construction managermen 02 sous cham roun

8/13/2019 Construction Managermen 02 Sous Cham Roun

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rkSasiTiEktRmUv sYs cMerIn

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn

2003


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matika RKb;RKgsMNg;

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn

matika

CMBUk cMNgeCIgemeron TMBrCMBUkTI1 niymnynmuxCMnajRKb;RKgsMNg 1

CMBUkTI2 bNaCMhansikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg; 12

CMBUkTI3 lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan 29

CMBUkTI4 begItRbtiTinkargarkgplitkmsMNg; 39

CMBUkTI5 erobcMRKb;RKgsMNg;tamviFIsaRsExScgVak; 73

CMBUkTI6 begItRbtiTinkargartamviFIsaRsdaRkambNaj 105CMBUkTI7 kargardwkCBan nig pvbeNaHGasnkgkarerobcMkardan 118

CMBUkTI8 erobcdgsc ma:sIun nig ]bkrN_sMNg;elIkardan 134

CMBUkTI9 pt;pg;TwkenAkardan 145

CMBUkTI10 erobcMpt;pg;nigXaMgsMPar 150

CMBUkTI11 erobcMCMrkbeNaHGasnenAkardan 155

CMBUkTI12 kar)a:n;sancMNay 159CMBUkTI13 ryeBl nig tMl kgdMeNIrkarRKb;RKgsMNg 166

CMBUkTI14 sBaakgdMeNIrkarRKb;RKgsMNg; 176

ksareyag 189


3/190

CMBUkTI 1 RKb;RKgsMNg;

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn niymnynmuxCMnajRKb;RKgsMNg;

1

CCMMBBUUkkTTII11nniiyymmnnyynnmmuuxxCCMMnnaajjRRKKbb;;RRKKggssMMNNgg;;

1>tYnaTInigTisedAnkarRKb;RKgsMNg;sMNg; KWCaEpkmYynplitplRKwHkgexOnesdkicCati/ sMNg;mantYnaTI

sMxan; kgkarksagmUldansMPar/ beckeTssgm/ sMxan;cMeBaHkm


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2

lTpl)an KWCacMeNaTmYymankarKitKUrsaMjaMuTamTarvisVkrsMNg; RtUvdwgBIRTwsI RbBnviTasaRs nigviFIsaRsRKb;RKgplitsMNg;. mannyfa eyIgeRbIR)as; cMeNHdwg

viTasaRsRKb;RKg edIm,IsMercTisedAdak;ecj EdlminRtUvkareFIVvinieyaKsMParbeckeTsEfm bFnFanFmCati.

srubesckI tYnaTIrbs;muxviCa RKb;RKgsMNg; KWbMeBj)anRbBnRKb;RKg/kMNt; bNaviFIsaRsRKb;RKgerobcM/ cglbgajsagsg;sMNg;tamrebobmYyviTasaRsFananUvesdkicbeckeTsxeKalkarN_CamUldannkarRKb;RKgsMNg;

1>sagsg;sMNg;Tan;eBlevlakMNt; EdlmaRtc,ab;)ankMNt;edayc,as;las;dUcCa tamEpnkarrbs;rdebIsMNg;enaHCarbs;rdpt;pg;/ kicRBmeRBog RbKl;- TTYlKMerag ebIsMNg;Gnuvtn_tamkicsna k-x/ tamesckIsMercrbs;mas;viniyaKebIsMNg;sagsg;edayxng/ bkepJIsagsg;>>>. ral;karbMRBYjxI b bnayeBlevlasagsg; suTEtRtUv)anvaytMlCUnrgVan; b BinysmRsbeTAniglTplbkkarxUcxatelIesdkic.

2> FanakMlaMgBlkmxFanaKuNPaBxs;eGaysMNg; KuNPaBplitplbgajnUvkMritsMerc)antambNabTdanbeckeTsrbs;kargarsg;tMeLIg EdleyagtamkarKNna)ankMNt;.bNabTdanKuNPaBGnuvtn_ RtUv)ansresrkgksarnkicsna. cg;Fana KuNPaB


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3

sMNg;Gksagsg;RtUvbBab;kargartamRbBnRKb;RKgKuNPaB ]> ISO 9000 EdlRtUv)anTIpSarTTYlsal;nig)anTIRbwkSabeckeTsRtYtBinityl;RBm.

4> TTYllTplesdkicx eRtomlkNCaeRsc edIm,IebIkkardanplittamTMhMsMNg;TTYlsagsg;

puspulebIkkarsagsg;.

2>manRsab;mUldanrUbFatubeckeTs famBlbrika/ RkumvisVkr/ CMnajkarnigkmkrCMnajsmRsbnigsMNg;.

3>eRCIserIsviFIsaRslMnaM]sSahkmplitsMNg;smRsb.4> Fanapt;pg;FnFancaM)ac;eGaykarplit.

5> begItEpnkar RbtiTinkargar nigcglbgajplitRbkbedayeCaKCy.

viTasaRsRKb;RKgsMNg;EtgmanTMnak;TMngCamYynig cMeNHdwgnmuxCMnaj

eRcIn BiessmuxCMnaj]sSahkmsagsg;/ ynkmsagsg; nigesdkicsMNg;. enaHKWbNacMeNHdwgmUldan EdlvisVkrsMNg;RtUvyl;c,as;muneBlcab;dkgkargar begItEpnkarRKb;RKgsMNg;nigGnuvtn_kargarsagsg;.


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4

3>cMNucBiessrbs;CMnajplitsMNg;sMNg;kdUcbNamuxrbrplitpl]sSah_kmepSg/ vamank,nc,ab;rYm nigcMNucBiessepSg. enATIenHeyIgRKan;EtelIkeLIg nigviPaKnUvbNacMNucBiess Edl

manTMnak;TMngeRcIndl;lTplrbs;skmPaBplitplsMNg;.

1>plitplrbs;sMNg;; KWCalTplrbs;CMnajeRcInEpk/ GgkarsabnesdkiceRcIn/ enaHKW mas;vinieyaK/ bNashRKassagsg;/ bNasabnTIRbwkSaerobcMKMerag/bNasabnpt;pg;sMParbrika/ sabnbMerIesva:FnaKar/ hirBavt nigbNa sabnRKb;RKg

rbs;rd/ bBaaenHeGayeyIgeXIjfa cg;eGayKMeragmYyman eCaKCyl RtUvmankarrYmbBalKaCaRkum/ CaEpk ehIyKMeragEtgEtsit enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;c,ab;rd.

2>sagsg;sMNg; KWCaFmtaEtgmanTunFMsMrab;eFIVvinieyaK sMNg;)anykcMnYnmYyya:gFMkgfvikaCati. dUcenH yuTsaRskgkarRbKYtRbECgsagsg; CanicCakal KWCacMNucBiessrbs;rdaPi)al nigGkeFIVvinieyaKtUcFM. Kan;EtKwtedayELk Epksagsg;

bNasMNg;Fmta/ tUctackRtUvcMNayfvika rab;Ban;rhUtdl;rab;landula. enHKW minTan;niyaydl;sMNg;Biess/ FMpg.

3>plitplsagsg;; CanicCakalpSaPab;nigkarrIkcMerInnvisyesdkic nigCivPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrd. eBlesdkicsgmrIkcMerIn eFIVeGayplitpl sagsg;sMNg;mankarGPivDn_rIkcMerIntam CaBiesskgvisysagsg;sMNg; ]sSah_kmnigsIuvil.

4> kgplitplsagsg; GkvinieyaK nigGkeRbIR)as;plitpl BMuEmnCaGkGnuvtn_ kgkargarsagsg;eT. kgenaHEtgEtsitelIkicsnarvagmas;vinieyaK nigGkTTYlkarsagsg;ehIyEtgEtmansmPaBTIRbwkSa nigRtYtBinit.


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5

5> plitplsagsg;sMNg; KWCabNaplitplmanTMnak;TMngnigTItaMgmYykMNt; Gclnvt edayehtuenHplitplsMNg;rgnUv\TiBlnktatMbn;. TItaMg

plitEtgpas;br. kMlaMgplitkmEtgRtUvclt/ rcnasm plitplsMNg;bgajnUvcritlkNsm,tirbs;sgm nigERbRbYltamyuKsmy varg\TiBlnRbBNI/ TMenomTmab;/ kMritvb,FmnigTsSnrbs;GkeRbIR)as;.

7>ryeBlsagsg;sMNg;mYyKWcMNayeBlEvgbgrenAkNalval dUcenHvarg nUvRbtikmFatuGakas/ TIpSardl;dMeNIrkarplitya:gc,as;. karRKb;RKgerobcMsagsg;TamTarRtUvCanicCakalsVahab;/ c,as;las; nigTn;Pn;/ eBlxHenAmanTaMgEpksMNagpgEdr.

8> dMeNIrplitsMNg;KWCasMNMulMnaM]sSahkmpliteRcIn dMeNIrplitnimYymaneRcInviFIsaRsbeckeTs nigRKb;RKg. edIm,IeTAdl; viFIsaRslbMput GkbBaakarplitsMNg;RtUvGHGag)annUvbNaviFIsaRs EdlGacTTYlyk)an EdlteTAeyIgehAfa viFIsaRsseRmc edIm,IrkeGayeXIjviFIsaRssmRsb eFIVCamUldankg kareRCIserIsviFIsaRsEdlRbesIrbMput. lMnaMkareRCIserIs viFIsaRsTaMgLay RtUvGnuvtn_kareRbobeFobtamlkNvinicyEdlRtUvkar.enHCakickarTamTarbuKlikRtUvmankMritvb,Fm/ famBl nigmanbTBiesaFn_

eRcInkgkarsagsg;. viFIsaRsseRmc KWCaviFIsaRsbgajnUvmeFa)aybeckeTsEdlGacGnuvtn_)an. viFIsaRssmRsb KWviFIsaRsseRmc b:uEnRtUvRsbniglkxNsagsg;Cak;Esg. lkxNsagsg; KWCalTPaBrbs;Rkumsg;tMeLIg/ tYnaTIsagsg; sMNg;nigbNalkxNepSgEdlvargnUvcMNgtamkicsna/ karsnt; >>>. viFIsaRsRbesIr


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6

KWCaviFIsaRssmRsb mankMritx>>.

9> plitplsMNg;eRbIR)as;CIvBlkmeRcIn EdlCIvBlkmCaRbPBFnFanya:gmantMl dUcenHbBaaeRbIR)as;eGaysmRsbnightBlik EtgEtdak;ecj CamYynigral;viFIsaRssagsg;.

10>sMNg;sagsg;ERbRbYlyWt/ karsMgat;beckeTsBi)akrkSa/ TIpSarRbKYtRbECgesrI dUcenH vaCakarmYysMxan;Nas;. ktasMxan;ykCyCMnH KWtMl.

tMlsMNg;Tab KWedaysarPaBvqatnkarRKb;RKgerobcM/ bBaa. cg;)an ya:gdUecHGksagsg;RtUveFIVvinieyaKvtFatuedImcUlkgkarRKb;RKgplit nig RsavRCavTIpSarQrelImUldan]sSahkmeCOnelOn.

