onstitutional 9e%ause it falls outsi$e thes%ope of %on'ress0 %ommer%e %lause

)efines Commer%e as" Bu* an$ Sell %ommo$ities

• Bu*in' an$ sellin' of 'oo$s a%ross state lines

• Gi99ons0 te>tual ar'ument" Loo+ at the ori'inal meanin' at the time it was

a$opte$o Con'ress thou'ht it was a9out somethin' 9roa$er

• Fe$eral li%ense trumps li%ense

o )efines the S%ope on Con'ress0 Commer%e Power

• #hat0s at sta+e"

o

A$opt O'$en0s limite$ s%ope of %on'ress an$ a$opt Gi99ons" Fe$eralLi%ense ar'ument

• The Court has an e>pansi(e $efinition of %ommer%e impa%ts how the $o%trine

$e(elopso Eo $issent ,li+e ?%Cullo%h an$ ?ar9ur* This is $one on purpose

wante$ the Court to ha(e - (oi%e

• )ire%t %onfli%t 9etween fe$eral an$ state law" here law is preempte$ 9*

Fe$eral law

34




*I)TOR@ O> COMMERCE C(A)E:

• <istori%al anal*sis"

o )e(elopment of Commer%e Clause )o%trine"

=arl* Perio$ ,Gi99ons -K

• Lo%hner =ra ,-K5-H Court Shrin+s Con'ress0 Power o Post5Lo%hner =ra ,-H5-K Con'ress 9a%+s off

a$opts a 9roa$ $efinition of %ommer%e ?o$ern =ra ,-K5Present

=A2L P=2IO) ,GIBBOS 5-K

• ational Go(t lea(es states national poli%* ma+ers $urin' first D *eas after %i(il

lawo ?arshall sets the sta'e for 9roa$ national power 9utQ

Limite$ Con'ressional a%ti(it* from foun$in' till %i(il war

• #hat0s the Fe$eral Go(0t $oin'"

o

Operate$ post offi%eo ?aintainin' arme$ for%es

o Buil$in' hi'hwa*s

o Passin' tariff 9ills

o EEFi'htin' a9out sla(er*EE

#hether it %an e>ten$ to western territories

to new states or noto Ct $oesn0t $e%lare a sin'le a%t of %on'ress

un%onstitutional followin' ?ar9ur* until )re$ S%ott

• Framers 9elie(e$ states an$ their %onstitutions woul$ 9e primar* 'uar$ians

o 2e%onstru%tion Amen$ments" -th -4th -Kth

EE=a%h amen$ment %ontains a %lause 'rantin' fe$eral 'o(0t a new power to enfor%e these amen$ments

• national power %an now 9e use$ to prote%t in$i(i$ual

li9ert*o fe$eral 'o(0t empowere$ to see a state (iolatin' to

pass le'islation to sa* :O;o Greater e%onomi% inte'ration

Transportation

In$ustrialization

!r9anization

• Bi''er e%onom*• ?ore inter$epen$ent

• Con'ress 9e'ins to %reate A$ministrati(e state" All e>pansions of national power

• =%onomi% %han'es for e>pansion of power

o In%rease$ fo%us of fe$eral power

Pro'ressi(e era" starts to usher in a new $esire for 'o(ernment on

all le(els to re'ulate e%onom*

3K




In$ustrial re(olution %reatin' harsh wor+in' %on$itions

• Greater $esire on the part of the pro'ressi(e era for fe$eral

an$ state 'o(0ts to $o somethin' a9out e%onom*

• =%onomi% re'ulation 9e%omes a thin'

LOC<=2 =2A" ,-K5-H" The Court0s 2esponse

• Court 9e%omes a poli%eman to ena%t e%onomi% le'islation in this erao Court uses - set of tool to stri+e $own fe$eral e%onomi% le'islation

o An$ another for state e%onomi% le'islation

• First"

o Constrainin' $efinition" -Dth Amen$ment

o Infrin'in' on state powers

o Court stri+es $own state e%onomi% le'islation un$er" -4th amen$ment $ue

pro%ess %lause Court0s a%tions 9e%ome a <!G= pro9lem

•

Great $epression %auses e%onomi% uphea(alo In%rease$ $eman$ for national a%tion

• E?u%h of law in Lo%hner =ra is o9solete

• #h* Care&

o - 2esolution $efines the relationship 9etween fe$eral an$ state

'o(ernmentso 3 The Constitution in =>ile" man* ppl want to return 9a%+ to Lo%hner

9anishe$ in -H pre5new $eal %onstitution shoul$ 9e restore$

• ou want to %hallen'e Fe$eral Law 9e*on$ s%ope of %on'ress0 power;

o Ar'ue Commer%e $efinition is mu%h smaller than what %on'ress su''ests

o =(en if %on'ress is re'ulatin' %on'ress un%onstitutional 9e%ause it falls

un$er powers of states un$er -D th amen$ment" Imposes a limit on what Con'ress %an $o un$er Art. -

• Two theories of the -Dth Am.

o Truis': o real effect" -Dth Amen$ment Just

%onfirms that %on'ress must a%t pursuant to anenumerate$ power.

#ho is allowe$ to e>er%ise powers who

aren0t enumerate$ in Art. -"

• The list of powers Con'ress has is

exclusi&e<

o Affir'ati&e Protector of )tate )o&erei!nt%:>orce >ield: =(en when %on'ress a%ts un$erenumerate$ powers it %annot le'islate in areas thatare e>%lusi(el* reser(e$ to the states un$er the -Dth amen$ment ,Con'ress in (iolation$

=(en if *ou %an $o this un$er Art. - -D th Am.

a%ts as a limit on what Con'ress %an an$%annot $o.

3




PO)T(OC*ER ERA 1FGH1FF$ Con!ress 4ac5s off; adopts a 4road definition

of co''erce The e eal Era$

F)2 wins - =le%tion" %ampai'ns a'ainst Supreme Court

Constitutional meanin' is solel* for the Court to $etermine

-H" F)2 2esponses with Court Pa%+in' Plano A$$s a new Justi%e for the supreme %ourt for e(er* Justi%e o(er the a'e of

HDo Proposal $is%usses a'e of Supreme Court Justi%es

:oun'er 9loo$ will re(italize %ourts;

o )ue to Arti%le K" months or *ears to %han'e Const. to a formal amen$ment

o -H" Challen'e to ational La9or 2elations A%t

Prote%ts #or+ers ri'hts to unionize %olle%ti(e 9ar'ainin'

Ar'uin' non5re'ulation of wor+ers pro$u%tion an$

pro$u%tion is not %ommer%eo

2o9erts" shifts into maJorit* an$ that means2oose(elt will start winnin' %ases Court pa%+in' plan $efeate$

B!T when Court 9e'ins to uphol$ e%onomi% le'islation e>pan$s

instantl**S v. Darb&

• Court uphol$s Fair La9or Stan$ar$s A%t

• Commer%e Power e>ten$s to intrastate a%ti(ities that affe%t ISC

• Con'ressional moti(e $oesn0t matter

• -Dth Amen$ment is a :truism;

o #here $oes Const. sa* =mplo*er/=mplo*ee relationship is prote%te$&

• Politi%al Pro%ess" theor* this Court is operatin' on

o States %oul$ $efen$ themsel(es a'ainst e>pansi(e power

!ic+er v. ,ilburn

• Law at Issue" Fair La9or Stan$ar$s A%t

• Farmers affe%te$ after wheat 9ein' so %heap

• Fill9urn uses most of wheat on his own farm

o =>%ee$s his 1uota 9* 'rowin' too mu%h wheat on his own lan$

• Theor* of the Case"

o ot interstate

• Con'ress must show it0s a su9stantial e%onomi% effe%t"

o Ar'ument" If e(er*one0s 'oin' to 9e 'rowin' their own wheat for

themsel(es no ones 'oin' to 9e 9u*in' it a%ross Mansas Lower $eman$" Lower pri%es

o Shifts fo%us on %ommer%e %lause" a''re'ation allows *ou to esta9lish a

su9stantial e%onomi% effe%to As lon' as %on'ress %an show that there0s a su9stantial e%onomi% effe%t

o Court uses a''re'ation to fin$ a su9stantial e%onomi% effe%t

3H




Broa$" Con'ress %an %ome in an$ re'ulate the amount of what *ou

%an 'row e(en if that wheat $oesn0t lea(e stateo =na9les fe$eral re'ulation to rea%h purel* intrastate a%ti(it*

-H5-K" Court $oesn0t o(erturn - pie%e of le'islation 9ase$

upon %ommer%e %lause

Ci&il Ri!hts Act of 1F#.: Prohi9its ra%e $is%rimination in pla%es of pu9li% a%%ommo$ation in%lu$in'

restaurants an$ hotels ?aJor $e9ate in %on'ress o(er whi%h enumerate$ power to use" Commer%e Clause

or Se%tion K of the -4th Amen$ment Pro9lem" -" The Court $e%lare$ a similar law un%onstitutional" trie$ to

prohi9it ra%e $is%rimination in -HK Con'ress fi'ure$ wh* ta+e the %han%e an$ lets rel* on %ommer%e %lause

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. *nited States !n%onstitutional 9e%ause Con'ress $oesn0t ha(e the power un$er %ommer%e

%lause to re'ulate Fa%ts that are si'nifi%ant re" %ommer%e

o Ar'ument that <otel is en'a'e$ in interstate %ommer%e

o isitors from outsi$e state to sta* at hotel

o Interstate hi'hwa*s

o HK of %lients are from out of state

Con'ress" Su9stantial =%onomi% =ffe%t

o Court relies on the a%ti(it* that0s 9ein' re'ulate$ is ra%ial $is%rimination

o =ffe%t" less li+el* to tra(el

=%onomi% =ffe%t" )e%reases

• Stimulate %ommer%e prohi9it ra%e $is%rimination Pre5te>t" Lo%al ar'ument thrown out the win$ow mi'ht ha(e a

su9stantial an$ harmful effe%t on interstate %ommer%e ?oti(e" Irrele(ant so lon' as su9stantial e%onomi% effe%t

Con'ress ma$e no fin$in's ,$i$ not $o its hw to e>plain ra%e $is%rimination

9etween interstate %ommer%e an$ ra%e $is%rimination -atenbach v. McClun" ,Ollie0s BBR

o e(i$en%e that an*one from out of state went to Ollie0s

Bu* U-KDDDD worth of foo$

o UHDM lo%al supplier 9u*in' foo$ interstate

2epresentin' Ollies"

o ot a$(ertisin' to people from OOS

o ot %lose to an* interstate hi'hwa*

Fa%ts ne%essar* to esta9lish interstate %ommer%e ar'ument for Go(0t"

o =n$ of interstate suppl* %hain

o #i%+er" A''re'ation to show a Su9stantial e%onomi% effe%t

Same rationale as <eart of Atlanta <otel

Con'ress must show" As lon' as Con'ress has a rational 4asis

3




o Some %on%ei(a9le %onne%tion

Coul$ Con'ressQre'ulate the emplo*ees at :pu9li% a%%ommo$ations; must wear

at wor+&o EEB2OA) stan$ar$ in Ollies BBR

Ruestion of whether there0s an*thin' COG2=SS %an0t $o un$er

%ommer%e %lauseCLASS S==" S=PT=?B=2 - 3D-4

Commer%e Clause Power onl* %omes into pla* when there is a fe$eral law issue onl*empowers %on'ress not states.First loo+ for F=)=2AL LA# or STAT= LA#

2e(iew from last %lass"

• =arl* Perio$" Gi99ons 5-K

o Broa$ Commer%e Power

• Lo%hner =ra" -K 5-H

o Court limits Commer%e Power

• Post5Lo%hner =ra" -H5-K

o Broa$ Commer%e Power

o :2ational Basis; s%rutin*

• #i%+ar$ Gi99ons Ollies BBR <eart of Atlanta <otel all 'oo$ law

o 2e%on%ile all these %ases

• Court $oesn0t %are what Con'ress0 a%tual moti(e was

o ?oral outra'e is what %ourt is %on%erne$ a9out

• Simulation" Fe$eral ?a%hine Gun Ban

o Possession of a Semi Automati% weapon has a Su9stantial affe%t of

interstate %ommer%e" )eterren%e of Interstate Commer%e

o :2ational Basis; S%rutin* must ha(e e%onomi% a%ti(it*

• Con'ress passes a lot of fe$eral %i(il ri'hts le'islation

o Ta+es a$(anta'e of %ourts e>pansi(e (ision of power

• Con'ress fe$eralizes %riminal law

• The ew Fe$eralism&&&

o Commer%e Clause

o -Dth Amen$ment

o --th Amen$ment

A9ilit* to sue state 'o(ernments in fe$eral %ourto Tra%+ Court0s Commer%e Clause

Court re(isits -Dth Am. @urispru$en%e

=nfor%in' -Dth am.

• !S (. Lopez"

3




o Gun Free S%hool Vones A%t" 6Con'ress ma+es it8 a fe$eral offense for an*

in$i(i$ual +nowin'l* to possess a firearm at a pla%e that the in$i(i$ual+nows or has a reasona9le %ause to 9elie(e is a s%hool zone.

o Con'ress is 'enerall* %on%erne$ an$ wants to step in

o Fa%ts"

) is a <S senior at San Antonio T> s%hool

• Char'e$ with 9oth state offense an$ fe$eral offense un$er

A%to Go(0t Theor*"

2e'ulatin' these a%ti(ities su9stantiall* affe%ts interstate

%ommer%e

• Guns at s%hool $e%rease 1ualit* of e$u%ation

o Therefore lower pa*in' Jo9s

• 2ehn1uist"

o Con'ress %an re'ulate Channels of interstate %ommer%e ,)ar9*

o

Con'ress %an re'ulate an$ prote%t the instrumentalities of interstate%ommer%e or persons or thin's in interstate %ommer%eo EECon'ress %an re'ulate those a%ti(ities ha(in' a su9stantial relation to

interstate %ommer%e Con'ress has not issue$ an* le'islati(e fin$in's

Slipper* slope %on%erns %on%ern that if this is allowe$ Con'ress

%an re'ulate AT<IG Fe$eralism issues

ot %ommer%ial a%ti(it*

• )istin'uishin' <eart of Atlanta <otel et%.

o one%onomi% non %ommer%ial lan$

o Juris$i%tional element" #hen $efinin' elements of %rime %ourtwants there to 9e an a%tual lin+ 9etween interstate %ommer%e an$the a%t

• @usti%e Thomas"

o At the time the ori'inal %onstitution was ratifie$ %ommer%e %onsiste$ of

9u*in' sellin' an$ 9arterin' as well as transportin' for these purposes.o Su9stantial effe%ts test written into %onstitution"

All Ameri%an people 9ehin$ *ou

o Pre5%ommitment response

Ta+eawa*s on Lopez"

•

Part testo Channels

o Instrumentalities

o Su9stantial effe%ts

• Commer%ial non5%ommer%ial a%ti(it*

• Fo%us on

o La%+ of %onne%tion to a lar'er re'ulator* s%heme

D




o La%+ of Jur. =lement

o La%+ of %on'ressional fin$in's

• 2e5en'a'ement of fe$eral %ourts in poli%in' fe$eral 9oun$aries

!S (. ?orrison"

• Challen'e to (iolen%e a'ainst women a%t of -4

• A#A allows (i%tims of :%rimes of (iolen%e moti(ate$ 9* 'en$er; to sue theiralle'e$ perpetrators in fe$eral %ourt for %i(il $ama'es

o #h* was %on'ress 'ettin' in(ol(e$&

?a*9e states not ta+in' a%tion an$ allowin' reme$* for 9oth

%ompensator* an$ puniti(e $ama'eso EE)istin'uisha9le from Lopez 9e%ause there is le'islati(e histor*

o EE?ore %onne%te$

• Court hol$s that A#A is un%onstitutional Crimes of (iolen%e are not e%onomi%

a%ti(it*

• #i%+ar$" sur(i(es

Ta+eawa*s on ?orrison"• )istin%tion 9etween e%onomi% an$ none%onomi% a%ti(it*

• #illin'ness to s%rutinize %on'ressional fin$in's for re'ulatin' non5e%onomi%

a%ti(it*

• Continue$ stren'th of rational 9asis test an$ a''re'ation&

• Lopez not a one5hit won$er

Gonzalez (. 2ai%h"

• Fe$eral Law" ?ariJuana is a s%he$ule - su9stan%e un$er the %ontrolle$ su9stan%e

a%t

• State Law" California0s %ompassionate use a%t of - allows possessions or

%ulti(ate mariJuana for me$i%al purposes

• EAs applie$ %hallen'e" 2ai%h ar'ues that it is 'rown in her house with no sellin'

or 9u*in' happenin' *ou %an0t tou%h it.

• )istin'uishin' this from Lopez an$ ?orrison"

o 2e'ulatin' the e%onom*/mar+et

Are tr*in' to re'ulate e%onomi% mar+et

• =(en thou'h 2espon$ents a%ti(it* is not e%onomi%

o This woul$ affe%t suppl* an$ $eman$ of ?@

?ore suppl* pri%e 'oes $own more people

usin' it

• #ithin s%ope of Con'ress0 Commer%e Clause

• Court applies" 2ational Basis Stan$ar$

o Court applies 2ational 9asis s%rutin* to e%onomi% a%ti(it*

)efines :=%onomi%; Pro$u%tion $istri9ution an$ %onsumption of

%ommo$ities

• Part of a lar'er re'ulator* s%heme

o #hole s%heme $esi'ne$ to re'ulate mar+ets for ille'al $ru's

Bi''er pi%ture

-




• 2ationale"

o In$i(i$ual man$ate" Con'ress $oesn0t ha(e the power to for%e people to

en'a'e in in$i(i$ual a%ti(it*

• The Commer%e Clause"

o FIB"

Con'ress %an onl* re'ulate %ommer%ial a%ti(it* Con'ress %annot for%e in$i(i$uals to en'a'e in %ommer%e or

re'ulate ina%ti(it* Is this $i%ta& !phol$s in$i(i$ual man$ate pro(ision un$er ta>in'

power

• ACA wins

• Is the ACA uni1ue&

o Con'ress $i$ this in a reall* weir$ wa*

• Ta>in' Power"

o Art. - Se%. -" The Con'ress shall ha(e the power to la* an$ %olle%t ta>es

$uties imposts an$ e>%ises to pa* the $e9ts an$ pro(i$e for the %ommon$efen%e an$ 'eneral welfare of the !S 9ut all $uties imposts an$ e>%isesshall 9e uniform throu'hout the !S.;

)e9ate

=(en if %on'ress $oesn0t ha(e the power to re'ulate that a%ti(it* it

%an still ta> so lon' as the $ominant intent is to raise re(enuerather than re'ulate

o Art. -. Se%. " o %apitation or other $ire%t ta> shall 9e lai$ unless in

proportion to the %ensus or enumeration Court stri+es $own in%ome ta>

• 2esponse" -th Amen$ment" Con'ress shall ha(e power to

la* an$ %olle%t ta>es on in%omes from whate(er sour%e$eri(e$ without apportionment amon' the se(eral Statesan$ without re'ar$ to an* %ensus or enumeration

If a ta> is foun$ to 9e a penalt* it %an onl* 9e uphel$ if Justifie$ a

(ali$ measure

• Ta> (s. Penalt* ,FIB

o Ta> an$ power arises in ACA"

Con'ress wants to remain on safe si$e so

the* %ame up with another ta>in' power,in$i(i$ual man$ate

In$i(i$ual ?an$ate pro(ision" Con'ress"

• Ta> 9e%ause" ?one* 'oes to I2S

• o in%ome ta>" no in$i(i$ual man$ate penalt*

o Loo+s wal+s an$ tal+s li+e a ta>

ot a ta>" Art. - Se%.

)oesn0t use the wor$ ta> it uses the wor$ penalt*"




ew ?e$i%ai$" #ant states to e>pan$

?e$i%ai$ an$ if *ou $on0t the* will ta+eawa* all %our old Medicaid fundin!<

• Challen'in' Law"

o South )a+ota (. )ole S. FIB (. Se9elius"

)ole sa*s the* will ta+e awa* K Se9elius" ta+e awa* ALLfun$in'

Penalt* re" ew ?e$i%ai$"

• Ta+e awa* ol$ ?e$i%ai$ mone* an$ its somehow unrelate$

o Court sa*s" !n%onstitutional

ee$ to 'i(e states a 'enuine %hoi%e no real option with ACA

• :Gun to the hea$;

• Can ta+e awa* new mone* the* Just %an0t ta+e the ol$

mone*

• Ta+eawa*s FIB"

o Court uphol$s as a ta>" pla%es first limit on %on'ress0 %on$itional spen$in' power

e(er o(erturne$ an*thin' re" 9e*on$ %on'ress0 s%ope of

%on$itional spen$in' Pla%es limits on Con'ress0 power on CC

• e>t Class" Fe$eralism"

o -Dth Am.

Truism Theor* ,Gar%ia

o Comman$eerin' =>%eption

o --th Amen$ment

CLASS I=" /3/-4

K




Goals

• Does the 10th Amendment reserve certain spheres of policy

exclusive for state regulation• Are there 10th Amendment limits on Congress’ ability to order

states to take certain actions

• Are there limits on Congress’ ability to allow states to be suedfor money damages for violations of federal law or theConstitution itself?

Review from last class

• Commerce Clause

o !"# v$ %ebelius

• &axing 'ower

o !"#

• %pending 'ower and conditional spending

o %D v$ Dole

Court imposed rules on Congress’ use of spending

powero !"#

Court !() &*+ !")%& &",+ enforced limits on

Congress’ spending power

10th Amendment

• -ording of the 10th Amendment

o &he powers not delegated to the .nited %tates by the

Constitution/ nor prohibited by it to the %tates/ arereserved to the %ates )espectively/ or to the people

%tate sovereignty force field?

• Causes of action on a 10th Amendment Case

o +ven if the action falls w2" Congress’ powers/ it violates

the 10th Amendment in some way

• &imeline

o 3ochner +ra 4pre516789

10th Amendment is an independent limit on

federal power protecting areas of purely localconcern

o ew Deal : 168;

&ruism theory

Truism 5 a statement that is obviously true

and says nothing new or interestingo 168; :

Challenge to !3%A Amendments




10th Amendment prevents federal government

from regulating traditional state functions o clear definition on what a traditional

state function iso <arcia v$ %A,&A 416=>9

(verrules ational 3eague of Cities )eturn to truism theory

o 166 : 'resent

Anti5commandeering exceptions to the rule in

<arcia <arcia is the rule/ anti5commandeering is the

+@C+'&"( to the rule 4listed below9

Garcia v. SAMTA 416=>9 &extbook p$ 1=>

• 10th Amendment challenge to 168 Amendments to !air 3abor

%tandards Acto +xtends !3%A’s minimum wage and maximum hour

provisions to state employeeso Congress wanted to extend the provision to state

employees #efore this/ the provisions were only generally

applied to employers

• Commerce Clause application

o Congress was allowed to extend this provision under the

Commerce Clauseo "f people have more money to spend/ they’ll buy more

things• Argument against

o .nder traditional state authority/ states may determine

how much they pay their employees$ &hus/ federalregulation is outside of Congress’ scope under the 10th Amendment$

• Court’s determination in opposition to this argument

o &he court does not want to determine what traditional

state authority and declined to determine the

parameters of this under the 10th Amendmento Don’t argue about fixed areas of traditional state

authority on a test$ 'rof$ <ewirtBman will think thatyou have no idea what you’re talking about

o %tates can use the political process as a safeguard of

federalism and federal encroachment on their turf %tates have eual representation in the %enate

H




o Congress gave states the choice of building their own

waste dumps/ assisted by CongressF () states will haveto bring a federal surcharge when bringing their wasteto other states$

o #uild a site that complies with federal standardF ()

compliant states can deny your wasteo &ake &itle 'rovision

Hou build a site that complies with federal

standardsF () you own all the waste in yourstates and the financial and legal liabilities thatcomes with it III

)euires state legislature to pass a law

• ew Hork’s argument

o !iled a lawsuit against the federal government asserting

that the &ake &itle 'rovision violated the 10 th

Amendmento Congress cannot tell state legislatures to come in and

pass a law called commandeering 4term of art9

o Distinguishable from <arcia because that case dealt

with public and private employers$ "t discussed a law of general applicability$ "n this case/ Congress istargeting +@C3.%"E+3H and (3H states

o 'olitical process is insufficient for H to get a remedy

because the 33)-'AA affects a number of states/ not Gust one

• !ederal government’s argumento .nder <arcia/ a state cannot use the 10th Amendment

as an argument because the 10th Amendment it is atruism

• )uling

o &he &ake &itle 'rovision is declared unconstitutional and

is a violation of the 10th Amendmento Court defines commandeering

Cannot force state legislature to pass a federal

regulatory scheme

Justified this determination under %tructural modality argument




• 'olitical accountability problem

created by the &ake &itle 'rovision

by forcing the states to take title andimpose a federal regulation throughstate means/ the federal government

is dodging accountability in the eyesof the public

• 'eople will get mad at the state

legislature/ and not the federalgovernment

• Commandeering allows Congress to

put state legislature on the block andtake themselves off the hook

%tate sovereignty

• &he Court takes federalism seriously

and says that the federal governmentcan’t Gust come in and tell states whatto do

o (ptions that Congress has to influence state policy

Conditional spending

,ake a federal law that contradicts state laws and

enforce it under the %upremacy Clause• Class Discussion

o #ut the states were integral in drafting this ActK

Court takes the 10th Amendment very seriously

and determines that states are/ in fact/ sovereigno -ho cares though?

&he Court states that the whole point of

federalism isn’t to protect states$ &he purpose offederalism is to protect the rights of individuals

o #alancing test

• &ake Away

o Anti5commandeering principle

!ederal government may not compel the states to

enact or administer a federal program

!ederal government can use preemption orconditional spending to influence policy

3aws of general applicability y5 where states are

regulated the same as private entities : thecommandeering principle shall not apply

rint! v. United States 416689 : &extbook p$

4D




• #ackground

o #rady *andgun 'revention Act

)euires federal instant background check for gun

purchases by ovember 166= "n interim period/ state C3+(’s 4the chief law

enforcement officer of a STATE 9 must make reasonable efforts to determine whether gunsale is lawful

o &he !#" would take responsibility for background checks

but/ in the meantime/ the states had to regulate thisfederal Act

• Argument against this Act

o Eiolation of the 10th Amendment

%tate officers should not be compelled to execute

the regulations of a federal law commandeering

argument• !ederal argument supporting this Act

o Distinguishable from ew Hork because gun control is a

big deal problemF bigger than low5level radioactivewaste$

o "n ew Hork/ the federal government made state

legislatures create a new law$ "n this case/ you’re Gustmaking some police officers enforce an already5madefederal law

• )uling

o Act was unconstitutionalo &he federal government cannot conscript state officers

and make the enforce a federal regulatory programo Court’s Gustification

'olitical accountability

Administration of federal law cannot be

allocated to people not directly under the'resident’s control

'rior Gurisprudence ew Hork

Doctrinal argument that this case is Gust like

ew Hork *istorical argument

#ack when the 10th Amendment was

adopted/ the federal government didn’t dothings like this

&his Act is unprecedented/ especially in

early 10th Amendment history

4-




• &extual and *istorical #ackground

o Article """/ %ection "" the Gudicial power shall extend

to all casesM between a state and citiBens of anotherstate

o 11th Amendment &he Gudicial power of the .nited

%tates shall not be construed to extend to any suit inlaw or euity/ commenced or prosecuted against one ofthe .nited %tates by citiBens of another state or bycitiBens or subGects of any foreign state

o At the time that the 11th Amendment was created/

sovereignty was a big deal issue in +nglando 186

%tates amend Article E and create 11th

Amendment

• Amendment does not mean what it saysK 4you have to ignore

the text9o &he court has extended this to mean that you cannot

sue your own state in federal court for money damages• +xceptions to the 11th Amendment

1$ +x parte Houng suits for prospective inGunctive relief

money damages against federal officers in their individualcapacity

$ %uits brought by the .nited %tates7$ %tate waiver$ Congressional Abrogation under %ection E of the 1th

Amendment

Ne%t "lass

• Article "" and +xecutive 'ower

o Constitutional text

• "mplied 'residential 'ower

o Houngstown %heet v$ %awyer

%eiBure of domestic steel mills

'ay attention to Justice Jackson

o .% v$ ixon

CLASS T=" S=PT=?B=2 D 3D-4

• Separation of Powers"

o =>e%uti(e 9ran%h %an 'et mess*

o Informal ne'otiations 9etween e>e%uti(e an$ le'islati(e 9ran%h

o O(erall themes

o Separation of powers (s. %he%+s an$ 9alan%es

o Pre(ention of t*rann* (s. effi%ien%*

4




Promotin' effi%ien%*

o Formalist (s. fun%tionalist approa%hes to thin+in' a9out separation of

powers

• #h* separate powers&

o Guar$ a'ainst t*rann*

o Preser(e in$i(i$ual li9ert*o Support fe$eralism 9* %ontrollin' fe$eral power

o Spe%ialization

Coor$ination of multiple assent for the 'o(0t to $o an* thin'

• Formalism"

o =a%h 9ran%h %an onl* e>er%ise the t*pe of power it is (este$ with

i.e. %on'ress an$ onl* %on'ress %an le'islate

• )inner Plate e>ample" ?eat Con'ress" if the issue is

onl* somethin' that is le'islati(e onl* %on'ress %ane>er%ise power o(er it

•

Fun%tionalism ,?u%h messier $inner plateo ot loo+in' to preser(e ri'i$ lines step in onl* when one 9ran%h of

e>er%isin' power impe$in' fun%tions As+s whether one 9ran%h0s a%tions interfere with the %ore fun%tions

of another

• Framers 9elie(e$ that Con'ress was the most powerful 9ran%h

• Presi$ent0s Institutional A$(anta'es

o Sin'le person (s. ?ulti5?em9er 9o$*

o 34 <our responsi9ilit* (s. perio$i% sessions

• estin' Clauses"

o Arti%le II" Se%tion - The e>e%uti(e power shall 9e (este$ in a presi$entQ

o Rualifi%ation re1uirements"

4 ear renewa9le term

ational %onstituen%*

A'e an$ resi$en%* re1uirements

• Con%erns that some =uro no9les woul$ throw their mone*

aroun$ to 9u* the offi%eo #ell pla%e$ ri%h euros woul$ 9e a9le to %ome in an$

%apture offi%e Fi>e$ %ompensation

• Con'ress %annot %ut or raise salar*

o Can (eto the law 9* presentin' the 9ill to %on'ress eto power is si'nifi%ant 9e%ause it e>presses %onstitutional

o9Je%tions to a 9ill Par$on power" reall* 9roa$" no reason toe e>er%ise his power to

par$on $e%isions are not su9Je%t to Ju$i%ial re(iew

• Can par$on someone who0s a%%use$ an$ %on$ition it on

an*thin'

44




• Par$on power is limite$ onl* to fe$eral offenses

• Cannot trump impea%hment power

o )oesn0t pre(ent %on'ress0 impea%hment

• Presi$ent 'ets to ma+e treaties

• Power to ratif* treaties 'i(es senate %lear e>e%uti(e

authorities• Arti%le II $oesn0t sa* an*thin' a9out how to res%in$ a

treat*

• Presi$ent 'ets to appoint e>e%uti(e offi%ers with a$(i%e an$

%onsent of senateo Gi(es him personal responsi9ilit*

o ot 'oin' to 9e o(errule$ 9* %a9inet offi%ers that

are not appointe$ m* him 2e1uires presi$ent to 'i(e the state of union a$$ress

• Ta+e %are that laws are faithfull* e>e%ute$

o #here in %onstitution $oes presi$ent ha(e the power to $o this/oun"sto0n Sheet 1 2ube Co. v. Sa0&er

• Truman seizin' steel mills after stri+e from steel mill wor+ers

• Ar'ues Truman was un%onstitutional 9e%ause it was outsi$e of e>e%uti(e power

o =mer'en%*

o Con'ress wante$ to seize propert*

o Te>tual ar'ument" o %onstitutional pro(ision allowin' presi$ent to seize

• E@usti%e Bla%+ issues maJorit* opinion of %ourt o(er time Justi%e @a%+son0s

%on%urrent opinion that is 9in$in' lawo Bla%+" If presi$ent %an $o it" An a%t of Con'ress or e>pli%it te>t of the

%onstitution itself o e>pli%it %onstitutional authorit*

• o a%t of %on'ress that e>pli%itl* allows it presi$ent %annot

$oo #hen 9oth %onstitution an$ %on'ress is silent

Presi$ent %annot a%t ?ust 9e affirmati(e sour%e of power either

from %on'ress or %onstitution itself Bla%+0s opinion is ineffi%ient

• 2estraine$ (iew of impli%it or inherent

• @a%+son0s Con%urrin' Opinion"

o CAT=GO2 -" )oes presi$ent ha(e e>press/implie$ authorit* from %on'ress

• Implie$" Past %ir%umstan%es

• Con'ress fails to a%t an$ +nows it

• If *es" T=ST"

o CAT=GO2 3"

4K




#hen the presi$ent a%ts in a9sen%es of either %on'ressional 'rant

or a $enial of authorit* he %an onl* rel* on his own in$epen$ent powers. But there is a zone of twili'ht in whi%h he an$ %on'ressma* ha(e %on%urrent authorit* or in whi%h its $istri9ution isun%ertain. Therefore %on'ressional inertia in$ifferen%e o

1uies%en%e ma* sometimes at least as a pra%ti%al matter ena9le ifnot in(ite measures of in$epen$ent presi$ential responsi9ilit*. Inthis area an* a%tual test of power is li+el* to $epen$ on theimperati(es of e(ents an$ %ontemporar* impon$era9le s rather thanon a9stra%t theories of law.

