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Conservation and ecosystem services of sacred natural sites in
Nigeria
Israel BorokiniDepar tment of Biology
University of Nevada, Reno
2018 ACES Fellow
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Introduction
• Southwest – Yoruba
• Southeast – Ibo tribes
• Yoruba descendants in
South and Central
America, and West
Africa
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Methods
• Data collection• Questionnaire administration
• Days of recorded conversations and interviews
• Multistage sampling • Elderly people (> 60 years old)
• Detailed cultural knowledge
• Sampled within southwestern Nigeria
• Sample size n = 25
• Part of a multiyear studies on documentation of traditional
and ethnomedicinal knowledge in Ibadan, Nigeria
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Descriptive data analysis
• Sacred sites mentioned by ≥5 respondents were listed
• Aesthetic and cultural uses
• Conservation status and values
• Threats
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Instructional Design Team, Teaching & Learning
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
• Sacred trees
• Sacred groves and forests
• Sacred mountains
• Sacred waters
© Useful Tropical Plants Wikipedia
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
• Sacred trees
• Milicia excelsa
• Many people believe this tree inhabits spirits
• The tree is used for charms and magic
• Rituals are made under the tree
• Some respondents noted that the tree
naturally regenerates itself
© Israel Borokini
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
• Sacred trees
• Okoubaka aubrevillei
• The largest parasitic tree in the world
• Prevents other trees from growing next to it
• Fewer than 100 stands globally
• Revered and worshipped in entire Nigeria
• Believed to be the only tree never struck by
lightning
© Dr. M.D. Swain
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
• Sacred trees
• Adansonia digitata
• Noted throughout Yoruba tribe as fertility tree
• Center of worship in some locations,
especially for barren couples
© worldseedsupply.com
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
• Other notable sacred trees
• Ficus thonningii
• Dioscorea rotundata
• Newbouldia laevis
• Ceiba petandra
• Cola nitida
• Garcinia kola
• Dacryodes edulis
© Health Bubbles© Plants of the World online
© Avax News
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Instructional Design Team, Teaching & Learning
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
• Sacred trees
• Sacred groves and forests
• Sacred mountains
• Sacred waters
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
• Sacred groves and forests
• Almost every community in southern Nigeria has sacred groves
• Home for gods of the land, demons, ancestral spirits, spirits of demised Kings and warriors
• Burial sites of legendary Kings of old
• Sites for significant rituals
• Guarded by traditional chiefs, hunters, and cult leaders
• Examples include: Osun shrine and grove…
© Wikimedia commons
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Sacred grovesIgbo Oroo (Oroodeity forest)
© Tom Bender
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Sacred grovesIgbo Olodumare (God’s forest)
© ToLet.com.ng
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
• Other sacred groves• Igbo Oba (King’s forest)• Igbo so’ro (evil forest)• Igbo egbe (forest of sorrow)• Igbo erin (elephant’s forest)• Igbo ode (hunter’s forest)• Igbo erin (buffalo’s forest)• Ajofia Okija forest• Igbo Irunmole (Irunmole deity’s forest)
© Evans Publishers
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Instructional Design Team, Teaching & Learning
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
• Sacred trees
• Sacred groves and forests
• Sacred mountains
• Sacred waters
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Sacred natural sites in NigeriaSacred mountains
• There are few traditional sacred mountains in southwestern Nigeria
• Examples are Oke’Ibadan hill© The Guardian Newspaper
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
Sacred mountains
• Olumo Rock, revered by people in Abeokuta for saving them during war
© Views.ng
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Sacred natural sites in NigeriaSacred mountains
• Giant human footprint on a sacred hill
© Tozali online
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
Sacred mountains
• Awhum waterfall and caves
© Pulse.ng
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
Sacred mountains
• Monoliths (rocks)
© Vanguard Newspaper
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
Sacred mountains
• Ishage Rock, Oke Ado Mountains
© Titi’s Wanderlust
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
Prayer mountains (“Ori oke”)
• Volcanic and granitic rocks and inselbergs used by some Christian sects for prayer meetings
© Guardian Newspaper
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
Prayer mountains
• Oke Maria, owned by the Roman Catholic church
• Several hundreds of prayer mountains across southern Nigeria
© Benjamin Bola Hussein
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Instructional Design Team, Teaching & Learning
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
• Sacred trees
• Sacred groves and forests
• Sacred mountains
• Sacred waters
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
Sacred waters
• Most surface waters in Nigeria, including the Atlantic ocean, are considered sacred
• Osun river and its worshippers
© Newvision.co.ug
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Sacred natural sites in NigeriaSacred waters
• Sacred waters are believed to be the homes of water spirits, marine spirits, water goddesses
• Mostly known as Yemoja (mother of fishes) or Olokun (Queen of the Sea)
• Worshiped as god of fertility, wealth and power
• Pictured as mermaid or simply as a woman
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Are mermaids real?
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Sacred natural sites in NigeriaSacred waters
Major sacred rivers in southwest: Niger, Osun, Ogunpa, Oba, Ose, Owena, Ogun…
Southeast: Obi Pond, Imo River, Abua Lake, Atochi stream, OgutaLake…
© Legit.ng
© New World Encyclopedia
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
• Olokun goddess original brass monument unearthed in Olokungrove, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
© Jesse Hathaway/Pinterest
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
Sacred waters
Water goddess in Imo River, southeastern Nigeria is known as Imo Mmiri
© Enroute.ng/Tumblr
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Sacred natural sites in Nigeria
Sacred waters
• Iyake suspended lake on Oke-Ado Mountains
© Titi’s Wanderlust
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Aesthetic and cultural values of sacred natural sites
• Ecotourist sites and some are listed as UNESCO heritage sites
• Cities and streets are named after sacred trees and rivers
• Protected by traditional laws, “taboos”, enforced by traditional law enforcers
and cult groups
• Place of traditional worship and ritual-based traditional healing
• Sites of cultural and biological heritage
• Source of plant and animal resources for traditional medicine
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Conservation values of sacred sites
Some of the sacred forests hold important relic
biodiversity
Sacred trees are important part of urban forestry
Sacred trees are integral to agroforestry
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Threats to sacred sites
Overexploitation
Erosion of cultural and religious values
Policy issues – Land Use Act 2007
Science and education
Desecration of sites by police search
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Recommended actions
POLICY AND LAW MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
RESEARCH
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I am happy to connect…
Israel Borokini
Israel Borokini
Israel Borokini
@tbisrael
Israel Borokini
Israel Borokini