4>TisedAGPivDn_rbs;muxCMnajplitsMNg;dUceyIg)anGHGag muxCMnajsMNg; KWmYykgcMeNammuxCMnajviTasaRs

beckeTseRbIR)as;. ral;karrIkcMerInrbs;viTasaRs/ beckeTs suTEtmanRbtikmelIkar GPivDn_rbs;plitplsMNg;/ CaBiess KWmuxCMnajemkanicpliteRKOgyn nigsMParsMNg;. manbNak,nc,ab;beckeTsxH )anRtUvRTwsIdak;ecjCayUmkehIyb:uEnelIkElgEtmanbrikaeRbIR)as;smRsbnigRTwsI enaHeTIbkayCa]sSahkmTMenIb.cMeBaHkarelcecjRbePTsMParsMNg;mYyfIvakmanlTpldUcenHEdr.

eyIgGacyl;fa lMnaM]sSahkmmYy KWCaTMhMnplitplmYy kgenaHrYmmanvtFatuedIm/ brikasMrab;sagsg; niglMnaMplitplmYy. dUcenH mYykgcMeNamktaERbRbYlnBYkva eyIgman]sSahkmmYyfI. pymkvij cg;sMrc[)annUv


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7

]sSahkmmYyfI eyIgRtUveFIVtUbnIykm]sSahkmEdlman bkpas;br[smRsbCamYyniglkxNtamsmykalTIpSarplit.

k_+dUcCabNavisyplitplepSg TisedAGPivDn_nkarsagsg;sMNg; KWminbBab;brfIlMnaM]sSahkmplit/ ]sSahkmTMenIbnrUbnIykmCaRKwHnplitpl sagsg;.TisedATaMgGs;enaH RtUv)anelcCarUbragedayqgkat;dMNak;kalBIrsMxan;KW CanicCakaleRbIR)as;bNakarrIkcMerInviTasaRsbeckeTseTAkgplitplsMNg; nigbrfIviFIsaRsRKb;RKg. Cak;EsgKW

1>eRbIR)as;ynkmRBmKakgbNadMeNIrkarplitynkmTMenIb KWbrBIBlkmsib,kmmkGnuvtn_edayeRKOgma:sIun. ynkm TMenIb

KWCaBUCrbs;]sShkmTMenIb. eRbIR)as;ynkm KWsMedArMedaHBlkmdeCIg/begInfamBlBlkm nigKuNPaBtambTdanTMenIb. cg;GPivDn_)antamlTPaBrbs;eRKOgyn KWynkmTMenIbRtUvdMeNIrkarRsbKa RBmKa. RsbKatamlkNrbs;

]sSahkm/ tamplitPaB nigKuNPaBrbs;sMNg;.cg;Gnuvtn_)anTisedAynkmRBmKa sabnsagsg;RtUvmanlTPaB RKb;RKan;

elIEpkesdkic nigbeckeTs/ manskanuPaBeRcInedIm,ITijbrikaeRbIR)as;/ bGnuvtn_shBaNiC edayshkarrvagbNasabnsagsg;epSg. cMeBaHrd KWkarrYmbBalKarvagsabntUceGayeTACasabnmYyFM/ cMeBaHGnrCati KWCa kareFIVshBaNiCrvagRkumhunkgRbeTs nigRkumhunbreTs.

2>plitedayynkmsVyRbvtiTMenIb

sVyRbvtiTMenIb KWRTg;RTay]sSahkmTMenIbkMritx


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8

GaRsyeTAniglMnaM]sSahkmplitnimYy. bcb,nkgkarsagsg;sMNg;edayeRbIR)as; eRKOgynsVyRbvtiTMenIbenAmankMritTabenAeLIy eTaHCasitkgbNaRbeTs]sSahkmrIkcMerIn

keday.

eKaledArYmrbs;plitpl]sSahkm KWQandl;kMriteRbIR)as;eRKOgynsVyRbvtiTMenIbkan;EteRcInkan;Etl BiessKWkgbNakargarEdleFIVkgbridan mhnraynigkargarFn;Fn;.

kargarCadMbUgnkareRbIR)as;ynkmsVyRbvtiTMenIb KWedAelIbNakargar

RtUveRbIR)as;eRKOgma:sIun nigkgvisybegItEpnkar/ RKb;RKg nigbBaa kgkarplit.Cak;Esg KwkargarGnuvtn_ma:sIunkuMBTreTAkgkarbBaaelIlMnaM karplit/ RKb;RKgKMeragnigeRbIR)as;plitpl.

3>]sSahkmTMenIbnrbrsMNg;

RsbCamYynigynkmTMenIb TisedAmYydFM KW]sSahkmTMenIbnrbr sagsg;.

]sSahkmTMenIb KWnaMykbNakargarxageRkA cUleTAGnuvtnkugbNa eragCag/eragcRkyfaRbePT. ]sSahkmTMenIb niglMnaMkarplitsMNg;eGayenACitbegIynigbNaEpkplitpl]sSahkmepSg/ bnykarlM)akrbs;kmkrkg eBlbMerI kargarenAkNalval/ bny\TiBlrbs;FatuGakasEdlmanRbtikm mkelIplitpl sMNg;.]sSahkmTMenIbkan;x


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9

4>eRbIR)as;GtibrmasMNg;cab;tMeLIg

kglkxNEdlGaceFIV)an KYreRbIR)as;eGay)aneRcInsMNg;cab;tMeLIg/ eRBaHenHCalMnaM]sSahkmplitsMNg;Qanmux. Gnuvtn_edaykarcab;tMeLIg begItlkxNCaGaTiPaBeGay]sSahkmTMenIb)anGPivDn_xn. sMNg;cab;tMeLIg CYybnyeBlevlasagsg;/ snSMsMc)anBumeRbIR)as;sMParfICMnYseGaysMParRbBNI/ minbBab;kar

pas;brfInlMnaM]sSahkmplit

edaykarrIkcMerInbeckeTs/ sBVfmansMPareRcInRbePT)anbegIt/ kgbNasMParfI manRbePTsMPareFIVeGaymankarpas;brlMnaM]sSahkmplitTaMgRsug dUcenH

buKlikbeckeTsRtUvcab;ykeGayTan;eBl edIm,IeGaykMritcMeNHdwg beckeTsCanicCakalmankMritbeckeTsQanmux. edayELk eRKOgyn brikaeRbIR)as; kminbBab;karGPivDn_ eFIVeGaybNalMnaM]sSahkmplitcas; RtUvbrfItam/ CalTplkayCalMnaM]sSahkmplitfI.

6>karBarbridanBImYyfeTAmYyfRtUvelIkkMBs;

enHKWCa TisedAGPivDn_rbs;yuKsmy EdlRKb;visy/ RKb;ekasikarsgmRtUvyk citTukdak;EfrkSaeGayeBjTMhwg. bNasMNg;sagsg;minRtwmEtCH\TiBldl;bridankgxNeBlkMBg;smPaBb:ueNaHeT ehIyvaEfmTaMgenACH\TiBlFM kgdMNak;kal


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10

sagsg;pgEdr. edIm,IRbqaMgnigPaBkxVk;EdlbNamkBIkardan sagsg;bgreGayPUmisaRsenACMuvijva kgviFIsaRssagsg;RtUvKwtKUrdl;viFIRbqaMgPaBkxVk;.

bNaPaBkxVk;EdlbNamkBIkardansMNg;bgreLIgEtgEtCaFUlI/ PaBKRKic/katsMNg;sMParsMNg; nigPaBkxVk;edaysarkMeNInRbCaCn>>> EdleFIV eGaybMBl;briyakas nigRbPBTwk \TiBlTaMgGs;enaH RtUvTTYlsal;eday BiR)akd nigerobcMviFIsaRsRbqaMgtaMgEtBIdMNak;kalKNna rhUtdl;dMNak;kal begItviFIsaRssagsg;.

bNaviFIsaRssMxan; Kwkat;bnykarbMBl;brisanEdlbNalmkBIkardan

sMNg;;bgreLIg dUcCa pas;brlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;smRsb.

xNkardanedayrbgsMNaj;.

sMGateRKOgyneBlecjeRkAkardan.

manEpnkarN_edaHRsaykatsMNl;Cab;lab;/ minTukeGaysyrlYyxb;dwkecj

dak;sMParplitmYycMnYn CMrkEdlGacecjqayBIkardan/ BiesscMeBaHRbPBbgrPaBkxVk;PaBGUEG/ FUlI/ katsMNl;>>>.

begInmeFa)aydwkCBanbiTCit/ rfynkugtWnr/ Qandl;eRbIEtsMParmaneRsam/ EdlGacRbqaMgPaBkxVk;pg nigTb;Tl;karxHxay/

RCuHFak;sMParpg.

ENnaMBRgIklkxNkarBarbridankgc,ab;sagsg; edIm,IRbCaBlrdRKb;rUb elakGnuvtn_eBjeljkgkardanFMbtUc.


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11

karFanakarBarbridan vakayCabTdanEdlvaytMl elIRbvtieFIVvinieyaKsagsg;sMNg;.

7>kgkarRKb;Rkgplit Gnuvtn_viFIsaRserobcMBlkmviTasaRsedIm,IsMralkargareGayCIvBlkm/ elIkkMBs;KuNPaBplitpl/ FanasuvtiPaBBlkmnigbnyPaynraykgsMNg;

enHKWCaParkic nEpnkarbeckeTsrbs;sabnsagsg;/ RtUvCanicCakal

yk citTukdak;RKb;RKg RsavRCav nigENnaMGnuvtn_;. BiessKWsuvtiPaBBlkmeRBaHkgkarsagsg;eRKaHfak;gaynigekIteLIg nigCaFmtaKWmineFVsRbEhs.

8>Gnuvtn_viFIsaRsRKb;RKgerobcMsagsg;tamExSbBan

GaRsylkxNCak;Esg eyIgGacGnuvtn_viFIsaRsRKb;RKgQanmuxenHelIEpkTaMgmUl bkEpkNamYyrbs;sMNg;. dUcenH RKan;EteRbIR)as;kgEpkNamYy knaMmk

vijnUvlTplya:gRbesIr eRBaHenHKWCaviFIsaRsRKb;RKgQanmuxbMput vaFanaeGaykareRbIR)as;Blkm/ vtFatuedImsmRsb/ elIkkMBs;KuNPaB plitpl/ famBl BlkmnigbnyeBlevlasagsg;.

9> eRbIR)as;kMuBTrkgkarRKb;RKg nigbBaasagsg;

yuKsmyrbs;lMnaM]sSahkmBtmanviTa bNaEpkTn;eRbIR)as;kgkar

RKb;RKg niyayrYm nigsMNg;niyayedayELk KWBImYyfeTAmYyfkan;EteRcIn nigxaMg/vaCYyeGayGksagsg;TTYlnigbBanBtman/ Tinny/ viPaKsankarN_elOnrhs nignaMmkvijTinplx


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eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;

12

CMBUkTI2

bNaCMhansikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;tamTsSnTUlay rbs;GkRKb;RKgeFIVvinieyaK/ sMNg;sagsg;EtgEtpSarPab;

CamYynigKMeragmYy/ vaEtEtgqgkat;bIdMNak;kalKW etomlkNeFIVvinieyaK/ karGnuvtn_kargarvinieyaK nig dak;[eRbIR)as;plitplsMNg;.

dUcenH cg;begIt)anKMeragmYy RtUvEtCalTplnehtuplrbs;KMnitbuKllTPaBvinieyaK nig ehtuplntfPaB tMrUvkarTIpSa.

tamTsSnlMGit rbs;GkRKb;RKg sMNg;mYy)anekItCarUbrageLIg Kwedaysarva)anqgkat;R)aMmYyCMhan dUcxageRkam .

elIrUbPaB )anBiBNnaya:gc,as; nUvbNaCMhanndMeNIrkarGnuvtn_KMeragmYykarsabnasMNg; Carbs;rdaPi)alRKb;RKg b:uEnvakrYmmanTaMgsMNg;Edlmas;

lMnaMbegIteGaymanCarUbragsMNg;tamnyTUlay

Gnuvtn_kargarsag;sg;sMNg;

tMrUvkarrbs;TIpSa/rdaPi)al/ sgm

lTPaBvinieyaKrbs;shRKas/ rdaPi)al/ sgm

begIt[manrUbragKMeragvinieyaK

eRtomlkNvinieyaK kareRbIR)as;plitplsMNg;


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13

vinieyaKCakCnpgEdr. CakarBItehIy ebIeTAtamTMhMsMNg; enaHbNaCMhan

sikSaKMeragGacmannwglkNsamBa edayRKan;EtrkSanUvbNaCMhanmUldan.

menaKti rbs;KMerag KWCaeyabl;dak;ecjdMbUg edIm,IKMerag)anelcCarUbrag. menaKti CaFmtaRtUv)anmas;vinieyaKsMEdgecj edaysarRbtikmrbs;ehtuplbuKl nig TUeTA/ CYnkalRKan;EtCakarrMCYlcit elImuxrbrrbs;mas;vinieyaKkgsanPaBCak;EsgmYy. menaKti elcCarUbrageLIgedayssnSwm/ taMgBIeBlcab;epImrhUtdl;dMNak;kalTuMRCuH ehIynwgRtUv)annaMykBiPakSa nigRtUv)anRkbxNGFibetykt;RtacUlkgkmviFIKMerag. xageRkamenH KWCaGMNHGMNageGay bNaCMhanbnbnab;eTot

menaKti

sikSadMbUgsikSa

eKalkarN_dMbUg

r)ay

karN_dMbUg

vaytMl

sikSalMGitsikSa

lkNbeckeTs

r)aykarN_lMGit

vaytMl

KNna

sikSabEnm

edj

f

sag

sg;;

eRbI

R)as;

mas;vinieyaK

Gnuvt

vaytMl

Gkem:Akar

Gnuvt

mas;vinieysabnTIRbwkSaGnuvt


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14

k> sikSadMbUg

KICaCMhanbneTotrbs; menaKti Edlmas;vinieyaK)anCYlsabnTIRbwkSaGnuvtn_/ ehIymas;vinieyaKkGacGnuvtn_edayxng. xwmsarrbs;CMhanenHKWEsVgrkbNaTinnydMbUg edIm,Imas;vinieyaKeFIVkarsMercelI menaKti Edl)anepImecjfaetImanmUldanbeT/ ebImanesckIsgwm KwbnRsavRCaveTot EtebIBMumankIR)afaeTenaHkarsikSaKMerag nwgRtUvbBab;.

kgCMhanenH kargarEsVgyl; KwCacMNucsMxan;/ eRBaHEpkelItYelxRsab;EdlRbmUl)an eKbegItKMeragmunGnuvtn_. bnab;eTot eKKwtdl;bNabBaa ecaTEdlsMxan; Kw viPaKelImUldanRKwHnesdkic edIm,IvaytMlKMerag.

begItKMeragmunGnuvtn_ KW caM)ac;RtUvsikSaEsVgyl;elIbNakargarxageRkam

EsVgyl;GMBItMrUvkarrbs;sgm kgtMbn;EdlKMerageFIVsmPaB. EsVgyl;GMBIneya)ayTisedAGPivDn_esdkicrbs;Cati kgryeBlEvg

bgr 10 - 50 qaM.

vaytMlsanPaBviCaCIvbcb,n nig viCakeTsesdkic kgkarsikSaKMerag/ kgenaH RtUvykcitTukdak;dl;kMritnlMnaM]sSahkmplit/ famBlEdlman/ lTPaBGPivDn_rbs;bNamUldanbeckeTs kgryeBlmYy

Edlnwgmkdl; EkEc/ ebIkcMh/ eFIVeGayRbesIreLIgnUvlMnaM]sSahkm/eFIVtUbnIykmTMenIb n]sSahkmplit.

cMNat;fak;nlMnaM]sSahkmplitkg tMbn;nig BiPBelak. kMritCIvPaBrs;enArbs;sgm/ lTPaBeRbIR)as;plitplenAtamtMbn;.