• )epen$s on $ifferent %ir%umstan%es

o CAT=GO2 "EEE

#hen presi$ent ta+es measures in%ompati9le with the

e>presse$/implie$ will of %on'ress his power is at its lowest e99

• Con'ress is then $isa9le$ to a%t

o T=ST" IF Con'ress sa*s no all *ou ha(e is what is

in there Enu'erated 6Comman$er in %hief poweret%.8

E@a%+son sa*s that in this %ase presi$ent in this %ase

Onl* relies upon his own in$epen$ent powers Con'ressional

inertia in(ites presi$ent0s response

• Simulation" =>e%uti(e power

o Is this an emer'en%*&&&

o Le'islati(e histor*&&&

• oun'stown Ta+eawa*s

o Bran%hes ten$ to wor+ these thin's out themsel(es

o Importan%e of %on'ressional authorizationo Case of %ourt tellin' the Presi$ent :no;

Court asserts power that the* in %ertain %ir%umstan%es 'et to tell

presi$ent that his implie$ a%tions are not allowe$o lar'er themes"

Separation of powers (s. %he%+s an$ 9alan%es

Pre(ention of t*rann* (s. effi%ien%*

Fe$eralism (. fun%tionalism

• !S (. i>on"

o #hen %an presi$ent +eep %ommuni%ations within e>e%uti(e 9ran%h&

Inherent e>e%uti(e power

Court %oul$ ha(e sta*e$ out of the $ispute if the presi$ent was

operatin' in wa*s that were not %onstitutional

• Impea%hment

o Fa%ts"

Su9poenas $ire%tin' i>on to pro$u%e tapes an$ $o%s re"

%on(ersations to ai$s/a$(isors

4




Courts reJe%te$ e>e%uti(e pri(ile'e 9e%ause pres faile$ to satisf*

rule -H,%o =>e%uti(e pri(ile'e e>ists

Prior to this %ase wasn0t %lear if %on'ress ha$ an* e>e%uti(e power

o =(en if e>e%. Pri(ile'e e>iste$ it woul$n0t appl* here"

Allow %riminal Justi%e 9e a$ministere$ in a fair wa* ee$ for %onfi$ential %ommuni%ations on one si$e an$ 9alan%e

with nee$ for fair %riminal Justi%e s*stem

• EAftermath of i>on %ase"

o Pres ha$ 9een in(ol(e$ in %o(er up or$erin' FBI not to in(esti'ate 9rea+

in 9ut su9se1uentl* resi'ne$

• Chene* (s. !S )istri%t Court

o )istin%tion 9etween assertion of e>e%uti(e pri(ile'e in %i(il (s. %riminal

pro%ee$in'so Court shoul$ 9e min$ful of an unwarrante$ impairment of another 9ran%h

in the performan%e of its %onstitutional $uties Su''ests a narrowin' in i>on in %riminal pra%ti%e

Ta+eawa*s on e>e%uti(e pri(ile'e"

• =>pe%t pri(ile'e $eri(es from presi$ent0s inherent power un$er Arti%le II

• Su9Je%t to 9alan%in' test

e>t Class"EArti%le - Bi%ameralism an$ presentment re1uirements

Clinton (. Constitutional Issues raise$ 9* the rise of the a$min state

CLASS =L==" OCTOB=2 3 3D-4

Clinton v. 3/ 4556

• Loo+ at 1uestions re" e>e%uti(e powers an$ separation of powers in a $iff %onte>t

o Steel Seizure ,Truman

o e>pli%it authorization from Con'ress allowin' presi$ent to

seize still limitso Clinton" loo+in' at e>pli%itl* $ele'ate$ powers 9ut monitors an$ %ontrols

e>er%ise power to $ele'ateo !p to Court to enfor%e lines of Separation of powers&

Or shoul$ Court $efer $e%isions ma$e 9* presi$ent an$ %on'ress

when the* ma+e arran'ement to $i((* up powerso All 1uestions are ma$e mu%h more %ompli%ate$ 9* maJor %han'e

)ealin' with Fe$eral Go(ernment

• Far more lar'er %omple> than an*thin' Framer0s en(isions

o Line Item eto" passe$ -4"

FI2ST" The presi$ent ?!ST si'n the entire BILL into law

,in%lu$in' U3 ?illion $ollar for shellfishEEE

• S=CO)" Presi$ent %an then :%an%el; pro(isions

4H




• EIn%enti(e for presi$ent to not use :9i' 'un; an$ then 9e

pre%ise after 9ill passe$ what he wants/$oesn0t want in pla%e

o T<I2)" Presi$ent notifies Con'ress

FO!2T<" Con'ress %an ena%t :$isappro(al

9ill;• FIFT<" Presi$ent %an (eto

$isappro(al 9rillo SIT<" Con'ress %an

o(erri$e (etoo Me* fa%ts"

Bill 'ets si'ne$ into law 9efore presi$ent %an a%ti(ate his

%an%ellation authorit*

• Plaintiff0s ar'ument,s"

o Formalist Ar'ument" Allows Presi$ent to le'islate

o Te>tualist Ar'ument" ot enumerate$ in %onstitution

o <istori%al Ar'ument" eto or Si'n the entire 9ill&

o Pru$ential 2easons for not allowin' presi$ent to $o this"

A%tuall* some states are helpe$

• Presi$ent0s Ar'ument,s"

o <istori%al/Pre%e$ent" oun'stown In%." CAT=GO2 -" =>pressl* 'a(e

presi$ent power o Courts shoul$ sta* out of this there has alrea$* 9een a %he%+ of the

9alan%e of powers 9etween e>e%uti(e an$ le'islati(e

• Le(el of %omple>it* has e>pan$e$ $ramati%all*

o Presi$ent %an :%an%el pro(isions; ot le'islati(e,* 9ut more of a

re$a%tion• CO!2T0S <OL)IG" Line item (eto a%t is un%onstitutional

o Point -" This a%t shoul$ 9e le'islati(e,*"

If this is le'islati(e a%tion shoul$ 'o throu'h 9i%ameralism pro%ess

o Point 3" <istori%all*" Sin%e Geor'e #ashin'ton this is the wa* thin's

shoul$ %ontinue to 9e $one.

• Arti%le - Se%tion H"

o =(er* 9illQshall 9efore it 9e%omes a Law 9e pre(ente$ to the

Presi$entQ if he appro(es he shall si'n it 9ut if not he shall return itwith his O9Je%tions

•

In$i(i$ual Li9erties"o Goo$ enou'h reason for the Courts to 'et in(ol(e$&

• 2aises issue of what to $o with histori%al pre%e$ent&

o =sta9lishe$ pra%ti%e" 'o 9a%+ to G#" onl* (ote$ up or $own

• Pru$ential" Compellin' 'oo$ reasons re" pu9li% poli%* to allow Line Item eto

A%to O(erall pru$ential 9alan%in' s%heme&

#ei'hin' mo$alities o(er others

4




The Ad'inistrati&e )tate

• Central Ruestion" S%ope of power %on'ress %an $ele'ate to the e>e% 9ran%h an$

whether it %an $ele'ate %an it atta%h strin's to those powers&

• Framers0 primar* %on%ern re" t*rann* fo%use$ on %on'ress

o )e(elope$ 3 separate s%hemes with $ealin' with %on'ress0 powers 9ein'

$rawn to impetuous (orte>es Separation of Powers

• =>e%uti(e 9ran%h has e>pan$e$ $ramati%all* startin' in -H

• Growth of a$ministrati(e state presents %onstitutional pro9lems

o =>e%uti(e a'en%ies $o thin's that often loo+ :le'islati(e; or :Ju$i%ial;

• -Hth Centur*" All state le(el %han'es

• B* -H" Bi' fe$eral a'en%ies out of pro'ressi(e era

o Insulate rule ma+in' from influen%e of ri%h people

• -H" ew )eal" ew A'en%ies

o A'en%ies e>ist within e>e%uti(e powers

But powers are 9roa$ an$ loo+ le'islati(e,*• :peas an$ mashe$ potatoes pro9lems;

o Formalist perspe%ti(e" A$ministrati(e i'htmare

<ow shoul$ law respon$ to this&

• ?ess* a'en%ies

• Court not into :messiness; in D0s

o on5$ele'ation )o%trine"

Pre(ente$ %on'ress from $ele'atin'

e>e%uti(e 9ran%h a'en%ies

• ot allowe$ to han$ le'islati(e

power off to e>e%uti(e a'en%ies

o Court reJe%ts non5$ele'ation $o%trine

2eJe%tion 9e%ause"

• Con'ress %an0t o(ersee le'islati(e pro%ess

A$option woul$ un%onstitutional

• )emise of the on5$ele'ation $o%trine"

o Con'ress0 a9ilit* to re'ulate a'en%* a%tions without a non5$ele'ation

$o%trine #hat are %on'ress0 a(aila9le options&

• ?e%hanisms Con'ress has to o(errule a$ministrati(e

a'en%ieso Impea%hment

o Le'islati(e that a'en%*0s ine>isten%e

#hat pre(ents %on'ress from a''ressi(e a'en%* o(ersi'ht&

• #or+in' relationship

• Part* politi%s" 'oal is to 9e reele%te$/presi$ent li+in' them

4




o ?a* 9e in politi%al interest for Con'ress to allow

Presi$ent $o whate(er he wants

• Influen%e a'en%ies ,polluters tr*in' to 'et ele%te$ into

offi%eChaddha

• Full house appro(es su9%ommittee without a re%or$e$ (ote• Onl* went throu'h - house of %on'ress

• Presentment %lause"

o Bi%ameralism" Aru'ment"

Four e>amples" %learl* framers +new a9out this i$ea

• Limit %on'ressional power 9* the framers

• Coul$n0t ha(e Just one house of

Bi%ameralism

• Le'islati(e eto is %onstitutional"

o Che%+ with whate(er powers were $ele'ate$

o Con'ress su9Je%t to 9i%ameralism ar'ument" Bran%hes of 'o(ernment wor+e$ it out

• <OL)IG" Le'islati(e eto" !n%onstitutional"

o #hen %on'ress is a%tin' le'islati(el*"

Le'islati(e a%tions ha(e the purpose an$ effe%t of alterin' the le'al

ri'hts Other options a(aila9le&

• Le'al 1uestions"

o Cha$ha ha$ an* real effe%t

2ule" still stan$s

•

Le'islati(e a%tions 9* %on'ress must %ompl* with 9i%ameralism an$ presentment pro(isions

A%tion ta+en 9* Con'ress" must follow an$ o(erri$e (eto 9* 3/r$0s

mar'in

• Simulation" Compassionate )ru' Poli%* A%t"

o Clinton Art. -. Se%. H. Presi$ent is effe%ti(el* ena%tin' or amen$in'

)istin'uishe$"

• Temporar*

• Controlle$ Su9stan%e A%t is a full* ena%te$ a%t

o Chadha

Gi(in' presi$ent authorit* to en'a'e in le'islati(e a%tion

Le'islati(e seriousl*" appl* 9roa$l*

• Limit on le'islati(e a%tions ta+en 9* %on'ress

o #hen %on'ress en'a'es in thin's li+e this has to 'o

throu'h Con'ress 9* PresentmentTa+eawa*s"

KD




• Line item (eto an$ le'islati(e (eto (iolate Arti%le I Se%tion H0s 9i%ameralism an$

presentment re1uirementso Chadha 1 Clinton

Presi$ent an$ Con'ress a'ree on ,SOLI)L oun'stown Cat. -

o Arti%le II Appointments Clause

Can %on'ress $ele'ate appointment of e>e%uti(e offi%ers to other people&

o 2emo(al

o Presi$ential power o(er Forei'n Affairs

)ames 7 ?oore

CLASS -3" OCTOB=2 H 3D-4"

K-




Article && A''ointments "lause Casebook page xlvi

• Appointments %imulation

o Congress cannot delegate to itself the power to appoint

executive officialso 'rimary2superior officers

Appointments in this category can only be made

by the 'resident !oreign ambassadors

Judges of the %upreme Courts

(ther officers of the .%

• Cabinet officers

• 3ower federal court Gudges

o "nferior officers

Congress can vest the power to appoint inferior

officers in the 'resident/ courts/ or heads ofdepartments

• &akeaways

o Different rules for principal and inferior officers

o !actors for distinguishing between inferior and principal

officers 4,orrison9o Congress may not make executive appointments

o %enate advise and consent not reuired for all

executive branch appointment : only for principalofficers

Ale%ia Morrison( &nde'endent "ounsel v. Theodore ). *lson

'$ 7>

• "ndependent Counsel background

o &he court itself determines the scope of what the

independent counsel can doo Counsel can only be fired for good cause

o Cannot be fired by the 'resident : only the attorney

general can fire the counsel• Argument against

o &extual problem

&his is a principal officer and only the 'resident

can appoint principal officerso %tructural problem

Eesting clause this is a core executive function$

&he Constitution vests all of the executive power inthe 'resident and this interferes with that power

K3




Another branch is presiding over a traditionally

executive function• Argument for

o "ndependent counsel is an inferior officer Congress

can appoint power to the courts to create inferior officers• )uling

o &he independent counsel is an inferior officer

• )ule

o Criteria for determining an inferior officer

1$ %ubGect to removal by higher branch$ &he duties he is assigned are limited7$ (ffice is limited in its Gurisdiction$ (ffice is limited in terms of tenure

• Dissent

o &he vesting clause does not mean some of the executive

power/ but A33 of the executive powero <overnmental investigation and prosecution of crimes is

a uintessentially executive function

Removal ower

• Constitution says nothing about it in the text

• Does it reside solely with the 'resident?

o Can congress remove executive branch officials other

than by impeachment?o Can Congress place limits on the 'resident’s ability to

exercise removal power?• <eneral rule

o 'resident can remove executive appointees at will

unless Congress imposes limitso Congress can impose limits when

"ndependence from the executive is desirable/ or

Agency is performing uasi5Gudicial or uasi5

legislative functions/ and &he law doesn’t prohibit 'residential removal/ but

only imposes good cause reuirements

• &akeawayso 'resident can remove executive officials at will unless

removal is limited by statute 4,yers9o Congress can impose for cause removal of limitations

under certain circumstances 4*umphreys/ ,orrison9o Congress can vest removal power for inferior officers

solely in the heads of departments

K




o Congress cannot give itself the sole power to remove

executive officials

#ackground cases

• M$ers v. United States '$ 7>6

o 3aw reuires %enate consent for removal

o &he power of removal is incident to the power of

appointmentM %ince the 'resident has the power to appoint

executive officials/ they also have the power toremove executive officials

• +um'hre$,s -%ecutor v. United States '$ 7;0

o 3aw allows removal for inefficiency/ neglect of duty/ or

malfeasance o "ts duties are neither political nor executive/ but

predominantly uasi5Gudicial and uasi5legislative o Congress’ intent to cerate a body which shall be

independent of executive authority o )emoval is unconstitutional and Congress can set a

good cause limit on the 'resident’s removal power touasi agents

&he 'resident still has the power to remove/ they

Gust need a good reason to do so

Morrison v. *lson 4)emoval provision of the decision9• .nder the act/ only the Attorney <eneral 4not the 'resident9

can remove the independent counselo A< can only fire counsel for good cause

• Argument against

o 'rosecution is a solely executive function

Distinguishable from *umphrey’s +xecutor because

this position is not uasi5anythingF no good causereuirements needed

• Argument for

o "ndependence is desirable• )uling

o )emoval provision is Constitutional

o Counsel does not burden the 'resident’s powerF

'resident’s power is not stripped by the independentcounsel

K4




Attorney <eneral reports to the 'resident and the

A< can remove the independent counsel• )ule

o Functionalist decision you can impose good cause

removal reuirements until it interferes with the core

function of the executive brancho ot clear to which extent something is uasi5

legislative2uasi5executive

#orein olic$

• ,any foreign policy cases become political uestion cases

o on5Gusticiability red flag for most foreign policy casesK

• %imulation 5 !oreign )elations AuthoriBation Act

o .nconstitutional 'resident’s side

'resident should serve as the sole representative

here because he has better resources and betterknowledge of the situation 4Curtiss5-right9

'resident is the only member of the federal

government who can claim that they speak for theentire country

Congressmen only represent a state

)epresentatives only represent localities

o Constitutional Congress’ side

Constitution assigns foreign policy power to both

the executive and legislative branch &he !ramers intended for foreign policy

power to overlap &his can fall outside of the category of foreign

policy Category 7 this is not spoken of in the

Constitution and Congress has made theirpreferences very clear 4Houngstown9

United States v. "urtiss/riht -%'ort "or'. : 'age 780

• "ssue

o Does the 'resident have greater authority in foreignaffairs than in domestic arena?

• Argument against that embargo is unconstitutional

o on5delegation doctrine

o &extual argument 'resident has specific powers that

apply to foreign policy and this isn’t one of them• Argument for embargo within the scope of Article "" powers

KK




o 'resident has expertise in foreign affairs

• )ule

o 'resident alone has the power to speak or listen as a

representative of the nationo "nto the field of negotiation the senate cannot intrudeF

and Congress itself is powerless to invade ito &he very delicate/ plenary/ and exclusive power of the

'resident as the sole organ of the federal government inthe field of international relations : a power which doesnot reuire as a basis for its exercise an act of Congress

• &akeaways

o &his case is still good lawK

o *igh point of inherent presidential power in foreign

relations : plenary powero "s this all dicta?

o Congress continues to act in foreign affairs all the time :Congress hasn’t complied with this case

o Houngstown ignores it 4Houngstown was after this case9

%ubseuent courts have invoked Houngstown/ not

Curtiss5-right

ames 2 Moore v. Rean( Secretar$ of the Treasur$ : 'age

78

• Argo case

• Are executive agreements constitutional?

• +xecutive Agreemento Agreement between the .% and another country that

becomes valid when the 'resident and the head of theother country sign it

o Does not need 27 senate approval

o &*"% "% (& A +@+C.&"E+ ()D+)

• Argument against challenging constitutionality of executive

agreemento &his is really a treaty/ and treaties reuires 27 of the

senate to sign off on it that didn’t happen here

o !ormalist argument #y nullifying Gudicial decisions/ the executive

branch is unconstitutionally behaving Gudicially4peas in the mashed potatoes9

Congress is silent on this action Category of

Houngstown

K




• Argument for 'resident allowed to make an executive

agreement under the Constitutiono "n the past/ Congress created a similar commission and

kept approving this kind of action 4implicit2explicitapproval by Congress9 Category 1 of Houngstown

o 'resident has plenary power to do this because it’s4Curtiss5-right9

• )uling

o Constitutional

• )ule

o -hen the president is acting to settle a maGor foreign

policy dispute/ and Congress gives explicit ok for the'resident to do this/ he is acting constitutionally

&he Court infers congressional approval

Congress has approved claim settlement for

similar situations in the past Court looks to the long5standing practice

between Congress and the 'resident overthe past >0 years

o Houngstown

&he Court applies Houngstown Category 1/ not

Curtiss5-right Distinguishable from Houngstown

the Court here finds implicit congressional

approval when it didn’t in Houngstown "n this case the 'resident is dealing with a

foreign sovereign/ not a state as he did inHoungstown

• &akeaways

o +xecutive agreements/ with Congressional acuiescence/

are oko Houngstown is the authoritative framework

o -illingness to infer Congressional approval in forging

affairs arenao )eference to political branches’ longstanding practices

CLASS T<I2T==" OCTOB=2 3D-4

Last Class"

• Arti%le II" Apptment0s %lause

o ?orrison (. Olsen

• 2emo(al Power"

KH




o ?*ers

o <umphre*0s e>e%utor

o ?orrison

• Forei'n Affairs Power

o Curtiss #ri'ht

o )ames 7 ?oore" Con'ressional a%tion rather than plenar* e>%lusi(e power to $efine s%ope

<ow %onstitute a$$resses power re" war an$ allo%ates its power Conte>t for ?o$ern #ar power $is%ussion"

• Formal $e%larations of war are rare ,last was ##3 Con'ress $e%lare$ onl* K

timeso In pra%ti%e presi$ent has sent !S troops into %om9at without $e%laration

o(er -DDW times

• Arme$ %onfli%t with non5state terrorist or'anizations


o

#ithout formal $e%laration from %on'ress• 2e Constitutional Te>t"

o Some %ru$e $i(ision of power 9etween Pres (s. Con'ress

Pres"

• Comman$er in %hief Art. II

• =mer'ent power

Con'ress0 #ar Power"

• )e%lare war

• 2aise an$ support armies an$ pro(i$e an$ maintain a na(*

• Calls in militia to suppress insurre%tions an$ repel

in(asions• Punish pira%* on hi'h seas

o Suspension Clause

Art. -" se%tion %lause 3

• Pri(ile'e of the writ of ha9eas %orpus shall not 9e

suspen$e$ unless when in %ases of re9ellion or in(asion the pu9li% safet* ma* re1uire it.

o #ho suspen$s it& )oesn0t e>pli%itl* sa* 9ut 9e%ause

it is within Art. I" Con'ress

• Framers wante$ 3 9ran%hes si'nin' off on militar*

%on(entionso Con'ress has power to initiate war 9* ha(in'

e>pli%it power to $e%lare war

• )e%lare war& ot ?a+e war&

o Presi$ential authorit* to repel su$$en atta%+s

o Constraint on %on'ressional power o(er militar* $e%ision ma+in'

Presi$ent %an on%e $e%lare$ mi'ht or$er how to %on$u%t it

K




o Con'ress %an %hoose to $en* an* militar* fun$in' for an a%tion as it

%hooses =(en thou'h the* %annot ph*si%all* stop pres from or$erin' troops

into %om9ato Presi$ent0s a9ilit* to respon$ to su$$en imminent atta%+s

o !nresol(e$ 1uestions in %onst. te>t• #ar power0s resolutions"

o Pro(i$es that Pres %an authorize war powers resolutions allows pres to a%t"

=>i'ent %ir%umstan%es

o Cate'ories of militar* inter(ention

o ?an$ator* with$rawal within D $a*s a9sent %on'ressional authorization

!nless %on'ress has either $e%lare$ war or 'i(en statutor*

authorization

• ?ust pull troops if Con'ress $oes OT<IG after D $a*s

?ost of the time pres %onsults with %on'ress

•

2e" #ar on terror" %laime$ to 9e a%tin' within s%ope ofmilitar* for%e after -- atta%+s

• Simulation"

o FI2ST COA"

2e1uirements of %on'ressional authorization ha(en0t 9een met

o national emer'en%*

o statutor* $e%laration

?ust 9e su9mitte$ within 4 hours

Consult with %on'ress presi$ent $i$ not $o so

• LIM=L P2=SI)=T 2=SPOS="

o Constitution has $efine$ roles of %on'ress an$ pres

$urin' times of war an$ further $efinin' those roleswoul$ re1uire an amen$ment

o #ar powers resol (ioliates %onst. 9e%ause it

infrin'es on presi$ents arti%le II %omman$er in%hief

Presi$ential e>e%uti(e power as CIC

limitation the %onstitutional powers of the presi$ent as CIC to intro$u%e !S arme$for%es into hostilities

!se Cha$ha" ot $oin' an*thin' as state$ in C<A)<A"

•If %on'ress $oes nothin' that %annot impl* a (eto

o Cha$ha tells us that if %on'ress $isappro(es of an

e>e%uti(e a%tion it must use 9i%ameralism an$ presentment to tell Pres. :O.;

• <=2= if %on'ress $oesn0t $o an*thin' that means that

Con'ress $oes not a'ree.o S=CO) COA"

K




Con'ress is 'i(en power to $e%lare war un$er Art. I If Con'ress

$oesn0t $e%lare war Pres. Cannot a%t this a%t of initiatin' is un$er%on'ress

oun'stown" Con'ress in not passin' either 9ills shows e>pli%it

$enial of the presi$ent a%tin' un%onstitutional" Cate'or*

• P2=SI)=T LIM=L 2=SPOS="o Pru$ential" Inherent emer'en%* power an$ %on'ress

%annot (iolateo Past Pra%ti%e" =I)=C= the* ha(e $one this

9efore to allow presi$ent Curtiss #ri'ht" Presi$ent has e>e%uti(e plenar* power an$

e>%lusi(e Con'ress 9ein' e>%lusi(e oun'stown frame$ on 9oth si$es

o LIM=L O!TCO?="

Presi$ent will 9e allowe$ to ma+e this $e%ision

Courts will pro9a9l* sta* out of this

• Forei'n poli%* is politi%al an$ the Court will sta* out of it

• <PO -"

o Con'ress passes law $urin' ietnam #ar or$erin' the presi$ent to sen$

Ameri%an troops to ta+e <am9ur'er <ill within 4 hours Con'ress %an $e%lare 9ut not sen$ troops pres is %omman$er in

%hief

• <PO 3"

o Con'ress passes a law ma+in' it ille'al for an* mem9er of the !S arme$

for%es or 'o(0t to en'a'e in water9oar$in' for an* reason" !n%onst" ?ilitar* powers

Const" Art. - se%. ?a+e rules re" arme$ for%es• This is re" #A2 OT T2OOPS

• Issues ha(e %ome up in the %onte>t of #ar"

o Comple> area of law treat* o9li'ations

• Themes"

o 2elationship 9etween separation of powers an$ in$i(i$ual li9ert*

=>ists in no small part to prote%t in$i(i$ual li9ert* ma+in' it har$

for fe$eral 'o(0t to $o %ertain thin's that (iolate in$i(i$ual li9ert*o Shoul$ %onstitution appl* the same wa* in an emer'en%* %onte>t&

o Appli%ation of oun'stown framewor+

o Constitutional law as a $ialo'ue 9etween the $ifferent 9ran%hes Follow stor* of le'al 9a%+'roun$ on war of terror e>%han'e

9etween all three 9ran%hes

• #hether a $ifferent interpreti(e approa%h shoul$ appl* in an emer'en%* situation&

o Pre5%ommitments shoul$ 9e more inherent in emer'en%* situations

9e%ause emer'en%* situations 'i(e rise to emotional an$ fear 9ase$$e%ision ma+in'

• Issue of e>e%uti(e power in time of emer'en%* or war is nothin' new

D




o Loo+ at %i(il war" Lin%oln ta+es position that he nee$s to $o whate(er was

ne%essar* to sa(e %ountr* e(en if it meant i'norin' %onst. !nilaterall* 9lo%+e$ ports without Con'ress auth.

=nlar'es arm* an$ na(* without %onsent of %on'ress

)e%i$es to suspen$ the writ of ha9eas %orpus

• Aftermath of -- atta%+ %on'ress - wee+ later passes A!?F"o Authorize$ to use all ne%essar* an$ appropriate for%e a'ainst all nations

or'anizations or persons he $etermines planne$ authorize$ %ommitte$or ai$e$ the terrorist atta%+s that o%%urre$ on Septem9er -- 3D-- orhar9ore$ su%h or'anizations or persons in or$er to pre(ent an* future a%tsof international terrorism a'ainst the !S 9* su%h nations or'anizations or persons

oun'stown 2e(iew of Cate'ories"o CAT=GO2 -"

)oes presi$ent ha(e e>press/implie$ authorit* from %on'ress



• If *es" T=ST"

o CAT=GO2 3"


or a $enial of authorit* he %an onl* rel* on his own in$epen$ent powers. But there is a zone of twili'ht in whi%h he an$ %on'ressma* ha(e %on%urrent authorit* or in whi%h its $istri9ution isun%ertain. Therefore %on'ressional inertia in$ifferen%e o1uies%en%e ma* sometimes at least as a pra%ti%al matter ena9le ifnot in(ite measures of in$epen$ent presi$ential responsi9ilit*. In

this area an* a%tual test of power is li+el* to $epen$ on theimperati(es of e(ents an$ %ontemporar* impon$era9le s rather thanon a9stra%t theories of law.


o CAT=GO2 "EEE






E@a%+son sa*s that in this %ase presi$ent in this %aseOnl* relies upon his own in$epen$ent powers Con'ressional inertia in(ites presi$ent0sresponse

• Hamdi v. 7umsfield

o Fa%ts"

<el$ as enem* %om9atant without an* a%%ess to an*one without

an* noti%e of what he0s 9een %har'e$ with for *ears

-




• Files ha9eas petition to ha(e e>planation

o <a9eas is impt %he%+ on e>e% 9ran%h with %he%+s

an$ 9alan%es s*stem on pres.o Two )istin%t Ruestions"

)oes the Presi$ent ha(e the power to $etain enem* %om9atants

in$efinitel*&• Are $etainees entitle$ to ha(e the le'alit* of their

$etentions re(iewe$& If so what sort of pro%ess $oes the 'o(0t ha(e to follow in or$er to

$etain %om9atants&o Ar'ument -"

oun'stown Cat. -" =>pli%it Authorization from Con'ressional

Art. II" Pres has %onstitutional authorit* un$er Se%t. 3

o <am$i Ar'ument in response"

For9i$$en 9* - !SC 4DD-,a" O!GSTO# CAT. anti

$etention a%t in$i%ates that %on'ress e>pli%itl* $isappro(es of thissort of $etentionPAG= 3" Pluralit% opinion: @usti%e O0Connor announ%e$ maJorit* of the Court" K Justi%es sa* that presi$ent has power to $etain <am$i no maJorit* on the OPIIOs.PAG= 44H" Ma0orit% opinion

Mar+s v. *S #hen a maJorit* of the Court a'rees on how to $e%i$e a %ase ,the Ju$'ment 9ut *ou0(e 'ot less than K Justi%es that a'ree on the rationale ,opinion thehol$in' of the %ourt ma* 9e (iewe$ as that position ta+en 9* those mem9ers who%on%urre$ in the Ju$'ment on the narrowest 'roun$s

55narrowest ,most fa%t spe%ifi% opinion 9in$s lower %ourts

•

@usti%e Thomas $issentEE• )etain for the $uration of the %onfli%t

• #hether the pres has the inherent authorit* un$er arti%le II"

o Court seems relu%tant to tou%h on that issue

o If *ou ha(e a spe%ifi% statute sa*in' *ou %an0t $etain people an$ then *ou

• 2e" A!?F" Presi$ent has inherent emer'en%* power

o If Con'ress wants to 'rant inherent authorit* 9e e>pli%it.

