Consolidation of the State

1469 marriage of Isabella of Castile & Ferdinand of Aragon unites Spain

Spain

Unity under Spanish Catholic Church Reconquista of Grenada in 1492

Jews and Moors were expelled Spanish Inquisition

The national and the Catholic were fused

Spain

State that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, N. Africa, and the Balkans

The Ottoman Empire

Louis XI French borders expand (inheritance, war,

marriage, conquest) Burgundy Brittany

Royal army built up Nobles subdued

1516 concordat of Bologna Francis I and Pope Leo x Pope receives money from French clergy but

king picks clergy

France

War of the Roses House of Lancaster v. York

fight for the crown Battle of Bosworth (1485)

National feeling consolidated around the House of Tudor

England

Made up of: Princely states, Ecclesiastical states, imperial free cities

Golden Bull of 1356 The German states over the centuries had

prevented the emperor from infringing upon their local liberties.

Election by 7 electors from princely and ecclesiastic states

1452 archduke of Austria elected Hapsburgs

Expanded holdings in HRE through marriage Charles V

Holy Roman Empire