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lTPaBrbs;mas;vinieyaK/ bNaRbPBedImTunEdlGacclna/ TMhMvinieyaK . RbPBpt;pg;vtFatuedIm/ lMnaM]sSahkmplit. TItaMgsagsg;sMNg;EdlnwgRtUvGnuvtn_KMerag CamYyniglTpl PUKBsaRs/

xl;Gakas/ cMnYnRbCaBlrd/ brisanmun nig eRkaysagsg;sMNg;.

ehdarcnasm sikSalMGit

CMhanenH KWsMxan;Nas;kgdMeNIrkar eFIVeGayKMeragekItCarUbrageGaykan;

Etc,as;/ vaGHGagnUv lkNR)akdniymrbs;KMerag. kgCMhanenH rYmmanBIr Epk KwsikSaKMerag nig sresrr)aykarN_KMeragGnuvtn_. begIt KMeragGnuvtn_ EtgEtRtUv)ansabnTIRbwkSabeckeTsGnuvtn_sikSaerobcMKMerag. kg KMeragGnuvtn_ RtUvbkRsay )annUvlkNGnuvtn_beckeTs nig lkNeCaKCyelIesdkic.


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16

sMNg;kan;EtFM Kwkargarsabnakan;EtsKsaj/ TIlansagsg;kan;EtFMTUlay

naMeGaykarsikSakan;EtRtUvlMGitelITMhMkargarTaMgmUl nig manRKb;lkN. cMeBaHbNaKMerag EdlsitenAkgtMbn;mansMNg;sagsg; KW Tinnyrbs;KMerag EdlnwgykmkGnuvtn_GacnwgeRbIR)as;nUvbNaTinnyrbs;karsikSamun.

kgkarsikSaKMerag RtUv)anEckecjCaBIrRbePTsikSa KW sikSaGMBIesdkic nigbeckeTs. sikSaGMBIesdkic CaFmtaRtUv)anGnuvtn_mun/ eRBaHvapt;pg;Tinny CamUldan

kgkarkMNt;tYnaTIrbs;sMNg; edayrYmpSMCamYynig RbPBvtFatuedIm/ bNajehdarcnasm


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17

sMParsMNg;/ lTPaBpt;pg;TwkePIg/ bNajpvKmnaKmn_/ kMlaMg

Blkmk_dUcCabNaFnFanepSg. sikSabNasMNg;EdlkMBg;manskmPaB kgtMbn;EdlnwgGnuvtn_KMerag/

bgaj[c,as;nUvlTPaB/ kMriteRbIR)as;lMnaM]sSahkm/ lTPaBTMnak;TMngrvagBYkva nigKMeragEdlnwgRtUvsg;. enHKW CamUldanRKwH edIm,IkMNt;TMhMnig GtRbeyaCn_rbs;sMNg;EdlRtUvsabna.

sikSaGMBIPUmisaRsTaMgmUl/ sanPaBdIenAtMbn;Gnuvtn_KMerag edIm,IelIkKMerag nig EpnkarN_lMenAdan/ GKar kdUcCa bNabNajbeckeTs/ehdarcnasmnsMNg;. kargarenH RtUv)anbgajenAelIEpnTIrd)almanRsab; bRtUvvas;Evg nig KUredayxYng.

sikSaGMBI PUKBsaRs/ ClsaRs rbs;TItaMgsagsg; edIm,IkMNt;)anlkNemkanicnRsTab;dInimYy/ crnTwkenAkgdI/ ePgxl;>>>. TinnyEdl)anmkBIkarsikSa RtUveGaymanRKb;RKan; edIm,IkMNt;)an viFIsaRstMeLIg eRKOgbgMsMNg;/ RKwHsMNg;/ RbBnbNajcrnTwkkgdI >>>.

sikSalkxNFatuGakas enAtMbn;sagsg; ePgxl;/ sItuNPaB/ rnHpr>>>. cMeBaHbNaGKarsMxan; caM)ac;eyIgRtUvsikSabEnm elIbNaktabriyakas kMedA/ xl;brisuT/ viTskm/ GIuy:Ut >>>.

sikSalkxNEdlmanTMnak;TMngdl;karsagsg; edayeRbIR)as;lTPaBsagsg;enAnigkEng edIm,IbnytMlrbs;sMNg;. kgkarsikSaenHrYmman RbPBsMParsMNg;Edlpt;pg;enAnigkEng/ eRKOgma:sIun/ brikar/


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18

KmnaKmn_/ lTPaBeRbIR)as;bNashRKasCMnYy/ RbPBBlkmkgtMbn;/

bNaj GKIsnI/ bNajTwkEdlmanRsab;. sikSabNaktaEdlCH\TiBldl;tMlrbs;sMNg;/ eBlevlaEdlGacsMerc

kargarsagsg;tamEpknimYy b EpkTaMgmUl kdUcCaeBldak;plitpleGayeRbIR)as;.

sikSaelIesaPNPaBnsabtkm/ EpnkarN_erobcMtMbn; edIm,IsMNg;mandMeNaHRsayKNnarYmbBal CamYynigesaPNPaBsabtkmEdlman.

bNaTinnyTaMgGs;enH manTMnak;TMngdl;EpnkarN_elIkKMerag/ sagsg;nigkareRbIR)as;sMNg; suTEtRtUvRbmUlTinnyeGayRKb;RKan; nig sresrCa r)aykarN_esdkicbeckeTs edIm,IGHGag)annUvtYnaTInkarsagsg;sMNg;.r)aykarN_sagsg;RtUvdak;ecjya:gticbMput eGay)anBIrviFIsaRs edIm,IEFIVkarebobeFobeRCIserIs viFIsaRsEdlmanlkNesdkicxlTPaBeRbIR)as;rbs;sMNg;.2> tMledIm/ plRbeyaCn_esdkic/ eBlevlaTTYledImTunvinieyaKmkvij.3> eBlevla)ansMerctamlTPaBsikSaKMerag.


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4> kMriteRbIR)as;eRKOgcRk/ sVyRbvtielIlMnaM]sSahkmplit/ cMNat;fak;nlMnaM]sSahkmpliteFobnigkgRbeTs nig BiPBelak. cMNat;fak;tambTdan.

5> emKuNsagsg; eRbIR)as;psagsg; eFobCamYynigbTdanEdlkMNt;.

6> PaBERbRbYlbrisanPUmisaRsrukCati/ crnTwk/ tMldI edaysarEtplrbs;karsagsg;sMNg;.

7>man\TiBldl;CivPaBrs;enArbs;smaCik nig RKYsarkmkr/ buKlik kgdMeNIrkarsagsg;nig eRbIR)as;sMNg;.

sMNMur)aykarN_nkarsikSalMGitrYmman

1> bMNkRsayBiBNnaedaysegb elIxwmsarnbNaviFIsaRsdak;ecjedIm,I eRCIserIs/ ebobeRFobbNaviFIsaRsTaMgenaH/ KNnaTUeTAbNakarsMerckg viFIsaRs. BiBNnaGMBIviFankarFanasuvtiPaBBlkm nigKNnabNa cMNayelIesdkicbeckeTs/ kgenaHRtUvbkRsay nigrebobkMNt;rbs; bNakarcMNayTaMgGs;enaH.

2> TIlansagsg; bgajeGayRKb;sBV nUvTMnak;TMngrvagbuklMenAdan nigpEdlRtUvGnuvtn_KMerag.

3>bNaKMnUrnlMnaM]sSahkm/ KmnaKmn_kgKMerag/ dMeNaHRsaysabtkm/ eRKOgbgM/ RbBnbrikar nig dMeNaHRsaykarKNnaepSgEdlman TMnak;TMng.


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4> bBaIeRKOgcRk/ brikar EdlRtUvykmkGnuvtn_elIKMerag.5> )a:n;sanlTPaBvinieyaKsagsg;sMNg;.6> )a:n;santMlTijsMParbrikar/ eRKOgcRk tamtMlsikSa.7> )a:n;santMlvinieyaKTunsrub )a:n;sansrub.8> taragbBaIGnuvtn_bNakargarsMxan; EdlRtUvsagsg;.9>

EbgEcksMParkgRsuk nig eRkARsuk edIm,IbegItEpnkarTTYl.10> EbgEcktamCMnajBlkmEdlcaM)ac;.11>elIkKMerag RKb;RKg sMNg; CamYynig dMeNIrkarsagsg;TaMgmUl

bgajedayDIya:Rkam epk bbNaj

12>tMelIg ma:Ekt sMNg; TaMgmUl bEpksMxan;NamYyebIeXIjfacaM)ac;.

13>esckIbEnm edIm,IENnaM eRbIR)as;kMlaMgBlkm tamc,ab;kargar nigeRbIR)as;RbPBsahuy sagsg;sMNg;CaBiess KWrUbIvtbreTs.

14> bNadMeNaHRsaybeckeTsRbqaMgkarbMBl;brisan b pas;breTsPaB.karsikSalMGit RtUv)anvaytMl nig sabnmas;vinieyaKEdlman

sTismmUl yl;RBm eTAtamRbPBedImTun nig sMNg;Carbs;RkumNa?


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21

K> KNnasMNg;sIuvil nig ]sSahkm

KNnasMNg;sIuvilnig]sSahkmrYmman BIr EpksMxan;KWKNna nig )a:n;tMl.

eTAtamTMhM/ kMritsKsaj/ lkNsMxan;rbs;sMNg; KNnaGacGnuvtn_tamBIrdMNak;kal bmYydMNak;kal.

ebIKNnatammYydMNak;kalKWKNnasagsg;. eBlKNnatamBIr dMNak;kalKWdMNak;kaldMbUgCadMNak;kalKNnabeckeTs cMENkdMNak;kaleRkayCa dMNak;kal

KNnasagsg;. karKNnaCaParrbs;TIRbwkSa RtUvGnuvtn_eTAtamkicsnaCamYymas;vinieyaK. KNnamYy b BIrdMNak;kal eTAtamTMhM nig lkNBiessrbs;sMNg;vaGaRsyedaysabnman siTiGMNaceFIVkarsMerc.

1> KNnabeckeTs

KNnabeckeTsCa dMNak;kaldMbUgnKNnaCaBIrdMNak;kal. KNna

beckeTs EpkelImUldansikSaEsVgyl; nig r)aykarN_rbs;KMeragGnuvtn_ bUkrYmTaMgkarsikSabEnmkgdMNak;kalKNna ebIman.

KNnabeckeTs bkRsayelIbNabBaabeckeTsTaMgGs;EdlFana[sMNg;manlkNsMerc/ viFIsaRsKNnaRtwmRtUvmanlkNeCOnel,Wn/ TinnyEdldak;ecjc,as;las; b:uEnvaenAEtsitenAdMNak;Nak;kalcMhr edIm,IbEnm nUvcMNucEdl

minTan;mankarlMGwtRKb;RKan;kgkarGnuvtn_ sagsg;. KNnabeckeTsRtUv)aneRbIR)as;[bNaEpkKNnaTaMgGs; dUcCa lMnaM]sSahkmplit/ sabtkm/ eRKOgbgM/sMParCaedIm/ edayeRtomlkN CaeRsc edIm,IbMerIkarsagsg;.