Aftermath of -- show that Con'ress is issuin' a 9roa$ $ele'ation

of power PREEMPTIO:

• 6Fo%us on limits of what states %an $o8

o States retaine$ powers that the* $i$n0t 'i(e to fe$eral 'o(0t

Poli%e power

• <ealth safet* welfare

)o not ha(e to operate pursuant to enumerate$ power

• Fe$eral 'o(0t or State 'o(0t&

• Limits %ome from"

o Bill of ri'hts

3




o Suprema%* %lause

o )ormant %ommer%e %lause

o Arti%le I pri(ile'es an$ immunities %lause"

The Const. an$ the laws of !S shall 9e ma$e in pursuan%e thereof

an$ all treaties ma$e or whi%h shall 9e ma$e un$er authorit* of

!S shall 9e the supreme law of the lan$ an$ the Ju$'es in e(er*state shall 9e 9oun$ there9*. An* thin' in the %onstitution or lawsof an* state to the %ontrar* notwithstan$in'

Preemption is most li+el* en%ountere$ in %onstitutional law

pra%ti%e

• Attemptin' to re'ulate parti%ular area or pra%ti%e at the

same time Preemption" raises interpreti(e 1uestions"

• Broa$& Allow it to preempt state law or

• arrow& Lea(in' room for states to re'ulate

Preemption issue" #hen fe$eral 'o(0t an$ state 'o(0t are tr*in' to

re'ulate the same thin' at the same time

• #hen a fe$eral law trumps state law"

o Courts loo+ to %on'ressional intent

o #hether Con'ress $i$ or $i$ not inten$ to ma+e

fe$eral or state law T*pes of Preemption"

• =>press"

o =as* %on'ress e>pli%itl* in a statute sa*s

preemptin' state law ,=2ISA

• Implie$"

o Fiel$ Preemption" #hen Court %on%lu$es that %on'ress has

:o%%upie$ the fiel$; ,2e'ulate %ertain +in$of law a$optin' a lar'e le'islati(e s%hemein a parti%ular area

o Confli%t Preemption"

Impossi9ilit* of Complian%e" fe$eral an$

state law %onfli%t so it is literall* impossi9leto $e%i$e who has power" F=)=2ALT2!?PS

O9sta%le to a%hie(in' fe$eral le'islati(e

'oal" a state law stan$s to an o9sta%le to a+e* le'islati(e o9Je%ti(e pre(entin'%on'ress to $o what it wants to $o,CO?PLIAT=)

• Loo+ at statute




• Loo+ at le'islati(e intent to see what

%on'ress wante$ to $eterminewhether or not state law pre(ents

*S v. Ariona"

• Ba%+'roun$"

o Art. I 'i(in' %on'ress 9roa$ power to esta9lish uniform rules ofnaturalization

Con'ress sets up s%heme re" %itizenship an$ $eportation

• States with in%rease$ ille'al aliens

o Arizona passes law on pro9lem of ille'al

immi'ration in state SB -DHD"

• , ?a+es it a mis$emeanor to fail to

%ompl* with fe$eral alienre'istration re1uirements

• ,K ?a+es it a mis$emeanor for

unauthorize$ alien to see+ or en'a'ewor+ in state

o Challen'e to Se%tion " Fail

to %ompl* with fe$eral alienre'istration re1uirements

o Arizona is %on%erne$ fe$eral

law enfor%ement isn0t $oin'it a''ressi(el* enou'h

Ar'ue fiel$

preemption %on'ress

has o%%upie$ the file$of alien re'istrationan$ fe$eral law%ontains all pro(isionsre" alien re'istration

Con'ressional intent"

%on'ress inten$e$ too%%up* fiel$

o Challen'e to Se%tion K"

Punishes emplo*er ifemplo*ee is un$o%umente$

O9sta%le preemption,Confli%t PreemptionCon'ress intent wasto punish emplo*ersan$ not emplo*eesan$ Arizona0s le'.A%ts as an o9sta%le tothat preemption

4




=T CLASS"E)orman Commer%e Clause55#at%h (i$eo 9efore *ou $o the rea$in'EEE

CLASS T=" S=PT=?B=2 D 3D-4

• Separation of Powers"

o =>e%uti(e 9ran%h %an 'et mess*

o Informal ne'otiations 9etween e>e%uti(e an$ le'islati(e 9ran%h

o O(erall themes

o Separation of powers (s. %he%+s an$ 9alan%es

o Pre(ention of t*rann* (s. effi%ien%*

Promotin' effi%ien%*

o Formalist (s. fun%tionalist approa%hes to thin+in' a9out separation of

powers

• #h* separate powers&

o Guar$ a'ainst t*rann*

o Preser(e in$i(i$ual li9ert*

o Support fe$eralism 9* %ontrollin' fe$eral power

o Spe%ialization

Coor$ination of multiple assent for the 'o(0t to $o an* thin'

• Formalism"

o =a%h 9ran%h %an onl* e>er%ise the t*pe of power it is (este$ with

i.e. %on'ress an$ onl* %on'ress %an le'islate

• )inner Plate e>ample" ?eat Con'ress" if the issue is

onl* somethin' that is le'islati(e onl* %on'ress %an

e>er%ise power o(er it• Fun%tionalism ,?u%h messier $inner plate

o ot loo+in' to preser(e ri'i$ lines step in onl* when one 9ran%h of

e>er%isin' power impe$in' fun%tions As+s whether one 9ran%h0s a%tions interfere with the %ore fun%tions

of another

• Framers 9elie(e$ that Con'ress was the most powerful 9ran%h

• Presi$ent0s Institutional A$(anta'es

o Sin'le person (s. ?ulti5?em9er 9o$*

o 34 <our responsi9ilit* (s. perio$i% sessions

•estin' Clauses"

o Arti%le II" Se%tion - The e>e%uti(e power shall 9e (este$ in a presi$entQ

o Rualifi%ation re1uirements"

4 ear renewa9le term

ational %onstituen%*

A'e an$ resi$en%* re1uirements

• Con%erns that some =uro no9les woul$ throw their mone*

aroun$ to 9u* the offi%e

K




o #ell pla%e$ ri%h euros woul$ 9e a9le to %ome in an$

%apture offi%e Fi>e$ %ompensation

• Con'ress %annot %ut or raise salar*

o Can (eto the law 9* presentin' the 9ill to %on'ress

eto power is si'nifi%ant 9e%ause it e>presses %onstitutionalo9Je%tions to a 9ill

Par$on power" reall* 9roa$" no reason toe e>er%ise his power to

par$on $e%isions are not su9Je%t to Ju$i%ial re(iew

• Can par$on someone who0s a%%use$ an$ %on$ition it on

an*thin'

• Par$on power is limite$ onl* to fe$eral offenses

• Cannot trump impea%hment power

o )oesn0t pre(ent %on'ress0 impea%hment

• Presi$ent 'ets to ma+e treaties

•Power to ratif* treaties 'i(es senate %lear e>e%uti(eauthorities

• Arti%le II $oesn0t sa* an*thin' a9out how to res%in$ a

treat*

• Presi$ent 'ets to appoint e>e%uti(e offi%ers with a$(i%e an$

%onsent of senateo Gi(es him personal responsi9ilit*

o ot 'oin' to 9e o(errule$ 9* %a9inet offi%ers that

are not appointe$ m* him 2e1uires presi$ent to 'i(e the state of union a$$ress

• Ta+e %are that laws are faithfull* e>e%ute$

o #here in %onstitution $oes presi$ent ha(e the power to $o this

/oun"sto0n Sheet 1 2ube Co. v. Sa0&er

• Truman seizin' steel mills after stri+e from steel mill wor+ers

• Ar'ues Truman was un%onstitutional 9e%ause it was outsi$e of e>e%uti(e power

o =mer'en%*

o Con'ress wante$ to seize propert*

o Te>tual ar'ument" o %onstitutional pro(ision allowin' presi$ent to seize

• E@usti%e Bla%+ issues maJorit* opinion of %ourt o(er time Justi%e @a%+son0s

%on%urrent opinion that is 9in$in' lawo Bla%+" If presi$ent %an $o it" An a%t of Con'ress or e>pli%it te>t of the

%onstitution itself o e>pli%it %onstitutional authorit*

• o a%t of %on'ress that e>pli%itl* allows it presi$ent %annot

$oo #hen 9oth %onstitution an$ %on'ress is silent

Presi$ent %annot a%t




?ust 9e affirmati(e sour%e of power either

from %on'ress or %onstitution itself Bla%+0s opinion is ineffi%ient

• 2estraine$ (iew of impli%it or inherent

• @a%+son0s Con%urrin' Opinion"

o CAT=GO2 -" )oes presi$ent ha(e e>press/implie$ authorit* from %on'ress



• If *es" T=ST"

o CAT=GO2 3"


or a $enial of authorit* he %an onl* rel* on his own in$epen$ent powers. But there is a zone of twili'ht in whi%h he an$ %on'ressma* ha(e %on%urrent authorit* or in whi%h its $istri9ution is

un%ertain. Therefore %on'ressional inertia in$ifferen%e o1uies%en%e ma* sometimes at least as a pra%ti%al matter ena9le ifnot in(ite measures of in$epen$ent presi$ential responsi9ilit*. Inthis area an* a%tual test of power is li+el* to $epen$ on theimperati(es of e(ents an$ %ontemporar* impon$era9le s rather thanon a9stra%t theories of law.


o CAT=GO2 "EEE




o T=ST" IF Con'ress sa*s no all *ou ha(e is what isin there Enu'erated 6Comman$er in %hief poweret%.8

E@a%+son sa*s that in this %ase presi$ent in this %ase

Onl* relies upon his own in$epen$ent powers Con'ressional

inertia in(ites presi$ent0s response

• Simulation" =>e%uti(e power

o Is this an emer'en%*&&&

o Le'islati(e histor*&&&

• oun'stown Ta+eawa*s

o

Bran%hes ten$ to wor+ these thin's out themsel(eso Importan%e of %on'ressional authorization

o Case of %ourt tellin' the Presi$ent :no;

Court asserts power that the* in %ertain %ir%umstan%es 'et to tell

presi$ent that his implie$ a%tions are not allowe$o lar'er themes"

Separation of powers (s. %he%+s an$ 9alan%es

Pre(ention of t*rann* (s. effi%ien%*

H




Fe$eralism (. fun%tionalism

• !S (. i>on"

o #hen %an presi$ent +eep %ommuni%ations within e>e%uti(e 9ran%h&

Inherent e>e%uti(e power

Court %oul$ ha(e sta*e$ out of the $ispute if the presi$ent was

operatin' in wa*s that were not %onstitutional• Impea%hment

o Fa%ts"

Su9poenas $ire%tin' i>on to pro$u%e tapes an$ $o%s re"

%on(ersations to ai$s/a$(isors Courts reJe%te$ e>e%uti(e pri(ile'e 9e%ause pres faile$ to satisf*

rule -H,%o =>e%uti(e pri(ile'e e>ists

Prior to this %ase wasn0t %lear if %on'ress ha$ an* e>e%uti(e power

o =(en if e>e%. Pri(ile'e e>iste$ it woul$n0t appl* here"

Allow %riminal Justi%e 9e a$ministere$ in a fair wa* ee$ for %onfi$ential %ommuni%ations on one si$e an$ 9alan%e

with nee$ for fair %riminal Justi%e s*stem

• EAftermath of i>on %ase"

o Pres ha$ 9een in(ol(e$ in %o(er up or$erin' FBI not to in(esti'ate 9rea+

in 9ut su9se1uentl* resi'ne$

• Chene* (s. !S )istri%t Court

o )istin%tion 9etween assertion of e>e%uti(e pri(ile'e in %i(il (s. %riminal

pro%ee$in'so Court shoul$ 9e min$ful of an unwarrante$ impairment of another 9ran%h

in the performan%e of its %onstitutional $uties Su''ests a narrowin' in i>on in %riminal pra%ti%e

Ta+eawa*s on e>e%uti(e pri(ile'e"

• =>pe%t pri(ile'e $eri(es from presi$ent0s inherent power un$er Arti%le II

• Su9Je%t to 9alan%in' test

e>t Class"EArti%le - Bi%ameralism an$ presentment re1uirements

Clinton (. Constitutional Issues raise$ 9* the rise of the a$min state

CLASS =L==" OCTOB=2 3 3D-4

Clinton v. 3/ 4556

• Loo+ at 1uestions re" e>e%uti(e powers an$ separation of powers in a $iff %onte>t

o Steel Seizure ,Truman

o e>pli%it authorization from Con'ress allowin' presi$ent to

seize still limits




o Clinton" loo+in' at e>pli%itl* $ele'ate$ powers 9ut monitors an$ %ontrols

e>er%ise power to $ele'ateo !p to Court to enfor%e lines of Separation of powers&

Or shoul$ Court $efer $e%isions ma$e 9* presi$ent an$ %on'ress

when the* ma+e arran'ement to $i((* up powers

o All 1uestions are ma$e mu%h more %ompli%ate$ 9* maJor %han'e )ealin' with Fe$eral Go(ernment

• Far more lar'er %omple> than an*thin' Framer0s en(isions

o Line Item eto" passe$ -4"

FI2ST" The presi$ent ?!ST si'n the entire BILL into law

,in%lu$in' U3 ?illion $ollar for shellfishEEE

• S=CO)" Presi$ent %an then :%an%el; pro(isions

• EIn%enti(e for presi$ent to not use :9i' 'un; an$ then 9e

pre%ise after 9ill passe$ what he wants/$oesn0t want in pla%e

o

T<I2)" Presi$ent notifies Con'ress FO!2T<" Con'ress %an ena%t :$isappro(al

9ill;

• FIFT<" Presi$ent %an (eto

$isappro(al 9rillo SIT<" Con'ress %an

o(erri$e (etoo Me* fa%ts"

Bill 'ets si'ne$ into law 9efore presi$ent %an a%ti(ate his

%an%ellation authorit*

• Plaintiff0s ar'ument,s"

o Formalist Ar'ument" Allows Presi$ent to le'islateo Te>tualist Ar'ument" ot enumerate$ in %onstitution

o <istori%al Ar'ument" eto or Si'n the entire 9ill&

o Pru$ential 2easons for not allowin' presi$ent to $o this"

A%tuall* some states are helpe$

• Presi$ent0s Ar'ument,s"

o <istori%al/Pre%e$ent" oun'stown In%." CAT=GO2 -" =>pressl* 'a(e

presi$ent power o Courts shoul$ sta* out of this there has alrea$* 9een a %he%+ of the

9alan%e of powers 9etween e>e%uti(e an$ le'islati(e

•Le(el of %omple>it* has e>pan$e$ $ramati%all*

o Presi$ent %an :%an%el pro(isions; ot le'islati(e,* 9ut more of a

re$a%tion

• CO!2T0S <OL)IG" Line item (eto a%t is un%onstitutional

o Point -" This a%t shoul$ 9e le'islati(e,*"

If this is le'islati(e a%tion shoul$ 'o throu'h 9i%ameralism pro%ess

o Point 3" <istori%all*" Sin%e Geor'e #ashin'ton this is the wa* thin's

shoul$ %ontinue to 9e $one.




• Arti%le - Se%tion H"

o =(er* 9illQshall 9efore it 9e%omes a Law 9e pre(ente$ to the

Presi$entQ if he appro(es he shall si'n it 9ut if not he shall return itwith his O9Je%tions

• In$i(i$ual Li9erties"

o Goo$ enou'h reason for the Courts to 'et in(ol(e$&• 2aises issue of what to $o with histori%al pre%e$ent&

o =sta9lishe$ pra%ti%e" 'o 9a%+ to G#" onl* (ote$ up or $own

• Pru$ential" Compellin' 'oo$ reasons re" pu9li% poli%* to allow Line Item eto

A%to O(erall pru$ential 9alan%in' s%heme&

#ei'hin' mo$alities o(er others

The Ad'inistrati&e )tate

• Central Ruestion" S%ope of power %on'ress %an $ele'ate to the e>e% 9ran%h an$

whether it %an $ele'ate %an it atta%h strin's to those powers&

•

Framers0 primar* %on%ern re" t*rann* fo%use$ on %on'resso )e(elope$ 3 separate s%hemes with $ealin' with %on'ress0 powers 9ein'

$rawn to impetuous (orte>es Separation of Powers

• =>e%uti(e 9ran%h has e>pan$e$ $ramati%all* startin' in -H

• Growth of a$ministrati(e state presents %onstitutional pro9lems

o =>e%uti(e a'en%ies $o thin's that often loo+ :le'islati(e; or :Ju$i%ial;

• -Hth Centur*" All state le(el %han'es

• B* -H" Bi' fe$eral a'en%ies out of pro'ressi(e era

o Insulate rule ma+in' from influen%e of ri%h people

•

-H" ew )eal" ew A'en%ieso A'en%ies e>ist within e>e%uti(e powers

But powers are 9roa$ an$ loo+ le'islati(e,*

• :peas an$ mashe$ potatoes pro9lems;

o Formalist perspe%ti(e" A$ministrati(e i'htmare

<ow shoul$ law respon$ to this&

• ?ess* a'en%ies

• Court not into :messiness; in D0s

o on5$ele'ation )o%trine"

Pre(ente$ %on'ress from $ele'atin'

e>e%uti(e 9ran%h a'en%ies

• ot allowe$ to han$ le'islati(e

power off to e>e%uti(e a'en%ies

o Court reJe%ts non5$ele'ation $o%trine

2eJe%tion 9e%ause"

• Con'ress %an0t o(ersee le'islati(e pro%ess

HD




Article && A''ointments "lause Casebook page xlvi

• Appointments %imulation

o Congress cannot delegate to itself the power to appoint

executive officialso 'rimary2superior officers

Appointments in this category can only be made

by the 'resident !oreign ambassadors

Judges of the %upreme Courts

(ther officers of the .%

• Cabinet officers

• 3ower federal court Gudges

o "nferior officers

Congress can vest the power to appoint inferior

officers in the 'resident/ courts/ or heads ofdepartments

• &akeaways

o Different rules for principal and inferior officers

o !actors for distinguishing between inferior and principal

officers 4,orrison9o Congress may not make executive appointments

o %enate advise and consent not reuired for all

executive branch appointment : only for principalofficers

Ale%ia Morrison( &nde'endent "ounsel v. Theodore ). *lson

'$ 7>

• "ndependent Counsel background

o &he court itself determines the scope of what the

independent counsel can doo Counsel can only be fired for good cause

o Cannot be fired by the 'resident : only the attorney

general can fire the counsel• Argument against

o &extual problem

&his is a principal officer and only the 'resident

can appoint principal officerso %tructural problem

Eesting clause this is a core executive function$

&he Constitution vests all of the executive power inthe 'resident and this interferes with that power

H




Another branch is presiding over a traditionally

executive function• Argument for

o "ndependent counsel is an inferior officer Congress

can appoint power to the courts to create inferior officers• )uling

o &he independent counsel is an inferior officer

• )ule

o Criteria for determining an inferior officer

>$ %ubGect to removal by higher branch;$ &he duties he is assigned are limited8$ (ffice is limited in its Gurisdiction=$ (ffice is limited in terms of tenure

• Dissent

o &he vesting clause does not mean some of the executive

power/ but A33 of the executive powero <overnmental investigation and prosecution of crimes is

a uintessentially executive function

Removal ower

• Constitution says nothing about it in the text

• Does it reside solely with the 'resident?

o Can congress remove executive branch officials other

than by impeachment?o Can Congress place limits on the 'resident’s ability to

exercise removal power?• <eneral rule

o 'resident can remove executive appointees at will

unless Congress imposes limitso Congress can impose limits when

"ndependence from the executive is desirable/ or

Agency is performing uasi5Gudicial or uasi5

legislative functions/ and &he law doesn’t prohibit 'residential removal/ but

only imposes good cause reuirements

• &akeawayso 'resident can remove executive officials at will unless

removal is limited by statute 4,yers9o Congress can impose for cause removal of limitations

under certain circumstances 4*umphreys/ ,orrison9o Congress can vest removal power for inferior officers

solely in the heads of departments

H4




o Congress cannot give itself the sole power to remove

executive officials

#ackground cases

• M$ers v. United States '$ 7>6

o 3aw reuires %enate consent for removal

o &he power of removal is incident to the power of

appointmentM %ince the 'resident has the power to appoint

executive officials/ they also have the power toremove executive officials

• +um'hre$,s -%ecutor v. United States '$ 7;0

o 3aw allows removal for inefficiency/ neglect of duty/ or

malfeasance o "ts duties are neither political nor executive/ but

predominantly uasi5Gudicial and uasi5legislative o Congress’ intent to cerate a body which shall be

independent of executive authority o )emoval is unconstitutional and Congress can set a

good cause limit on the 'resident’s removal power touasi agents

&he 'resident still has the power to remove/ they

Gust need a good reason to do so

Morrison v. *lson 4)emoval provision of the decision9• .nder the act/ only the Attorney <eneral 4not the 'resident9

can remove the independent counselo A< can only fire counsel for good cause

• Argument against

o 'rosecution is a solely executive function

Distinguishable from *umphrey’s +xecutor because

this position is not uasi5anythingF no good causereuirements needed

• Argument for

o "ndependence is desirable• )uling

o )emoval provision is Constitutional

o Counsel does not burden the 'resident’s powerF

'resident’s power is not stripped by the independentcounsel

HK




Attorney <eneral reports to the 'resident and the

A< can remove the independent counsel• )ule

o Functionalist decision you can impose good cause

removal reuirements until it interferes with the core

function of the executive brancho ot clear to which extent something is uasi5

legislative2uasi5executive

#orein olic$

• ,any foreign policy cases become political uestion cases

o on5Gusticiability red flag for most foreign policy casesK

• %imulation 5 !oreign )elations AuthoriBation Act

o .nconstitutional 'resident’s side

'resident should serve as the sole representative

here because he has better resources and betterknowledge of the situation 4Curtiss5-right9

'resident is the only member of the federal

government who can claim that they speak for theentire country

Congressmen only represent a state

)epresentatives only represent localities

o Constitutional Congress’ side

Constitution assigns foreign policy power to both

the executive and legislative branch &he !ramers intended for foreign policy

power to overlap &his can fall outside of the category of foreign

policy Category 7 this is not spoken of in the

Constitution and Congress has made theirpreferences very clear 4Houngstown9

United States v. "urtiss/riht -%'ort "or'. : 'age 780

• "ssue

o Does the 'resident have greater authority in foreignaffairs than in domestic arena?

• Argument against that embargo is unconstitutional

o on5delegation doctrine

o &extual argument 'resident has specific powers that

apply to foreign policy and this isn’t one of them• Argument for embargo within the scope of Article "" powers

H




o 'resident has expertise in foreign affairs

• )ule

o 'resident alone has the power to speak or listen as a

representative of the nationo "nto the field of negotiation the senate cannot intrudeF

and Congress itself is powerless to invade ito &he very delicate/ plenary/ and exclusive power of the

'resident as the sole organ of the federal government inthe field of international relations : a power which doesnot reuire as a basis for its exercise an act of Congress

• &akeaways

o &his case is still good lawK

o *igh point of inherent presidential power in foreign

relations : plenary powero "s this all dicta?

o Congress continues to act in foreign affairs all the time :Congress hasn’t complied with this case

o Houngstown ignores it 4Houngstown was after this case9

%ubseuent courts have invoked Houngstown/ not

Curtiss5-right

ames 2 Moore v. Rean( Secretar$ of the Treasur$ : 'age

78

• Argo case

• Are executive agreements constitutional?

• +xecutive Agreemento Agreement between the .% and another country that

becomes valid when the 'resident and the head of theother country sign it

o Does not need 27 senate approval

o &*"% "% (& A +@+C.&"E+ ()D+)

• Argument against challenging constitutionality of executive

agreemento &his is really a treaty/ and treaties reuires 27 of the

senate to sign off on it that didn’t happen here

o !ormalist argument #y nullifying Gudicial decisions/ the executive

branch is unconstitutionally behaving Gudicially4peas in the mashed potatoes9

Congress is silent on this action Category of

Houngstown

HH




• Argument for 'resident allowed to make an executive

agreement under the Constitutiono "n the past/ Congress created a similar commission and

kept approving this kind of action 4implicit2explicitapproval by Congress9 Category 1 of Houngstown

o 'resident has plenary power to do this because it’s4Curtiss5-right9

• )uling

o Constitutional

• )ule

o -hen the president is acting to settle a maGor foreign

policy dispute/ and Congress gives explicit ok for the'resident to do this/ he is acting constitutionally

&he Court infers congressional approval

Congress has approved claim settlement for

similar situations in the past Court looks to the long5standing practice

between Congress and the 'resident overthe past >0 years

o Houngstown

&he Court applies Houngstown Category 1/ not

Curtiss5-right Distinguishable from Houngstown

the Court here finds implicit congressional

approval when it didn’t in Houngstown "n this case the 'resident is dealing with a

foreign sovereign/ not a state as he did inHoungstown

• &akeaways

o +xecutive agreements/ with Congressional acuiescence/

are oko Houngstown is the authoritative framework

o -illingness to infer Congressional approval in forging

affairs arenao )eference to political branches’ longstanding practices

CLASS T<I2T==" OCTOB=2 3D-4

Last Class"

• Arti%le II" Apptment0s %lause

o ?orrison (. Olsen

• 2emo(al Power"

H




o ?*ers

o <umphre*0s e>e%utor

o ?orrison

• Forei'n Affairs Power

o Curtiss #ri'ht

o )ames 7 ?oore" Con'ressional a%tion rather than plenar* e>%lusi(e power to $efine s%ope

<ow %onstitute a$$resses power re" war an$ allo%ates its power Conte>t for ?o$ern #ar power $is%ussion"

• Formal $e%larations of war are rare ,last was ##3 Con'ress $e%lare$ onl* K

timeso In pra%ti%e presi$ent has sent !S troops into %om9at without $e%laration

o(er -DDW times

• Arme$ %onfli%t with non5state terrorist or'anizations


o

#ithout formal $e%laration from %on'ress• 2e Constitutional Te>t"

o Some %ru$e $i(ision of power 9etween Pres (s. Con'ress

Pres"

• Comman$er in %hief Art. II

• =mer'ent power

Con'ress0 #ar Power"

• )e%lare war

• 2aise an$ support armies an$ pro(i$e an$ maintain a na(*

• Calls in militia to suppress insurre%tions an$ repel

in(asions• Punish pira%* on hi'h seas

o Suspension Clause

Art. -" se%tion %lause 3

• Pri(ile'e of the writ of ha9eas %orpus shall not 9e

suspen$e$ unless when in %ases of re9ellion or in(asion the pu9li% safet* ma* re1uire it.

o #ho suspen$s it& )oesn0t e>pli%itl* sa* 9ut 9e%ause

it is within Art. I" Con'ress

• Framers wante$ 3 9ran%hes si'nin' off on militar*

%on(entionso Con'ress has power to initiate war 9* ha(in'

e>pli%it power to $e%lare war

• )e%lare war& ot ?a+e war&

o Presi$ential authorit* to repel su$$en atta%+s

o Constraint on %on'ressional power o(er militar* $e%ision ma+in'

Presi$ent %an on%e $e%lare$ mi'ht or$er how to %on$u%t it

H




o Con'ress %an %hoose to $en* an* militar* fun$in' for an a%tion as it

%hooses =(en thou'h the* %annot ph*si%all* stop pres from or$erin' troops

into %om9ato Presi$ent0s a9ilit* to respon$ to su$$en imminent atta%+s

o !nresol(e$ 1uestions in %onst. te>t• #ar power0s resolutions"

o Pro(i$es that Pres %an authorize war powers resolutions allows pres to a%t"

=>i'ent %ir%umstan%es

o Cate'ories of militar* inter(ention

o ?an$ator* with$rawal within D $a*s a9sent %on'ressional authorization

!nless %on'ress has either $e%lare$ war or 'i(en statutor*

authorization

• ?ust pull troops if Con'ress $oes OT<IG after D $a*s

?ost of the time pres %onsults with %on'ress

•

2e" #ar on terror" %laime$ to 9e a%tin' within s%ope ofmilitar* for%e after -- atta%+s

• Simulation"

o FI2ST COA"

2e1uirements of %on'ressional authorization ha(en0t 9een met

o national emer'en%*

o statutor* $e%laration

?ust 9e su9mitte$ within 4 hours

Consult with %on'ress presi$ent $i$ not $o so

• LIM=L P2=SI)=T 2=SPOS="

o Constitution has $efine$ roles of %on'ress an$ pres

$urin' times of war an$ further $efinin' those roleswoul$ re1uire an amen$ment

o #ar powers resol (ioliates %onst. 9e%ause it

infrin'es on presi$ents arti%le II %omman$er in%hief

Presi$ential e>e%uti(e power as CIC

limitation the %onstitutional powers of the presi$ent as CIC to intro$u%e !S arme$for%es into hostilities

!se Cha$ha" ot $oin' an*thin' as state$ in C<A)<A"

•If %on'ress $oes nothin' that %annot impl* a (eto

o Cha$ha tells us that if %on'ress $isappro(es of an

e>e%uti(e a%tion it must use 9i%ameralism an$ presentment to tell Pres. :O.;

• <=2= if %on'ress $oesn0t $o an*thin' that means that

Con'ress $oes not a'ree.o S=CO) COA"

D




Con'ress is 'i(en power to $e%lare war un$er Art. I If Con'ress

$oesn0t $e%lare war Pres. Cannot a%t this a%t of initiatin' is un$er%on'ress

oun'stown" Con'ress in not passin' either 9ills shows e>pli%it

$enial of the presi$ent a%tin' un%onstitutional" Cate'or*

• P2=SI)=T LIM=L 2=SPOS="o Pru$ential" Inherent emer'en%* power an$ %on'ress

%annot (iolateo Past Pra%ti%e" =I)=C= the* ha(e $one this

9efore to allow presi$ent Curtiss #ri'ht" Presi$ent has e>e%uti(e plenar* power an$

e>%lusi(e Con'ress 9ein' e>%lusi(e oun'stown frame$ on 9oth si$es

o LIM=L O!TCO?="

Presi$ent will 9e allowe$ to ma+e this $e%ision

Courts will pro9a9l* sta* out of this

• Forei'n poli%* is politi%al an$ the Court will sta* out of it

• <PO -"

o Con'ress passes law $urin' ietnam #ar or$erin' the presi$ent to sen$

Ameri%an troops to ta+e <am9ur'er <ill within 4 hours Con'ress %an $e%lare 9ut not sen$ troops pres is %omman$er in

%hief

• <PO 3"

o Con'ress passes a law ma+in' it ille'al for an* mem9er of the !S arme$

for%es or 'o(0t to en'a'e in water9oar$in' for an* reason" !n%onst" ?ilitar* powers

Const" Art. - se%. ?a+e rules re" arme$ for%es• This is re" #A2 OT T2OOPS

• Issues ha(e %ome up in the %onte>t of #ar"

o Comple> area of law treat* o9li'ations

• Themes"

o 2elationship 9etween separation of powers an$ in$i(i$ual li9ert*

=>ists in no small part to prote%t in$i(i$ual li9ert* ma+in' it har$

for fe$eral 'o(0t to $o %ertain thin's that (iolate in$i(i$ual li9ert*o Shoul$ %onstitution appl* the same wa* in an emer'en%* %onte>t&

o Appli%ation of oun'stown framewor+

o Constitutional law as a $ialo'ue 9etween the $ifferent 9ran%hes Follow stor* of le'al 9a%+'roun$ on war of terror e>%han'e

9etween all three 9ran%hes

• #hether a $ifferent interpreti(e approa%h shoul$ appl* in an emer'en%* situation&

o Pre5%ommitments shoul$ 9e more inherent in emer'en%* situations

9e%ause emer'en%* situations 'i(e rise to emotional an$ fear 9ase$$e%ision ma+in'

• Issue of e>e%uti(e power in time of emer'en%* or war is nothin' new

-




o Loo+ at %i(il war" Lin%oln ta+es position that he nee$s to $o whate(er was

ne%essar* to sa(e %ountr* e(en if it meant i'norin' %onst. !nilaterall* 9lo%+e$ ports without Con'ress auth.

