considering causes in forecasting for ethical decision-making cheryl beeler university of oklahoma...
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Considering Causes Considering Causes in Forecasting for in Forecasting for Ethical Decision-Ethical Decision-
MakingMakingCheryl BeelerCheryl Beeler
University of OklahomaUniversity of Oklahoma2009 Research Conference 2009 Research Conference
on Research Integrityon Research IntegrityNiagara Falls, NYNiagara Falls, NY
May 17, 2009May 17, 2009
Ethical Decision-MakingEthical Decision-Making
►Complex, ill-defined problemsComplex, ill-defined problems►Require analysis and integration of Require analysis and integration of
informationinformation►Mumford et al. (2008) model of 5 key Mumford et al. (2008) model of 5 key
cognitive processes cognitive processes FramingFraming Emotional RegulationEmotional Regulation ForecastingForecasting Self-ReflectionSelf-Reflection SensemakingSensemaking
Purpose of StudyPurpose of Study
►Examine the role of forecasting in Examine the role of forecasting in ethical decision-makingethical decision-making
►Examine how key contextual variables Examine how key contextual variables influence the processinfluence the process
ForecastingForecasting►Using observations about the current Using observations about the current
situation to predict outcomes situation to predict outcomes (Pant & Starbuck, (Pant & Starbuck, 1990)1990)
►Critical given significant consequences for Critical given significant consequences for self and others self and others (Mumford, 2002)(Mumford, 2002)
► Identification and manipulation of causes Identification and manipulation of causes particularly important particularly important (Marcy & Mumford, 2006)(Marcy & Mumford, 2006)
Number of causes identifiedNumber of causes identified Critical causes identifiedCritical causes identified
Situational VariablesSituational Variables
►Decision-making occurs in contextDecision-making occurs in context
►Time PressureTime Pressure PresentPresent Not presentNot present
►Analytical MindsetAnalytical Mindset DeliberativeDeliberative ImplementationImplementation
Research QuestionsResearch Questions
► Is effective forecasting associated with Is effective forecasting associated with more ethical decisions? more ethical decisions?
►What role does the identification of What role does the identification of causes of the problem play in causes of the problem play in forecasting and ethical decision-forecasting and ethical decision-making?making?
►Do two common situational variables Do two common situational variables influence this this complex cognitive influence this this complex cognitive process?process? Time pressureTime pressure Analytic Mindset (implementation vs. Analytic Mindset (implementation vs.
deliberative)deliberative)
ProcedureProcedure
► SampleSample 96 undergraduate psychology students96 undergraduate psychology students
► Manipulation of situational variablesManipulation of situational variables Task completed under time pressure or notTask completed under time pressure or not Implementation or deliberative mindset Implementation or deliberative mindset
inducedinduced
► Covariate MeasuresCovariate Measures IntelligenceIntelligence PlanningPlanning Divergent ThinkingDivergent Thinking
Procedure► Ethical Problems
Complex, realistic ethical problems Mapped to taxonomy of research ethics problems
► Identify Causes List and describe the causes of the problem
► Forecast Outcomes Forecast the likely outcomes of this scenario
(What do you think will happen?)► Make Decision
Adapted from validated ethical decision-making measure (Mumford et al., 2006)
Eight potential responses to problem situation Choose 2 responses
ResultsResults► Forecast Quality Predicts Forecast Quality Predicts EthicalityEthicality
Note: *p < .05; **p < .01
R2 Δ R2
Block 1 .18**
Gender .24*
Intelligence (EAS) -.06
Planning .27**
Block 2 .20** .02
Time Pressure .14
Mindset -.02
Block 3 .23** .07**
Forecast Quality .28**
ResultsResults► Criticality of Causes Predicts Criticality of Causes Predicts Forecast QualityForecast Quality
Note: *p < .05; **p < .01
R2 Δ R2
Block 1 .09*
Gender -.06
Intelligence (EAS) .10
Planning .11
Block 2 .10 .01
Time Pressure -.01
Mindset .04
Block 3 .29** .19**
Number of Causes .04
Criticality of Causes .45**
ResultsResults► Criticality of Causes Predicts Criticality of Causes Predicts EthicalityEthicality
Note: *p < .05; **p < .01
R2 Δ R2
Block 1 .18**
Gender .20*
Intelligence (EAS) -.08
Planning .24*
Block 2 .20** .02
Time Pressure .06
Mindset .06
Block 3 .30** .10**
Number of Causes -.13
Criticality of Causes .43**
ConclusionsConclusions
►Better quality forecasting is associated Better quality forecasting is associated with better ethical decision-makingwith better ethical decision-making
► Identification of critical causes is Identification of critical causes is associated with better quality forecasting associated with better quality forecasting and better ethical decision-makingand better ethical decision-making
►Time pressure and mindset are not Time pressure and mindset are not related to forecasting or ethical decision-related to forecasting or ethical decision-makingmaking
ImplicationsImplications►Forecasting is critical for ethical Forecasting is critical for ethical
decision-makingdecision-making► Identification of critical causes is of Identification of critical causes is of
key importancekey importance►Time pressure may not hinder ethical Time pressure may not hinder ethical
decision-makingdecision-making►Training ImplicationsTraining Implications
Emphasize forecast outcomesEmphasize forecast outcomes Include instruction on identifying critical Include instruction on identifying critical
causescauses
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
► FacultyFaculty Dr. Michael MumfordDr. Michael Mumford Dr. Lynn DevenportDr. Lynn Devenport
► Graduate StudentsGraduate Students Alison AntesAlison Antes Jared CaughronJared Caughron Laura MartinLaura Martin
Dr. Shane ConnellyDr. Shane Connelly Dr. Ryan BrownDr. Ryan Brown
Mike TamborskiMike Tamborski Chase ThielChase Thiel Xiaoqian WangXiaoqian Wang
Thank you to the National Institutes of Health and Office of Research Integrity for sponsoring this research.