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22

ksarKNnabeckeTsrYmman

1> bMNkRsayBiBNnaGMBIrviFIKNna/ bMNkRsayCaTUeTAnUvbNadMeNaHRsay KNnaelIsMNg;TaMgmUl.

2> KMeragbg;lMnaM]sSahkm/ ExSbBanplitkm/ sabtkm/ KMnUredk/KMnUrkat;/ KMnUrbBar/ eRKOgbgM/ sMPartak;Etg CaedIm/ EdllMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;sMNg;nwgtMrUveGayGnuvtn_.

3>)a:n;santMldMbUgrbs;sMNg;.KNnabeckeTsRtUv)anvaytMl nig yl;RBmBIsabnmansmPaBkgRkbxNrdbmas;vinieyaK sMNg;shBaniC b kCn.

2> KNnasagsg;

KNnakarsagsg;KWKNnasMNg;tam mYydMNak;kal bkdMNak;kalTI2 n

karKNnasMNg;BIrdMNak;kalrYmman KNna nig )a:n;tMl.

KNnakarsagsg; mantYnaTIbMerIedaypal;elIkargarsagsg;sMNg;. KNnakarsagsg;KW EpkelIr)aykarN_KMeragGnuvtn_ KNnamYydMNak;kal b KNnabeckeTs KNnaBIrdMNak;kal.

eBlKNnamYydMNak;kal KNnasagsg; RtUvRsaybBaak;elI TMhMTaMgmUl

nig cMNucNamYynbNadMeNaHRsayKNna/ pl;Tinny caM)ac;RKb;RKan; dUcCa Blkm/vtFatuedIm/ sMParsMNg;/ beckeTs/ tMlsMNg;)a:n;tMl rYmCamYynigKMnUrsagsg;nbNakargarsg;temIgeGaymanRKb;RKan;sMrab;Gksg;.


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3> KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg;

KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg; RtUv)anGnuvtn_CamYynig KNnasagsg; b KNnasagsg;mYydMNak;kal. KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg; RtUv)ansabnTIRbwkSaKMerag Gnuvtn_EpkelImUldanKMeragGnuvtn_ nig lTplsikSabeckeTs ehIynig sikSabEnmkgxNeBlKNna.

ksarKNnaRKb;RKgsMNg;

1> taragkargarEdlRtUvsg;tMelIg nig CaBiesskgdMNak;kalsagsg;k_dUcCadMNak;kaleRtom.

2> segbRbRktiTinsagsg; elIDIya:RkamTUeTA Gnuvtn_bNa kargarsMxan; kgdMNak;kaleRtom nig dMNak;kalsagsg;. kgenaHbgajeGayc,as;lMdab;Gnuvtkargar. kgRbRkTinmanPab;

mkCamYynYv DIya:RkamcltkMlaMgBlkm/ ryeBleRbIR)as;eRKOgcRk.

3> EpnkarsrubGMBIkarpt;pg;sahuytamqaM/ qmassmRsbnigRbRktiTin.4> TIFasagsg;srubCamYynigmaRtdanRtwmRtUv bgajnUvsMNg;)annigkMBug

sagsg;k_dUcCa XaMgsMPar/ CMrMusak;enArbs;buKlik kmkar CaedIm.

5> EpnTItMbn;CamYynigmaRtdanRtwmRtUv bgajnUvkardansagsg;CamYynigbNajshRKasCMnYy/ mUldansMParbeckeTs/ PUmikmkr/ RbBnKmnaKm_ nig bNasMNg;epSgEdlmanTMnak;TMngdl;kardan.


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6> bBaIsrubsMPar/ lk;plitpl/ eRKagsMNg;sMxan;/ eRKOgcRk/meFa)aydwkCBantamdMNak;kalsagsg;nqaM/ qmas.

7> KNna nig )a:n;santMl rbs;GKarsak;enAbeNaHGasn EdlminsitenAkgtMlsagsg;/ bNaGKarsak;enATaMgGs;enHKwGaRsyedaymas;vieyaK Binitnig yl;RBm.

8> GtbTbkRsayGMBIlkNsm,tirbs;sMNg;/ lkNxNsagsg;/ lMnaM]sSahkm/ viFIsaRsRKb;RKgsMNg;/ tMrUvkarnigdMeNaHRsayGMBIkMlaMg Blkm/eRKOgcRk/ XaMg/ pvfl;/ CMrMu k_dUcCa bNaniTsSnesdkicbeckeTsrbs;viFIsagsg;.

9> KNnatMl)a:n;sanrbs;sMNg;edayEpkelItMlkta/ bTdan nigviFIsagsg;Edl)anyl;RBm. KNna)a:n;tMl RtUvmantaragbriyaykargar/ rebobkMNt;brimaNkargarrbs;BYkva. cMeBaHkargarRcInEdlminmantMlkta enaHKWRtUvKNnatMlEdlrYmman sMPar/Blkm/ eRKOgcRk.

KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg; RtUvGnuvtn_RsbCamYynigbNadMNak;kalKNnasmmUlrbs;sMNg; edIm,IeGaysmRsbCamYynigdMeNaHRsayTIlan sagsg;/eRKOgbgM/ lMnaM]sSahkmrbs;sMNg;.

cMeBaHsMNg;tUcmYycMnYn bsMNg;sagsg;tamKMrURtUvman

RbtiTinsegb DIya:Rkam TIlansagsg;.


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DIya:RkamBlkmnigeRbIR)as;eRKOgcRk. bBaI)a:n;tMl. bMNkRsay.4> KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg;

KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg; RtUv)ansabnsg;tMelIgGnuvtn_elImUldanrbs;KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg;/ )a:n;santMlsMNg; bUkCamYybNalTpl/ sikSabEnmtMbn;kardan nig smPaBrbs;sabnTTYlGnuvtn_.

kgKNnaRKb;RKgsagsg; nwgBinitepgpat;/ eFIVedaylitlt;/ bNaesckIsMercrbs;KNnaRKb;RKg nig edaHRsaybNabBaaEdleTIb ekIteLIg.CaBiessykcitTukdak;dl; bNakargarlMGit EdlRtUv Gnuvtn_kglMnaM]sSahkmsg;tMeLIg k_dUcCakargarsg;tMeLIgkgbNa shRKasCMnYyEdlbMerIkgkarplitsMPar/

eRKagsMNg;eGaykardan. TItaMg/ smPaB/ ]sSahkm nig brikarrbs;bNashRKasRtUv)anrkSaenAdEdltamKNnaRKb;RKg. karERbRbYlGnuBaatiEtenAeBlPaKI KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg;yl;RBmedayehtuplnkarfy)antMlsMNg;nig kcKuNPaBkargar.

KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg; bMerIeGaykargarRKb;RKgsMerc/ cglbgaj nigRtYtBinitelICMhansagsg;TaMgGs;/ bNakMNat;sagsg;sMNg; nig kardan TaMgmUl

dUcenHcaM)ac;RtUvtamc,as;las; nig RtwmRtUvelIbNabBaaxageRkam ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;bNakMNat;sMNg;/ rbs;bNadMNak;kalsMxan; nig kardanTaMgmUl/ lMdab;nigviFIGnuvtn_bNakargarsg;tMeLIg/ karrYmpSM/ eBlevlakMNt; Gnuvtn_bNaviFIkgdMNak;kaleRtom/


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DIya:Rkampt;pg;sMPar/ eRKOgcRk/ tMrUvkarBIvtFatuedIm/ tMrUvkarBIBlkmtamCMnaj/

viFIsaRskarBar/ GnamysuvtiPaBBlkm/ RbBnRtYtBinit/ RKb;RKgKuNPaB eRbIR)as;.ksarrbs;KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg;

1> RbtiTinsagsg;bNasMNg;CamYynigbrimaNkargarRtwmRtUv.2> RbtiTinsrubTUeTAsMrab;kardanTaMgmUl nig dMNak;kalsagsg;.3>TIlanerobcMcMbg tYnaTIbNashRKasplit/ pvfl;yUrGEgVg b

beNaHsn/ XaMg/ bNajpt;pg;GKIsnI/ Twk/ TUrKmnaKmn_>>>.

4> taragbriyayGMBIbrimaNkargarkgdMNak;kaleRtom nig DIya:RkamGnuvtn_.

5> DIya:Rkampt;pg;sMParbrikarsMxan;.6> DIya:RkamtMrUvkarBlkmtamCMnaj/ eRKOgcRk nig dwkCBan.7> kMNt;sMKal;lMnaM]sSahkm eGaykargarmYycMnYnEdlmankarsagsg;

sKsaj nig fI.

8> bBaIeRKOgcRk nig kMNt;sMKal;pas;brlMnaM]sSahkm eGaykargarsagsg;sMxan;mYycMnYn dak;mInpH/ XYg/ elIkdak;>>>>.

9> ksarbkRsayGMBIdMeNaHRsaylMnaM]sSahkm/ eRKaHfak;/ brisan/suvtiPaBBlkm/ rUbPaBTTYlGkmaneTBekasl/ ]bkrN_.KNnabNacMNayesdkicbeckeTsryeBlbBab;sagsg;/ kMriteRbIR)as;ynkm/ cMNayBlkmsMrab;EpkplitplnimYy.


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10>KMeragbg;KNnasagsg;sMNg;beNaHGasn/ CMrMu. RtUvGnuvtn_cb;munfebIkkardansagsg;mYyry RbEhlBIrEx edIm,IbuKlikbeckeTsRsarvRCav nig cab;yk)anBIeKalbMNgTaMgenaH. kargarKNnaRKb;RKgsagsg; RtUvvisVkr nig buKlikmanbTBiesaFn_rbs;sabnTTYlvinieyaKGnuvtn_ eRkamkarcglbgajrbs;RbFanvisVkrmanTaMgkarBiPakSaeyabl;rbs;Gksagsg;mYycMnYnpg.

KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg; edaHRsaybNabBaabeckeTs]sSahkm/ RKb;RKgnig esdkicsKsaj. cg;sMerc)anGtibrma KWRtUvGnuvtn_ eGay)aneRcInviFIsaRsedIm,IeFIVCamUldankgkareRCIserIs tamtMrUvkar esdkicbeckeTsmYycMnYn/ Cak;EsgKW

GMBIbeckeTs FanaKuNPaBx


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eroberogeday sYs cMerIn lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan

29

CMBUkTI3 lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan

1>lMnaMTUeTACak;EsgTRmugkarsagsg;mUldanrbs;RBHraCaNacRkkm rdaPi)alkMNt;neya)aysagsg;sMNg;/ RbPBTun/ cMNay. edIm,IbMerITinnyeGayCMhanenH/ RtUvelIkGgRbkb KMeragvinieyaK edIm,IkMNt;TMhMsagsg;sMNg;/ )a:n;sancMNay/ dMeNIrkarsagsg;.

2> mas;vinieyaK KWCasabnCMnYsrdaPi)al b CaGkvinieyaKkCn edIm,IGnuvtbNaCMhan sagsg;/ TUTat;cMNaysikSa/ sagsg;/ sgtMlBeRgIkTIFasMNg;.

edayELkcMeBaH RbtiTinkargar nig KuNPaBsMNg;/ mas;sMNg;kmanParkictamdamBinit/ emIlEf nig RKb;RKg. b:uEnEtgRtUvcuHkicsnaCamYysabnTIRbwkSabeckeTs/ sabnenH nig TTYlParsMxan; CYymas;vinieyaK

GMBIKMeragvinieyaK.eTAtamTMhM/ TItaMg/ TiedApal;rbs;sMNg;Edlmas;vinieyaKGacCa GKnaykshRKasmYy/ CaGPi)alext b Rsuk >>>> edIm,ICYykargareGaymas;vinieyaK/

maneBlxH begItCaKNkmkarRKb;RKgKMerag/ eFIVkargaredaypal;RKb;kargar.CamYysMNg;TunbreTs/ EtgmanGKnaykKMeragmYy.

3> sikSalTPaBdMbUgKWEsVgyl;GMBItMrUvkarsgm/ TisedAGPivDn_rbs;CatiBI10-50 qaM/ cMNat;fak;sMNg;/ CIvPaBsgm/ lTPaB nig TMhMvinieyaK/RbPBpt;pg;sMPar/ TItaMgPUmisaRs/ PUKBsaRs/ briyakas/ cMnYnBlrd edIm,IykTinnyeGaykarKNna.