=nlar'es arm* an$ na(* without %onsent of %on'ress

)e%i$es to suspen$ the writ of ha9eas %orpus

• Aftermath of -- atta%+ %on'ress - wee+ later passes A!?F"o Authorize$ to use all ne%essar* an$ appropriate for%e a'ainst all nations

or'anizations or persons he $etermines planne$ authorize$ %ommitte$or ai$e$ the terrorist atta%+s that o%%urre$ on Septem9er -- 3D-- orhar9ore$ su%h or'anizations or persons in or$er to pre(ent an* future a%tsof international terrorism a'ainst the !S 9* su%h nations or'anizations or persons

oun'stown 2e(iew of Cate'ories"o CAT=GO2 -"

)oes presi$ent ha(e e>press/implie$ authorit* from %on'ress



• If *es" T=ST"

o CAT=GO2 3"


or a $enial of authorit* he %an onl* rel* on his own in$epen$ent powers. But there is a zone of twili'ht in whi%h he an$ %on'ressma* ha(e %on%urrent authorit* or in whi%h its $istri9ution isun%ertain. Therefore %on'ressional inertia in$ifferen%e o1uies%en%e ma* sometimes at least as a pra%ti%al matter ena9le ifnot in(ite measures of in$epen$ent presi$ential responsi9ilit*. In

this area an* a%tual test of power is li+el* to $epen$ on theimperati(es of e(ents an$ %ontemporar* impon$era9le s rather thanon a9stra%t theories of law.


o CAT=GO2 "EEE






E@a%+son sa*s that in this %ase presi$ent in this %aseOnl* relies upon his own in$epen$ent powers Con'ressional inertia in(ites presi$ent0sresponse

• Hamdi v. 7umsfield

o Fa%ts"

<el$ as enem* %om9atant without an* a%%ess to an*one without

an* noti%e of what he0s 9een %har'e$ with for *ears

3




• Files ha9eas petition to ha(e e>planation

o <a9eas is impt %he%+ on e>e% 9ran%h with %he%+s

an$ 9alan%es s*stem on pres.o Two )istin%t Ruestions"

)oes the Presi$ent ha(e the power to $etain enem* %om9atants

in$efinitel*&• Are $etainees entitle$ to ha(e the le'alit* of their

$etentions re(iewe$& If so what sort of pro%ess $oes the 'o(0t ha(e to follow in or$er to

$etain %om9atants&o Ar'ument -"

oun'stown Cat. -" =>pli%it Authorization from Con'ressional

Art. II" Pres has %onstitutional authorit* un$er Se%t. 3

o <am$i Ar'ument in response"

For9i$$en 9* - !SC 4DD-,a" O!GSTO# CAT. anti

$etention a%t in$i%ates that %on'ress e>pli%itl* $isappro(es of thissort of $etentionPAG= 3" Pluralit% opinion: @usti%e O0Connor announ%e$ maJorit* of the Court" K Justi%es sa* that presi$ent has power to $etain <am$i no maJorit* on the OPIIOs.PAG= 44H" Ma0orit% opinion

Mar+s v. *S #hen a maJorit* of the Court a'rees on how to $e%i$e a %ase ,the Ju$'ment 9ut *ou0(e 'ot less than K Justi%es that a'ree on the rationale ,opinion thehol$in' of the %ourt ma* 9e (iewe$ as that position ta+en 9* those mem9ers who%on%urre$ in the Ju$'ment on the narrowest 'roun$s

55narrowest ,most fa%t spe%ifi% opinion 9in$s lower %ourts

•

@usti%e Thomas $issentEE• )etain for the $uration of the %onfli%t

• #hether the pres has the inherent authorit* un$er arti%le II"

o Court seems relu%tant to tou%h on that issue

o If *ou ha(e a spe%ifi% statute sa*in' *ou %an0t $etain people an$ then *ou

• 2e" A!?F" Presi$ent has inherent emer'en%* power

o If Con'ress wants to 'rant inherent authorit* 9e e>pli%it.

Aftermath of -- show that Con'ress is issuin' a 9roa$ $ele'ation

of power PREEMPTIO:

• 6Fo%us on limits of what states %an $o8

o States retaine$ powers that the* $i$n0t 'i(e to fe$eral 'o(0t

Poli%e power

• <ealth safet* welfare

)o not ha(e to operate pursuant to enumerate$ power

• Fe$eral 'o(0t or State 'o(0t&

• Limits %ome from"

o Bill of ri'hts




o Suprema%* %lause

o )ormant %ommer%e %lause

o Arti%le I pri(ile'es an$ immunities %lause"

The Const. an$ the laws of !S shall 9e ma$e in pursuan%e thereof

an$ all treaties ma$e or whi%h shall 9e ma$e un$er authorit* of

!S shall 9e the supreme law of the lan$ an$ the Ju$'es in e(er*state shall 9e 9oun$ there9*. An* thin' in the %onstitution or lawsof an* state to the %ontrar* notwithstan$in'

Preemption is most li+el* en%ountere$ in %onstitutional law

pra%ti%e

• Attemptin' to re'ulate parti%ular area or pra%ti%e at the

same time Preemption" raises interpreti(e 1uestions"

• Broa$& Allow it to preempt state law or

• arrow& Lea(in' room for states to re'ulate

Preemption issue" #hen fe$eral 'o(0t an$ state 'o(0t are tr*in' to

re'ulate the same thin' at the same time

• #hen a fe$eral law trumps state law"

o Courts loo+ to %on'ressional intent

o #hether Con'ress $i$ or $i$ not inten$ to ma+e

fe$eral or state law T*pes of Preemption"

• =>press"

o =as* %on'ress e>pli%itl* in a statute sa*s

preemptin' state law ,=2ISA

• Implie$"

o Fiel$ Preemption" #hen Court %on%lu$es that %on'ress has

:o%%upie$ the fiel$; ,2e'ulate %ertain +in$of law a$optin' a lar'e le'islati(e s%hemein a parti%ular area

o Confli%t Preemption"

Impossi9ilit* of Complian%e" fe$eral an$

state law %onfli%t so it is literall* impossi9leto $e%i$e who has power" F=)=2ALT2!?PS

O9sta%le to a%hie(in' fe$eral le'islati(e

'oal" a state law stan$s to an o9sta%le to a+e* le'islati(e o9Je%ti(e pre(entin'%on'ress to $o what it wants to $o,CO?PLIAT=)

• Loo+ at statute

4




• Loo+ at le'islati(e intent to see what

%on'ress wante$ to $eterminewhether or not state law pre(ents

*S v. Ariona"

• Ba%+'roun$"

o Art. I 'i(in' %on'ress 9roa$ power to esta9lish uniform rules ofnaturalization

Con'ress sets up s%heme re" %itizenship an$ $eportation

• States with in%rease$ ille'al aliens

o Arizona passes law on pro9lem of ille'al

immi'ration in state SB -DHD"

• , ?a+es it a mis$emeanor to fail to

%ompl* with fe$eral alienre'istration re1uirements

• ,K ?a+es it a mis$emeanor for

unauthorize$ alien to see+ or en'a'ewor+ in state

o Challen'e to Se%tion " Fail

to %ompl* with fe$eral alienre'istration re1uirements

o Arizona is %on%erne$ fe$eral

law enfor%ement isn0t $oin'it a''ressi(el* enou'h

Ar'ue fiel$

preemption %on'ress

has o%%upie$ the file$of alien re'istrationan$ fe$eral law%ontains all pro(isionsre" alien re'istration

Con'ressional intent"

%on'ress inten$e$ too%%up* fiel$

o Challen'e to Se%tion K"

Punishes emplo*er ifemplo*ee is un$o%umente$

O9sta%le preemption,Confli%t PreemptionCon'ress intent wasto punish emplo*ersan$ not emplo*eesan$ Arizona0s le'.A%ts as an o9sta%le tothat preemption

K




=T CLASS"E)orman Commer%e Clause55#at%h (i$eo 9efore *ou $o the rea$in'EEE

CLASS FO!2T==" OCTOB=2 -4 3D-4

• =>press Pre5emption"

• Implie$ Preemption

o Fiel$ Preemption

Con'ress has o%%upie$ the fiel$

o Confli%t preemption

Impossi9ilit* of %omplian%e

• Arizona (. !S"

o Se%. " Fiel$ preemption"

Failure to %ompl* with fe$eral alien re'istration re1uirements

state mis$emeanor o Se%. K" O9sta%le preemption"

!nauthorize$ alien see+in' or en'a'in' in wor+

o Se%. " #arrantless arrest permissi9le if state offi%er has pro9a9le %ause to

9elie(e the person is in the !S ille'all*o Se%. 3" In some %ir%umstan%es offi%ers must %he%+ immi'ration status of

the people the* stop or $etain

• Ta+eawa*s on preemption

o T*pes of preemption

o #hen to spot a potential preemption issue

o Tests to $etermine whether a state law is preempte$ un$er ea%h t*pe

o Fo%us on %on'ressional intent EEEECriti%al fa%tual issue" what $i$ %on'ress inten$

• #hat is the $ormant %ommer%e %lause&

o e'ati(e impli%ations of the %ommer%e %lause

If %on'ress is 'i(en the power un$er Art. - to re'ulate interstate

%ommer%e implies that ma*9e states ha(e limits on their a9ilit* to$o the same thin'

• States mi'ht ha(e some limits on their a9ilit* to re'ulate

also A %om9ination of suprema%* %lause an$ %ommer%e %lause ta+es

%are of this pro9lem ,#hen states $e%i$e to pass law s on their ownto pass laws re" interstate %ommer%e

• !n$er preemption $o%trine state law will 9e in(ali$

o Con'ress passes law re'ulates interstate %ommer%e state laws %onfli%tin'

with that law in(ali$ Onl* in %ases where %on'ress is SIL=T.




• #hen %on'ress has $one nothin' 9ut states step into that

re'ulator* (oi$ an$ pass a law that interferes with IC in onewa* or another

o #hether the Court shoul$ step in an$ $eal with

these re'ulations re" IC $espite Con'ress sa*in'

OT<IG re" $oin' an*thin' a9out this FACT PATT=2" )oes it in(ol(e a law

in(ol(in' fe$eral 'o(0t or state

• If passe$ 9* Con'ress" O

)O2?AT CC ISS!=o ?ust 9e a STAT= LA#

• )ormant CC %on%eptuall*"

o Separation of powers"

Clause e>pan$s power of fe$eral %ourts

• =nterin' into pi%ture when %on'ress hasn0t $one an*thin'

•

In(ites fe$eral %ourts to %ome in an$ a%t as poli%e menwhen %on'ress hasn0t as+e$ them to a%t Fe$eralism"

• <as potential to restri%t power of states an$ pla%e

%onstitutional limits toe e>er%ise poli%e power in wa*s thatinterferes with %ommer%e

Pass laws to 9enefit their %itizens an$ hurt %itizens in other states

• =mpowerin' %on'ress to %reate a free tra$e zone in !S

o Prote%tionism& #h* so 9a$&

Tra$e war

Court in(ents it to $eal with situations where

%on'ress $oesn0t $o an*thin' #h* %ant politi%al pro%ess sol(e this pro9lem

• States internalize 9enefits out of staters $o not 9enefit

• Con%erns $o *ou ha(e a9out the )orman Commer%e Clause"

o ot at all in the %onstitution" Te>tualist

o Con'ress is 'i(en power to re'ulate interstate %ommer%e" formalism

In$i%ation that stri%t test applies

• #hether a law $is%riminates a'ainst out of staters

o Fa%ial $is%rimination"

)oes the law $is%riminate a'ainst out of

state interests&• Fa%ial )is%." Mentu%+* for9i$s

to9a%%o 'rown in ir'inia from 9ein' sol$ in M*.

• Fa%iall* neutral 9ut $is%riminator* in

purpose an$ effe%t" M* onl* allowsCa(en$ish (ariet* to9a%%o to 9e sol$in the state an$ Ca(en$ish onl*

H




'rows in Blue'rass ?ountains of M*. %learl* 9enefits M* to9a%%o 'rowers

on $is%riminator* purpose or effe%t 9ut

9ur$ens interstate %ommer%e" pi+e 9alan%in'test

•Pi+e 9alan%in' test"

o 2eser(e$ for laws $ire%te$ to

le'itimate lo%al %on%ernswith effe%ts upon interstate%ommer%e that are onl*in%i$ental. !n$er the pi+etest we will uphol$ anon$is%riminator* statute li+ethis one :unless the 9ur$enimpose$ on interstate%ommer%e is %learl*

e>%essi(e in relation to putati(e lo%al 9enefits

Pa* attn. to what state

interest is 9ehin$ thelaw

#h* state le'islature

passes the law it passe$.

EEState interests

Stan$ar$ of re(iew"

how %losel* %ourt is

'oin' to e>amine an$s%rutinize what%on'ress has $one

• #hether it $is%riminates on its fa%e a'ainst IC.

o )is%" $ifferential treatment of instate an$ out of

state e%onomi% interests that 9enefits the former an$ 9ur$ens the latter. )is%riminator* laws moti(ate$ 9* simple e%onomi% prote%tionism are su9Je%t to a(irtuall* per se rule of in(ali$it*

• Cit& of Philadel%hia v. 38

o o importation of out of state soli$ or li1ui$ waste into the state

#hat is the state interest a$(an%e$ 9* the le'islation

#hat stan$ar$ of re(iew applies ,fa%iall* $is%riminator* law

• @0s ar'ument for wh* the* passe$ law"

o iolati(e of )ormant CC"

Fa%iall* $is%riminator*" )is%riminates on its

fa%e"




the statute an$ the una(aila9ilit* of thenon$is%riminator* alternati(es to preser(ethe lo%al interests at state ,nothin' we %an $oto sol(e %onsumer %onfusion pro9lem

Sophisti%ate$ Consumers who %an han$le multiple 'ra$es

•Court thin+s C is l*in' an$ it smells prote%tionism

• Stan$s for proposition that e(en if a statute isn0t fa%iall* $is%riminator* an$

$oesn0t spe%ifi%all* $istin'uish in state an$ out of state if it 9elie(es a statute was passe$ for a $is%riminator* purpose an$ effe%t ,if %ourt smells prote%tionism willappl* a(ersion of stri%t test

Exxon

• =>>on $urin' 'as shorta'e was suppl*in' onl* 'as stations an$ ?) passes a law

to prohi9it

• ?) tr*in' to prote%t mom an$ pop small in$epen$ent 'as station owners that arefrom ?) in or$er to hurt =>>on

• ?) 'as mar+et"

o Group -" In$epen$ent $ealers ,?om an$ pop station

K4H

in state

o Group 3" Owne$ 9* pro$u%ers/refiners

3

in state

-H out of state

o Group " Interstate mar+eters

3 in state

4 out of state ,li+e H-- %hains 9ut $on0t a%tuall* refine or

pro$u%e 'asolineo #inners"

Group - ,in staters

Group " $on0t refine 'asoline ,out of staters

o Losers"

Group 3"

•

All out of state• =>>on Ar'ument"

o ?ust pro(e that statute is $is%riminator*"

?oti(e ,purpose an$ =ffe%t

• ?oti(e" Prote%tionism

• =ffe%t" OOS refineries will not ha(e opportunities

• ?) Ar'ument"

o Statute is neutral on its fa%e

D




o An$ OOSers are still 9enefittin'

• Court ar'ues no $is%riminator*"

o In state $ealers are not alwa*s winners

Out of staters are still 9enefittin'

o s. #ashin'ton apple"

Clear %on%ept of prote%tionism• o oosers winnin'

• )istin'uisha9le" Court seems to infer a prote%tionist (iew in one an$ not the

other

• Ta+eawa*s"

o )iffi%ult to e>plain this %ase in re%on%iliation (s. <unt %ase

!est L&nn Creamer& v. Heal&

• Law at issue"

o -st part" Ta>" Sale to ?assa%husetts retailer Ta> from farms to retailers

,TA

o 3n$

Part" Ta> fun$ is $istri9ute$ to onl* the ?assa%husetts $ealers,S!BSI)

• Farmers from ?ass. Are finan%iall* sufferin'

o Competin' with lower %ostin' pro$u%ers in other states

Su9si$* allows mass. $e%rease pri%es to +eep mil+

o )air* farmers in state are winnin'

o Out of state farmers are losin' 9e%ause the* are 'ettin' ta>e$ an$ mil+

9e%ame %ompetiti(eo ?il+ %onsumers are also losin' 9e%ause mil+ is not %heap an*more

• )is%rimination" P!2POS= A) =FF=CT

o Purpose" #ant to help out mass. $air* pro$u%ers

o =ffe%t" OOS pro$u%ers are 'ettin' shorter en$ of sti%+ 9e%ause the* are not

e1uall* re%ei(in' ta> 9enefit that in state farmers are State ar'ument"

• <as the ri'ht to impose ta> in or$er to help their own

su9si$*

• Poli%e power" states %an ta> howe(er the* want

o othin' wron' with states usin' their mone* to

help their team

CLASS FIFT==" OCTOB=2 - 3D-4

<ow shoul$ I outline for this %lass&

• <a(e te>t9oo+ %lass notes s*lla9us %ommer%ial outline

o Sol(e le'al pro9lems ,sol(e simulations

ot a laun$r* list of rules

Show +nowle$'e of %ases ,not feelin's

• Arti%ulate le'al rules an$ appl* to fa%ts

-




o Analo'ies an$ $istin%tions

o !se %ases not Just as e>amples of le'al rules applie$

9ut use them to analo'ize an$ $istin'uish

• Last Class"

o )ormant Commer%e Clause"

State passes law affe%tin' interstate %ommer%e an$ %on'ress isina%ti(e

FI2ST" )oes the law $is%riminate a'ainst out of state 9usinesses or

%onsumers&

• If so stri%t test applies an$ $iffi%ult to sur(i(e %onst.

re(iewo Is it fa%iall* $is%riminator*&

If *es per se rule of in(ali$it* ,Phili$elphia

• B!T if not fa%iall* $is%riminator*

still 9e $is%riminator* purpose an$

effe%t" P2OT=CTIOIS? ,<unt (.#ashin'ton Appleo T<=" =(en in some %ases

where this $oesn0t happen,$is%riminator* purpose stillne'ati(e effe%t" PIM=BALACIG T=ST

o Pi+e 9alan%in' test" operates

with stron' assumptionunless %learl* e>%essi(e tolo%al 9enefits

Pre(entin' prote%tionism <ow $o *ou $etermine if a law is $is%riminator*

• Fa%ial $is%rimination ,stri%t

• )is%riminator* purpose an$ effe%t ,stri%t

• In%i$ental effe%t ,pi+e 9alan%in'

• <ow $o we $istin'uish where %ases fin$ $is%riminator* (s. those that aren0t&

!est L&nn Creamer& 9cont.:

• ?ass has two part law"

o Part -" Ta> all mil+ farmers ,in state an$ out

eutral ta> applie$ to e(er*one

o Part 3" Su9si$*" ta+e ta> mone* an$ han$ it onl* to instate farmers

States %an $o whate(er it wants with its own mone*

• P2OBL=?" ta> %om9ine$ with usin' ta> re(enue as a

su9si$* onl* 'oin' to instate mil+ farmerso Court sa*s this is operatin' as a prote%tionist tariff

,Cle(erl* ta> e(er*one an$ then han$ it 9a%+

to state farmers 9ein' ta>e$

3




• 2=P2=STATIO

2=IFO2C=?=T pro9lem"$eterrent for passin' ta> is *ou 'et(ote$ out of offi%e 9* people $on0twant to 9e ta>e$

o But OOS $air* farmers $on0tha(e a wa* to assert theirinterests ,lo99*in'

@u$i%ial re(iew must

+i%+ in 9e%ause politi%s %annot sol(e pro9lem. !nele%te$ Ju$'es tune in.

States %an issue uniform ta>es on their own an$ su9si$ize 9ut put

to'ether prote%tionism %ourt fin$s a pro9lem

State of Minnesota v. Cloverleaf• Statute at issue Se%. -

o Purpose" promote en(ironmental 9enefit plasti% 9a$ for the en(ironment

Prote%tionist" Competition for mil+ %ontainers a lot of plasti%

pro$u%e$ OOSo #inners" ?innesota" ,In state Container in$ustr* ,paper

An$ OOS %ontainer in$ustr* ,paper

An$ the $air* pro$u%ers that use same %ontainers

o Losers" OOS plasti% in$ustries

Farmers that pro$u%e mil+ in plasti% %artons

•

<ol$in'" Constitutionalo Court applies rule" Pi+e Balan%in' test"

Bur$ens an$ 9enefits are sprea$ a%ross in state an$ out of state

• :2elati(el* minor;

• Su9stantial 9enefits from ener'* %onser(ation

• =n(ironmental %on%erns an$ e(en sprea$ 9etween 9ur$ens an$ 9enefits a%ross in

state an$ OOSo )istri%t %ourt spen$s mu%h time anal*zin'" foun$ statute prote%tionist

Court o(erturns $ist. Ct. fin$in'

Dean Mil+ v. Cit& of Madison

• Fa%ts"

o Cit* or$inan%e passe$ re" mil+ pasteurization within K mi ra$ius.

o Illinois

• Ct. Sa*s no if state interests are a(aila9le an$ lists all alternati(es that are a(ail

o One state in $ealin's w another ma* not pla%e itself in a position of

e%onomi% isolationEE




-assel v. Consolidated ,rei"ht0a&s Cor%. PIM= BALACIG T=ST

• Similar to %lo(er leaf 9ut with a $iff result

o Test applies" when %ourt $oes not 9elie(e that there0s a $is%riminator*

purpose 9ut an affe%t on interstate %ommer%e 2e'ulation" t*pe of tru%+s that tra(el into Iowa

• If *ou0re a $ou9le wi$e tru%+ %annot tra(el into Iowa Purpose"

• - )ama'e to roa$s mone* to fi> those roa$s

• 3 Promotes safet* in%rease$ ris+ of a%%i$ent

• Fa%ts"

o Consoli$ate$ tru%+in' %ompan* 9rin's suit 9e%ause one of their maJor

routes 'oes throu'h Iowa In or$er to %ompl* with Iowa0s law woul$ ha(e to $ri(e aroun$

Iowa or loa$ into a smaller tru%+ an$ then when 'et to 9or$erreloa$ to a lar'er tru%+

o

At trial %ourt le(el" Lar'er tru%+s are more li+el* to Ja%+ +nife 9ut smaller tru%+s ha(e

other issues no real safet* 9enefit Cost" U-3. mill to tru%+in' in$ustr* an$ U3mill to %onsoli$ate

• ,how mu%h interstate %ommer%e is 9ur$ene$

• ECaption" pluralit* not a full ?ar> anal*sis

• Court %on%lu$e$" !n%onstitutional

o 2espon$s to safet*"

)eferre$ to $istri%t %ourt0s fin$in's re" issue on safet*

• Shoul$ $istri%t %ourt 9e a9le to su9stitute its Ju$'ment&

o Iowa ma* 9e e>pert in safet* 9ut 'uar$in' a'ainst prote%tionism is more

impt.

• Pi+e Balan%in' Test" si'nifi%ant that it in(ol(es interstate tru%+in' (er* stron'

interstate interest %ourt seems willin' to wei'h interests hea(il* an$ 9e s+epti%alto wh* states are $oin' what the*0re $oin'

o 2e" )eferential treatment to )ist. Ct. 9eha(ior is errati% suppose$ to

$efer to fa%ts e>%ept when the* $on0t.

)i'ulation" #hat rules shoul$ appl* #hat fa%ts material in appli%ation to that rule an$tellin' *ou what rule to appl* an$ what the out%ome shoul$ 9e&

FI2ST" Is it $is%riminator*&S=CO)"

• Fa%iall* $is%riminator*& o ,if *es per se in(ali$it* rule applies an$ 9*e

o #h*& Be%ause it applies to 9oth in state an$ out of state wineries

9* mail

• eutrall* $is%riminator*&

o Purpose an$ =ffe%t"

4




2ele(ant Fa%ts $eterminin' that this was $is%riminator*

,P2OT=CTIOIST

• Small farms prote%te$ from 9i' fa%tor* wines

=ffe%t"

• Out of state wineries 9enefit

o 2ele(ant to show ar'ument supportin' non5 prote%tionist i$eals from this statute ,OOSwinners

• =>>on %ase" OOS winners enou'h

• Pi+e Balan%in' Test" Stan$ar$ CL=A2L =C=SSI=

Mar5et participant exception" Go(0t owne$ 9usiness or when a state is 9u*in' orsellin' somethin'i.e." State s%hools offerin' lower tuition fa%iall* $is%riminator* 9ut e>%eption applies

• #hether the state is a%tin' as a parti%ipant or as a re'ulator"

o Parti%ipant" State 9u*in' an$ sellin'

o 2e'ulator" if state is re'ulatin' what OOS 9u*ers

7eeves v. Sta+e 9456;:"

• Fa%ts"

o Plant pro$u%in' %ement 555 State of South )a+ota owns an$ operates plant

o Built it 9e%ause the* ha$ a %ement shorta'e

o Sells to also OOS5ers

• -H" S) 'ets hot an$ has a shorta'e

o Sells to S) resi$ents an$ then whate(er left will 9e sol$ to OOS0ers

• 2ee(es sa*s S) $is%riminator*"o Loss in re(enue

EECit* of Phila$elphia fa%iall* $is%riminator*

• Ct. Sa*s"

o o %ommer%e %lause (iolation 9e%ause it a%ts as a mar+et parti%ipant so

e>%eption applieso Purpose/2ationale"

Tra$ition that if *ou0re not operatin' $is%riminator* *ou %an sell

'oo$s a%%or$in' to preferen%e S) Ta> pa*ers shoul$ 9enefit o(er OOS5ers who $on0t ha(e to pa*

ta>

South<Central 2imber v. Commissioner

• Fa%ts" State of Alas+a owns tim9er

o 2ule" Bu*in' tim9er from Alas+a must 9e pro%esse$ in state first

#h*& Promote $is%reet uni$entifia9le a%ti(it*" Prote%tionist

9enefit tim9er in$ustr* for%in' ppl that 9u* tim9er to pro%ess instate

K




>u!iti&e )la&e Clause: 2eturns sla(es 9a%+ to states where their masters are

o Constitution a%%epts ta%it appro(al of institution of sla(er

o Free states want to ma+e it a felon* from someone from south to %ome up

an$ +i$nap sla(e an$ return them 9a%+ orthern stats ma$e it felon* ma+in' it $iffi%ult to $o

#as this proper& Is there not some o9li'ation un$er %ir%umstan%es to i'nore

man$ates when %onstitutional re1uires somethin' e(il to happen&

)tatehood Ad'ission and Territories Clause: ew states shall 9e a$mitte$ 9*

Con'ress into this !nion

/uarantee Clause: Re7uires union to ha&e a repu4lican for' of !o&ern'ent

and protect each state a!ainst in&asion;

o #hat is a 2epu9li%an 'o(ernment&&&

In(o%ation of Politi%al Ruestion $o%trine

Pri(ile'es an$ Immunities (s. )ormant Commer%e Clause"

o

Fun$amental 2i'hts an$ pri(ile'es %onferre$ to State %itizens" )is%riminatin'" a'ainst out of stater0s a9ilit* to e>er%ise

%onstitutional ri'hts

2i'ht to pra%ti%e parti%ular profession

S%ope" Limite$ ,(s. )CC +i%+s in an*time re" interstate

%ommer%eo Onl* prote%ts %itizens ,FL=S< A) BLOO)

o 2e1uires o(ert fa%ial $is%rimination a'ainst non5resi$ents to 9e tri''ere$

,o moti(eo o mar+et parti%ipant e>%eption" ,more a%ti(e

#here )CC mi'ht not appl* Pri(. an$ Imm. ?i'ht appl*

o )iff stan$ar$ of re(iew" State has to show a su4stantial reason for the differential

reason, and statutor% shos h% su4stantial reason

o o %on'ressional (ali$ation

CLASS SIT==" OCTOB=2 3- 3D-4

Offi%e mo(e$" -DKK

Last %lass"

• Pri(ile'es an$ Immunities"

o State has to show a su9stantial reason for $is%rimaitnon a'ainst OOS

)is%rimination must show a su9stantial relationship to that reason

• ot all pri(s an$ immunitiesn protete$ a'ainst %lause

Mc=urne& v. /oun"

• #hat is fun$amental pri(ile'e an$ immunit* of state %itizenship un$er Art. 4&

o #hat0s fun$amental&

• File a lawsuit with 4 sep. %laims re" whi%h pri(s an$ immunities were (iolate$&

H




o Opportunit* to pursue a %ommon %allin'

ot allowin' CA 'ettin' info that he wants

• Court sa*s not (iolate$

o A9ilit* to own or transfer propert*

Court sa*s *es 9ut fun$amental pri( an$ immunit* no (iolation

o A%%ess to state %ourt Court sa*s *es States %annot $is%riminate 9etween in state an$ non

state res 9ut no (iolationo A%%ess to pu9li% information

Court sa*s no. <as the ri'ht at all times 9een enJo*e$ 9* %itizens

of the se(eral states whi%h %ompose this union from the time oftheir 9e%omin' free in$ep$entnt an$ so(erei'n ,histori%al in1uir*is it 9asi% to the maintenenan%e or well 9ein' of the union

• Loo+ at that moment to $etermine whether fun$amental

pri( or immunit*o If it $i$n0t e>ist then not a F!)A?=TAL %laim

Or Basi% to maintenan%e or well 9ein' of

union ,CO?IT (alues

• A%%ess to pu9li% information $oes

not win on that %ase

• 2e%onstru%tion Amen$ments" Aftermath of Ci(il #ar

o In$i(i$ual li9ert*" an a%tion falls within s%ope of 'o(ernment0s power to

$o somethin' )oes it (iolate some OT<=2 pro(ision in %onstitution& One of

in$i(i$ual li9ert* %lauses

• Prior to %i(il war an$ re%onstru%tion amen$ments

o -th Amen$mento -4th Amen$ment

o -Kth Amen$ment

• #h* )re$ S%ott&

o Centralit* of ra%e

o Constitutional $efi%ien%ies

Ba%+'roun$"

• Sla(er* Pre52e(olution

o -D5-- million Afri%ans 9rou'ht a%ross Atlanti%

o Sla(er* le'al in all - %olonies

o Lifelon' an$ here$itar*• Self repro$u%in' sla(e population not as $epen$ent

o Sla(er* is le'al an$ esta9lishe$ in all - %olonies

Institution isn0t as important in the north

4D per%ent in south

2eferen%es in the te>t"

• /K %lause" Arti%le - Se%. 3




• Importation" Sla(e Tra$e Clause" Arti%le - se%.

o One of two unamen$a9le pro(isions in -HHH %onst.

