consitutional law cases, materials, and problems
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8/3/2019 Consitutional Law Cases, Materials, And Problems
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ASPEN CASEBOOK SERIES
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW:
CASES, MATERIALS, & PROBLEMS
SECOND EDITION
RUSSELL L. WEAVER
PROFESSOR OF LAw & DISTINGmSHED UNWERSITY SCHOLAR
UNWERSITY OF LomsVILLE
Loms D. BRANDEIS SCHOOL OF LAw
STEVEN I. FRIEDLAND
PROFESSOR OF LAw AND SENIOR SCHOLAR
ELON UNWERSITY SCHOOL OFLAw
CATHERINE HANCOC K
GEOFFREY C. BIBLE & MURRAYH. BRING
PROFESSOR OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAwThLANE UNWERSITY SCHOOL OF LAw
BRYAN FAIR
THOMAS E. SKINNER PROFESSOR OF LAw &
UNWERSITY OFAlABAMA SCHOOL OF LAw
JOHN KNECHTLE
PROFESSOR OF LAwFLORIDA COASTAL SCHOOL OF LAw
RICHARD D. ROSEN
PROFESSOR OF LAwIEXAS IECH UNWERSITY SCHOOL OFLAw
Wolters KluwerLaw & Business
AUST IN BOSTO N CHICAGO NEW YORK TH E NETHE RLA NDS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
The Constitution of he United States
A.B.
C.
A.B.
C.
D.E.
I.JUDICIAL REVIEW
Marbury and "The Power to SayWhat the Law Is"
Restraints on Judicial Authority
1. Practical Limitations on Judicial Authority
2. Congressional Control over Federal Court Jurisdiction
3. The Political Question Doctrine
The Case or Controversy Requirement
1. The Prohibi tion Against Advisory Opinions
2. Ripeness
3. Mootness
4. Standing
II.
NATIONAL
LEGISLATIVE POWER
The Necessary and Proper Clause
The Commerce Clause
1. Early Cases
2. Early Twentieth-Century Cases
3. The Constitutional Crisis
4. Post-Switch Expansion of Federal Power: A Half Century of
Deference
5. Revolution and Retreat?
The Taxing Power
Power to Spend for the GeneralWelfare
TheWar Power and Treaty Power
1. TheWar Power2. The Treaty Power
xvu
xzx
1
214
15
16
22
28
28
30
36
40
105
108
123
123
130
140
150
162
185
190
199
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F.
Contents
Congressional Power to Enforce Civil Rights
1. Early Developments
2. Modern Civil Rights Cases
3. Congressional Enforcement of the Right to Vote
4. Religious Freedom and Congressional Fourteenth Amendment
Enforcement Power
III.
THE FEDERAL
E XECUTIVE PoWERS
209
213
215
218
222
233
A. Implied Presidentia l Powers 236
B. The Volatile Boundary Between Executive and Legislative Powers 238
C. Additional Separation of Powers Issues Between the Executive and
the Legislature: Nondelegation, Veto, and Appointment and Removal 249
1. The "Nondelegation" of Powers Doctrine 250
2. The Veto Power 253
D. The President ' s Appointment and Removal Powers 266
1. The President's Recess Appointment Power 277
E. Foreign Affairs, War, and Treaty Powers 283
1. Foreign Affairs Powers 283
2. War and the Commander-in-Chief Power- An Illustration of
Formalism Versus Functionali sm 286
F. The President's Power to Fight Terrorism 2881. The President's Powers to Detain Alleged Terrorists 288
2. Detention of U.S . Citizens as Alleged Terrorists 290
3. The War on Terror's Impact on Privacy 313
G. The Treaty Power 314
H . Executive Agreements 317
I. Executive Privilege and Immunity from Suit 322
1. Executive Privilege 322
2. Immunity from Suit 327
J. The Pardon Power 331
A.
B.C.
D.
1. Commutation of Sentences 331
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STATES
AND TH E FEDERAL GoVERNMENT
State Power to Tax the Federal Government
Federal Power to Tax the States
State Immunity from Federal Regulation
Federal Commandeering of State Resources
333
334
337
343
358
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A.B.
C.
D.
E.F.
A.B.
C.
A.B.
Contents
v.STATE POWER TO
REGULATE COMMERCE
Early Cases
Discrimination Against Interstate Commerce
1. Facial Discrimination
2. Facially Neutral Statutes with Discriminatory Purposes or Effects
Nondiscriminatory Burdens on Interstate Commerce
1. The Scope of Judicial Review
2. Modern Applications of the S. Pacific Test
The State as a Market Participant
Interstate Privileges and Immunities Clause
Preemption
Requir ing State Action
Government Function
1. Company Towns
2. Party Primaries
3. Utility Service
VI.