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4> KNnadMbUg begItKMnUrsMNg;/ KNnaeRKOgbgMsMxan;/ KNnabrimaN/cMNaybNaEdlRtUvsg. srubeFIVCar)aykarN_KMeragmunGnuvt.

5>

mas;vinieyaK esIesckIyl;RBm dl;sabnmansiTisMerc.6> sikSalMGit sikSabEnmnUvTinnyEdlxVH emIlemeronCMBUkTI2 KMeragGnuvt.7> KNnabeckeTs begItKMnUrsMNg;/ KNnalMGiteRKOgbgMsMNg;/

KNnabrimaN/ sresrbMNkRsay. srubeFIVCar)aykarN_KNnabeckeTs.emIlemeronCMBUkTI2 KMeragGnuvtnig KNna sMNg;sIuvil nig ]sSahkm.

8> mas;vinieyaK esIesckIyl;RBm dl;sabnmansiTisMerc elIbeckeTs nig)a:n;sanlMGit.

9> elImUldan 7/ 8 mas;vinieyaKerobcMedjf edIm,IeRCIserIssabnsagsg;.lMdab;lMedayTRmugkartamc,ab;rbs;rdaPi)al.

10>GMBICeRmIs sabneFIVCaTIRbwkSaKNna/ TIRbwkSaRtYtBinit/ CamYybNasMNg;FMkRtUverobedjf edIm,IeRCIserIs. CalTplkMNt;sabnsagsg; PaKI x

nig sabnTIRbwkSa.11>edIm,Isagsg;/ sabnsagsg;CabmRtUvBinitsanPaBPUmisaRs/ sikSaBinit

eLIgvij TinnyKNna nig KNnasagsg;Cak;EsgtamlMdab;kargarnimYyTIlansagsg;kEngsak;enA/ kEngdak;sMPar/ kEnglayebtug >>>. begItRbtiTinsagsg;sMNg;TaMgmUl/ RbtiTinsagsg;RKb;kargar >>>.

12>plitsMPar nig TijvtFatuedIm/ sMPar/ KWCakargarmYyeRtommuneBlsagsg;nig sitenAkgdMNak;kalsagsg;rhUtdl;cb;. kMNt;TItaMg f/ xSac;/ RkYs/sanIy_bMEbkf/ kEngTijsIum:g;t_/ Edk/ srsEdk/ eRbg\Nn >>>.


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31

bNasMPar RtUvmanviBabnbtKuNPaB nig RtUvBiesaFn_BinitKuNPaB. begItbnb;BiesaFn_tamsMNUmBr sMNg;FM.

13>mas;vinieyaKeFIVkarCamYyGaCJaFtMbn; GMBIsb,Tan nig sgfdI/ pHsMEbg >>>.eprTIlan eGaysabnsagsg;. enHCa TRmugmYyEdlCYbRbTHkarlM)akeRcIn/QWk,al.

14>erobcMsagsg;KWCalTplrbs;CMhan 11/ 12/ 13 . EbgEckkMNat;sagsg;ya:gdUcemc? rYmpSMRbtiTinsagsg;sMNg;ya:gdUcemc? eFIVkarCamYyTIRbwkSa/CamYymas;vinieyaK GMBIkarBinitbeckeTs/ BinitRKb;RKgTUTat;kargar

nimYy. edaHRsayPaBvivaT dUcCa karBeRgIkTIlanminTan;eBl/ EkERbEfmfykarKNna >>>CaedIm.

15>erobcMBinitkargarnimYy/ dUcCa RKwH / srsEdkFwm. sMParBnitkargarrYmman TinnysikSa-vas;EvgCak;Esg dUcCa kMritkMBs;/ CIkRKwH/ ssrRKwH/eCIgtag/ lTplBiesaFn_ebtug/ Edk >>>. EpkEdlsMxan; KW mas;vinieyaK/

sagsg;/ TIRbwkSa.eRkABIenH/ TIRbwkSaenABinit/ BiesaFn_RKb;kargarnimYydUcCa BiesaFn_sMPar/cak;ebtug/ EfTaMebtug >>>.

16>sMNg;bBab; eFIVr)aykarN_bBab;kargarTaMgmUl/ mUldanbegItr)aykarN_bBab;kargarKW KMnUrdUckgKNna/ b:uEnxatKWTinnyvas;Cak;Esg.

17>begItKNkmaBinitsMNg;TaMgmUl CamYysMNg;FM/ GacCaKNkmarbs;rd. eTaHya:gNa/ EpkEdlsMxan;KW mas; - Gksg; - TIRbwkSa. BinitrYc/RbKl;CUnmas;vinieyaK.


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32

eRkayeBl)anBinit/ sabnsagsg;/ enAmanParFanakgryeBlmYykMNt;.kgryeBlenH/ ral;ehtukarN_xUcxatekIteLIg/ sabnsagsg;RtUvCYsCul

edaymancMNaybEnm.18>Binit-TUTat; sabnsagsg; RbmUlksarTaMgGs;/ sMPar/ KMnUrbBab;kargar/brimaNCak;Esg nig tamkicsna/ bNaehtukarN_RtUvbwgtva:/ bEnmcMNay >>>raykarN_eGaymas;vinieyaK nig sabnepSg. TUTat;eTAtamkicsna.

2>lMnaMKNnaKnwH/ xwmsaenATIenHKW tambICMhan xageRkam

sikSa KNnadMbUg/ )a:n;sanTUeTA sikSaKNnabNatMrUvkarsMxan; edIm,IeRbobeFobviFIsaRs/ )a:n;sancMNay. PikSaviFIsaRsedIm,IKNnabeckeTsnaMeTAsagsg;. edayEpkKNnaGnuvt.

sikSa KNnabeckeTs/ )a:n;sanlMGit tamviFIsaRsEdl)aneRCIserIs/sikSac,as;las;/ KNnaeRKOgbgMRKb;lkN. )a:n;sancMNaylMGitkargar

nimYy. RKb;lkxNedIm,InaMsMNg;cUleTAsagsg; nig RtUv)anesckIyl;RBm.edayEpkKNnaGnuvt.

sikSa KNnasagsg;/ )a:n;san;sagsg; edayEpksagsg;GnuvtedIm,IGnuvtcMeKaledA/ eRKOgbgMsMNg;tamKMeragKNnabeckeTsxagelI.Epksagsg;bgajCak;Esg KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg;. rYcehIyKNna)a:n;san

cMNaysagsg;.


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33

3>TMnak;TMngrvag mas;vinieyaK - Gksagsg; - TIRbwkSaGMBIKuNPaB nig dMeNIrkarsagsg; KWCaParkicdsMxan;rbs;sabnsagsg;.

eRkaymkdl;sabnTIRbwkSaCamYyParkictamdan/ RtYtBinitbeckeTssagsg; nigRbwkSaeGaymas;vinieyaK nUvbNaviFIsaRsedaHRsayFM. edayehtuenH/ral;karvivt/ edaHRsaykargarkglMnaMsagsg; dUcCa Binit/ EkERbKNna >>>

manEtbIsabnKWmas; - GkGnuvtTIRbwkSa.

TMnak;TMngeFIVkargarrvagbNasabn sagsg; nig sabnTIRBwkSaRtYtBinit/GacBIBNna dUcmnusSCwHkg;mak;. kgenaH GkCiHkg;KWCa sabnsagsg;. kg;mux KW

manbYn CaParrbs;sbnsagsg; brimaN sagsg; - RbKl; - suvtiPaB.

kg;eRkaykmanbYnEdr EdlCaParrbs;TIRbwkSabeckeTs KW EpnkarKNna

Binityl;RBm. eyIgGacyl;fa

sabnsagsg; KWCaGkTTYlParsMxan;GMBI dMeNIrkarsagsg;/ KuNPaB/suvtiPaBsagsg;.

k,alma:sIun RKb;RKgrbs;sabnsagsg; kg;mux RtUvParsMxan; edIm,Ikg;clnaeTAmux)anRtUvTisedA bBab;kargar/ minCYbeRKaHfak; suvtiPaB.

sabnTIRbwkSa kg;eRkay/ manRKan;EtmantYnaTI CMnYy/ CMruj/ RtYtBinit.4>erobcMedjfRKb;RKgKuNPaB

edjKWCarUbPaBmYy RbLgeRCIserIs bNasabnsagsg;sMNg;mYy/ sMedAEsVgrk

sabnsagsg;elOn/ l/ tMlefak.edjf/ ebIniyayGMBIniymnyTUlay manBIrrUbPaB


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35

ekIteLIg enaHGkemA:kar kRtUv)anTUTat;brimaNenaH. pyeTAvij/brimaNfy/ GkemA:karkRtUvdkecjcMNaybrimaNfy.

kicsna esad RtUv)anyl;faGkTTYlemA:karGnuvtTaMgParKNna nigsagsg;. sabnemA:kartamkicsnaenH KW KMeragGnuvt RtUv)anyl;RBm.

kicsnamanEkERbtMl KWCakicsnaEtgRtUv)anGnuvtCamYyKMeragrbs;rdEdlxITunrbs;Ggkar hirBavtBiPBelak edIm,IvinieyaKsagsg;ehdarcnasm>>eBlksarbeckeTs/ )a:n;tMlRtUv)anGkEdlmansiTisMercyl;RBm/

sabnKNna )anbBab;Parkic/ RtUv)anTUTat;cMNayKNnaTaMgGs;.mas;vinieyaK nwgCa mas;vinieyaKKNna nig manPar naMeTAsagsg;RtUvtamsMNUmBr/ KuNPaB tamksarKNnaenaH. minRtUvTukeGaysabnmYyGkemA:kar eFIVkarTaMgKNna nig sagsg;/ dUcCa Tat;)a:l;pgpMkEBapg/ EsnBi)akRKb;RKg. Cak;Esgsabnsagsg; Bi)akcab;eGayeRCA)anRTwsIKNna/ bTdaneRbIkgKNna. kgenaH/ EtgmanbBaEkERb

cuHeLIgeRKOgbgM. eBlNamYy)anmanksarKNna-)a:n;tMlc,as;las;/ RKb;RKan;/ kicsna

sagsg;KWCa kBab;. eTaHCak;EsgenAEtminGacminkrNIbrimaNEfmfy


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36

eFobCamYyKNna. sabnsagsg;/ edayviFIKNnaviTasaRs/ edaybTBiesaFn_/ manParEkERbya:gNaeGaytMlcugeRkayKW cMeNj b:uEnenA

EtRtUvCamYyksarKNna. CamYyeKalkarTaMgBIxagelI/ eBlsagsg;sMNg;/ edaHRsayrl;kargar

nwgCa mas;vinieyaKTIRbwkSaGkTTYlsagsg;.

3>lMnaMedjf3>1> lMnaMedjfdUcxageRkam

1>GeBaIjGkemA:karcUlrYmedjf.2>Eck nig TTYlbNaksarcUlrYmedjf.3>viPaKTinnyGkcUlrYmedjf/ erIs nig RbkaseQaH GkemA:kar)an

cUlrYmedjf.

4>ksaredjfnig Eckksaredjf lixitGeBaIjedjf/ ENnaMeGaybNaGkedjf. lkxNkicsna. lkNbeckeTs. bNaKMnUssMNg;. kMNt;beckeTs. taragbrimaNkargar KMrUlixitedjf nig esckIbEnmmYycMnYn.

5>bNaGkedjfeTABinitemIlTItaMgsagsg;.6>cml;rbs;Gkedjf/ viFIbkRsay.


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37

7>dak; nig TTYlksaredjf.8>ebIksaredjf mas;vinieyaKerobcMBIFIebIkedjf.9>

vaytMlksaredjf mas;vinieyaKGacCYlGkCMnajvaytMl/ BinitemIl/ eRbobeFob bNaksaredjf. eRkaymkerobcMRbCMueT,IgvijCamYybNaGkedjf/ RbkaslTpleRCIserIsGksagsg;.

10> cuHkicsna3>2> eKalkarN_eRCIserIsGkemA:kar

BinitRbBnerobcMRKb;RKgTaMgmUl/ famBlsagsg;/ viFIsaRssagsg;Edl)andakkugksaredjf.

BinitRbBnerobcMRKb;tMl/ ebItMlTab/ tMlsrubfycuHelImUldanmUldan eRKOgcRksMParTMenIb/ erobcMRKb;RKgsagsg;smRsb KWCaehtuplEdlGacTTYlyk)an.

RtUveRCosvagkareRCIserIsgayeBktamtMlTunedjf RKan;Et

efakbMputKWyk b sabnsagsg;cg; QHedayral;tMl/ ral;ehtukarN_ekIteLIgepSgeTIbKittameRkay. sabnsagsg;mYyx1 manviFIsaRssagsg;viTasaRs/ sMPar]bkrN_TMenIb/b:uEntMlfCagsabn x2 EdlmanviFIsaRssagsg;minviTasaRs/ eyIgenAEteRCIserIssabn x1.

srubmkvij eyIgKYr nig RtUveRCIserIsGksagsg;elImUldanbTdanc,as;las;.