• Fu'iti(e sla(e %lause" art. I. se% 3

o 2e1uire$ states to $eli(er es%ape$ sla(es from their

state 9a%+ to their masters

Const. is at 9est silent an$ at worst appro(es %onst.• Lea(es a lot to 9e resol(e$ throu'h politi%al pro%ess

o ?issouri Compromise ,attempt to resol(e

?aine an$ ?is. #ant to enter union

• ?aine is Free state

• ?is. ot

o )rew line" e(er*thin' orth"

Free stateso =(er*thin' south" sla(e states

• )re$ S%ott timeline" -" =merson a%1uires )re$ s%ott in ?is.

o -4" 2elo%ates to Illinois an$ ?innesotaEEE whether this tripeman%ipate$ S%otts

S%ott (. =merson"

• #e are almost persua$e$ that the into of sla(er amon'st us

was in the pro(i$en%e of Go$ who ma+es the e(il passionsof men su9ser(ient to his own 'lor* a means of pla%in'that unhapp* ra%e within the pale of %i(ilize$ nations

o S%ott sol$ to Citizen

Le'al Basis" S%ott was li9erate$ followin' his mo(e to ?innesota"

• San$for$" S%ott is not a %itizen an$ therefore has no

Juris$i%tiono Art. III Se%. 3" %l. -" The Ju$i%ial power shall e>ten$

to all %ases in law an$ e1uit*Q9etween %itizens of$ifferent states

Bein' $epri(e$ of propert* as a result of

?issouri %ompromise ,9ein'un%onstitutional

Court sa*s" we $on0t ha(e Juris$i%tion

• Ori'inal pu9li% meetin' theor*" <istori%al mo$alit*" loo+s

at what framers wante$ per(asi(e i$eolo'*o :all men %reate$ e1ual;

The people si'nin' all ha$ sla(es

Therefore sla(es were not %onsi$ere$ :all

men %reate$ e1ual; Then that %alls into 1uestion the free$ sla(es

up north

• ?issouri %ompromise un%onstitutional

2unnin' into ri'ht to propert*




• #hat0s wron'&

o Treats people as propert*

o o nee$ to o(erturn ?issouri %ompromise 9e%ause no @uris$i%tion an*wa*

o @u$i%ial o(errea%h

Shoul$ ha(e 9een $e%i$e$ 9* politi%s

o ?orall* pro9lemati%o <istori%all* ina%%urate

/Kths %omp" some were %itizens

o La%+ of Te>tual support

o Counter maJoritarian $iffi%ult*

• 2ea%tions to )re$ S%ott"

o At time $e%ision was rea$ from 9en%h S%ott was still a hire$ sla(e for --

*ears

• Part of the %anon" in or$er to un$erstan$ 9asi% %onstitution

o <istori%al

o So%ialo Te>tual

)emonstrates real flaws

o Politi%al" when shoul$ %ourt step in& or sta* out&

o Philosophi%al&

#hether %onst. shoul$ e(er 9e interprete$" moralit* pla*in' some

role&

• Little impa%t on status of free 9la%+s

o =merson remarries to outspo+en a9olitionist

S%otts free$ 3 months after

=arron v. =altimore 6BA) LA#8

• #ho $o Bill of 2i'hts appl* to&

o Pre5re%onstru%tion 9ill of ri'hts onl* applies to the fe$eral 'o(ernment

o er* little %onstitutional in(ol(ement in in$i(i$ual ri'hts

o Post 9arron histori%al $e(elopments

• Bill of ri'hts"

o Best wa* to $eal with in$i(i$ual li9ert* was to %onstrain %on'ress0 power

o Fe$eralism" State %onstitutions were 'oin' to 9e primar* 'uar$ians of

in$i(i$ual li9ert*o A%tions on state %onstitution an$ state le(el

• Barron sa*s that this is his pri(ate propert*" @ust %ompensation" ta+e m* wharf&

Pa* meo Treat Baltimore as a state

o Ar'ument" Kth amen$ment $oes not appl* for a%tions 9* states/%ities

Onl* a%ts as a limit for fe$eral 'o(ernment

• Court sa*s" Kth amen$ment $oes not appl* to states 9arron

9oote$ out of %ourt no Just %ompensation

-DD




ot Just in$i(i$ual li9ert* 9ut e>pan$s

%on'ress power

• -th Am."

o A9olishes sla(er*

Elimite$ amen$ment $ealin' with sla(er* an$ in(ol. Ser(itu$e

• -4th Am.o Passe$ in response to southern resistan%e to re%onstru%tion

Se%tion -" %lause -"

• All persons 9orn or naturalize$ in the !S an$ su9Je%t to the

Juris$i%tion thereof oare %itizens of the !S an$ of the statewherein the* resi$e ,o(errules )re$ S%ott

Se%. -" Clause 3"

• o state shall ma+e or enfor%e an* law whi%h shall a9ri$'e

the pri(ile'es or immunities of %itizens of !SEE,Interpreti(e pro9lem

Se%. -" Clause "• or shall an* state $epri(e an* person of life li9ert* or

propert* without $ue pro%ess of law" must fi'ure out term:li9ert*;

Se% -" Clause 4"

• or $en* to an* person within its Juris$i%tion the e1ual

prote%tion of the laws Se%tion K" The %on'ress shall ha(e the power to enfor%e 9*

appropriate le'islation the pro(ision of this arti%le" empowers%on'ress to pass laws if states $o not 'et in line

• -Kth Am.

o Se%. -" The ri'ht of %itizens of• The 3 Pri(ile'es an$ Immunities Clauses"

o Arti(le I" the %itizens of ea%h state shall 9e entitle$ to all pri(s an$

immunities of %itizens in the se(eral state#hat are the pri(ile'es or immunities prote%te$ un$er the -4th amen$ment&

• All ri'hts essential to national %itizenship&

• The 9ill of ri'hts&

o Onl* some of the 9ill of ri'hts&

Slau"hterhouse cases

• Pi%+e$ a %ase that woul$ not 9e so politi%al

• -th Am.• Pri(ile'es an$ immunities

• =1ual prote%tion

• )ue pro%ess

• Fa%ts"

o But%hers %annot slau'hter at house 9ut ha$ to 9rin' them to the Louisiana

slau'hter house an$ pa* a fee

-D3




Benefit politi%al frien$s ,?ean reason

<ealth reason ,ni%e reason

o Louisiana ar'ument" poli%e power part of state law

But%her0s Le'al Claims"

• -th Am. Claim"

o Court sa*s" o. Interprets -th Am. To spe%ifi%all* $eal with

ra%e an$ thin's that loo+ li+e sla(er*

• #hite 9ut%hers $o not fall into that

narrati(e

• A9ri$'es pri(ile'es an$ immunities

o Pri(ile'e to pursue m* li(elihoo$

ot enumerate$ in %onstitution

• Court sa*s" ownin' an$ runnin' *our

own slau'hterhouse is not a pri(ile'e

or immunit* un$er -4th

am.o 2elu%tant to in%lu$e that

pri(ile'e within s%ope of thatamen$ment ,interprete$narrowl* asserte$fun$amental ri'hts ofnational %itizenship

o :To %ome to the seat of 'o(0t

to assert an* %laim he ma*ha(eQto the ri'ht of freea%%ess to the seaportsQto the

su95treasuries lan$ offi%esan$ %ourts of Justi%e inse(eral states

o If interprete$ e>pansi(el*

%onstitutional %laimo Court is sa*in' that the shift

to a new fe$eralism (ision not so fast

o 2eal %on%erns with

interpretin' this amen$mente>pansi(el*

o Purpose of -4th am. #as to$eal spe%ifi%all* with ra%e$is%rimination

o Impli%ations of a 9roa$

interpretation" 9roa$enss%ope of what %on'ress %an$o un$er Se%. K

-D




o Court fi'htin' 9a%+ a'ainst

(ision of re%onstru%tionamen$ments

o Ethe first an$ most important impa%t of this %ase

ren$erin' $ea$ le' stri+in' out pri(ile'es an$

immunities %lause ,LA?= LIST If *ou see this as an answer usuall* a

$istra%ter $oesn0t ser(e as a ro9ust sour%efor enumerate$ ri'hts or 9ill of ri'hts

• =1ual Prote%tion" ?ust ar'ue 9ein' treate$ $ifferentl*

o Bein' treate$ une1uall*

Compare$ with present %it* slau'hterhouse

,monopol*o Court sa*s" Purpose" ra%e $is%rimination

• )ue pro%ess" Propert* 9ein' (iolate$"

o Propert* in 9usiness not 9ein' a9le to $o what *ou

want with propert* of 9usiness ,e%onomi% li9ert* 9ein' rea$ into $ue pro%ess %lause

o Court sa*s no not 'oin' to treat propert* that wa*

Barron (. Baltimore" Pre %i(il un$erstan$in' of ri'htsSlau'hterhouse" -4th am. arrow interpretation ,frist timeE)o the re%onstru%tion am. Chan'e relationship 9etween fe$. alues on one han$ (s.%ommitment to ri'hts on other& o not 'oin' to %ommit post %i(il war para$i'm shift a%tin' as a nature of prote%tion forstates outsi$e of ra%e $is%rimination2e" Pri( an$ immunities %lause"

• )ea$ letter for"

o Lo%atin' unenumerate$ ri'hts

o Assertin' 9ill of ri'hts a'ainst the states EE

Court sa*s %ant use pri( an$ immunities %lause to $o that

#i$el* %riti%ize$ 9* <istorians

• Court sa*s hol$in' on Pri( an$ imm %lause still GOO) law

o Shifts a%tion to the )ue pro%ess %lause

o Limitations on se% K.

• Ar'ua9le upsi$e"

o 2a%ial e1ualit* as %entral purpose of re%onstru%tion amen$ments

2a%e $is%rimination treate$ (er* $ifferentl*

o Sean v. 7oe

Cali statute re1uires families to li(e in state for -3 mos to re%ei(e

ma> welfare 9enefits <el$ un%onstitutional

iolation of ri'ht to tra(el un$er -4A pri(ile'es or immunities

%lause

• In%orporation" S%hools of thou'ht"

-D4




o Total in%orporation ,9la%+

-4th a in%orporates all of the 9ill of ri'hts

Sele%ti(e in%orp ,Fran+furter

• -4th A in%orporates some of the 9ill of ri'hts

o Ta+eawa*s"

2i'hts are in%orporate$ a'ainst the states if the* are fun$amental toour s%heme of or$ere$ li9ert* or $eepl* roote$ in this nation0shistor* an$ tra$ition

Emost of 9ill of ri'hts appl* to a%tions 9* state 'o(ernments

CLASS S==T==" OCTOB=2 3 3D-4

#h* State A%tion&

• <ow 9roa$l* $o *ou want Con to 9e applie$&

o Or how narrowl*&

• Constitution onl* %onfines to state a%tors

o

Pri(ate institution -

st

amen$ment $oesn0t appl*o Pu9li% institution& -st amen$ment applies

othin' pre(ents S le'islature or %on'ress sa*in' e(er*one has

to li(e 9* rule

• Constitution onl* applies to %i(il ri'ht a%tors

• #h* ha(e State A%tion )o%trine&

• #h* are settin' limits onl* on state a%tors a 'oo$ i$ea&

• 2ationales for State A%tion

o Constitutional Te>t

=>%ept for -th am. All ri'hts an$ li9erties appl* to states

• The Te>t of -4th" o state shall $epri(e *ou of $ue pro%ess

of lawo Te>tual si'nal a9out state a%tion $o%trine

o Preser(in' li9ert*

o <istor*

o Fe$eralism

• The Ci(il 2i'hts Cases" ,-

o The Ci(il 2i'hts A%t of -HK" no full an$ e1ual enJo*ment

2e1uires pu9li% a%%ommo$ations to 'rant e1ual a%%ess to %itizens

of an* ra%e Passe$ 9* Con'ress un$er its se%tion K power

o South is 9itter followin' %i(il war fi'htin' 9a%+ )is%riminator* southern states $oin' nothin'

• State 'o(ernments aren0t $oin' an*thin' a9out it

o First Ruestion As+e$ re" Fe$eral Law" CA T<= )O T<IS&

)oes it (iolate an in$i(i$ual ri'ht

o Con'ress has this power un$er Se%. K power

ew power Con'ress 'ets to enfor%e su9stanti(e -4th amen$ment

-DK




o A lot of people li(e in %ompan* towns

Llo&d Cor%. v. 2anner

• Pri(atel* owne$ shoppin' %enter

o An*one %an han' out at the mall

Pu9li%

• o state a%tion no ri'ht to $istri9ute at the mallo )istin'uisha9le from ?arsh" alternate si$ewal+s *ou %an 'o there an$

$istri9uteo ot en'a'in' in (iew point $is%rimination

• Fun$amentall* pri(ate in %hara%ter

• Compan* towns" State a%tion

• Pri(atel* owne$ %orporations" o state a%tion

8ac+son v. Metro%olitan Edison Sets the rule for state a%tion

•

Cutoff of ser(i%eo )ue pro%ess %lause

o Can0t 9e $epri(e$ of entitlement

Life li9ert* an$ propert* entitlement to ele%tri%it*

)ue pro%ess re1uirements" oti%e an$ hearin' appl* to

metropolitan =$ison

• ?et =$ison" sa*s no we0re pri(atel* owne$ %ompan* no state a%tion

o ?etro has a monopol* 9* ha(in' multiple owne$ %ompan*s 'i(en to them

9* stateo Court sa*s no state a%tion"

Test applie$"

• #hether suffi%ientl* %lose ne>us 9etween the state

,entan'lement e>%eption

• EEEPu9li% fun%tion e>%eption" ot somethin' state

normall* $o" :Tra$itional an$ e>%lusi(e state fun%tion; performe$ 9* 'o(ernment

o Constitutional =uestion: (OOJ >OR W*ET*ER OR OT P+(IC

OR PRIVATE ACTOR I.e. #<=T<=2 STAT= O#=) LA# SC<OOL O2 P2IAT=

• IF STAT= whole set of laws

o Balan%in' Test or Pu9li% =>%eption"

Lower %ourts appl* @a%+son Compan* towns" State a%tion

Pri(ate" non state a%tion

Shelle& v. -raemer 9456>:"=ntan'lement =>%eption"

• #hether state a%tion e>%lusi(el* or tra$itionall*

• Fa%ts"

-DH




o D/4 owners on the street si'n onto restri%ti(e %o(enants

Can onl* sell houses to white %itizens

• #hite mem9ers of the %ommunit* are filin' suit to enfor%e restri%ti(e %o(enant

o !n$er -4th am. The ri'ht to own an$ $ispose of propert*

!ne1ual prote%tion ,se%. 4

o State a%tion $o%trine" Court %omes in an$ enfor%es restri%ti(e %o(. Ar'uments a'ainst" Fun$amentall* lease not state a%tion pri(ate

• Fin$ state a%tion an*where

o Courts in(ol(e$ in all sorts of stuff

• Court sa*s" *es there is state a%tion

o iolates -4th am. For %ourt to enfor%e restri%ti(e %o(enant

• <*po"

o I 9estow m* entire -DD mill estate to m* son. ?* K $au'hters who I lo(e

$earl* are inferior 9e%ause the* are women an$ are entitle$ to nothin'.Their hus9an$s no $ou9t will pro(i$e for them when the* are marrie$.

)oes the will (iolate the e1ual prote%tion %lause& !n$erl*in' purpose of the -4th amen$ment ,state a%tion re" pri(ate

a%tiono EEStill 'oo$ law 9ut %ourt has relie$ on other %ases to appl* entan'lement

e>%eption (er* 9roa$ rule

#hen *ou ha(e 'o(0t in(ol(ement in pri(ate ra%e $is%rimination

e(em if Ju$'e %ourts in%line$ to interpret state a%tion in e>pan$e$%onte>t

Moose Lod"e v. 'rvis"

• Ir(is 9rin's suit for ra%e $is%rimination for not 9ein' allowe$ in %lu9

o !n$er 43 !SC -" =(er* person who un$er %olor of an* statute or$inan%e re'ulation

%ustom or usa'e of an* state or territor*Qsu9Je%ts or %auses to 9esu9Je%tsQ.

o Ar'ues pri(ate %lu9 has to (iolate %onstitution

2efers to li%ensin' o9tainin' li1uor

• Li%ensin' s%heme is somehow enou'h

A9i$e 9* 9* laws state %lu9s nee$ to a9i$e 9* 9*laws an$ moos

lo$'e (iolates 9e%ause for%e$ to a9i$e 9* 9*lawso S*m9ioti% relationship"

Court sa*s that a li%ensin' s%heme is not enou'h to %reate as%'4iotic relationship

88licensin! alone is not enou!h to create that s%'4iotic

relationship

7endall =a+er v. -ohn ,=ntan'lement %ase

• on profit pri(ate s%hool lo%ate$ on pri(ate propert*

• o pu9li% offi%ials on 9oar$

• S%hool re%ei(es D5 of operatin' 9u$'et from state

-D




- ?eans are Su9stantiall* relate$ an$

"$ I?PO2TAT STAT= IT=2=ST

o Rational )crutin%:

- 2ationall* relate$

3 Le'itimate state interest

• Stri%t S%rutin*" Less $eferential more li+el* to 9e foun$ un%onstitutional,ST2ICT SC2!TI

o Interme$iate s%rutin*" laws 9ase$ on $is%rimination of se>

2ational Basis S%rutin*" ?ore )eferential ,Less li+el* to 9e foun$

un%onstitutional ,2ATIOAL SC2!TI e>t %lass" 2ational 9asis re(iew" is the %ourt appl*in' somethin' a little more& #ith 9ite&&&

CLASS =IG<T==" OCTOB=2 3 3D-4

• Last Class"

o -4th Am."

State A%tion )o%trine

• Pu9li% Fun%tions ,=>%eption

• =ntan'lement ,=>%eption

• <ow to approa%h Constitutional pro9lemsQ

o FI2ST" )oes the Go(0t ha(e the power to ena%t the law&

Fe$eral Law" Loo+ to Const.

State Law" Poli%e power

o If =S" T<= As+ whether the law (iolates an* other %onstitutional pro(&

• O(er(iew of -4th Am."

o =1ual Prote%tion"

2ational Basis

Stri%t S%rutin*

Interme$iate S%rutin*

o Su9stanti(e )ue Pro%ess" =%onomi% Li9ert*

o Su9stanti(e )ue Pro%ess" on =%onomi%

• -4th Am. =1ual Prote%tion Clause"

o O )TATE shall $en* to an* person within its Juris$i%tion the e1ual

prote%tion of the laws

T*E >E< Go(0t throu'h Kth Am. Cannot (iolate life li9ert* or$ue pro%ess of law B!T =1ual prot. Clause not state$ inferre$

• Therefore APPLI=S To Fe$. Go(0t too

• The Pro9lem"

o All laws %lassif* an$ treat people $ifferentl*

AMA )is%riminate

--D




• =>. Par+in' re'ulation" Ti> to ppl ille'all* ,$is%riminator*

a'ainst ille'al par+erso Interpreti(e"

#hat %lassifi%ations what +in$s of $is%rimination are permissi9le

un$er the e1. prote%tion %lause ,:=PC; an$ whi%h (iolate =PC

• Laws that treat similarl* situate$ people $ifferent&• Laws that treat people $ifferentl* 9ase$ on their ra%e&

o =PC $oesn0t use ra%e at all

• =PC has a pro9lem with %lassifi%ations that somehow harm

$is%rete an$ insular minorities&o Court sol(es this pro9lem with tiere$ s%rutin*" ,Court ma$e this up OT

in %onst. te>t ?!ST ?=?O2IV= L==LS OF SC2!TI Thin+ of en$s an$ means

• #hat is purpose" state interest 9ein' a$(an%e$

• An$ ?eans" %lassifi%ation of that law an$ that purpose

o )efault rule 2ATIOAL BASIS

=as* to satisf*

?ost =PC %hallen'es will fail

• <ow to tell whi%h %lassifi%ations are su9Je%t to whi%h le(el of s%rutin*"

o ST2ICT"

2a%e

ational Ori'in

2eli'ion

Aliena'e ,with e>%eptions

o IT=2?=)IAT="

Se>

Ille'itima%*

o 2ATIOAL BASIS"

A'e

#ealth

?ental )isa9ilit*

Q.an$ almost an*thin' else

• <ow $o *ou $etermine to appl* to a %lassifi%ation&

o ,ot e>%lusi(e nor appli%a9le in e(er* %ourt/wei'hte$ e1uall*

#hen hei'htene$ s%rutin*"

• <istor* of In(i$ious $is%rimination

• Chara%teristi% 9ears no relation to a9ilit* to perform

• Immuta9ilit* ,%an0t %han'e the trait

• Politi%al powerlessness

• >RAMEWORJ: *o to eal ith EPC Anal%sis"

o FI2ST" #hat is the %lassifi%ation&

---




#ho is 9ein' $is%riminate$/9asis who the law applies to an$ who

it $oesn0to S=CO)" #hat le(el of s%rutin* applies to %lassifi%ation&

o T<I2)" #hat is the state interest&

#hat are the en$s&

#h* $i$ the state pass this law&o FO!2T<" #hat is the FIT 9etween means an$ en$s&

<ow $o %lassifi%ations help a$(an%e 'o(0t purpose

o FIFT<" )o state interest an$ fit satisf* the le(el of s%rutin*&

2ational" 2ational/le'itimate

Interme$iate" Si'nifi%ant

Stri%t" arrow/Compellin'

CAS=S T<AT APPL T<= 2ATIOAL BASIS T=ST"

• 2e(iew is $eferential to 'o(0t a%tion

• er* rare for a %ourt to o(erturn law for =PC on%e $etermine$ rational 9asis

applieso 2ationall* relate$ to a le'itimate 'o(0t interestEEEEE

• ormati(e" The %ourt opte$ for a $eferential test un$er =PC"

o Institutional Competen%e reason

Con'ress +nows more re" reasons wh* %lassifi%ation

o Framer0s intent" not openin' floo$'ates $i$ not want a wi$e appli%ation

o =ffi%ien%* %on%erns

o Counter5?aJoritarian $iffi%ult*" Fe$eral Ju$'es tellin' ele%te$

representati(eso Con%erns"

Go(0t %an $o an*thin' so lon' as the* ha(e a Justifi%ation

• er* eas*

o Purpose un$er 2ational Basis 2e(iew"

F2ITV" #here as here there are plausi4le reasons for Con'ress0

a%tion our in1uir* is at an en$. It is of %ourse %onstitutionall*irrele(ant whether this reasonin' in fa%t un$erla* the le'islati(e$e%ision

FCC" Those atta%+in' the rationalit* of the le'islati(e

%lassifi%ation ha(e the 9ur$en to ne'ate e&er% concei&a4le 4asis

that 'i!ht support it

• )iffi%ult to win that %ase

o In 2ational Basis S%rutin*" Court $oesn0t %are what moti(ate$ %on'ressso lon' as there0s some state le'itimate interest a$(an%e$ 9* le'islation

• CTA (. Beazer"

o 2e Fit" (a fails to treat si'ilarl% situated people the sa'e a%

O(erin%lusion" The %lassifi%ation %aptures all of the persons who

%ause the harm plus some that $on0t !n$erin%lusion" The %lassifi%ation %aptures some 9ut not all of

the persons who %ause the harm

--3




• =>."

o !n$erin%lusion"

Cit* or$inan%e prohi9its lou$spea+ers near

hospitals to a(oi$ $istur9in' patients !n$erin%lusion" law allows %ars near

hospitals to hon+ hornso O(erin%lusion"

State law to pre(ent $run+ $ri(in' pre(ents

an*one un$er a'e 3- from $rin+in' al%ohol ?an* persons un$er a'e %an $rin+

responsi9l*

• <arm" Irresponsi9le *oun' people

• Classifi%ation" all *oun' ppl

• 2ule"

o If *ou use nar%oti%s *ou %annot appl* for emplo*ment with CTA

As applie$ here" ppl who use metha$one• State interests"

o Safet*

o =ffi%ien%*"

Costs a lot of mone* for in$i(i$ual assessment

Blan+et rule

A2G!?=T"

• FIT" o rational relationship 9etween the means an$ the purpose"

o O(erin%lusi(e re" safet* rationale"

Some metha$one users present no safet* ris+ at all

o !n$erin%lusi(e"

People who are similarl* situate$ re" safet* ris+ presente$ are not

%o(ere$ 9* %lassifi%ation

• State has le'itimate interest"

o Toleran%e of o(erin%lusion" too %ostl* to amen$ law

o Toleran%e of !n$erin%lusi(e"

)eferen%e to the state"

• Ct. sa*s willin' to tolerate (ast amounts of o(erin%lusi(eness

o If it is tou'h for an in$i(i$ual assessment %ourt sa*s that0s o+a*

• !n$erin%lusion" tells the state it is o+a* to set a law pie%e 9* pie%e

• Simulation"o C Law prohi9its an* a$s on %ommer%ial (ehi%les that are unrelate$ to

the (ehi%le0s 9usinesso State interest ,Justifi%ation" Safet* ris+s

A$s $istra%ts $ri(ers an$ pe$estrians

o #hat is the %lassifi%ation an$ what is the appropriate le(el of s%rutin*&

2ational Basis

--




o Fit" is the law o(er in%lusi(e an$/or un$erin%lusi(e&

O(erin%lusi(e"

• ot all a$(ertisin' $istra%ts $ri(ers

!n$erin%lusi(e"

• Commer%ial (ehi%les a$(ertisin' their own 9usiness

o @ust as $istra%tin'• 2e'ular (ehi%les with 9umper sti%+ers $o the same thin'

o Ct. will most li+el* uphol$ law 9e%ause it ser(es to the state as a

le'itimate interestCL=B=2=5?O2=O52O?=25T2ILOG ,!ICO2 LA#

• Ct. ?aintains appli%ation of Rational +asis )crutin%

o )e%lares 'o(0t a%tion un%onstitutional

:2ational 9asis with 9ite;

• :?a'i%al fourth tier of s%rutin*;

• Court has 9arel* an* %larit* here

o #hat le(el of s%rutin* is %t. %laimants appl*in'&o #hat le(el $o *ou thin+ %t. is a%tuall* appl*in'&

Cit& of Cleberne v. Cleberne

• Spe%ial use permit"

o For insane fee9le min$e$ al%oholi%s $ru' atti%s

• O appli%ation for spe%ial use"

o <ospitals $wellin's apartments frat/sororit* houses

• )enie$ spe%ial use permit for"

o - ne'ati(e attitu$es of surroun$in' propert* owners ,Safet*

o 3 Lo%ation

A%ross street from Junior hi'h s%hool ,not (er* ni%e Floo$

• Ar'ument for appro(al of spe%ial use permit"

o !n$erin%lusi(e"

)oes not appl* to other homes fa%ilities/frat houses

• ot ne%essar* to ha(e a Spe%ial use permit

o ?ere $isli+e/fears is not a le'itimate interest.

• <ei'htene$ le(el of s%rutin* mi'ht appl*&

o <istor* of $is%rimination a'ainst them" Stri%t s%rutin* mi'ht appl*

• !n$erin%lusion is o+a* if it0s a %ase 9* %ase 9asis" See CTA (. Beazer

•

)oesn0t matter what the state is $oin' so lon' as there is a plausi9le reason that0sle'itimate not the Jo9 of the Court to fi'ure out situation.

• <ol$in'"

o iolate$ =PC with spe%ial use permit

• Politi%al powerlessness"

o )on0t nee$ the %ourt to step in an$ help 9e%ause there0s alrea$* a%ts

implemente$ assertin' their ri'hts

• Con'ress is fit to $etermine le'islation re" mentall* retar$e$

--4




• Ct. Applies 2ational Basis Stan$ar$ ,p'. H

o ormati(e"

<i'her s%rutin*&

• 2e'ulation falls short of 2ational Basis

o !n$erin%lusi(e" flun+s 9e%ause it is un$erin%lusi(e

An$ Court fails to appl* hol$in' in Beazer %ase those peoplewere not within %lassifi%ation an$ that was still a%%epte$

• Similar to Beazer with un$erin%lusion

• 2e" a'ue an$ un$ifferentiate$"

o o le'itimate purpose ser(e$ here

• Ta+eawa*s"

o Is the Court ACT!ALL appl*in' rational 9asis s%rutin*&

Pro9a9l* not.

• !n$erin%lusion ,as seen in Beazer

• 2ational 9asis with BIT="

o If (a'ue an$ un$ifferentiate$ fears un$erl*in'reasons for law not happenin' not rationalle'itimate state interest

• Le'. Base$ sole* on (a'ue fears a'ainst part. Group of ppl

OT le'itimate state interest*S De%t. of A"riculture v. Moreno"

• 2e'ulation at issue" Foo$ Stamp A%t Se%. ,e e>%lu$in' an* househol$ %ompose$

of unrelate$ people.

• Con'ress for9i$s" ?inimizin' frau$ ,unrelate$ ppl all appl*in'

• A%tual reason" Con'ress wants to stop <ippies from usin' Stamp A%t to their

a$(anta'eo A 9are %on'ressional $esire to harm a politi%all* unpopular 'roup %annot

%onstitute a le'itimate state interest Court +nows this" Le'islati(e histor* showin' %on'ress hate

a'ainst hippieso O(erin%lusi(e"

Some unrelate$ ppl li(e to'ether B=CA!S= of limite$ finan%ial

means who are all eli'i9leo !n$erin%lusi(e" Some people who are relate$ an$ use this to their

a$(anta'e an$ in%lu$e$

• )oes not %onstitute a le'itimate state interest

o Clearl* a 9are $esire to harmo Animus towar$s parti%ular 'roup is not a parti%ular state interest

CLASS I=T==" OCTOB=2 D 3D-4

Last Class"

• 2ational Basis S%rutin*

o Purpose

--K




o Fit

O(erin%lusion

!n$erin%lusion

• Can 9rin' suit for =PC un$er either

• Cle9urne5?oreno52omer Trilo'*

o 2ational Basis ,with 9ite&&&o Le'itima%* of state0s interest

=a%h %ase fo%uses ,mostl* re" purpose

:!ni%orn Law;

o ?oreno"

:a 9are %on'ressional $esire to harm a politi%all* unpopular 'roup

%annot %onstitute a le'itimate state interest.;

• This $oes not :%ut it; un$er rational 9asis test

o )efault 2ule" rational 9asis

Some le'itimate reason

Romer v. Evans:• Amen$ment in State of Colora$o"

o =na%tment at issue" Amen$ment to Constitution of the State of Colora$o

whi%h was a$opte$ in a statewi$e referen$um. )ue to or$inan%es passe$ in Co. muni%ipilities 9annin'

$is%rimination 9ase$ on se>ual orientation re" housin'emplo*ment e$u%ation pu9li% a%%ommo$ations an$ health an$welfare ser(i%es

• =>pli%itl*" ?ore than repeal or res%in$ pro(isions.

o Prohi9its all le' e>e%uti(e or Ju$i%ial a%tion at an*

le(el or state or lo%al 'o(t $esi'ne$ to prote%t the

name$ %lass of homose>ual persons 'a*s an$ or les9ians.

• Passe$ 9* referen$um

• In or$er to ha(e some sort of prote%tion un$er the a%t woul$ ha(e pass more laws

• Bein' %lassifie$" set of laws

• State interest"

o Promotin' free$om of asso%iation

o Sa(e mone*

o ?oral $isappro(al

• In or$er to atta%+ State0s Ar'ument"

o #ant to appl* Stri%t S%rutin* Test• Court sa*s we want to appl* rational 9asis test

o o le'itimate state interest 9e%ause of"

Purpose

• B!T Animus is not a le'itimate state interest ,See ?oreno

--




2e" Brea$th of this Amen$ment" is $is%ontinuous with the reasons

offere$ for it that the am. Is seemin'l* ine>pli%a9le 9* an*thin' 9ut animus towar$ the %lass affe%te$

• Court <el$" !n%onstitutional"

o La%+s the rational 9asis to le'itimate state interest

Atta%+in' on Purpose 'roun$s• Purpose" Animus

o Animus $oes not in itself %onstitute as a le'itimate

state interest

• )issent"

o S%alia in 2omer" This %ourt has no 9usiness imposin' upon all Ameri%ans

the resolution fa(ore$ 9* the elite %lass from whi%h the ?em9ers of thisinstitution are sele%te$ pronoun%in' that animosit* towar$shomose>ualit* is e(il.

Wrap p:

• Ct. maintains rational 9asis s%rutin*"

o B!T it seems to 9e appl*in' rational 9asis with 9ite&&

:a%tual purpose; in1uir*

Closer s%rutin* on fit

EECt. sa*s animus $oes not satisf* le'. Go(0t interest

o 2ational 9asis ta+eawa*s

2ational 9asis test applies to most so%ial an$ e%onomi% le'islation

#illin' to tolerate un$erin%lusion an$ un$erin%lusion

O&er&ie of )trict )crutin%:

<i'hest le(el

2e1uires a %ompellin' state interest

Classifi%ation must 9e narrowl* tailore$ to a$(an%e that interest

o There must 9e no less $is%riminator* alternati(e to a$(an%in' the interest

Bur$en of proof is on the state

When does )trict )crutin% appl%2

o 2a%e

o ational ori'in

o 2eli'ion

o Aliena'e ,with e>%eptions

o Classifi%ations that affe%t a9ilit* to e>er%ise a fun$amental ri'ht ,h*9ri$

%laimE

Pri'ar% focus:o 2a%e 9ase$ %lassifi%ations" #hen e>aminin' thin+ of $iff %ate'ories"

Constitutional test asso%iate$ with them"

o In&idious race discri'ination: easiest$

9ase$ on ra%e on its fa%e

operates on the $isa$(anta'es ra%ial minorities

o isparate i'pact:

--H




• Animus is not enou'h to %ompel

Fit Ar'ument"

• O(erin%lusi(e"

o ot all @apanese Ameri%an %itizens are all enemies

• !n$erin%lusion"

o Italian Germans ma* 9e enemies an$ not in%lu$e$ 9* e>%lusion or$er

o )tate interest" Pre(entin' espiona'e an$ sa9ota'e

Le'al stan$ar$" must 9e %ompellin'

State Ar'ument"

• ?ilitar* )eferen%e ar'ument" Time of war emer'en%*

lower stan$ar$

• Constitution is not a sui%i$e pa%t" %annot rea$ it in a wa*

that pre(ents the prote%tion of %ountr* an$ safet*

• )eferen%e shoul$ 9e 'i(en 9e%ause e>e%uti(e has 'reater

+nowle$'e• =%onomi% ar'ument

Stri%t s%rutin* applies

• Court <ol$in'" Constitutional

• Ta+eawa*s"

o o le'al impa%t other than a s*m9ol of what shoul$ 9e a(oi$e$

o Be%ame the su9Je%t of a re$ress mo(ement

o a%ate$ $e%ision on the 'roun$s of in%orre%t information

Loving v. Virginia:

• Ba%+'roun$ Fa%ts"

o

2a%ial Inte'rit* A%t" %riminalize$ all marria'es 9etween white persons an$non5white personso #hite man an$ non5white woman tra(ele$ out of a. an$ 'ot marrie$ in

)Co Come 9a%+ to home an$ were arreste$ for (iolatin' a.0s law

• A2G!?=T"

o Lo(in'"

2e" Purpose" Fit

• !n$erin%lusion

o Appl* rational 9asis" e(er*one allowe$ ri'ht to

marria'e e1ual appli%ation ar'ument )oesn0t treat them all the same wa* 9etween

white people an$ non5whiteso State" ?aintain ra%ial inte'rit*

• CO!2T SAS" This is the $efinition of in(i$ious $is%rimination 9ase$ on ra%e

Is it constitutional2

• 2e" Onl* Asian Ameri%an a%tors in pro$u%tion of State !ni(ersit* pro$u%tion"

o One ar'ument" =1ual opportunit*" non5e1ual out%omes

--




• 2e" 2a%ial tensions 9etween %ommunities of %olor an$ lo%al poli%e offi%ers the

poli%e %hief assi'ns offi%ers to %ertain nei'h9orhoo$s 9ase$ on their ra%e

• 2e" After a prison riot tri''ere$ 9* ra%ial tension prison offi%ials $e%i$e$ to

se're'ate 9ase$ on their ra%e

• Purpose of -4th am.

o 2a%e 9ase$ %lassifi%ations as non5in(i$ious -4th am. Shoul$ not 9e%on%erne$

• Anti5su9or$ination (s. Anti5Classifi%ation ,%lassifi%ations are 9a$ re'ar$less of

winnin' or losin'

Plessy v. Ferguson: OT /OO (AW

• Fa%ts"

o 2a%ial se're'ation @im Crow

o Got here 9e%ause of =le%tion of -H an$ %ompromise of -HH

o o nee$ for formal se're'ation

o

Louisiana has a statute re1uirin' railwa* %ompanies to pro(i$e e1ual 9utseparate a%%ommo$ations 9ase$ on ra%e of the passen'er Law $etermine$ who was white (s. who was 9la%+ for le'al

purposes

• #h* is se're'ation ra%e $is%rimination"

o Classifi%ation

o )is%rimination 9ase$ on ra%e

• A2G!?=T"

o Louisiana"

Separate 9ut e1ual e(er*one 'ets to ri$e the railwa*

-Dth Am. Se're'ation was somewhat per(asi(e

)oesn0t sa* an*thin' a9out 9ein' separate Just tal+s a9out e1ualit*

• Court uphol$s re'ulation sa*in' %onstitutional

o Tal+s a9out the Purpose of the -4th amen$ment

To enfor%e a9solute ra%ial e1ualit* B!T not

$esi'ne$ to a9olish all ra%ial %lassifi%ations

• 2e" So%ial sphere" law %annot

mi%romana'e people an$ how the*intera%t in so%ial sphere

o PL=SS"

Sti'ma

• Court"o I'nores tool of ra%ial su9or$ination ,@im Crow

• )issent"

o There is no %aste here. Our %onstitution is %olor59lin$ an$ neither +nows

nor tolerates %lasses amon' %itizensQin m* opinion the Ju$'ment this$a* ren$ere$ will in time pro(e to 9e 1uite as perni%ious as the $e%isionma$e 9* this tri9unal in the )re$ S%ott %ase

CLASS T#=T" O=?B=2 4 3D-4

-3D




Last Class"


o 2omer (. =(ans

• Stri%t S%rutin*"

• In(i$ious 2a%ial Classifi%ationso Morematsu

o Lo(in' (. ir'inia

Pless& v. ,er"uson

<arlan0s )issent"

• #hat was so terri9le a9out se're'ation&

o =PC $oesn0t sa* an*thin' a9out separateness. All it tal+s a9out is

e1ualit*.