STATE ACTION
4. Schools and School Associations
State Involvement or Encouragement
1. Government Regulation
2. Judicial Involvement
3. Government Funding
4. Quasi-Government Corporations
Legislative Determinations
Adjudicative Determinations
1. Foundational Principles
2. Procedural Requirements
VII.
PROCEDURAL
DUE PROCESS
xiii
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382388388403
411
411
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439448
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477
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A.B.C.
A.B.
A.B.
c.
D.
E.
Contents
VIII.
SUBSTANTIVE PROTECTION
OF ECONOMIC RIGHTS
Substantive Due Process: From Allgeyer to Lochner to Nebbia
The Takings Clause
The Contract Clause
IX.
SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS:
MODERN fuNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Incorporation
The Right of Privacy
1. Seminal Developments
2. Abortion
3. Family Liberty
4. The Right to Marry
5. Parental Rights
6. Sexual Orientation
7. Right to Die
X.
EQUAL PROTECTION
State Economic Regulations
Racial Classifications
1. Separate but Equal
2. Desegregation
3. Diversity
Gender
1. Early Gender Jurisprudence
2. Doctrinal Turmoil and Evolution
3. Recognition of Differences
4. Discrimination Against Men
5. Gender Classification in Context
The Rights of Aliens
1. The Right to Receive Social Welfare Benefits, to Practice Law, and
to Seek Employment in the Civil Service
2. Restrictions Based on the "Political Function" Doctrine
3. Federal Regulation of Aliens
The Rights of Unmarried Parents and Their Children1. Inheritance Rights
2. Rights to Sue and to Receive Government Benefits
563
566579630
643
645654654668705710
715
720732
757
760766771
778
818833
833
836841
852861
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Contents
3. Rights of Unmarried Parents to Retain Custody of Their
Children
4. Immigration Preferences
F. The Rights of Persons with Mental Disabilities
G. Sexual Orientation/Sexual PreferenceH. The Fundamental Rights Strand of Equal Protection
1. Freedom of Speech
2. Access to the Justice System: The Right to Counsel
3. The Right to Travel
4. Voting
5. Education
XI.
FREEDOM OF SPEECH
A Historical Intentions and Underlying Values
1. Framers' Intent
2. Underlying Values
B. Categories of Speech
1. Advocacy of Illegal Action
2. Fighting Words and Hostile Audiences
3. Offensive Speech
4. Defamatory Statements
5. Privacy6. Emotional Distress
7. Obscenity
8. Child Pornography
9. Pornography That Degrades Women
10. Near Obscene
11 . "Hate" Speech
12. Crush Videos
13. Commercial Speech
C. Symbolic Speech
D. Overbreadth and Vagueness
E. Prior Restraints
1. Licensing
2. Injunctions
F. The Press
1. Does the Constitution Grant the Press a Privileged
Position?
2. Does the Press Have Special Immunities?
3. Access to Judicial Proceedings
4. Access to Prisons
5. The Press and Due Process
6. Due Process and Prior RestraintsG. Access to Government Property
H . First Amendment Rights of Public Employees
1. Prohibiting Electioneering
xv
893
893
894
901905
906
906
911
921
960
983
984
984
985
992
992
1022
1036
1043
10691075
1079
1100
1119
1126
1142
1166
1172
1185
1217
1236
1236
1243
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2. Other Employee Speech
3. Associated Rights
I. Government Support of Speech
J. Broadcast Regulation
K.Advancing TechnologyL. Freedom of Association
1. The Right to Associate
2. The Right "Not to Speak"
M. Campaign Finance Laws
XII.
THE RELIGION CLAUSES
A. The Establishment Clause1. Financial Aid to Religion
2. School Prayer
3. Curricular Issues
4. Official Acknowledgment
B. The Free Exercise Clause
1. Burdens on Religion
2. Discrimination Against Religion
C. Establishment: Free Exercise and Free Speech Tension
XIII.
THE RIGHT TO KEEP
AND BEAR ARMs
1326
1346
1353
1368
13811404
1404
1424
1441
1495
1496
1496
1527
1540
1549
1583
1583
1607
1617
1639
A. Introduction 1640
B. Early Cases 1641
C. The Meaning of the Second Amendment Between 1939 an d 2008 1642
D. The Heller Revolution 1649
E. What Is the Scope of the Right? 1664
F. What Is the Standard of Review? 1664
1. Heller 's Limited Guidance 1664
2. Application of the Right to Arms in the Lower Courts 1665
3. Heller's Effect on Gun Regulations 1668
4. The Second Amendment's Reach 1668
G. Does the Right Apply to the States? 1670
Table ofCases
Index
16871705