4>xwmsarksarcUlrYmedjfPaKI xlMnaMedjfxagelI/ eyIgRtUvdwgRbePTksarBIr


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38

ksarsMucUlrYmedjf/ EdlCarbs; PaKI k kgenaHmanksarKNna

KMnUrsMNg;/ lkNbeckeTs/ brimaN >>>> edaysabnKNna b TIRbwkSa

KNna Gnuvt. edayELkkar)a:n;santMllMGit/ eBledjf PaKIk rkSaTukCasMgat;.

ksarcUlrYmedjf edayPaKIx GnuvtelImUldanksaredjf/ nigTRmugkar

rda)alepSg.

xageRkamenH xwmsarksarcUlrYmedjf.

lixitsMucUlrYmedjf. lixitFanacUlrYmedjf rbs;FnaKar/ bBanfvikakk;sMrab;cUlrYm

edjfeGaymas;vinieyaK. ebIminQHkaredjfRtUv)andkmkvij.

segbtMlTunvinieyaK srubtMlTunbNakargar CIkdI/ cak;/ >>>>> lixitGnuBaatRbkbGaCIvkm. ksar]eTsnamsmtPaB/ Tun/ buKlik/ ]bkrN_/ eRKOgcRk/

bNasMNg;EdlCasadsagsg;. sMraybBaak;KNnaerobcMRKb;RKgsagsg; pkelIKMnUrsMNg;/ brimaN/

beckeTs kgksaredjfrbs; PaKI k pl;eGay. sMraybBaak;

GMBIkarerobcMsagsg; dUcCa kargareRtomsagsg;/ vIFIsaRssagsg;RKwH/ eRKOgbgM>>>RbtiTinkargarsagsg;.


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eroberogeday sYs cMerIn begItRbtiTinkargarkgplitkmsMNg;

39

CMBUkTI4begItRbtiTinkargarkgplitkmsMNg;

I. tYnaTI nig xwmsarnkarbegItEpnkartamryeBlRbtiTinkargar

sMNg;sIuvilnig]sSahkm k_dUcCa bNaplitkmepSgeTot cg;sMerc)anTisedAdak;ecj KWRtUvmanEpnkarN_plitkmCak;c,as;. EpnkarplitkmmYyRtYv)anpSaPab;CamYyGkSryeBlmYy eyIgeGayeQaHfa EpnkartamryeBl bRbtiTinkargar. dUcenH RbtiTinkargar KWCa Epnkar)anpSaPab;nigRbtiTinkt;ehtukarN_.ral;Epkrbs;RbtiTinkargar RtUv)anPab;eedayGkS ryeBlkMNt;mYy.

kardansMNg;dMeNIrkar)an Kwedaysarsabnsg;tMeLIgeRcIn rYmCamYynigkarcUlrYmrbs;GkvinieyaK/ GkKNna/ shRKaspt;pg;eRKOgcRkbrikar nigbNaRbePTFnFanepSg >>> . dUcenH sagsg;sMNg;mYy KWCaRbBnbBaamYysKsaj/ FMNas;. eRBaHkgRbBnRKb;RKgmaneRcInEpkNas; ehIycMNgTak;TgrvagBYkva mankarsaMjauMNas;Edr. PaBsKsajTaMgbrimaNTaMgsanPaBrbs;va manlkNERbRbYl nig RseBcRsBil. dUcenH kgkarsagsg;sMNg;min

GacGHGagbbBaaedaydac;xat)aneT b:uEnvamanlkNRbhak;RbEhl. edIm,Isagsg;sMNg;mYy RtUvmanKMrUviTasaRsRtYtRta/ bNalMnaMRKb;RKg nigcglbgajkargarsagsg;. KMrUenaHeyIgkGacehAfa RbtiTinkargarkgplitkmsMNg;pgEdr.


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40

eBlsagsg;sMNg;mYyRtUvGnuvtbNalMnaMsagsg;eRcInNas; eRBaHvamanTMnak;TMng

sitrmYtenAkgTIlMMh nig ryeBlkMNt; ehIykGaRsynigRBMEdnrbs;FnFan.dUcenH TisedAnkarbegItRbtiTinkargar KwbegItKMrUplitkmmYy/ kgenaHmanerobcMlMdab;kargar eRkaymkFanasagsg;sMNg;kgryeBlxI/ mantMlTab/KuNPaBxbBab;nig dak;bNalMdab;kargarsagsg;sMNg;tamEpknimYy k_dUcCasrubelIsMNg;TaMgmUl eGayeFIVskmPaBRtwmRtUvtamryeBlkMNt;.

2>eRbIR)as;smRsbeRKOgcRkbrikar.

3>bnyryeBlraMgsHFnFanEdlminTan;eRbIR)as;.

4>begItEpnkareRbIR)as;RbesIr sMrab;mUldansMParbeckeTsbMerIkar

sagsg;.5>pt;pg;Tan;eBlbNadMeNaHRsayEdlmanRbeyaCn_edIm,IGnuvtn_sagsg;

sMNg;.

RbtiTinkargarCanicCakalRtUvsEmgCaragKMnUstag RkahVik b DIya:Rkam.eyagelI lkNrbs;sMNg; nig tMrUvkarrbs;lMnaM]sSahkmkarbgajRkhiVk

GacsEmgeRkamrag epk/ eRTt/ bNaj ehIynwgBiBNnalMGitenAGtbTemeroneRkaybneTot.

Casegb/ RbtiTinkargar KWCaEpnkarplitkmEdlsEmgedayRkahiVkkgenaHbgajBIxwmsarEdlrYmman TinnyKNna/ bNadMeNaHRsayGnuvtkg


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42

kgRbtiTinkargar bNakargarsg;tMelIgRtUv)ankMNt;lMGitRbePTnimYy/

brimaNtamKNnarbs;KNnasagsg;. ryeBlkMNt; edIm,IsMerclMdab;kargarnig elIsMNg;TaMgmUlRtUveGaysIunig RbtiTinkargarRKb;RKgsMNg;.

RbtiTinkargarsagsg;sMNg; eRbIedIm,Icglbgasagsg;sMNg;/ edIm,IvaytMlPaBlMeGogrvagkargarCak;Esg nig EpnkarN_)anbegIt. ebIPaBlMeGogrvagplikm nig Epnkar FMeBkdl;kMritNamYyenaH RtUvbegItRbtiTinkargareLIgvij.

begItRbtiTinkargarfI edayEpkelIsanPaBCak;EsgkgxNeBlenaH dUcenHeyIgrkSa)anTisedAmUldan/ ebImanPaBlMeGogkan;EttUckan;Etl/ CaBiessKWryeBlsagsg;.

II. bNaCMhanbegItRbtiTinkargar

RbRktiTinkargarsagsg; RtUv)anbegItedayEpkelITinny nig KNnarbs;KNna

RKb;RKgsMNg; b KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg; CamYyniglTplsikSabEnmmYycMnYnEdlGaRsynigcMNucBiessrbs;kardan. kgbNaTinnyTaMgenaH/ CaBiessykcitTukdak;dl;ryeBlkMNt;rbs;lMdab;kargarsMNg; nig kardansMNg;TaMgmUl.

edIm,IRbtiTinkargarbegIt)anelOn ehIybMeBj)antMrUvkardak;ecj nig manlkNsmRsb/ GkbeckeTsRtUvGnuvtn_bNaCMhan dUcxageRkam.

1>viPaKlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;sMNg;.

2>begItlMdab;kargarEdlnwgGnuvtnsg;tMeLIgsMNg;.

3>kMNt;brimaNkargartamlMdab;kgtarag.


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43

4>eRCIserIsviFIsaRsbeckeTssagsg;eGaybNakargar.

5>kMNt;cMNayBlkm fBlkm nig eRKOgcRk evneRKOgcRk.

6>kMNt;ryeBlsagsg;nig tMrUvkarFnFan.

7>begItRbtiTinkargarmUldan.

8>kMNt;lkNesdkicbeckeTs.

9>

eRbobeFobtMrUvkarrbs;RbtiTinkargarEdleTIbbegIt CamYyTisedAdak;ecj.

10>eFIVeGayRbesIrRbtiTinkargartamTinnyGaTiPaB.

11>RbtiTinkargarmankarTTYlsal;.

12>begIttaragtMrUvkarFnFan.

tamrUbPaB 2>1 bNaCMhanGnuvtbgajtamlMdab;erog LOGIC .III.1. viPaKlMnaM]sSahkm

KWCaCMhandMbUg b:uEnCaCMhansMxan;Nas;. vakMNt;TiseGaybNadMeNaHRsaylMnaM]sSahkmEdlnwgeRCIserIsCaeRkay. cg;viPaK)anlMnaM]sSahkmsMNg;RtUvEpkelI KNna]sSahkm/ sabtkm nig eRKOgbgMrbs;sMNg;. viPaK

lTPaBsagsg;sMNg;elIlkNeRCIserIslMnaM]sSahkm GnuvtbNalMnaMsagsg;smRsb nig PaBcaM)ac;eRKOgcRk nig sMParsMNg;bMerIsagsg;.

karviPaK]sSahkmplitcab;epImtaMgEtBI KNnasMNg; EdlmansabnTIRbwkSaKMerageFIVCaRbFan nig mankarBiPakSaCamYyGkGnuvtn_sagsg;/


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44

Start

viPaKlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;sMNg;

begItlMdab;kargar

kMNt;brimaN

eRCIserIsviFIsaRsbeckeTs

kMNt;cMNayBlkm/ eRKOgcRk

kMNt;ryeBlsagsg;/ tMrUvkarFnFan

begItRbtiTinkargarmUldan

kMNt;lkNesdkicbeckeTs

eFIVeGayRbesIrRbtiTinkargar

eRbobeFobtMrUvkardak;ecj

RbtiTinkargarmankarTTYlsal;begIttaragtMrUvkarFnFan

End

+

-

rUbPaB 2>1> bNaCMhanbegItRbtiTinkargar


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45

CYnkalmanTaMgeyabl;rbs;PaKITak;TgepSg dUcCa mas;pl;edImTun/

sabnmanParpt;pg;eRKOgcRk/ brikaeGaysMNg;k_dUcCabMerIsagsg;.karshkarN_rvagKaRKb;lkN nwgbegIt)anCMerIs]sSahkm sagsg;enAnigkEng b cab;tMelIg/ eRbIR)as;sMParkgRsuk b eRkARsuk/dMeNaHRsayRKwH/ eRKOgbgMrgkMlaMg/ bMBak;eRKOgsgarwm. eRkayeBl)aneRCIserIslMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;eyIgbnkareFIVviPaKlMnaM]sSahkmenaH.

viPaKlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg; edIm,IbegItRbtiTinkargarEdlsabn sg;tMeLIgGnuvt ehIymankarcUlrYmrbs;sabneRkambgb;. karviPaKlkNplitkmedIm,Iyl;c,as;lMnaM]sSahkmsagsg; eFIVeGaybNasabnGnuvt kan;kab;ht;ct;elIkargar nig nwgmanviFIsaRsbeckeTssmRsb. viFIsaRsGnuvtmYycMnYn GnuBaat)anEtsMerckargarbEnmlMnaM]sSahkm Edl)aneRCIserIs/ral;sMParpas;brmineFIVeGayfyKuNPaBsMNg; >>>> sMxan;bMput KW mineFIV

eGaybnayeBlevlasagsg;.

III.2. begItlMdab;kargar

EpkeTAnigkarviPaKlMnaM]sSahkmplitkm nig bNakarKNnakgKMerag.kargarTaMgGs;kglMdab;kargar nwgRtUv)anbgajelIRbtiTinkargar. dUcenHkarEckEpkbNalMnaMCabNakargarRtUvsmmUlniglkxNdUcxageRkam

eQaHkargarRtUvCamYynigelxsMKal;kgbTdaneRbIR)as;.

kargarGacGnuvtn_sagsg;kraCkglMh kdUcCaryeBlminrg nigkminbgrraMgsHdl;bNakargarepSg.