• Anti Classifi%ation theor*" Pro9lem with se're'ation is a%t of %lassif*in' all

ra%e$ 9ase$ %lassifi%ations sti'matize an$ not 'oo$ to %lassif* ra%e in an*

purpose re'ar$less of an*one who 9enefits an$ re'ar$less of who0s harme$ 9* it• Anti Su9or$ination Theor*" )ifferent wa* of thin+in' of harm su''ests 9*

se're'ation 9* one 'roup to su9or$inate another 'roupo Classifi%ations are not ne%essaril* 9a$/pro9lemati% onl* when the* are

use$ 9* one team to harm another team

• #hi%h (ision is %orre%t&

The 2oa$ to Brown"

• The pro$u%t of *ears of 'ra$ual atta%+s of s%hool se're'ate$

• Ar'ument that so%ial mo(ements are the en'ines of effe%ti(e le'al %han'e

• ?ar+s a point of transformation of !S supreme Court

• 2e(olutionize$ %onst. law (otin' ri'hts $eath penalt*

o #hat $i$ the #arren Court $o $urin' late KD0s an$ -D0s in an effort to

re%on%ile with te>t W histor* of the %onstitution =ro0n v. =oard of Education

• Ba%+'roun$ Fa%ts"

o The ori'inal split on the Brown Court"

4 @usti%es want to in(ali$ate se're'ation

3 (otes to uphol$ se're'ation

• 2ee$ an$ inson

o inson Just 9efore (ote $ies

=arl #arrant appointe$ as Chief @usti%e

-K• Kth (ote to stri+e $own se're'ation so

lon' as the Court spea+s with one

&ote

un$e%i$e$ (otes ,Fran+furter @a%+son 7 Clar+

• Fran+furter tries to ha(e a rear'ument 9ase$ on the ori'inal

intent of the -4th amen$ment

-3-




• #hen is it appropriate for a Ju$'e to 'o alon' with $e%ision for politi%al reasons&

• !nanimit* (s. Compromisin' prin%iples&

o !nanimit* is %riti%al for %ountr*0s a%%eptan%e of $e%ision

• - 2e'ulation at issue&

o Se're'ation of pu9li% laws within state s%hools 9ase$ on rules

• Ar'ument"o For the State"

Te>tualist" All the e1ual prote%tion %lause re1uires is that e(er*one

'ets the same e1ual e$u%ation $oesn0t ha(e to 9e separate orinte'rate$

<istori%al" Se're'ate$ s%hools ,an$ se're'ation was %ommon

pla%e

• Con'ress re1uire$ se're'ation in $istri%t of Colum9ia

s%hools

• #hate(er -4th am. #as $esi'ne$ to $o har$ to 9elie(e that

Con'ress wante$ $ese're'ation when the* were le'all*re1uirin' se're'ation

o Plaintiffs ar'ue s%hools are not e1ual

• Court sa*s"

o There is a pro9lem with histori%al ar'ument

o #hat $oes li(in' %onstitution mean&

o @ustif*in' its $e%ision for reJe%tin' se're'ation"

Se're'ation $enotes inferiorit* as a result of se're'ation

• 2elies on so%ial s%ien%e

o Se're'ation %auses sti'ma

o Sti'ma %reates ne'ati(e effe%ts

• Classifi%ations in Brown were $esi'ne$ to support se're'ation

• Followin' 9rown"

o Criti%ism a'ainst AACP Le'al strate'*

o Ar'ument" alt. strate'* was" @ust ma+e the s%hools =R!AL $oesn0t nee$

to 9e inte'rate$. But at least ensures e1ualit*.

• #hat0s wron' with the Brown opinion&

o Althou'h ri'htl* $e%i$e$ as a mo$el $e%ision" is not one

o Te>tual" ot entirel* %lear that te>t re1uires inte'ration

o <istor*" At the time the -4th am. A$opte$ se're'ate$ s%hools were le'al in

other stateso )o%trinal" Stare )e%isis&& one.o Pru$ential" Menneth Clar+ )oll Stu$* pro9lems" if $e%ision is 9ase$ on

that stu$* 9ein' true it is to wea+ to 9ase this opinion

• Ruestions %ase lea(es unanswere$&

o ot reall* %lear how mu%h Pless* is o(errule$

o Followin'" wi$esprea$ per %uriam $e%isions o(errulin' state laws 9%

un%onstitutional 9ase$ on -4th =PC

-33




o Theor* of =PC&

Anti Su9or$ination& s. Anti Classifi%ation&

• Classifi%ation" Ba$ when use$ for ra%ial su9or$ination

o )oes Brown appl* to fe$eral 'o(0t&

Boilin' (. Sharpe ,*es Kth am.

• Ct. 2ea$s e1ual prote%tion %lause hol$in' Brown applies tofe$ 'o(t

• 2ea%tions to Brown"

o Lon' term resistan%e

o 2esur'en%e of MMM

o Ci(il 2i'hts A%t of -4" at that time national politi%al %onsensus to stan$

9ehin$ 9rown ?a*9e Court when operatin' alone limite$ in its a9ilit* to ta+e on

an i$eolo'* On%e the Court has a nat0l politi%al %onsensus ,pu9li% opinion

shiftin' on an issue that0s when we %an rel* on %ourts to shiftso%ial (ision an$ ser(e as 9ea%ons of so%ial Justi%e

I)PARATE IMPACT C(A))I>ICATIO): o >acial race 4ased classification;

(a3s effect

1$ What le&el of )crutin%

a< 2ational 9asis s%rutin* will appl* e>%ept where Plaintiff0s %an show thatthere was a $is%riminator* purpose" stri%t s%rutin* will then appl*

i< STA)A2)" Must 4e a 'oti&atin! factor to !et into strict

scrutin% , Arlin"ton"$ Chances of success:

a. Low" Base$ on %aselaw 9e%ause Plaintiff0s $i$ not satisf* their 9ur$eni. I.e. ?assa%hussets (eteran0s law"G$ Casela that shos hat ould i'pro&e the chances of success:

a< Arlington: >actors Applied:

a. Impa%t of offi%ial a%tion" 9ears more hea(il* on one ra%e thananother ,%learl* pattern une>plaina9le on 'roun$s other thanra%e et%.

i. In Arlin'ton" ?inorities are - of Chi%a'o0s popb. <istori%al 9a%+'roun$ of $e%ision" a series of offi%ial a%tions

ta+en for in(i$ious purposes ,spe%ifi% se1uen%e of e(ents lea$in'up to the %hallen'e$ $e%ision $epartures from normal pro%e$ural

se1uen%e if fa%tors usuall* %onsi$ere$ impt 9* $e%ision ma+er stron'l* fa(or a %ontrar* $e%ision"i. In Arlin'ton" Court sa*s usual pro%e$ures

c. Le'islati(e or a$ministrati(e histor*" %ontemporar* statementsfrom mem9ers minutes meetin's reports"

i< In Arlin'ton" 3 a$$itional hearin's to a%%ommo$ate?<)C an$ permit it to supplement its presentationwith answers to 1uestions 'enerate$ at the first

-3




hearin'. Faile$ to %arr* 9ur$en of pro(in'$is%riminator* purpose was moti(atin' fa%to

4< Pro4le's:

i< *ard to deter'ine su40ecti&e intent of le!islature

ii< )lipper% slope concerns: opens the flood !ates to 'ore raciall%

disparate i'pact clai's!ashin"ton v. Davis

• Ba%+'roun$" )C poli%e re1uire all appli%ants to pass an e>am that has a

$is%riminator* impa%t on 9la%+ appli%antso um9er of 9la%+ offi%ers $oesn0t refle%t %it* population mi>

o Test is not (ali$ate$

• Court sa*s o.

Personnel Administrator v. ,eene&

• Challen'e to %onstitutionalit* of ?ass. (eterans0 preferen%e statute on the 'roun$

that it $is%riminates a'ainst women in (iolation of =PC of -4 th am.

• Court sa*s" Con'ress0 moti(e that the* lo(e (eterans is o+a* 9ut stri%t s%rutin*

applies $is%rimination must 9e moti(atin' fa%tor e(en thou'h $is%riminator*impa%t was foreseea9le.

Arlin"ton Hei"hts

• Cit* $enies rezonin' appli%ation file$ 9* 'roup that wants to 9uil$ affor$a9le

multi famil* housin'

• )is%riminator* purpose must 9e a ?oti(atin' fa%tor

o On%e pro(en" 9ur$en to state that the law woul$ ha(e 9een ena%te$

an*wa* ra%e was not moti(atin' fa%tor ?etho$s of proof"

• Clear pattern of a$ministration ,onl* 9ein' a$ministere$

towar$s Afri%an Ameri%ans• <istor* surroun$in' the a%tion

• )eparture from normal pro%e$ure

• Su9stanti(e $epartures

• Le'islati(e/A$ministrati(e histor*

OIVIIO) RACIA( C(A))I>ICATIO): )tatutes Classif% 4ased on race

4ut operate to 4enefit of racial 'inorities

Approa%h these %ases with $ifferent hats"- Law*er" 2ational le'al perspe%ti(e" how are le'al ar'uments %onstru%te$ an$

whether the* are stron' or not3 People" personal e>perien%es Citizen" <ow woul$ *ou li+e a room full of %itizens to $is%uss an$ en'a'e in these

issuesBa%+'roun$ of le'al histor* 9efore Crosson"

• !n%lear whether to appl* same rule re" in(i$ious $is%rimination or a lower

stan$ar$

-34




o EStri%t S%rutin* applies to non5in(i$ious $is%rimination

If stri%t s%rutin* applies" what %onstitutes a %ompellin' state

interest&

• In an emplo*ment %onte>t&

• In an e$u%ation %onte>t&

• Crosson in )o%trinal %onte>t"

o 4 @usti%es" Committe$ to anti %lassifi%ation (ision of =PC

o 4 other Justi%es" tolerant to affirmati(e a%tion su9s%ri9in' to anti

su9or$ination (ision of =PC 7ichmond v. Crosson

• 2e'ulation at Issue" ?B= ,the Plan re1uirin' %ontra%tors from %it* awar$e$

%ontra%ts to su9%ontra%t D

• Ar'ument"

o 2i%hmon$" 2a%ial Ruota

Purpose of Stri%t S%rutin* is to :smo+e out; past $is%rimination State interest" reme$* past $is%rimination

Fit Ar'ument"

• O(erin%lusi(eness" 2eme$* ma* appl* to laws for

9usinesses o(er the %ountr* ppl who woul$ not or$inaril* 9e in%lu$e$ are in%lu$e$

o Purpose shows ma*9e not reme$ial

• Court stru%+ $own statute 9e%ause (iolate$ =PC

o Con%erne$ a9out e(i$en%e

o Promote ra%ial inferiorit* sti'matize

o 2eme$*in' 'eneral ra%e $is%rimination in the M in$ustr*

• If State interest is ra%ial $is%rimination in M law all o(er the %ountr* OT

CO?P=LLIGo Compellin'" A%tual ra%e $is%rimination ta+in' pla%e in 2i%hmon$

presentl* Court sa*s"

• o %onsi$erations towar$s ra%e neutral means to in%rease

• ?ust 9e narrowl* tailore$ to $is%riminate$

• )oesn0t li+e 1uotas there0s no e(i$en%e of D 9ein' tie$

to an inJur* suffere$

CLASS T#=T5O=" O=?B=2 3D-4

• In(i$ious )is%rimination

o Brown (. Boar$ of =$

• )is%riminator* Impa%t

o #ashin'ton (. )a(is

o Personnel A$ministrator (. Feene*

-3K




o Arlin'ton <ei'hts

• 7ichmond v. 8.A. Croson

o Purpose" Is to :smo+e out; ille'itimate uses of ra%e 9* assurin' that the

le' 9o$* is pursuin' a 'oal impt enou'h to warrant use of a hi'hl* suspe%ttool

#hat state interest in an emplo*ment %onte>t 9e suffi%ient to 9e%onsi$ere$ reme$ial

o Ct. sa*s" Ta+in' :Fit in1uir*; Seriousl*

o Stri%t s%rutin* to ra%e 9ase$ pro'rams

Put in pla%e to reme$* spe%ifi% ra%e 9ase$ $is%rimination

• !nli+el* %ourt fin$ other state interests

• Simulation

o Stri%t S%rutin*"

arrowl* tailore$

To a %ompellin' state interest

•#hat is a %ompellin' state interest&

o =$u%ation 7 )i(ersit* in e$u%ation an$ the

9enefitso #hat woul$ $emonstrate&

2a%e %annot 9e primar* (aria9le

In$i(i$ualize$"

• o separate tra%+ for minorit* stu$ents

Grutter v. Bollinger (88!

• ?i%hi'an law s%hool a$missions loo+s at fa%tors in a$$ition to ra%e ,Plus

fa%toro A2G!?=T"

Stri%t S%rutin* Applies"

• Stan$ar$" arrowl* tailore$ to Compellin' State0s

interesto State0s interest in a%hie(in' $i(ersit* is not

%ompellin'o 2ules in Crosson appl* in law s%hool

a$mission0s poli%* Just li+e the* $i$ withemplo*ment

o %ompellin' state interest

For the STAT="

• )i(ersit* is %ompellin'• )i(erse le'al en(ironment

• =>posure to $i(erse %ulture

• o ra%ial %lassifi%ation

o OPIIO"

Stri%t s%rutin* applies to all ra%ial %lassifi%ations re'ar$less

of 9enefit or 9ur$en to minorities

-3




• Smo+es out ille'itimate uses of ra%e

• Stri%t s%rutin* $oesn0t automati%all* mean 'o(0t

'oin' to lose

• Stri%t in theor* fatal in fa%t is OT T2!=

o Compellin' state interest is $i(ersit*"

2eme$ial Justifi%ations 9a%+war$sloo+in' Justifi%ations to fi> wron's

<ere open to forwar$ reme$ies

• Grutter (. Crossen" )i(ersit* is 9enefi%ial

o Constru%tion %ompan* is a mu%h smaller

population with a 9roa$er reme$*o o 1uota

• A pro'ram li+e this furthers o9Je%ti(e for =PC to

reme$* ra%e $is%riminationo Free$man0s Bureau" Ta+es lan$ 'i(in' it

solel* to free sla(es• Te>t to purpose ar'ument

• Crossen

o Stri%t s%rutin*&

Court applies $eferen%e

But in stri%t s%rutin* there shoul$ 9e no $eferen%e

o )issent" Issue of su9or$ination

• otes from (rutter "

o Ruotas un%onst. But this is not a 1uota

o Other ra%e neutral alternati(es

o O0Connor sa*s state $oesn0t ha(e to e>haust all ra%ial alt.

Su''ests in 3K *ears Grutter 'oes up in flames

Grat" v. Bollinger ,pp. KK5-

• Fi>e$ num9er of points to un$errepresente$ minorit* 'roups

• o in$i(i$ualize$ %onsi$erations

Fis#er v. Univ. o$ %e&as pp< H#G )upp<$

Same plan in Grutter

Court applies stri%t s%rutin* 9ut $i(ersit* still %ompellin' state interest

Court sa*s :Fit in1uir*;

o @u$'es will in1uire whether uni(ersit* %oul$ a%hie(e $i(ersit* usin' non

ra%ial fa%torso o wor+a9le ra%e alternati(es

o !ni(ersit* is not entitle$ to $eferen%e re" means of $i(ersit*

!ni(ersities are 9est Ju$'es of means to a%hie(e %ompellin' state

interests in $i(ersit*Simulation"

Race as a factor in deter'inin! here # %ear olds are placed

Se> )is%rimination

-3H




Gen$er Classifi%ations ,pp. 5H

• Ba%+'roun$"

o ?ost a%tion happene$ throu'h Arti%le " -th am. ,(ote to women

o Tra$itionall*"

Pro(i$e$ women %onstraine$ set of ri'hts

ot allowe$ (ote sit on Jur* a%%ess to %ourts Common law" marria'e mer'e$ whate(er woman ha$ to

hus9an$0s propert* o mention of e>ten$in' suffra'e to women

<istori%al e(i$en%e re" $rafters a$amantl* not %arin' a9out se>

e1ualit* #omen mo9ilize whi%h lea$s to passa'e of - th am. =>ten$in'

ri'ht to (ote to women Court willin' to tolerate a ran'e of se> 9ase$ %lassifi%ations un$er

=PC

•

Onl* allowe$ men to pra%ti%e law in Bra$well (. Illinois• Allowin' women to wor+ 9ehin$ 9ar onl* if she was wife

or $au'hter of owner of that 9ar

• O(er(iew of Interme$iate S%rutin*"

o Applies to %lassifi%ations 9ase$ on se> or ille'itima%*

o 2e1uires important state interest

o Classifi%ation must 9e su9stantiall* relate$ to that interest

o !n$erl*in' %on%ern with se> stereot*pin'

'raig v. Boren ,pp. H35HK

• OM statute prohi9itin' sale of low al%ohol 9eer to males un$er 3- an$ women

un$er -

• )is%riminates a'ainst un$era'e men

• Stan$ar$ for the first time" ,in%reasin' le(el of s%rutin*

o Also happenin' in the mi$$le of an Art. pro%ee$in' ,e1ual ri'hts

• State interest" %on%erne$ a9out traffi% safet*

o =(i$en%e" ?ore males +ille$ in a%%i$ents a'e$ -53D

o Traffi% safet* is important 'o(ernmental o9Je%ti(e

o Consumption of 9u*in' not the SAL=

O(erin%lusi(e an$ un$erins%lui(e"

• !n$erin%lusi(e" 2e" onl* low al%ohol an$ sale

• O(erin%lusi(e" Punishes a 'roup of men for onl* 3

• Similarl* situate$&o )ata sa*s O.

• Anal*sis"

o Interme$iate S%rutin*"

Impt. State interest" pu9li% In$e%en%*

• Classifi%ation"

Unite States v. Virginia ,pp. HK5D

-3




• ?I onl* a$mits men

o !ses :a$(ersati(e metho$;

• State esta9lishes ir'inia #omen0s Institute for Lea$ership ,#IL as a reme$*

• )ist. Ct. rules for ?I

• State interests"

o =$u%ational 9enefits A$(ersati(e metho$ not wor+ in opposite se> en(ironment 9e%ause

women learn $ifferentl*

• Le'al rule"

o =>%ee$in'l* persuasi(e Justifi%ation

<ei'htenin' Interme$iate s%rutin* towar$s stri%t s%rutin*

o Court reJe%ts state interests

<ow men an$ women learn is 9ase$ on stereot*pes an$ $oesn0t

9elie(e them to 9e trueo A%tual State0s Purpose 2e(iew"

Ct. $oesn0t 9elie(e ir'inia0s rationalizations

• Ct. loo+s at purpose pro(i$e$ an$ s%rutinize$ what the

a%tual purpose ma* 9eo ir'inia alle'es reme$* #IL offers e1ual oppt* for ir'inia

Court sa*s O. )ifferent fa%ilities fun$in' %riteria et%.

• Interme$iate s%rutin* (s. Stri%t"

o ?i'ht allow non5in(i$ious se> $is%riminations

• Se> )is%rimination Ta+eawa*s"

o Interme$iate S%rutin*

!n$erl*in' %on%ern with se> stereot*pin'

•

For ne>t %lass"o )ue pro%ess %lause

o state shall $epri(e an* person of life li9ert* or propert*

without $ue pro%ess of law ?etho$ of fin$in' un5enumerate$ ri'hts

o 2i'hts as for%e fiel$s

T*pes of %on$u%t/9eha(ior

=%onomi% li9erties"

• Fun$amental 2i'hts"

o =numerate$ ri'hts an$ some unenumerate$ ri'hts

o Stri%t s%rutin* applies

Least restri%ti(e means

• on5Fun$amental 2i'hts

o 2ational 9asis s%rutin*

o Applies to most so%ial an$ e%onomi% le'islation

=%onomi% Su9stanti(e )ue pro%ess ri'hts"

• Lo%hner =ra"

-3




o Court uses $ue pro%ess %lause to o(erturn e%onomi%

le'islationo Court o(erturns lo%hner

o Limite$ -4th amen$ment prote%tion for e%onomi%

li9ert*

CLASS T#=T5T#O" O=?B=2 -- 3D-4

• Alienan'e )is%rimination"

o Classifi%ations a'ainst persons 9ase$ on %itizenship status

o General rule" Stri%t s%rutin* applies

Loo+ at te>t of =PC" -4th am. Tal+s a9out persons

• Prote%tions of -4th am. ?i'ht e>ten$ to ppl OT %itizens

o =>%eption" State re'ulations" %lassifi%ations 9ase$ on aliena'e self 'o(0t

an$ $emo%ra%* 2ational 9asis s%rutin* applies" ,Laws that $is%riminate a'ainst

non%itizens in their a9ilit* to (ote non5Juries politi%al offi%e%ertain Jo9s

Con'ressional appro(al

• Pl&ler Scrutin&

o Broa$ an$ narrow (ersions of hol$in's of %ases rea$

o Fa%ts"

T> law $enies e$u%ation

)e%lares un%onstitutional

EEFor outlines" Separate from e(er*thin'

• Court was $ealin' with (ulnera9le population $e%i$e$ that

the law 9ein' so 9roa$ applie$ a%ross 9oar$ rational 9asis

with 9ite• Other Classifi%ations"

o Ille'itima%* interme$iate s%rutin*

o A'e" rational 9asis

o #ealth" 2ational 9asis

o )isa9ilit*" rational 9asis

o Se>ual orientation" rational 9asis

I)II)!AL 2IG<TS" #hat is Li9ert*

• Positi(e 2i'hts

o Affirmati(e ri'ht to somethin'

=>. <ousin' foo$ shelter Generall* not re%o'nize$

• e'ati(e 2i'hts

o 2i'ht pre(entin' the 'o(0t from $oin' somethin' to *ou

o For%e fiel$ a'ainst 'o(0t re'ulation

Area of %on$u%t that 'o(0t %annot tou%h

• #hat is te>tual sour%e of the ri'ht&

-D




o 2i'hts liste$ in 9ill of ri'hts

o Free spee%h

o Bear arms

o Free e>er%ise of reli'ion

• !nenumerate$ 2i'hts&

Su9stanti(e (s. Pro%e$ural )ue Pro%ess• Su9stanti(e )ue pro%ess"

o Is the ri'ht a :li9ert*; 'uarantee$ 9* $ue pro%ess %lause

)o *ou ha(e a %onst. ri'ht to %usto$* of *our %hil$ren&

• Pro%e$ural )ue Pro%ess"

o #hat pro%ess $oes 'o(0t ha(e to 'o throu'h if wants to $epri(e *ou of

life li9ert* #hat pro%ess $oes 'o(t ha(e to follow to $epri(e a person of

that li9ert*&

• #hen State infrin'es on fun$amental ri'ht" ST2ICT SC2!TI APPLI=S

o =numerate$ ri'hts an$ some unenumerate$ ri'htso Stri%t s%rutin*

Lease restri%ti(e means ,must 9e narrowl* tailore$

o on fun$amental ri'hts"

2ational 9asis s%rutin*

Applies to most so%ial an$ e%onomi% le'islation

• Su9stanti(e )ue Pro%ess"

o #hat is the ri'ht at issue&

<as the ri'ht 9een infrin'e$&

• Is the state interest suffi%ient

o

Are the means suffi%ientl* relate$ to purpose&• Su9stanti(e )ue Pro%ess" =%onomi% Li9ert* an$ Su9stanti(e )ue Pro%ess"

o Can 'o(0t interfere withQ

The amt an emplo*er must pa* emplo*ees&

The num9er of hours emplo*ees ma* wor+&

A person0s a9ilit* to pra%ti%e a profession&

• -D5-H" Lo%hner =ra"

o Court uses )ue pro%ess %lause to o(erturn e%onomi% le'islation

<istori%al %onte>t"

• -H3" 2estri%ti(e $efinition of e%onomi% li9ert* in

Slau'hterhouseo in%rease$ fe$eral a$ state e%onomi% re'ulation

Lo%hner =ra"

• Fe$eral 2e'ulation o(erturne$

un$er Commer%e %lause

• State re'ulation o(erturne$ un$er

su9stanti(e $ue pro%ess

• -H"

--




o Court o(erturns Lo%hner ,#est Coast <otel

• Post -H"

o Limite$ -4th Am. Prote%tion for e%onomi% li9ert*

Lochner

• Statute at issue" Law limite$ amount of hours 9a+er* emplo*ees wor+

• State Interest"o Pu9li% health a$(an%e$"

Prote%ts"

• #or+ers that are tire$ safet* issues flour $ust inhale$

• People 9u*in' 9rea$" %ontamination

o State ta+in' si$es of e%onomi% 'roup 9etween emplo*ees an$ emplo*ers

• Ar'ument"

o 2i'ht to Contra%t" Te>tual sour%e"

• State usin' power

• Court sa*s un%onstitutional" (iolatin' -4th am. )ue pro%ess %lause"

• Anal*sis"o Court re(iews to see if its fair reasona9le appropriate e>er%ise of the

poli%e power of the state or is it an unreasona9le unne%essar* an$ ar9itrar*interferen%e

Court sa*s there is no $ire%t relation 9etween means an$ health

• Court thin+s this is la9or law" 'o(0t 'ettin' in(ol(e$ in pri(ate e%onomi%

relationships an$ ta+in' si$eso Court sa*s 9a+ers %an prote%t themsel(es in 9ar'ainin' power

!nenumerate$ ri'hts" no li9ert* to M

• Li9ert* of M limits state le'islatures to re'ulate %ertain

t*pes of e%onomi% relationship• S+epti%al towar$s laws not e>a%tl* passe$ for a spe%ifi%

purposeo Impa%t" e(er* e%onomi% relationship infrin'es on

li9ert* of M

• )issent" <arlan"

o This is a (ali$ law a9out health

o Courts shoul$ 9e more $eferential

• )issent" <olmes"

o -4th am. )oes not ena%t <er9ert spen%er0s so%ial status

o A %onstitution is not inten$e$ to em9o$* a parti%ular e%onomi% theor*

whether paternalism an$ the or'ani% relation of the %itizen to the state orof laissez faire

• Lo%hner )e%ision Criti1ue$"

o ?a$e up li9ert* of M an$ 'a(e a lot of power an$ not in %onst.

Is it wron' to eliminate ri'ht to M how is it wron' to term

pre'nan%*&o 2e(iew of means an$ relationship&

-3




)ata showin' flour $ust not 'oo$ for health %ourt o(ersteppe$

9oun$s 9* not rel*in' on le'islati(e reports

• Ta+eawa*s"

o Mnown for est. li9ert* of M un$er $ue pro%ess %lause

o BA) LA#

o eutralit* prin%iple Court shoul$ not ta+e si$es

o Careful s%rutin* of means an$ en$s un$er the $ue pro%ess %lause

• -D0s pressures %ausin' $emise of :Lo%hnerism;

o =%onomi% pressure

Great $epression

Bar'ainin' power 9e%omes a maJor Jo+e

o Politi%al pressure"

Court pa%+in' plan" tr*in' to 'et Sup. Ct. to 9a%+ awa* an$ allowstates to re'ulate e%onom*o Intelle%tual pressure"

Le'al realism"

• Ruestione$ whether Ju$'es are formalisti% ar9itrators

neutrall* appl*in' law

• Formalism"

o Law refle%ts a set of neutral prin%iples

o @u$'es %an appl* these prin%iples in a formalisti%

wa*

• Le'al realism"

o Law refle%ts politi%al %hoi%es with winners an$

loserso Politi%al %hoi%es shoul$ 9e ma$e 9* le'islatures

rather than %ourts

• !est Coast Hotel v. Parrish

o Law est. minimum wa'e for women an$ minors

o Court uphol$s minimum wa'e law o(erturnin' lo%hner

Li9ert* of M ar'ument" Court sa*s not 9ase$ in te>t an*more

Ct sa*s" le'itimate pu9li% purpose

Le'islature thin+s minimum wa'e law helps sol(e pro9lem appl*

$eferen%e 'et out of le'islatures 9usiness• 2ational 9asis s%rutin* applies

o ullif* e%onomi% li9ert* $ue pro%ess %lause pro(i$e$

o =%onomi% li9ert*" presume %onstitutional

• Presumption of Constitutionalit*"

o Post Lo%hner era $eferen%e to le'islature

#h* a presumption of %onstitutionalit*&

-




Are there situations where presumption shoul$ not appl*&

#hat $oes someone %hallen'in' le'islation nee$ to $o to o(erri$e

presumption&

• *S v. Carolene Products

o Law" Con'ress passes law for9i$$in' shipment of fille$ mil+ a%ross state

lines Purpose& <ealth reasons

• 2e'ular mil+ as+in' for them to ta+e si$es 9etween mil+

pro$u%ers Stan$ar$"

• The e>isten%e of fa%ts supportin' le'islati(e Ju$'ment is to

9e presume$ for re'ulator* le'islation affe%tin' or$inar*%ommer%ial transa%tions is not to 9e pronoun%e$un%onstitutional unless in li'ht of the fa%ts ma$e +nown or'enerall* assume$ is of su%h a %hara%ter as to pre%lu$e theassumption that it rests upon some rational 9asis within the+nowle$'e an$ e>perien%e of the le'islators

o o %ountermaJoritarian issues" Court $oesn0t want

to :Lo%hnerize;o 2e" Footnote :4;" Theor* of Ju$i%ial re(iew" representation reinfor%ement

a9out when appropriate for %ourt to se%on$ 'uess -4th am. 2e" what the'o(0t is $oin'

After ta+in' hit from lo%hner era 9ein' %ountermaJoritarian

• Court sa*s" ne>t time the* sa* :o; its 'oin' to 9e

$ifferent an$ not a9out (alueso Prote%ts politi%al pro%ess appropriate for %ourt to

step in onl* when somehow o9sta%le 'roup 'ettin'what the* want throu'h politi%al en$s

On%e %ourt %an 'uarantee that 'roup %an

a%%ess what the* want then %ourt 9a%+sawa*

o Also if politi%al pro%ess 9ro+en

o Or if 'roup affe%te$ is le'all* e>%lu$e$ or

preJu$i%e$ 2aises 1uestions"

• - #h* prote%t minorities at all&

• 3 Isn0t point of $emo%ra%* that

maJorit* wins& O+a* for $is%rete minorities to lose in

politi%al pro%ess 9ut shoul$ lose for 'oo$reasons OT 9e%ause of preJu$i%e or animus

• <ow $o *ou +now if/when a

minorit* or losers in politi%al pro%esslost&

-4




Footnote 4 is the response" <elp minorities that are $is%reet an$

insular

• )is%reet" Su''ests that it is still i$entifia9le

• Insular" Su''ests 'roup is internall* %ohesi(e an$ separate

from so%iet* %onst. ma* not appl* an$ then the %ourt will

then ta+e a loo+ #h* $is%reet an$ insular&

• Counterar'ument" The last 'roups that nee$ prote%tion are

not $is%reet an$ insular minorities&o Insular" or'anizin' a$(anta'e %ommunal

or'anization meetin's&o ?inorities" mi'ht alrea$* ha(e *our own

prote%tionso )is%reet" reall* har$ to e>it e(er*one +nows who

*ou are Cannot assimilate 9e%ause e(er*one %an tell

Cannot e>it either

• Onl* option is to or'anize

• =$'e in politi%al pro%ess an$

moti(ate$ to or'anize 9e%ause noother options

o Prote%tions to losers in politi%al pro%ess (s.