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46

kargarmYyRtUvmanbrimaNRKab;RKan;sMrab;mYykta BYk/ Rkum eFIVkar

kgryeBlkMNt;. kglTPaBEdlGac KYEbgEckkargarnimYytamkeTskm/ kgkrNI

minGaceTIbeyIgerobcMRkumEdlbMerIkargar)aneRcInmuxbkRcbl;Ka.

enAxNeBlbBab; bNadMNak;kalsagsg;sMNg;bNakargarEdlmanTMnak;TMngkRtUvbBab;enAxNeBlenaH.

kargarmYycMnYnEdlminGnuvtn_enAkardan b:uEnsitenAdMeNIrkarsagsg;k_RtUvdak;cUlkglMdab;kargar.

kargarFMmYycMnYnGacEbgEckCakargartUceRcIn edIm,IGacrYmpSMsagsg;RsbRsbKa CamYybNakargarepSg edIm,IbnyryeBlsagsg;.

kargartUceRcIn brimaNticGacbUkrYmKa edIm,IkayCakargarmYyeRkam

eQaHrYm edIm,IgayRsYskgkarbgajDIya:Rkam.III.3. kMNt;brimaNkargar

brimaNkargar CanickaledIrCamYylMdab;kargar RtUv)anKNnatamKMeragbg;sagsg;nig sMraybBaak;rbs;karKNna. ktarbs;brimaN EdlEtgEteRbIR)as;KWktargVas;rgVl; Em:Rt/ Em:Rtkaer:/ Em:RtKUb/ etan/ edIm/

eRKOg>>>. ehIykGaceRbIktarUbIuvtsmmUlkgbTdan/ tMlktaeRbIR)as;.kMNt;RtwmRtUvtambrimaN KWmUldankgkareRCIserIsmeFa)ay/ viFIsaRssagsg;smRsb. tamryenH kMNt;c,as;las;Blkm/ eRKOgcRk nig ryeBlsagsg;edIm,IbegItRbtiTinkargar.


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47

III.4. eRCIserIsviFIsaRsbeckeTssagsg;

QrelImUldanbrimaNkargar nig lkxNGnuvtn_eyIgeFIVkareRCIserIsviFIsaRssagsg;. kgkareRCIserIsviFIsaRssagsg; GTiPaBeRbIR)as;eRKOgyn nwgbnyryeBlsagsg;ehIykeFIVeGayekInfamBlBlkmnig fytMleTopg.eRCIserIseRKOgcRk RtUveKarBtamc,ab; :ynkmTMenIbRBmKa :. kgmYyRkumeRKOgcRk eRCIserIseRKOgcRksMrab;kargarsMxan; b kargarmanbrimaNFM

muneRkayenaH eyIgeRCIserIsbNaeRKOgcRkEdlenAesssl;. krNImanviFIsaRsGnuvtn_eRcInkgkareRCIserIseRKOgcRk RtUvGnuvtn_RtUveRbobeFobtMrUvkaresdkic/ beckeTs. eRbIR)as;k,nc,ab;sagsg;Blkm manEtkgkrNIlkxNsagsg;minGnuBaatieGayeRbIR)as;eRKOgcRk/ brimaNticeBk bkarcMNaymantMlx>>.

III.5. eRCIserIs)a:ra:Em:Rtrbs;RbtiTinkargar htBlkmeRKOgcRk

RbtiTinkargarGaRsyedayRbePT)a:ra:Em:RtmUldanbI enaHKW lMnaM]sSahkm/TItaMg nig ryeBl. )a:ra:Em:RtlMnaM]sSahkmrYmman cMnYnRkumeFIVkargarkraC/ brimaNkargar/ smasPaBRkum buKlik/


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smtPaBkargarrbs;Rkum. )a:ra:Em:RtTItaMgrYmman TItaMgeFIVkargar/

ExSbnat;kargar/ kMNat;sagsg;/ nig evnsagsg;.)a:ra:Em:RtryeBlrYmman ryeBlsagsg;kargar nigryeBlnaMtamEpknimYy bEpkTaMgmUlrbs;sMNg;cUleFIVskmPaB. bNa)a:ra:Em:Rtrbs;RbtiTinkargar manTMnak;TMngrvagKatamkarRKb;RKgya:gsitrmYt. karERbRbYl)a:ra:Em:RtNamYy nwgeFIVeGaybNa)a:ra:Em:RtepSgERbRbYltam nigeFIVeGayERbRbYlRbtiTinkargarsagsg;Edr. kareRCIserIs)a:ra:Em:Rt CadMbUgRtUvRsbCamYylMnaM]sSahkmsagsg; eRkaymkRtUveGaysmRsbnigkargarRKb;RKg. GaRsytamviFIsaRsRKb;RKg eKGaceRCIserIsbNa)a:ra:Em:Rttamk,nc,ab;epSgmYycMnYneTot nwgBinitCak;EsgCaeRkaykgkrNIedayELk.

EbgEckpsagsg;/ kMNat;sagsg;RtUvnigeRKOgbgM/ sabtkm edIm,I

cMENkkargarsagsg;nimYykraC nig FanaKuNPaBsMNg;.

brimaNrbs;kargarnimYyRtUvmanbrimaNRKb;RKan; edIm,IeRbIR)as;RbkbedaylTpl elIsmtPaBeRKOgcRk/ kMlaMgRkum.

tMrUvkarBlkmkgkarsMerckargarRtUv)ankMNt;tamrUbmn4>1

L = S. Q / W/ nak; 4>1

kgenaH Q - brimaNkargar ktargVas;rgVal;/

S -bTdancMNayryeBlsMerckargar ema:g1kta rgVas;rgVal;/


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W - cMnYnema:gkgmYyevneFIVkargar ema:g.

tMrUvkarsMrab;eRKOgcRkedIm,IsMerckargarRtUv)ankMNt;tamrUbmn4>2

M = Q / P/ eRKOg 4>2

kgenaH Q - brimaNkargar ktargVas;rgVal;/

P- smtPaBrbs;eRKOgcRkkgmYyevneFIVkargar/

kgkrNIkargarpSMBIkargareRcIneyIgkMNt;bNa)a:ra:Em:RttambTdantMlmFmrbs;bNasmasPaBkargartamtamrUbmn 2>3

L = C / LC/ nak;

M = C / MC/ eRKOg 4>3

kgenaH C - brimaNkargarEdlKittamfvika ktarUbIuvt/

LC, MC - smtPaBBlkmnig smtPaBeRKOgcRkKittamtMlrUbIuvt.

ebIkgbTdan nig TinnyKNna pl;minRKb;RKan;kglMdab;kargarmYycMnYn/

GkbegItRbtiTinkargar RtUvykTinnytambTBiesaFn_ nig kar)a:n;san.xageRkamenH eyIgEsVgyl;nUvk,nc,ab;rYmmYycMnYn eBlEdleyIgcg;kMNt;bNa)a:ra:EmRtTaMgenaH.


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cMnYnRbePTkargar kglMdab;kargar eRCIserIseTAtamkMritCMnajrbs;

Rkumsagsg;/ kargarEbgEckkan;EttUc nwgkan;EtekInBlkm eFIVeGaycMnYnkargarekIneLIg CaFmtavanwgbnayeBlevlasagsg; nig karerobcMRKb;RKgkan;EtsKsaj.

kareRbIR)as; cMnYnkmkr/ cMnYneRKOgcRk tamEpkeGayRbesIrbMputCaFmtamanbgajkgbTdanbeckeTs nwgpl;eGaykargarmanfamBl

x4LminLijL max;

MminMijM max. 4>4

kgenaH Lij, Mij- kmkr/ eRKOgcRkrbs;kargar i eFIVkarenATItaMgj/

Lmin, Mmin -

cMnYnkmkr/ eRKOgcRkGb,brmaedIm,IGaceFIVkargarltambTdan ehAtamrebobepSgKW RkumkargardMbUg.

Lmax, Mmax - cMnYnkmkr/ eRKOgcRkGtibrmaedIm,IGaceFIVkargar)anCaFmtaelIkMNat;kargar.

ebIkargarsagsg;eRbI)as;eRKOgcRkpg RBmTaMgeRbIR)as;Blkmpg KWRtUveRCIserIs)a:ra:Em:RteRKOgcRkmun/ )a:ra:Em:RtmnusSeRCIserIsCaeRkayedayGaRsyelIbrimaNeRKOgcRk.


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III.6.kMNt;ryeBlsagsg;

ryeBlsagsg;kargarGaRsyeTAelIbrimaN/ bnat;kargar/ kMriteRbIR)as;FnFan nig ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;sMNg;. edIm,Irujel,nsagsg;/elIkkMBs;GtRbeyaCn_eRKOgcRkTMenIb RtUvykcitTukdak;dl;rbbeFIVkargar

BIr b bIevn/ kargarsMxan;mYycMnYn KYreRbIR)as;eRKOgcRkRBmKa. CaTUeTAkarekInevnnwgeFIVeGayekIntMldUcCaBn/ karcayvayra:b;rgkargarBIrevn bbIevn/ ekInbuKlikbeckeTs/ RKb;RKg. lMnaMsagsg;edayeRbIR)as;BlkmmYycMnYnedIm,IbegInevnplit ekItenAeBlbrimaNkargarFM bu:Enbnat;kargarnwgcegtminGaceFIVkarbEnmkmkr)an.

eBllkxNsagsg; manlkNGacGnuvt)an nig RbkbedayesrPaB/ryeBlsagsg;kargarkMNt;tamrUbmn4>5/ 4>6

tij= Lij / (a.Li)/ 4>5

tij= MSij / (a.Mi)/ 4>6

kgenaH tij ryeBlsagsg;kargar ij f/

Lij- brimaNBlkmfBlkm sMerckargar/MSij- cMnYnevneRKOgcRksMerckargar/a - cMnYnevneFIVkarkgmYyfrbbeFIVkargar/Li, Mi - cMnYnkmkr/ eRKOgcRkrbs;Rkum.


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kgkargarCak;Esg/ eKenAykcitTukdak;dl; ryeBlsagsg;qab;bMput nig

yUbMput. enaHKW RBMEdnGkRKb;RKgsMNg;dwgedIm,IeRbIR)as;RbtiTinkargar.

ryeBlsagsg;qab;bMput Tmin man)an eBlNaeyIgeRbIR)as;lTPaBGnuvtn_kargarGtibrma elIbnat;kargar nig lTPaBpt;pg;FnFan.

ryeBlsagsg;yUrbMput Tmax man)an eBlNaeyIgeRbIR)as;lTPaBGnuvtn_kargarGb,brma CamYynig RbPBFnFansmmUl EdlkargarminrgkarxUcxat. dUcenH ryeBlsagsg;kargaryUrbMput eBlRKan;EterobcMeRKOgcRksagsg;mYy b mYyRkumplitkmmUldan. enATIenH RkumplitkmdMbUg KWCasabnplitkmGtibrmaCamYynig cMnUnmnusSGb,brma b:uEnenAEtFanafamBlplit. KNnatamcMnYnmnusS RkumplitkmmUldanCaFmtaRtUv)ansresrkgbTdanbeckeTs

Ca]TahrN_ kargarmYymanbrimaNBlkm 120 f/ RkumplitkmdMbUgrbs;kargarenaH 5 nak; ebIbnat;kargarGnuBaati (Lmax 40) eyIgk_GacerobcMcMnYnkmkr nig ryeBlsagsg;dUctarag 4>1

tarag 4>1

cMnYnRkumplitkmdMbUg (b) ! @ # $ ^ *

cMnYnkmkreFIVkgmYyf(L) % (Lmin) !0 !% @0 #0 $0 (Lmax)

ryeBlsagsg;/ f(t) @$ !@ * ^ $ #


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cMnYnkmkr L = a.b.LminGacerobcMeFIVkargar a = 1; 2 b3 evn f. dUcenH/

ryeBlsagsg;sagsg;qab;bMput tmin= 3 f. ebIeFIVticCag # fnig eRcInCag @$ f suTEtnaMeTAdl;llTplminl sMrab;kareRbIR)as;kmkr bKuNPaBkargar.

eRkayeBlkMNt;ryeBlsagsg; eyIgGackMNt;kMriteRbIR)as;sMPartamrUbmn

q = (Qij.q0) / Tij,cMNayfvikatamrUbmn

C = (Qij.C0) / Tij,kgenaH q kMriteRbIR)as;sMParkgmYyf/

QijbrimaNkargariGnuvtn_elIkMNat;kargarj,

TijryeBlsagsg;,C tMlcMNaysMrab;kargarkgmYyf,q0, C0bTdansMPar/ tMlkargar.

eBlryeBlsagsg;minkMNt;Cak;c,as;/ eKeRbIR)as;tMlEdlTukcit.enaHKWkrNIlMnaMGnuvtn_kargarCYbRbTHkargarERbRbYl RtUvBakrN_edaykareCOrCak;kMNt;mYyBIbTBiesaFn_sagsg; b lkxNsagsg;GaRsyedayktankarERbRbYlCaeRcIn. eRbIR)as;tMlTukcit GMBIryeBlsagsg;EpkelIviFIsaRsKNnaKNitsaRseyIgRsavRCaveGayc,as;enACMBUkeRkay.