Prote%tin' more $iffuse$ 'roups& Are maJorities reall* that $an'erous&

!nli+e $is%reet an$ minorities ha(e their

own 9uilt in purpose

=>%eptions of 'eneral presumption of %onstitutionalit*"• - Le'islation e>pli%itl* prohi9ite$ 9* %onstitution" law

(iolate$ enumerate$ ri'hts"o =>. Law (iolates -st am.

• 3 Le'islation that restri%ts politi%al pro%esses" Laws that

somehow limit a9ilit* of parti%ular 'roup of politi%al offi%eo =>. Laws pre(entin' 'roup from (otin'

• Laws moti(ate$ 9* preJu$i%e a'ainst $is%rete an$ insular

minorities"o =>. Statutes that tar'et reli'ious minorities for

$ifferential treatmento Theor*" Poli%ies politi%al pro%ess steps in when 'i(en 'roup is

$isa$(anta'e$ an$ 'ets what the* want Carolene Pro$u%ts %ase a$(an%es"

- 2ational 9asis s%rutin* applie$ to e%onomi% li9ert*

3 =>%eptions to General presumption of %onstitutionalit*

• e>t %lass"

o =%onomi% su9stanti(e $ue pro%ess

-K




#illiamson (. Lee Opti%al

Puniti(e $ama'es

o Famil* Autonom*

2i'ht to marr*

• Lo(in' (. ir'inia

• Va9lo%+i (. 2e$hail 2i'ht to %usto$* of One0s Chil$ren

• Stanl* (. Illinois

• ?i%hael <

-




• Goals

o #hat ma+es for a 'oo$ e>am&

#hat0s on the =>am&

• Four hours lon' 3 parts

• Part -" 3 essa*s hours

o In role as a law %ler+ or attorne*

• Part 3"3D multiple %hoi%e 1uestions - hour

o <ow woul$ the Ju$'e resol(e the 1uestion an$ wh*.

<ow $o I stu$* for the e>am&

• )raft *our own outline that inte'rates"

o Case9oo+

o Class notes

o Commer%ial outline

o S*lla9us

Ta+e pra%ti%e e>ams

#hat $oes a 'oo$ e>am $o&• Show $eep un$erstan$in' of the law an$ rele(ant authorit*

o #hat $o *ou +now a9out su9stantial effe%ts& <ow

has it 9een applie$ in %ase law&

• I$entifie$ material fa%ts in fa%t pattern

• Analo'izes an$ $istin'uishes 9etween fa%t patterns an$

rele(ant %ase law )oes more than spot the issue

• States the rule an$ applies also appl* the rules to the fa%ts

Show 'oo$ Ju$'ment on what to fo%us on

Clear topi% senten%es an$ hea$in's

#ell planne$ out essa*

Present ar'uments on 9oth si$es

o #hat $o poor e>ams $o&

The* %ontain no $etaile$ anal*sis

The* fail to i$entif* or appl* rele(ant %ase law

The* $on0t answer the 1uestions as+e$

The* $on0t i$entif* material fa%ts in the fa%t pattern

The* are poorl* written

The* misstate rele(ant law

The* fail o spot %riti%al issueso <at un5enumerate$ ri'hts are prote%te$ un$er the )ue pro%ess Clause&

o <ow shoul$ the %ourt $efine the s%ope of the ri'ht to marr* ans the ri'ht to

%usto$* of one0s %hil$ren&

• Is it a Fun$amental 2i'ht&

o Is the ri'ht :$eepl* roote$ in the nation0s histor* an$ tra$ition&;

es

-H




• Stri%t S%rutin* applies

o Is the law ne%essar* to ser(e a %ompellin' interest&

o


o Is the law a reasona9le wa* to ser(e a le'itimate state

interest&• Fun$amental 2i'hts Anal*sis

o #hat is the ri'ht at issue&

Le(el of a9stra%tion" 9roa$ (s. narrow

o #hat are prosper sour%es of :histor* an$ tra$ition&;

#here $oes the %ourt fin$ histor* an$ tra$ition&

• <*9ri$ =P/)P Cases

o Classifi%ations that interfere with an in$i(i$uals a9ilit* to e>er%ise a

fun$amental ri'ht to 'et stri%t s%rutin*

Onl* omen 9orn on Thurs$a*0s ma* o9tain a9ortions

• on5=%onomi%

o The 2i'ht to ?arr*

o The 2i'ht to Custo$* of One0s Chil$ren

• Simulation" @ohn an$ Mristen

o Ar%a$ia Criminal Co$e 3-,9 for9i$s :an* in$i(i$ual from 9ein' marrie$

to more than one person at an* 'i(en time.; @ohn an$ @ane 'ot marrie$ inAr%a$ia -D *ears a'o an$ ha(e 9een en'a'e$ in a romanti% relationshipwith Mristen for the past H *ears. Last month John an$ Mristen applies for a

marria'e li%ense at the Cit*0s Cler+0s offi%e an$ were $enie$ 9ase$ on3-,9. the* re%entl* file$ suit in Fe$eral )istri%t Court %laimin' that thestatute (iolates the -4th Amen$ment0s )ue Clause. Sin%e we0(e 9eenassi'ne$ to represent the state on the %ase I0$ li+e *our a$(i%e on three1uestions"

<ow will *ou frame the ri'ht at issue&

#hat le(el of s%rutin* applies&

• 2ational 9asis s%rutin* applies"

o 2easona9l* relate$ to a le'itimate state interest"

Preser(in' famil* stru%ture

Prote%tion of sti'matize$ %hil$ren =%onomi% 9asis ,i.e. #ills

#hat are *our three stron'est ar'uments that the law satisfies the

%onstitutional rule&

• )illiamson v. Lee *+ti,al ,pp. 353

o Ba%+'roun$"

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)ist. Ct. hel$ un%onstitutional un$er $ue pro%ess %lause of -4 th

se%. 3 !nlawful for an* person not a li%ense$ opt. to fit lenses to afa%e or to $upli%ate or repla%e frames e>%ept upon written pres%ripti(e authorit* of an O+lahoma li%ense$ opt.

=ffe%t of se%. 3" For9i$ opti%ian from fittin' or $upli%atin' lenses

without a pres%ription o opt. %an fit ol$ 'lasses into new frames without a pres%ription

)ist. Ct. hel$ that in the %ompeten%e of the poli%e power of a state

to re'ulate e>amination of e*es B!T $i$ not hol$ that state %ol$re1uire a pres%ription from an optometrist to ta+e ol$ lenses an$ pla%e them in new frames

• Su%h re1uirement was not reasona9l* an$ rationall* relate$

to the health an$ welfare of the people It is for the le'islature not %ourts to 9alan%e A$(anta'es an$

$isa$(anta'es of the new re1uiremento A2G!?=T"

Le'islature mi'ht ha(e %on%lu$e$ fre1uen%* of o%%asions when a pres%ription is ne%essar* was suffi%ient to Justif* this re'ulation of the fittin' of e*e'lasses

#hen ne%essar* to $upli%ate a lens a written pres%ription ma* or

ma* not 9e ne%essar*.

• Le'. ?i'ht ha(e %on%lu$e$ that one was nee$e$ often

enou'h to re1uire one in e(er* %ase

• O2" le' mi'ht ha(e %on%lu$e$ that e*e e>aminations were

so %riti%al not onl* for %orre%tion of (ision 9ut also for $ete%tion of latent ailments

o

=(er* %han'e in frames an$ e(er* $upli%ation of alens shoul$ 9e a%%ompanie$ 9* a pres%ription for ame$i%al e>pert.

2=" !nli+el* it is that an* e%onomi% re'ulation will 9e fon$ to

(iolate $ue pro%ess"

• States %oul$ le'islate a'ainst inJurious pra%ti%es in their

internal %ommer%ial an$ 9usiness affairs so lon' as their laws $o not run afoul of some spe%ifi% fe$eral%onstitutional prohi9ition or of some (ali$ fe$eral law

o For prote%tion a'ainst a9uses 9* le'islatures the ppl must resort to the

polls not to the %ourts

• =M! of 3orth America v. (ore ,pp. D5Ko )ue pro%ess %lause of -4th am. Prohi9its state from imposin' a 'rossl*

e>%essi(e punishment on a tortfeasor #ron'$oin'" $e%ision 9* a nat0l $istri9utor of %ars not to a$(ise its

$ealers an$ their %ustomers of a pre$eli(er* $ama'e to new %arswhen the %ost of repair amounte$ to less than of the %ar0ssu''este$ retail pri%e

-




o ISS!=" whether 3 million $ollar puniti(e $ama'es awar$ to the pur%haser

of one of these %ars e>%ee$s the %onstitutional limit&o FACTS"

2espon$ent 9ou'ht B?# sports se$an at U4DM from authorize$

B?# $ealer

mos of $ri(in' too+ %ar to sli%+ finish to ma+e it loo+ snazzier than normall*

• in$epen$ent $etailer saw repaint Jo9 on the %ar

o A2G!?=T"

2espon$ent" failure to $is%lose that the %ar ha$ 9een repainte$

%onstitute$ suppression of a material fa%t

• B?#" If %ar repair e>%ee$e$ of su''este$ retail sol$

as use$o If $i$ not e>%ee$ %ar sol$ as new without

informin' $ealer of repair UD-.H %ost of repaint Jo9 -.K B?#

$i$ not $is%lose 2espon$ent" 2epainte$ %ar was worth less than a %ar that ha$ not

9een refinishe$

• )ama'es of U4DDD relie$ on testimon* of former B?#

$ealer (alue of repainte$ B?# was -D less than the(alue of a new %ar without repaint/repair

o Puniti(e $ama'es" =(i$en%e sin%e - B?# sol$

refinishe$ %ars as new -4 in Ala9ama without$is%losin' repaint more than UDD" a%tual $ama'e U4DDD per %ar.

o 4 million woul$ pro(i$e appropriate penalt* for sellin' appro>imatel* -DDD %ars for more than the*were worth

o Pro%e$ural Ba%+'roun$"

@ur* (er$i%t B?# lia9le for %ompensator* $ama'es of U4+ 4mill

in puniti(e 9ase$ on $etermination that non$is%losure poli%*%onstitute$ 'ross oppressi(e or mali%ious frau$

Appeal"

• Sup. Ct. reJe%te$ B?# %laim that awar$ e>%ee$e$

%onstitutionall* permissi9le amount

• Sup. Ct. fa(ore$" @ur* improperl* %ompute$ the amount of

puniti(e $ama'es 9* multipl*in' 2espon$ent0s%ompensator* $ama'es 9* the num9er of similar sales inother Juris$i%tions.

o er$i%t tainte$" Const. reasona9le puniti(e $ama'es

U3DDDDDD. remittitur o Anal*sis"

-4D




o #hether there is a reasona9le relationship 9etween

puniti(e $ama'es an$ the harm li+el* to result from)0s %on$u%t an$ the harm that a%tuall* o%%urre$

Amount awar$e$ is KDD>0s amount of a%tual

harm

o su''estion of threat with an* a$$itional potential harm 9* non5$is%losure poli%*

)isparit* is 'reater

Awar$ must raise a suspi%ious Ju$i%ial

e*e9row

• )ifferen%es 9etween this reme$* an$ %i(il penalties

authorize$ or impose$ in %ompara9le %aseso 3mill is su9stantiall* 'reater than statutor* fines

a(ail in Ala9ama an$ elsewhere for similar malfeasan%e

o ?a> for )e%epti(e tra$e pra%ti%es a%t is U3DDD In

Ala9ama Other states KM -DM

one pro(i$e out of state $istri9utor with

fair noti%e that the first (iolation or e(en -4mi'ht multimillion $ollar penalt*

o other Ju$i%ial $e%ision in$i%atin'

appli%ation of that poli%* mi'ht that punishment

• #oul$ a lesser reme$* a%hie(e the

same 'oal an$ a$e1uatel* prote%t the

interests of Ala9ama %onsumers• )ISS=T"

o !nJustifie$ %ourt inter(ention in state 'o(0t

o -4th am. Pro%e$ural 'uarantee assures an oppt* to

%ontest the reasona9leness of $ama'es Ju$'ment instate %ourt no fe$eral 'uarantee that $ama'es reasona9le

T=T!ALIST I=#

o #hen %onst. $o%trine a$opte$ 9* %ourt is not onl*

mista+en 9ut also insus%epti9le of prin%iple$appli%ation not 9oun$ for stare $e%isis

Fairness" re" a punishment to a prin%iple of su9stanti(e $ue pro%ess" e(er* puniti(eawar$ unreasona9l* impose$ isun%onstitutional awar$ is 9* $efinition5e>%essi(e sin%e it atta%hes a penalt* to%on$u%t un$eser(in' of punishment

• If %ourt is %orre%t" must 9e that e(er*

%laim that a state0s Jur* awar$ of

-43




%ompensator* $ama'es isunreasona9le ,no e(i$en%e amountsto an assertion of %onstitutionalinJur*

=(er* $ispute re" e(i$entiar* suffi%ien%* in a

state %i(il suit poses 1uestion of %onst.moment su9Je%t to a re(iew in this %ourt.

• Intro$u%tion 7 Framewor+ ,pp. 5

o Little $epen$s on whether Court uses $ue pro%ess or e1ual prote%tion as

9asis for prote%tin' a fun$amental ri'ht !n$er either pro(ision" must $e%i$e whether %laime$ li9ert* is

suffi%ientl* important to 9e re'ar$e$ as fun$amental e(en thou'hit is not mentione$ in the te>t of %onst.

• On%e $etermine$ fun$amental stri%t s%rutin* is use$

• )ue pro%ess (s. e1ual prote%tion ,as 9asis for prote%tin'

fun$amental ri'hts is in how %onstitutional ar'uments are

phrase$. If ri'ht is prote%te$ un$er e1ual prote%tion" issue" whether 'o(0ts

$is%rimination as to who %an e>er%ise the ri'ht is Justifie$ 9*suffi%ient purpose

• )istin%tion" if a law $enies ri'ht to some while allowin' it

to others $is%rimination %an 9e %hallen'e$ as offen$in'e1ual prote%tion or (iolation of ri'ht %an 9e o9Je%te$ toun$er $ue pro%ess

o th Am."

ot sour%e of ri'hts ri'hts not prote%te$ un$er it.

•

!se$ to pro(i$e te>tual Justifi%ation for the %ourt to prote%tnon5te>tual ri'hts ,ri'ht to pri(a%*

• @ustifi%ation for the Court to safe'uar$ unenumerate$

li9ertieso Pro%e$ural )ue Pro%ess"

=>isten%e of ri'ht tri''ers 3 $istin%t 9ur$ens on 'o(0t"

• Su9stanti(e" @ustif* an infrin'ement 9* showin' that its

a%tion is suffi%ientl* relate$ to an a$e1uate Justifi%ation,ne%essar* to a%hie(e %ompellin' purpose

• Pro%e$ural" If ta+in' awa* person0s life li9ert* or propert*

must pro(i$e a$e1uate pro%e$ureso I.=." Custo$* of %hil$ren"

Termination of %usto$*"

• ?ust show ne%essar* to a%hie(e

%ompellin' purpose

• Pro%e$ural" 'o(0t must pro(i$e

noti%e an$ a hearin' 9eforetermination

-4




o Anal*zin' Fun$amental 2i'hts"

FI2ST" Is there a fun$amental ri'ht&

• Ori'inalists" Limite$ to li9erties e>pli%itl* state$ in te>t or

%learl* inten$e$ 9* framers

• onor'inialsim" Permissi9le for Court to prote%t

fun$amental ri'hs not enumerate$ in Const. or inten$e$ 9*$rafters

• ?o$erate Ori'inalism" Ju$i%iar* shoul$ implement the

framers0 'eneral intent 9ut not ne%essaril* spe%ifi% (iews

• <istor*/Tra$ition in $e%i$in' what ri'hts not mentione$ in

te>t are fun$amental ,$eepl* roote$ in nation0s histor* an$tra$ition

o Ruestion of a9stra%tion at whi%h ri'ht is state$

Court role" perfe%tin' pro%esses of 'o(0t an$ onl* re%o'nize

nonte>tual ri'hts that %on%ern ensurin' a$e1uate representationan$ effe%ti(e operation of politi%al pro%ess

S=CO)" IS the Constitutional ri'ht infrin'e$&

• o 1uestion if e>er%ise of ri'ht is prohi9ite$

o =(aluation"

The $ire%tness an$ su9stantialit* of the

interferen%e

• #hat %onstitutes infrin'ement&

• !n$er what %ir%umstan%es is 'o(0ts

a%tion infrin'ement& T<I2)" Is there a suffi%ient Justifi%ation for the 'o(0ts

infrin'ement of a ri'ht&

• If Fun$amental" must 9e %ompellin' interest to Justif*infrin'ement

o If not fun$amental onl* a le'itimate purpose

re1uire$ to sustain law

• Go(0t has 9ur$en to show trul* (ital interest ser(e$ 9* law

in 1uestion FO!2T<" Is the means suffi%ientl* relate$ to purpose&

• Law must 9e ne%essar* to a%hie(e o9Je%ti(e

• Go(t %annt attain 'oal throu'h an* means less restri%ti(e of

the ri'ht

o s. 2ational 9asis re(iew" means must 9ereasona9le to a%hie(e 'oal an$ 'o(0t not re1uire$ touse least restri%ti(e alternati(e

o Court must as+"

#hat is is impt enou'h to 9e a fun$amental ri'ht

#hat is intrusi(e enou'h to 9e $eeme$ an in(asion

#hat is si'nifi%ant enou'h to 9e re'ar$e$ as %ompellin' interest

-44




#hat is narrowl* tailore$ enou'h o 9e re'ar$e$ as ne%essar*

means&

• Lovin" v. Vir"inia ,pp. 54D The Ri!ht to Marr%

o 2i'ht to marr* fun$amental ri'ht prote%te$ un$er $ue pro%ess %lauses

Issue" #hether a stattor* s%heme a$opte$ 9* state of (a to pre(ent

marrai'es 9etween persons solel* on 9asis of ra%ial %lassifi%ations(iolates =PC an$ )PC of -4th

• <ol$in'" Statutes %annot stan$ %onsistentl* with -4th am.

o Ba%+'roun$ fa%ts"

?arria'e returne$ to a. arreste$

Cir%uit %ourt" In$i%tment (iolation of 9an

Trial Ju$'e suspen$e$ senten%e 3K *rs lea(e state an$ not return

File$ motion to (a%ate Ju$'ment

Sup. Ct. of Appeals uphel$ %onstitutionalit* of statutes

o <ol$in'" Sup Ct. hel$ a. Law impressi9le ra%e $is%rimination in (iolation

of =PC of -4th

o )epri(e li9ert* without $ue pro%ess of law in (iolation of )PC of -4 th

o Free$om of %hoi%e to marr* %annot 9e restri%te$ 9* in(i$ious ra%ial

$is%rimination not infrin'e$ 9* state.

• -alo,/i v. Re#ail ,pp. 4D54K" Ri!ht to Marr%

o 'ssue Constitutionalit& of !isconsin Statute ?>@.4; ?em9ers of %ertain

%lass ma* not marr* within state or elsewhere without first o9tainin' a%ourt or$er 'rantin' permission to marr*

o First" #hat 9ur$en of Justifi%ation the %lassifi%ation %reate$ must meet"

ature of %lassifi%ation an$ in$i(i$ual interests affe%te$

o Ba%+'roun$ Fa%ts"

Appellee file$ app for marria'e li%ense w appellant V %ount* %ler+ of ?ilwau+ee %t* app $enie$ 9% no %ourt or$er 'rantin' permission to marr* re1uire$ 9* 34K.-D

)i$ not petition state %ourt 9ut $i$n0t satisf* re1uirements"

• ot satisfie$ the support o9li'ations for ille'itimate %hil$

o Arrears

• Chil$ 9ein' pu9li% %har'e sin%e 9irth re%ei(e$ 9enefits

un$er Ai$ to Families with )epen$ent Chil$ren pro'ramo Pa*ments meant pu9li% %har'e re'ar$less of no past

$ue supporto

Court anal*sis" Criti%al e>amination of state interests a$(an%e$ in support of

%lass. re1uire$ Fun$amental ri'ht of pri(a%* ,marria'e

2i'ht to pro%reate

• ?arria'e 'oes han$ in han$ with pro%reation

Stat. %lassifi%ation at issue %learl* interferes $ire%tl* an$

su9stantiall* with ri'ht to marr*

-4K




• !n$er %hallen'e$ statute no #is%onsin resi$ent in affe%te$

%lass ma* marr* in #is%onsin or elsewhere without %ourtor$er an$ an* in (iolation of statute are (oi$ an$ punisha9le

<ere" appellee ne(er a9le to o9tain %ourt or$er a9solutel*

pre(ente$ from 'ettin' marrie$.• Others a9le to satisf* ,in theor* the statutor* re1uirements

will 9e suffi%ientl* 9ur$ene$ 9* ha(in' to $o so %oer%e$into fore'oin' their ri'ht to marr*

o Those who %an meet serious intrusion into free$om

of %hoi%eo A2G!?=T"

Appellant asserts state interests"

• Permission to marr* pro%ee$in' furnishes oppt* to %ounsel

appli%ant as to ne%essit* of fulfillin' prior suppt o9li'ations

• #elfare of the out of %usto$* %hil$ren prote%te$

o Court sa*s *es the* are le'itimate an$ su9stantial

9ut 9% of the means impin'e on ri'ht to marr*%annot 9e sustaine$.

• 34K.-D prote%ts a9ilit* of marria'e appli%ants to meet suppt

o9li'ations to prior %hil$ren 9* pre(entin' appli%ants fromin%urrin' new suppt o9li'ations

FIT"

• !n$erin%lusi(e" )o not limit in an* wa* new finan%ial

%ommitments 9* the appli%ant other than those arisin' outof the %ontemplate$ marria'e

• O(erin%lusi(e" Possi9ilit* that the new spouse will a%tuall* 9etter appli%ant0s finan%ial situation 9* %ontri9utin'in%ome from a Jo9 or otherwise

o Statute ma* pre(ent affe%te$ in$i(i$uals from

impro(in' their a9ilit* to satisf* their prior supporto9li'ations

o <OL)IG" statutor* %lassifi%ations %reate$ 9* statute %annot 9e Justifie$

9* interests a$(an%e$ in support of it.

• Con%urrin' opinion"

o )isa'rees that there is a ri'ht to marr* in %onstitutional sense

Pri(ile'e

States %an prohi9it ri'ht to marr*

o Issue" whether state interests that suppt a9ri$'ement %an o(er%ome

su9stanti(e prote%tions of %onst.o State law irrational means of a%hie(in' o9Je%ti(es of state

• )issentin' opinion"

o 2eJe%ts that marria'e is fun$amental ri'ht whi%h must in(aria9l* tri''er

stri%t s%rutin*

-4




o Onl* rational 9asis test applies

o State has power to e>er%ise re'ulation of famil* life an$ assure support of

minor %hil$ren

• )i'ulation: 6ohn K Jristen ,Bla%+9oar$

• Stanley v. 0llinois ,pp. 454

o Fa%ts" @S li(e$ with PS for - *ears %hil$ren

@S $ie$ PS lost %hil$ren

o Statute" Illinoi" %hil$ren of unwe$ fathers 9e%ome war$s of state upon

mother0s $eatho Ba%+'roun$"

PS Ar'ument" e(er 9een shown to 9e unfit parent an$ sin%e

marrie$ fathers an$ unwe$ mothers not $epri(e$ he was $epri(e$of e1ual prote%tion of laws of -4 th am.

• Sup. Ct. a%%epte$ that no showin' of unfitness

•

2eJe%te$ e1ual prote%tion %laim" sin%e not marrie$ PS interest in retainin' %usto$* is %o'niza9le an$ su9stantial

o State re'isters no 'ain towar$ $e%lare$ 'oals separatin' %hil$ren from fit

parents State" ?ost unmarrie$ fathers are unsuita9le an$ ne'le%tful parents

• FIT" O(erin%lusi(e" All unmarrie$ fathers are not in this

%ate'or* as unfit parents

• 1i,#ael 2. v. Geral 3. ,45K4

o Statute" A %hil$ 9orn to marrie$ woman li(in' w hus9an$ %hil$ of the

marria'e Issue" presumption infrin'es upon $ue pro%ess ri'hts of a man who

wishes to est paternit* of %hil$ 9orn to wife of another maninfrin'es upon %onst. ri'ht of %hil$ to maintain relationship withnatural father

o Fa%ts"

Int0l mo$el an$ Fren%h oil e>e% marrie$ li(e in Pla*a $el 2e*

Cali A$ulter* with nei'h9or an$ ha$ %hil$

<us9an$ liste$ as father

#ife informe$ 9f that he mi'ht 9e father

o A2G!?=T"

?i%hale"• See+in' $e%larator* 9ein' father of (i%toria

• Imme$iate 9enefit" (isitation ri'hts

o If $etermine$ to 9e the father" more ri'hts ri'ht to

9e %usto$ial parent an$ $e%ision ma+in'

• -" Su9stanti(e $ue pro%ess esta9lishe$ a parental

relationship w marital union is insuffi%ient state interestto prote%t

-4H




o Const. prote%te$ li9ert* interest in relationship w

o Court anal*sis"

:Li9ert*; in )PC e>ten$s 9e*on$ free$om from ph*si%al restraint

I A))ITIO" interest must 9e tra$itionall* prote%te$ 9* so%iet*

Le'al issue" whether the relationship 9etween persons in the

situation of ? an$ has 9een treate$ as a prote%te$ famil* unitun$er histori% pra%ti%es of so%iet* or whether on an* other 9asis ithas 9een a%%or$e$ spe%ial prote%tion

• Court sa*s O. 1uite the opposite prote%ts marital famil*

•

CLASS T#=T5FO!2" O=?B=2 - 3D-4

• If ne%essar* to meet with professor prior to e>am nee$ to set up apt prior to wee+

of e>ams 9ut %an meet prior to wee+ of e>ams

• Ea(aila9le 9* e5mail

•

2e =>am"o o %onst. te>t pro(i$e$ $urin' e>am

o Le(el of +nowle$'e re" 9a$ %aselaw&

I.e."

• Lo%hner is 9a$ law ,MO# T<IS

• ?i%hael <. (. Geral$ )"

o Carole an$ Geral$ marrie$"

i%toria ,$au'hter father wante$ to see i%toria

• But %ali has irrefuta9le presumption that marrie$ %ouple are

9iolo'i%al parents of %hil$ of marria'e Ar'ument"

• ?i%hael" Fun$amental ri'ht to 9e with 9iolo'i%al %hil$

See e'. Stanle*

• arrowl*" A$ulterous relationship pro$u%t of a$ulterous

affair Court sa*s"

• S%alia"

o )o states tra$itionall* awar$ ri'hts to unmarrie$

fathers when mother is marrie$ to someone else& O.

Presumption of paternit* 'oes to hus9an$

• Tries to frame ruleo 2efer to spe%ifi% le(el rele(ant prote%tion $en*in'

asserte$ ri'ht to 9e i$entifie$o Tension 9etween this %ase an$ Stanle*

Stanle*"

• Court %ares a lot a9out 9iolo'i%al relationship 9etween

father an$ %hil$

-4




#hereas ?i%hael <" )o not CA2=

• 2i'ht to marr* W 2i'ht to Custo$* o(er %hil$ren W 2i'ht to Meep famil* to'ether

)i'ulation: 6ules and 6i':

• Belle Terre" ot relate$ 9* 9loo$ a$option or marria'e

o !phel$

?a* ha(e some limits to Moore v. Cit& of East Cleaveland

• Fa%ts"

o Outsi$e of s%ope of limite$ $efinition of famil* east %lea(elan$

• Ar'ument"

o =ast %lea(elan$"

O(er%row$in' minimizin' traffi% an$ par+in' an$ a(oi$in' un$ue

finan%ial 9ur$ens on s%hool

• Limits num9er of ppl in househol$ an$ therefore woul$n0t

ha(e those +in$s of issue

?oore"• Tra$ition of aunts un%les an$ li(in' to'ether

o Free$om of %hoi%e ma* 9e entitle$ to prote%tion

• =ast %lea(elan$" $e%i$es to $efine themsel(es as upwar$l* mo9ile %ommunit*

o )i$ not want to i$entif* %ommunit* as :'hetto;

• illa'e of Belle Terre (. Boraas"

o Vonin' or$inan%e limits lan$ use to sin'le famil* $wellin's

Famil* 9loo$ a$option or marria'e

o 2estri%tion %hallen'e$ 9* a 'roup of unrelate$ %olle'e stu$ents that want

to li(e to'ether o Court uphol$s the statute limitin' s%ope of the ri'ht to +eep a famil*

to'ether

• Pier%e (. So%iet* Sisters"

o Ore'on %annot re1uire that all stu$ents atten$ pu9li% s%hool

Settin' up for%e fiel$ aroun$ state re'ulation of parti%ular $e%ision

ma+in'

• Simulation" isitation Battle

o <ow $o *ou thin+ @ane an$ State ea%h $es%ri9e hol$in' in Tro>el

o <ow shoul$ Ju$'e $e%i$e

?i'ht allow some sort of 9alan%e

• Closel* relate$ to )ue pro%ess %lause

o ?oore (. Cit* of =ast Clea(elan$

arrow (s. Broa$ wa* of %onstru%tin' %ase

• Tro>el (. Gran(ille"

o Fa%ts"

Gran$parent lo99* is stron'

o ?inimalism"

-4




Te%hni1ue that Court has in some wa*s to a$$ress %ases that $on0t

ne%essaril* fall into this trapo Ta+eawa*s"

Fo%us on famil* as $efine$ 9* 9loo$ a$option or marria'e ,moore

9elle terre

Fo%us on parents ri'ht to %ontrol %ertain aspe%ts of a %hil$0sup9rin'in' ,me*er peir%e tro>el

Brao$ an$ narrow %onstru%tions of the tro>el hol$in'

• =uc+ v. =ell "

o ?o(ement for %ompulsor* sterilization 9e'an re%entl*

o B* -D0s DW states passe$ laws for ppl insane or i$ioti%

• S+inner v. )+lahoma"

o O+lahoma0s <a9itual Criminal Sterilization A%t"

<a9itual %riminal as a person who ha(in' 9een %on(i%te$ of two or

more times for %rimes amountin' to felonies in(ol(in' :moral

turpitu$e; either in O+ or in a %ourt of another state is thereafter %on(i%te$ of OM felon* an$ senten%e$ to a term of imprisonmento Similarl* situate$ ppl one for lar%en* an$ one for em9ezzlement one 'ets

sterilize$ an$ one $oesn0t

• (ris0old v. Ct."

o ESi'nifi%ant" 9rin's su9stanti(e $ue pro%ess to li'ht

o Statute at issue"

An* person who uses an* $ru' me$i%inal arti%le or instrument for

purpose of pre(entin' %on%eptiono State interest"

Pre(ent e>tramarital relations

Pro%reate ?oral $isappro(al

o Appellant ar'ues"

)e%isions re" health

2i'ht to pri(a%*

2i'ht to ma+e important $e%isions re" pro%reation

)e%isions are ma$e in home 9u99le aroun$ *our home

o Com9ination of ri'hts"

-st am. r$ 4th th -4th

o Fit ar'ument"

O(erin%lusi(e 7 !n$erin%lusi(e

Less restri%ti(e alternati(es" see+s to a%hie(e its 'oals 9* means

ha(in' ma> $estru%ti(e impa%t upon relationship

• Criminalize a$ulter*

o ?aJorit* Opinion" ,)ou'las

List of $ifferent ri'hts

• -st r$ 4th Kth th th -4th

-KD




o all %o(erin' ri'ht to pria%*

out of these ri'hts %ome penum9ras

• out of penum9ras %ome emanations

o out of emanations %omes

ri'ht to pri(a%*

o not resurre%tin' su9stanti(e$ue pro%ess infers lar'er(alues from enumerate$ri'hts within %onstitution

o Lo%hnerizin'&

o 2o9ert Bor+ on Griswol$"

An unprin%iple$ $e%ision"

• Both in the wa* in whi%h it $eri(es a new %onstitutional

ri'ht an$ in the wa* it $efines that ri'ht or rather fails to$efine it

• #e are left with no i$ea of the sweep of the ri'ht to pri(a%*

an$ hen%e no notion of the %ases to whi%h it ma* or ma*not 9e applie$ in the future

o @usti%e Gol$9er'0s Con%urrin' opinion"

)oesn0t 9u* )ou'las0 opinion

• Groun$s it soli$l* aroun$ th am.

o The enumeration in the %onstitution of %ertain

ri'hts shall not 9e %onstrue$ to $en* or $ispara'eothers retaine$ 9* the people

o Loo+ to tra$itions an$ %olle%ti(e %ons%ien%e of our

ppl

• th am not (iewe$ as sour%e of in$i(i$ual ri'htso Court has ne(er relie$ on th am. As a te>tual sour%e

for unenumerate$ ri'hto @usti%e <arlan II

Con%urrin'" Fin$s ri'ht in -4th am. )ue pro%ess %lause

2i'ht is impli%it in the %on%ept of or$ere$ li9ert*

o @usti%e #hite ,Con%urrin'

Flun+s rational 9asis s%rutin*

o @usti%e Bla%+ ,$issent

o ma%hiner* with whi%h to ta+e a 'allup poll an$ s%ientifi%

mira%les of this a'e ha(e not *et pro$u%e$ a 'a$'et whi%h theCourt %an use to $etermine what tra$itions are roote$ in the:%olle%ti(e %ons%ien%e of our people;

o 2i'ht to marital pri(a%* re" use of %ontra%epti(es to marrie$ %ouples

=m9ra%e su9stanti(e $ue pro%ess em9e$$in' all of this in -4 th am.

o #hat happens after Griswol$&

=isensta$t (. Bair$"

-K-




• =>ten$s Griswol$ to pote%t %ontra%eption $istri9ution to

un'arried people

o If ri'ht to pri(a%* means an*thin' it is ri'ht of

in$i(i$ual marrie$ or sin'le to 9e free formunwarrante$ 'o(0t al intrusion into matters so

fun$amentall* affe%tin' a person as the $e%isionwhether or not to 9ear or 9e'et a %hil$

Care* (. Population Ser(i%es"

• =>ten$s Grisolwol$ to %ontra%epti(e use 4% e&er%one

• e>t Class

o A9ortion

2oe (. #a$e

Planne$ Parenthoo$ ( Case*EE

Gonzales (. Carhart

CLASS T#=T5FI=" O=?B=2 3D 3D-4

• Last Class"

o 2i'ht to +eep fam to'ether

?oore

Belle

o Parental ri'hts to %ontrol %hil$ren0s up9rin'in'

Tro>el

o 2i'ht to Contra%eption

Griswol$

• Followin' Griswol$"

o =>ten$s to unmarrie$ peopleo Then Care*" 2i'ht to %ontra%epti(e use

• Prior to 7oe v. !ade" 6TI?=LI=8

o Su9stanti(e )P Cases Lea$in' to 2oe"

S+inner 2i'ht to pro%reate ,infrin'e$ when state for%es *ou

• Griswol$" 2i'ht to %ontra%eption

o Lo(in'" 2i'ht to ?arr*

Stanle*" 2i'ht to %usto$* o(er one0s

%hil$ren

• #h* is this har$ to tal+ a9out"

o Inter$is%iplinar*o Stron' politi%al %on(i%tions

o Personal e>perien%e

• 7oe v. !ade"

o <istori%al Conte>t"

As of -D all KD states an$ $istri%t of Colum9ia outlaw a9ortions

• Shift in earl* -HD0s

-K3




o Pu9li% opinion

o )o%trine

o Le'al reform

At time of 2oe man* states starte$ li9eralizin' or ma+in'

e>%eptions re" life of mother

• On'oin' reform pro%esso Ruestion" is it appropriate for Court to step in an$

shut $own&o Statute at issue"

Art. -- of Te>as penal %o$e

• Prohi9its a9ortions e>%ept for the purpose of sa(in' the life

of the mother o #hat are state interests&

)e%reases e>tramarital affairs or unmarrie$

people ha(in' se>

Prote%t women" a9ortion pro%e$ure presentsa ris+ to health of women

• Con%ern of unsafe pro%e$ure

Prote%ts life of fetus

o If *ou represent @ane 2oe how woul$ *ou $es%ri9e

*our %lient0s li9ert* interest in this %ase& Theor* -" 2i'ht to 9o$il* inte'rit*

• Loo+ at s+inner" In(asion of 9o$*

,ri'ht to prote%t themsel(es fromunwante$ sterilization

• A9ilit* to ma+e $e%isions a9out *our

famil* (ris0old • 2roxel " 2i'ht to Care Custo$* an$

Control of %hil$reno Bla%+mun o(erturns

In %onstitution lo%ates -4th Am. Su9stanti(e )ue Pro%ess"

• ,Similar to Lo%hner 2i'ht to pri(a%*

o Le'al Stan$ar$" Stri%t s%rutin*

P'. 4" #here %ertain fun$amental ri'hts

are in(ol(e$ %ourt has hel$ that re'ulationlimitin' these ri'hts ma* 9e Justifie$ onl* 9*

a co'pellin! state interest, an$ thatle'islati(e ena%tments must 9e narrowl*$rawn to e>press onl* the le'it state interestsat sta+e

• Simulation"

o ot a fun$amental 2i'ht

o 9asis in te>t ,unenumerate$

ot $eepl* roote$ in <istor*

-K




• EEEEAt the time that -4th am. #as passe$ states re'ulate$

a9ortion not tr*in' to prote%t this ri'ht for a woman to 9ea9le to ha(e an a9ortion ,states re'ulation of a9ortion

o State has a %ompellin' interest to prote%t safet* of woman an$ fetus

-4th Am. )ue pro%ess %lause nor shall an* state $epri(e an* person

of life li9ert* or propert* without $ue pro%ess of law• Impli%ations"

o ALL a9ortions %ause$ 9* rape in%est me$i%al

issues are still ille'al

• 7oe’s 2rimester ,rame0or+ OT /OO (AW

o Co'pellin! state interests: life of 'other and life of fetus

#hen $oes life 9e'in&

• First trimester" either state interest is %ompellin' so state

cannot re!ulate

• Se%on$ Trimester" State interest in maternal health 9e%omes

%ompellin' as a9ortions 9e%ome ris+ier o State %an re'ulate in wa*s that are reasona9l*

relate$ to the prote%tion of maternal health

• Thir$ Trimester" Point of (iola9ilit* ris+ier an$ full*

$e(elope$ STAT= CA P2O<IBIT ABO2TIOSo As a9ortions 9e%ame safer state0s interest in

prote%tin' maternal life 9e'an to mo(e later in pre'nan%*

But (ia9ilit* o%%urs earlier sin%e s%ien%e

%an maintain life of fetus earlier intrimesters

• Planned Parenthood v. Case& T*I) I) /OO (AWo Chan'e in personnel

o As+s o(erturn 2oe (. #a$e

o Statute at issue"

PA Passes a9ortion law that $oesn0t flatl* prohi9it it 9ut %hip awa*

a%%ess to a9ortions

• 34 hour waitin' perio$ prior to a9ortion

• )o%tor nee$s to pro(i$e information

• ?inors 'ettin' a9ortion" must 'et parental %onsent

o B!T %an 'et Ju$i%ial 9*pass if %annot 'et parents to

%onsent• Spousal notifi%ation"

o ?ust notif* spouse with Ju$i%ial 9*pass

• 2eportin' re1uirements

o #eir$ aspe%ts of this %ase"

@oint opinion" O0Connor Menne$* Souter all appointe$ 9*

2epu9li%an presi$ents

-K4




• Souter %on(in%e$ Menne$* to write opinion ,who was

a9out to (ote $emo%rati%o #ant to preser(e Ju$i%iar*

:Li9ert* fin$s no refu'e in a Jurispru$en%e of $ou9t;

• Sta9ilit* in law

Criteria for o(errulin' past pre%e$ent• If it is unwor+a9le

• 2elia9ilit*

• Chan'e in fa%ts

o Fa%ts earlier

• Chan'e in )o%trine

Stare )e%isis %omes from %ommon law"

• Simulation" Constitutionalit* of four restri%tions"

o Prohi9ition on all a9ortions after -3th wee+ of pre'nan%* when first fetal

heart9eat is $ete%te$" !n%onstitutional

o Prohi9itions on all a9ortions post (ia9ilit*" pro(i$e$ it $oes not pose ahealth ris+" !n%onstitutional

o 2e1uirement that all $o%tors pro(i$e women see+in' a9ortions with

%ounselin'Q.%onstitutional ,p' o 2e1uirement that all women see+in' a9ortions (iew an ultrasoun$Q

%onstitutional ,& P' 4

• Basi%s of %ase* rule"

o ia9ilit*"

State ma* not prohi9it pre(ia9ilit* a9ortions

State %an restri%t post (ia9ilit* a9ortions e>%ept where ne%essar*

for the preser(ation of her healtho !n$ue 9ur$en"

Le'itimate interests in maternal health an$ fetal life from outset of

pre'nan%*o Case* an$ !n$ue Bur$en"

!nless it has the effe%t on her ri'ht of %hoi%e a state measure to

persua$e her to %hoose %hil$9irth o(er a9ortion will 9e uphel$o issent:

2ehn1uist in %ase*

• !nli+e marria'e pro%reation an$ %ontra%eption a9ortion

in(ol(es the purposeful termination of a potential life. The

a9ortion $e%ision must therefore 9e re%o'nize$ as a sui'eneris $ifferent in +in$ from the others that the %ourt has prote%te$ un$er the ru9ri% of personal or famil* pri(a%* an$autonom*

S%alia"

• States ma* if the* wish permit a9ortion on $eman$ 9ut the

%onstitution $oes not re1uire them to $o so.

-KK




• )oes not %ontain a health e>%eption

o =>%eption for LIF= 9ut not

<=ALT<

• Con'ressional fa%tual fin$in's"

o In%lu$e in Con'ressional an$ fe$eral law partial

9irth a9ortions are ne(er ne%essar* to preser(emother0s health

o There is a moral me$i%al an$ ethi%al %onsensus that

inta%t )7= is ne(er me$i%all* ne%essar*o Sen. Santorum" #e are here 9e%ause sup. Ct.

$efen$e$ the in$efensi9leQwe ha(e respon$e$ tothe sup. Ct. I hope the Justi%es rea$ this re%or$ 9e%ause I am tal+in' to *ouQthere is no reason fora health e>%eption

CLASS T#=T5SI" O=?B=2 3K 3D-4

• Last %lass"o A9ortion"

2oe (. #a$e

Planne$ Parenthoo$ (. Case*

Gonzales (. Carhart"

• Efor9i$ a parti%ular +in$ of a9ortion

• Containe$ no health e>%eption

o 2e1uirements" Post5(ia9ilit* a9ortion must allow

e>%eption that allows for prote%tion of mother0shealth

o State interests" respe%tin' $i'nit* of human lifeo A%t $oesn0t %ontain health e>%eption 9ut %ourt

uphol$s law La%+ of me$i%al %onsensus re" safet* of

pro%e$ure A%%ess to the metho$ is a(aila9le f *ou 'o to

%ourt an$ %hallen'e :as applie$; metho$

• Court 'i(es wei'ht re" moral $isappro(al of pro%e$ure

• Tal+s a9out states le'it interests not fun$amental ri'hts

Cruan

• ?issouri state law that re1uires :%lear an$ %on(in%in' e(i$en%e; of the

in%ompetent person0s wisheso #hat are state interest&

o #hat %onstitutional ri'ht or li9ert* interest is infrin'e$&

• Fa%ts"

o Parents want to terminate hospital preser(ation

o <ospital sa*s no

o Statement ma$e to roommate statin' woul$n0t want to li(e as a (e'eta9le

-KH




Su''esti(e 9ut not %lear an$ %on(in%in'

• State interest"

o <ei'htene$ e(i$entiar* stan$ar$ to prote%t interest in prote%t/preser(in'

life State of ?issouri assertin' life as morall* fun$amental

o Prote%ts a'ainst in%ompetent famil* mem9ers with another moti(e• Cruzan ar'ument"

o 2i'ht to refuse me$i%al treatment

Ar'uments surroun$in'"

• 2i'ht to refuse unwante$ me$i%al treatment " 2i'ht to

9o$il* inte'rit* ,Case*

• 2i'ht to %ontra%eption

• 2i'ht to e1ual prote%tion

• )eferen%e 'i(en to 9iolo'i%al parent to ma+e $e%ision for

their %hil$ ,Tro>el

o Court uphol$s ?issouri rule Clear an$ %on(in%in' e(i$en%e stan$ar$

• Court $oes not sa* stan$ar$ re1uire$ 9* %onstitution

o Balan%in' test"

#hether a respon$ent0s %onstitutional ri'hts ha(e 9een (iolate$

must 9e $etermine$ 9* 9alan%in' his li9ert* interests a'ainst therele(ant state interests

o Li9ert* interest" %ompetent interest in refusin' life preser(in' treatment

Bo$il* inte'rit* is an interest nee$e$ to 9e preser(e$

• Court loo+s at 9o$il* tou%hin' 9atter*

o

S%alia" Fe$eral %ourts ha(e no interest Court shoul$ sta* out of when state wants to ta+e measures

• Ta+eawa*s"

o Lea(es le(el of s%rutin* unresol(e$

Li9ert* interest in 9ein' for a %ompetent person to with$raw life

sustainin' treatment 9ut not %lear what le(el of s%rutin* applieso <i'her stan$ar$s than %lear an$ %on(in%in'&

o )e%isions 9* $esi'nate$ health %are pro>*&

• Out%ome"

o State attorne* 'eneral $i$ not %ontest petition

#ith$rew treatment an$ $ie$

!nresol(e$ 1uestion of ri'ht to see+ assistan%e in a%%eleratin'

$eath Prohi9its %ausin' or ai$in' sui%i$e

• )o%tors %an with$raw life sustainin' treatment

(luc+sber"

• State interest a$(an%e$ 9* #ashin'ton law prohi9its %ausin' or ai$in' a sui%i$e

o Fa%ial %hallen'e ,whi%h is har$ to win

-K




• Preser(ation of human life ,Cruzan

• Shiel$in' people that are terminall* ill hin$ere$ to ma+e $e%isions 9ase$ on their

life

• Con%ern re" in(oluntar* ri'ht to life throu'h euthanasia

• 2i'ht to ma+e %hoi%es re" health%are

o Fun$amental %hoi%es• State" 2i'ht to assiste$ sui%i$e

o The $ue pro%ess %lause spe%ifi%all* prote%ts those fun$amental ri'hts an$

li9erties whi%h are o9Je%ti(el* $eepl* roote$ in this nation0s histor* an$tra$itional impli%it in the %on%ept of or$ere$ li9ert*

o #e ha(e re1uire$ in su9stanti(e $ue pro%ess a %areful $es%ription of the

asserte$ fun$amental li9ert* interest ot a9out assiste$ sui%i$e 9ut that the Court is narrowl* $efinin'

prote%te$ li9ert* in most limite$ fun$amental wa*

• 2i'ht to ph*si%ian assiste$ sui%i$e $oesn0t e>ist

•2i'ht to or$er me$i%al treatment with$rawn (s. one pro(i$in' $ru's to ai$ in$eath

• Bo$il* inte'rit* ar'ument" m* 9o$* m* %hoi%e

• Court sa*s if state wants to %riminalize not hittin' on an* for%e fiel$s

• #rin+le in Glu%+s9er' opinion"

o Su''estion of (ia9le %onst. %laim

Lea(es room for as applie$ %hallen'e$ ,re" those who are in

in%re$i9le amounts of paino ta+eawa*s"

no a9solute ri'ht to ph*si%ian assiste$ sui%i$e

states are free to pass laws allowin' ph*si%ian assiste$ sui%i$e

%ompetent in$i(i$uals ha(e assume$ li9ert* interest in or$erin'

with$rawal of life sa(in' treatment ,Cruzan =o0ers v. Hard0ic+

• Chan'es sin%e Bowers

o Gra$ual reform of state so$om* laws

o Chan'es in %ourt personnel

o Chan'es in so%iet*

• Simulation"

o After Lawren%e" use it to $efine ri'ht or li9ert* interest in(ol(e$

2i'ht to self a%tualization

o Le'al test Lawren%e re1uires %ourt to appl* 2ational 9asis

• o $eep roote$ histor*

• Other alternati(es that $on0t in(ol(e the use here

o Loo+ at nation0s histor* an$ tra$ition

o An$ loo+ at narrow interpretation

<owe(er re" histor*"

-K




• Lawren%e" :<istor* an$ tra$ition are the startin' point 9ut

not in all %ases the en$in' point;

• Glu%+s9er' approa%h

o <ISTO2

S.

• LA#2=C="o <istor* is startin' point 9ut not an en$in' point 9ut it is not alwa*s

stan$ar$ La0rence v. 2exas

• Te>as statute %riminalizin' onl* se> so$om*

o ,)ifferent than 9owers

• State interests"

o ?oral $isappro(al

o Limitin' transmission of se>uall* transmitte$ $iseases

• Pro9lem"

o Menne$* is un%lear in what ri'ht is 9ein' prote%te$• Menne$*" on histor*

o :<istor* an$ tra$ition are the startin' point 9ut not in all %ases the en$in'

point of the su9stanti(e $ue pro%ess in1uir*;

• Simulation"

o 2e" Same se> marria'e prohi9ition"

Lawren%e is a9out lo%ation

• ot a9out 9e$roomQappli%a9ilit*&&

o A%ts in(ol(e$ in Lawren%eQ%onne%te$ to statute&

o 2i'hts stemmin' from %on%eption an$ so$om* $istille$ as %ultural an$

tra$itional in %onstitutionQo 2ational 9asis with 9ite"

• Menne$*0s histori%al anal*sis"

o Last KD *ears matter all sorts of re'ulate$ 9eha(ior

o =uropean Court to help $efine what li9ert* means

Le'itima%* of le'al authorit*

CLASS T#=T5S==" )=C=?B=2 3 3D-4

• Ruestions a9out Lawren%e"

o #hat le(el of s%rutin* if an* $i$ the Court use&o ot %lear what the nature of li9ert* interest or fun$amental ri'ht was&

o #hat $oes Lawren%e sa* a9out le'itima%* of state0s interest in preser(in'

or prote%tin' moralit*&o #hat $oes Lawren%e $o to histor* an$ tra$ition in1uir*&

• Ba%+'roun$ on #in$sor"

o =PC %ase also %oul$ 9e )PC or =PC&

-D




o Test" To ha(e a propert* interest in a 9enefit a

person must ha(e a le'itimate %laim of entitlementto it"

)o law an$ %ustoms surroun$in' 9enefit

show that re%ipient ha$ a reasona9le

e>pe%tation of %ontinue$ re%eipt of the 9enefit&

o S=CO) R!=STIO" #hat pro%ess is $ue&

Gol$9er'/2oth" )epri(ation of Life li9ert* propert*

?atthews" )epri(ation of pro%ess

=l$ri$'e0s $isa9ilit* 9enefits are terminate$ without a full

e(i$entiar* hearin' prior to terminationo #ants 9etter pro%ess ,#hat Gol$9er' ha$

o )epri(ation of welfare 9enefits was pro(i$e$ 9*

Court alrea$* now $isa9ilit* 9enefits&& fa%tor test"

>IR)T: Pri&ate interest affected 4%

official action ,how mu%h sufferin'if ta+en awa*

)ECO: Ris5 of an erroneous

depri&ation ,2is+ of 'o(0t not'ettin' it ri'ht

T*IR: /o&ern'ent3s interest

includin! function in&ol&ed and

fiscal and ad'inistrati&e 4urdens

<ow mu%h it is 'oin' to %osto

Eldrid!e: Three factors applied: <ow $oes pro%ess for appealin' with$rawal of $isa9ilit* 9enefits

$iffer from pro%ess for appealin' with$rawal of 9enefits&

Pri(ate interest affe%te$ 9* a%tion

o )epri(e$ of 9enefits until he 'ets hearin'

Coul$ also appl* for welfare ,relian%e on

other 9enefits

2is+ of erroneous $epri(ation

o )isa9ilit*" neutral $o%tor affor$e$

?ore %ompli%ate$ ris+ will 9e 'reater here

Go(0t interest

o <earin's are e>pensi(e

)i'nitar* %on%erns&

OTE: ?atthews (. =l$ri$'e test +i%+s in when Pro%e$ural $ue pro%ess is in

1uestion

>or Thursda%3s Class: )ection of 1.th A'<

-4




o 2e%onstru%tion am.0s a$opte$ after %i(il war

o !ni1ue stru%ture

o Su9stanti(e pro(isions" o state shallQ,2estri%tions on what states %an

$o =a%h of re%onstru%tion am 'i(e new power to enfor%e su9stanti(e

pro(isions of am. A'ainst states

<ow mu%h power 'i(en to %on'ress

o - #<O %an %on'ress re'ulate&

o 3 <O# B2OA) is %on'ress0 power to enfor%e&

Su9stanti(e pro(isions of -4th am. Onl*

applies to states

#hen %on'ress wants to use se%t. K&

o Onl* re'ulate state a%tors 9ut

use its other enumerate$ powers

o #<AT is Con'ress allowe$ to )O&

<ow far %an it re'ulate what states %an an$

%annot $o&

=>. Con'ress use$ se%t. K power to

pass a law pre(entin' states from$is%riminatin' a'ainst metha$oneusers"

o Is %on'ress still enfor%in'

su9stanti(e pro(isions of -4th am&

o -4th am. Is not $esi'ne$ to

%o(er ?eth users Se%t. K to prote%t meth users its notenfor%in' it0s reinterpretin'&

?a*9e steppin' on

sup. Ct. territor* Con'ruen%e an$ Proportionalit* Stan$ar$"

,Cit* of Boerne" Con'ress must i$entif* a histor* an$

pattern of un%onstitutional $is%rimination

2eme$ial s%heme must 9e %on'ruent an$ proportional to

the $o%umente$ $is%riminationo #hat is the su9stanti(e %onstitutional (iolation

%on'ress is tr*in' to reme$*o <as %on'ress i$entifie$ a histor* an$ pattern of

un%onst. iolations 9* states& Con'ress %an pro(i$e fe$eral reme$*

--th am."

o Prohi9its in$i(i$uals from suin' states for U $ama'es of (iolations of fe$

law unless %on'ress a9ro'ate state immunit*

-K




O(@ hen it is passin! le!< nder sect<

Ex< Ameri%ans with $isa9ilities a%t"

o Pu4lic concern re: people 4ein! fired for

disa4ilit%

State so(. Immunit* onl* wa* to 'et UU 9*

state of al. must show Con'ress passe$A)A un$er se%t. K

State (iolation of fe$eral law

o In$i(i$ual sues state for

mone* $ama'es in fe$ %ourtfor (iolation

State %laims --th am.

Immunit* from %laims Se%t. K"

Can %on'ress pass fe$

law un$er se%tion K power&

IF =S (ali$

a9ro'ation an$ suitmo(es forwar$

IF O" then state is

immune an$ suit is$ismisse$

CLASS T#=T5=IG<T" )=C=?B=2 4 3D-4

Goals"

• #hat is the s%ope of Con'ress0 power to pass le'islation un$er Se%tion K of the

-4th Am.

• #hat $oes the Con'ress nee$ to $o in or$er to satisf* the %on'ruen%e an$

proportionalit* re1uirement impose$ in Cit* of Boerne&Last Class"

• Su9stanti(e )ue Pro%ess

o #in$sor ,Same Se> marria'e

o 2o$ri'uez ,ri'ht to e$u%ation

• Pro%e$ural )ue Pro%esso Gol$9er' 2oth ,$epri(ation

o ?atthews ,pro%ess

• Se%tion K of the -4th am. ,Con'ressional Power

o Thin's that %on'ress %an use as a 9asis for a%tion

• Se%tion K Ruestions"

o #<O %an %on'ress re'ulate un$er its se%tion K power&

-




Ci(il ri'ht %ases

!nite$ States (. ?orrison

o #hat is the s%ope of %on'ress0 power to =FO2C= the su9stanti(e

pro(isions of the -4th am. !n$er se%tion K Cit* of Boerne

Garrett <i99s

• !S (. ?orrison"

o A#A 'i(es (i%tims of 'en$er 9ase$ (iolen%e of %ause of a%tion

o I$ea"

Countera%t failure of state authorities to $o an*thin' a9out 'en$er

moti(ate$ (iolen%e Con'ress"

In the alternati(e %an pass this law un$er -4th am.

• Con'ress $oes not ha(e the power un$er A#A

•Se%tion - of -4

th

am. Spe%ifi%all* referen%es the a%tions ofStates

o O STAT= shall $epri(eQ.

Pro9lem" A#A $oesn0t in(ol(e a%tion of state a (i%tim of 'en$er

moti(ate$ (iolen%e suin' another perpetrator for 'en$er moti(ate$(iolen%e

If %on'ress wants to re'ulate one person %annot re'ulate them

un$er se%tion K

• STAT= a%tors

o Slam %i(il ri'hts %ases on the ta9le

If %on'ress wants to re'ulate pri(ate a%tion some other

enumerate$ power

• Se%tion K" 2eme$ial Power

o Settin' up fe$eral laws that pro(i$e reme$ies allowin' %onstitutional

a%tions

• Simulation"

o In(o+es its se%tion K power to pass a law ma+in' it ille'al for state

emplo*ers to $is%riminate a'ainst Jo9 appli%ants 9e%ause of %urrent or pastmetha$one use

o Separation of powers&

o Fe$eralism %on%erns

o =asier for national stan$ar$• T=ST"

o Con'ruen%e an$ Proportionalit*"

In or$er to $etermine whether in the s%ope of %on'ress0 se%tion K

power ,GA22=TT

• FI2ST" #hat is the su9stanti(e %onstitutional (iolation

%on'ress is tr*in' to reme$*&

-H




• S=CO)" <as %on'ress i$entifie$ a histor* an$ pattern of

un%onstitutional (iolations 9* states&o Loo+ at what e(i$en%e %on'ress has pro(i$e$ in

Garrett to show histor* <ow 9a$ is the histor* an$ pattern&

• T<I2)" Is the reme$* %on'ruent an$ proportional to the$o%umente$ $is%rimination&

o #hat +in$ of reme$* %on'ress has pro(i$e$

• Se%tion K O(er(iew"

o Con'ress has 9etter leewa* #<= T<= CO!2T APPLI=S

<=IG<T==) SC2!TI to the %onstitutional (iolation ,<i99so Con'ress has less leewa* #<= T<= CO!2T APPLI=S 2ATIOAL

BASIS SC2!TI to the %onstitutional (iolation ,Garrett

• Cit* of Boerne" -H

o Con'ress0 response to Smith

Con'ress uses Se%tion K authorit* to pass 2F2A 2F2A re1uires that su9stantiall* 9ur$en the e>er%ise of reli'ion

throu'h 'enerall* appli%a9le laws must show CO?P=LLIG stateinterest an$ that the means use$ are the least restri%ti(e

o 2F2A" Le'islati(e Fin$in's"

Con'ress foun$ that framers of %onst. re%o'nizin' free e>er%ise of

reli'ion as an unaliena9le ri'ht se%ure$ its prote%tion in firstamen$ment

o Statutor* %laim

o Passe$ 9* %on'ress un$er se%tion K

o Stri%t s%rutin*

o Ba%+'roun$" Boerne0s histori% preser(ation law pre(ents %hur%h from e>pan$in'

Chur%h in(o+es 2F2A

Cit* of 9oerne ar'ues that 2F2A is 9e*on$ the s%ope of Con'ress0

se%tion K powerso Con'ress is interpretin' not enfor%in'

o Court sa*s" 2F2A not %onstitutional

ot enfor%in' a ri'ht it is %han'in' the meanin' of that is

o Loo+e$ at Le'islati(e <istor*"

First $rafte$ a $raft wa* too mu%h power 9ut ni>e$ that

Then a more spe%ifi% $o%ument with limite$ power • If %on'ress is a9le 9* or$inar* le'islation to interpret its

%onstitional power it means that the %onstitution wont 9esurpreme

• Tin* little 9it of e(i$en%e that states are runnin' aroun$

passin' laws moti(atin' reli'ious 9i'otr*

• Brea$th of law is so sweepin' 2F2A is appli%a9le to

%hallen'e (irtuall* an* of these laws

-




o Con'ruen%e an$ Proprotionalit* in Cit* of Boerne

Genearll* appli%a9le laws that (ilate the free e>er%ise %lause un$er

Smith Laws %o(ere$ 9* 2F2A

• --th am" Pre(ents states from 9ein' sue$ in fe$eral %ourt 9* %itizens of their ownstate or other states for mone* $ama'es unlessQ

o Con'ress a9ro'ates --th am immunit*

o Con'ressional a9ro'ation OL un$er se%tion K of the -4 th am.

• Si'nals that *ou ha(e an --th amen$ment issue"

o Citizen suin' a state

o In fe$eral Court

o For mone* $ama'es

o For state (iolation of a fe$eral law

• Boar$ of Trustees (. Garrett"

o

Title - of the Ameri%ans with )isa9ilities A%t ,A)A pre(ents stateemplo*ers from $is%riminatin' 9ase$ on $isa9ilit* an$ re1uires state toma+e reasona9le a%%ommo$ations

o Con'ress a9ro'ates the --th amen$ment" state emplo*ees %an sue state

emplo*ers for mone* $ama'es in fe$eral %ourt if state (iolates the A)A Con'ress %oul$ not ha(e a9ro'ate$ it

9e%ause the* %oul$ not ha(e passe$ itun$er se%tion K of -4th am.

Court hol$s" %on'ress went 9e*on$

se%tion K immunit* when it a9ro'ate$ --th am.

o ST=PS CO!2T !S=)" FI2ST" Su9stanti(e Constitutional iolation Con'ress is tr*in' to

reme$*&

• To pre(ent $isa9ilit* $is%rimination

S=CO)" <istor* of pattern of state %onstitutional (iolations&

• 4DDDDDD people with $isa9ilities

• 4. mil people are emplo*e$ 9* state emplo*ers of ppl with

$is%riminationo Spe%ifi% $is%rimination 9* state emplo*ers

Court applies Cit* (. Boerne Test" Con'ruen%e an$ Proportionalit*"

•

Fin$s A)A is not %on'ruent in the proportionalit*o =(i$en%e is not enou'h

)issent sa*s that Con'ress0 e(i$en%e was

$ismisse$ 9ase$ on le'islati(e fin$in's

• Shoul$ the %ourt 9e more $eferential when %on'ress issues

these fin$in'so Courts reJe%tion of Con'ress0 homewor+

• e(a$a )ept of <uman 2esour%es (. <i99s"

-




o Con'ress a9ro'ates --th am. An$ allows state emplo*ees to sue their

emplo*ers for mone* $ama'es in fe$eral %ourt for famil* an$ me$i%allea(e a%t (iolations

o Su9stanti(e Constitutional 2i'hts at issue&

Gen$er $is%rimination reinfor%e$ stereot*pes of men an$ women

iolations 9* pri(ate emplo*ers

Some e(i$en%e that states are appl*in' poli%ies in $ifferent wa*s

=(i$en%e of 'eneral $is%rimination in the area

• <ol$in'" Court sa*s it is %on'ruent an$ proportional ,(s. Garrett

o ?a*9e ran'e of %on$u%t %oul$ fall in tar'et

o 2eme$* is limite$ in s%ope

)oesn0t appl* to emplo*ees of hi'her ran+in' positions

A$(an%e$ noti%e

• #ith e(i$en%e of their lea(e

o Certifi%ation of me$i%al professionals

•-3 wee+s was of limite$ 'roun$s

o Outer %ir%le is a little 9it smaller

o ature of inJur* an$ then loo+in' at s%ope of reme$*

Con'ress (ali$l* a9ro'ate$ state so(erei'nt* an$ allows suit to 'o

forwar$ )istin'uishes 'arrett 9% un$erl*in' nature of %onst is $ifferent

conlaw; gewirtzman; all class notes 2014.docx

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