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III.7.begItRbtiTinkargardMbUgeRkayeBleRCIserIsviFIsaRssagsg; nig kMNt;)anbNa)a:ra:Em:Rt/ eyIgbnGnuvtn_begItRbtiTinkargardMbUg.begItRbtiTinkargarrYmman kMNt;viFIsaRsbgajRbtiTinkargar niglMdab;lMnaM]sSahkmeGaysmRsb edIm,IdMeNIrkarkargarsagsg;.RbRktiTinkargarGacbgajeday RkahiVkepk/ RkahiVkeRTt/ DIya:RkambNaj.

eRCIserIsviFIsaRsNak_RtUvGaRsyeTAelITMhM/ lkNsKsajrbs;sMNg;.RkahiVkepksMEdgRbtiTinkargarsMNg;tUc nig lMnaM]sSahkmgayRsYl.RkahiVkeRTt sMEdgRbRktiTinkargarsMNg;EdlTamTarkarR)akdRbCaGMBIryeBl nig TIlMh. RkahiVkeRTt GaclRbesIrelIkargarEdlmanbrimaNtic. DIya:RkambNaj sMEdgRbtiTinkargarsagsg;sMNg;FM nigsKsaj. kgenaHEdr ykcitTukdak;dl;lMnaM]sSahkm/ CanicCakaleRbI

R)as;lTPaBBeRgIkkargarRBmKa RsbKa edIm,Ikat;bnyryeBlsagsg;.eRkABIenHkarBeRgIkkargarcaM)ac;ykcitTudak;dl;bBaaeRbIR)as;FnFan nigFanaRkumCMnajmanskmPaBtamExSbBan.begItRbRktiTinkargardMbUg GacGnuvtn_tam bIviFIdUcxageRkam.a) erobcMkargar BIkargardMbUgtamlMdab;kargar dl;kargarbBab;. enHKW viFI

EdlniymeRbIeRcIn/ gayRsYl b:uEnTamTarGkbegItRtUvmanbTBiesaF_kgkargarplit. CaFmtaeyIgerobcMkargaremmun EpkelIenaH eyIgerobcMkargarEdlenAsl; eTAtamTMnak;TMngerobcMRKb;RKg. cMeBaHsMNg;FMkarbegIttamviFIenH vaBi)akNas;edIm,IQandl;lTplcg;)an.


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b) erobcMkargartamtamxNeBlkMNt;mun edayeTAbBaas;kargarxagmux.

enHCaviFIbegIttamTisedAkMNt;mun/ CaFmtaeyIgEtgykeBlevlakMNt;karbBab;sagsg;sMNg;/ eBlevlabBab;bNadMNak;kaleFIVCa cMNuccab;epIm rkRcas;mkvijbNakargarmanTMnak;TMngmun. viFIenHqab;sMercTisedA b:uEnbNakarplitKYreGay)armN_ eRBaHkarkMNt;xNeBlkargarminc,as;las;eFIVkargarrgkarxUcxac.

c) eRbIR)as;KNitsaRs DIya:RkambNaj edIm,IbegItRbtiTinkargar.enHCaviFIQanmuxCYyeGayeyIg edaHRsay)ankrNIsKsajmYycMnYn.viFIenHCadMbUgeKeRbIKNitsaRspMlMnaMsagsg;sMNg; mannyfaeRbIDIya:RkambNaj edIm,IbgajbNalMnaM]sSahkm LOGIC nigkarRKb;RKgsagsg;sMNg;caM)ac;/ eRkaymkeRbIR)as;KNitviTaedIm,IKNnarkbNa)a:ra:Em:Rtrbs;plitkm RbtiTinkargar dak;ecj

eRkaymkbgajmkvijTisedArbs;Epnkarplit.

III.8.RtYtBinitRbtiTinkargardMbUg

eRkayeBlRbtiTinkargar)anbegIt/ eKGnuvtn_KNnabNaniTsSn_rbs;vaehIyeRbobeFobnigbNatMrUvkarEdl)anelIkeLIg. bNatMrUvkarTaMgenaHCa

FmtaEtgEtCaryeBlsagsg;kMNt;/ kMriteRbIR)as;FnFan/ kMritesrPaBeRbIR)as;edImTun/ Blkm/ tMlffrKMerag. ebItMrUvkarbMeBj)annUvRbtiTinkargardMbUg/ eyIgnwgbneFIVeGayRbesIrtamlkNsm,tisagsg;edim,IelIkkMBs;esdkic/ beckeTs.


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III.bgajRbtiTinkargarelIRkahiVkepk ( GANTT CHART)

dUceyIg)andwg RbtiTinkargarGacsMEdgecjtam RkahiVkepk/ RkhiVkeRTt/DIya:RkambNaj GaRsyedaylkNsMNg; nig TisedArbs;GkbegIt. kgbIrebobbgaj KWRkahiVkepkmanRbCaRbiyCagTaMgGs;. eKEtgeRbIR)as;RkahiVkepkkgbNakrNI sMNg;gayRsYl/ RbtiTinkargarEdlRtUv)anbegItedayRkhiVk eRTtb DIya:RkambNaj b:uEnedIm,IeGaygayRsYleRbIR)as; eKbrmkRkahiVkepk.

eRBaHRkahiVkepk gayRsYlcab;)an edayGBnBaaN/ gayRsYlGan/ gayRsYltamdan nig enAmankargayRsYlkgkarbgajbNa)a:ra:Em:Rtrg EdlRkahiVkepSgminGacbgaj.

xwmsarrbs;RbtiTinkargarmYyEdlbgajtamRkahiVVkepk rUb 4>3 CaFmtarYmmanBIrEpk/ EpkTinny nig EpkRkhiVk.

EpkTinny kargarRtUv)anpt;pg;TinnymYycMnYnEdlcaM)ac;bMerIkargarsagsg;EdlrYmman 12 CYrbBar Columns rUb 4>2

Colunm 1: sresrelxerogtamtaraglMdab;kargar ehIyk_GacbUkrYmkargareRcInCakargarmYy RbtiTinkargarTUeTA.

Colunm 2:

eQaHkargarsresrtamlMdab;kargar b dak;eQaHfIebIkargarenaH CakargarsrubTUeTA.

Colunm 3: ktaCaFmtaeRbICaktargVas;brimaN/ ktarUbIuvt.


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Colunm 4: brimaNkargarsresreGayRtUvnigktaeRbIR)as;.

Colunm 5: bTdanBlkm-cMNayBlkm edIm,IseRmcmYyktaplitkmyktambTdankMBugGnuvt.

Colunm 6: bTdaneRKOgcRk-cMNayema:geRKOgcRk ebIsagsg;eRbIeRKOgcRk sMrab;ktaplitkmmYyyktambTdankMBugGnuvt.

Colunm 7, 8: CatMrUvkarBlkm fBlkm nig eRKOgcRkevneRKOgcRk/ CalTplrbs;plKuN Colunm 4 CamYyColunm 5 nig 6.

Colunm 9: rbbeFIVkargar-cMnYnevneFIVkargarkgmYyf/ EtgEtyk 1 evn

sMrab;BlkmdeCIg/ 2/ 3 evnsMrab;sagsg;edayeRKOgcRk.Colunm 10, 11: cMnYnkmkr/ cMnYneRKOgcRkkgktaGnuvtkargar

emIlxwmsarkgcMNgeCIg II

Colunm 12: ryeBlsagsg;RtUv)ankMNt;tamrUbmn 4>5/ 4>6.eBlkargarsagsg; manTaMgeRKOgynlayCamYyBlkm

ryeBlkMNt;tameRKOgyn. cMnYnkmkr nwgGnueLameTAtamnigryeBleFIVedayeRKOgyn.

EpkRkahiVk bgajEpnkarsagsg; rUb 2>2 . kargarnimYy RtUv)anbgajedaybnat;Rtg;mYy manRbEvgesInigryeBlsagsg;. kargarnimYy


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IV.bNaeKalkarN_sMxan;edIm,IbegItRbtiTinkargar

edIm,IRbtiTinkargarEdlbegIteLIg CitRtUvnigkargarCak;Esg nig esckIRtUvkarrbs;sMNg;/ eFIVeGaykarsagsg;sMercRbkbeday lTplesdkicbeckeTseyIgcaM)ac;RtUvGnueLamtambNaeKalkarN_sMxan;CamUldandUcxageRkam.

1. esrPaBelIbNakargareRtomTan;eBl edIm,IGnuvtn_sagsg;sMNg;sMxan;

kargarsagsg;sMNg;Gnuvtn_edaygayRsYl b mindUecHeT KW GaRsyedaybNakargareRtommYycMnYn. CaFmta sagsg;sMNg;mYy eKEckecjCaBIEpkEpkkargareRtom nig EpksMNg;sMxan;. EpkeRtomrYmman eRtomTIlansagsg;nigsg;CMrMu/ pvfl;beNaHGasnbMerIkargarsagsg;/ cMENkEpksMNg;sMxan; rYmmansagsg;sMNg; nig dak;sMNg;eGayeFIVskmPaB.

bNakargareRtomTIlansagsg;rYmman vaybMEbk b pas;TIpHsMEbg/ TIlanEdlRtUvsagsg;sMNg;enAkardan sMGat/ beBajTwk/ eFIVfl;bMerIkarsagsg;. EsVgrkRbPBpt;pg;famBl/ vtFatuedIm/ GKIsnI/ Twk>>>.l.

sagsg;sMNg;beNaHGasnrYmman sagsg;sMNg;fI/ CYsCulsMNg;/ CMurMu/ eragCag/bNatMbn;rs;enArbs;buKlikkmkr.

bTBiesaFn_bgajfa kargareRtommanlkNl nwgeFIVeGaykargarsagsg;sMNg;sMxan;Gnuvtn_)anelOn nig sMercRbkbedaylTplx


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EdlRtUvGnuvtn_mun/ bNakargarRtUveFIVCamYykargarsMxan;. kareRCIserIsmuneRkay

EpkelIeKalkarN_ KwbegItlkxNlbMput edIm,IeFIVkargarsagsg;sMxan; b:uEnrYmpSMkareRbIR)as;FnFan/ famBltamrebobmYysmRsb/ snSMsMc.

edIm,IbnyEpksagsg;sMNg;beNaHGasn eBlbegItRbtiTinkargar RtUvkMNt;)ankarcUlrYmeRbIR)as;sMNg;GciRn eTAkgTisedAeRbIR)as;beNaHGasn/ CaBiessKWEpksagsg;pvfl;/ bNajbeckeTs/ bgn;Gnamy.

2. eRCIserIslMdab;erogkargarsmRsb

eBlsagsg; sMNg;FMmYycMnYn/ sKsaj/ manlMdab;erogkargareRcIn EdlmanTMnak;TMngKaedaylMnaM]sSahkm/ lkxNsagsg; dUcenHkareRCIserIslMdab;erogkargarRtUveGaysmRsb. manbNakargarxH RtUv)ankMNt;PamtaMgBIKNnaRKb;RKgsMNg;. eBleRCIserIslMdab;erogkargar karcab;epImGnuvtn_RtUvcaM)ac;

ykcitTukdak;dl;bBaadUcxageRkam

bNakargarsagsg;tamlMdab;RtUveFIVtamlMnaM]sSahkmplitkm/ vanwgmantYnaTI naMEpknimYy bEpksMNg;TaMgmUlcUleFIVskmPaB nig kMNt;sMercryeBlsagsg;. ebIlMdab;erogkargarminFana nwgeFIVeGaybnayryeBlsagsg;b eFIVeGayfyGtRbeyaCn_esdkicrbs;KMerag.

caM)c;ykcitTukdak;dl;lMdab;kargarmYycMnYn EdlkMNt;bBab;ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;/ CaBiessykcitTukdak;dl; bNabnat;kargarmYycMnYn EdlcMNayryeBlsagsg;yUr b:uEnEbrCacegt bkCaRbePTbnat;Cit. lMdab;kargar


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mYycMnYn EdlsitkgRbePTenH dUcCa s>>

KwvaBi)akyk eCaKCyNas;eBlEdleyIgcg;CMrujelOnRbtiTinkargar.

RkumlMdab;kargarmYycMnYn kgExSbBanplitkmmYy kKYrpl;GaTiPaBBeRgIkkargarRBmKa/ edIm,IeBlnaMsMNg;eTAeFIVskmPaB enaHbNasMNg;pt;pg;keRtomlkNCaeRsc.

kgsMNg;nimYy bNakargarcab;epImtamlMdab;eroglMnaM]sSahkmsmRsbbMput/ RbwgERbgFana)annUvlkNbnbnab; efr sMrab;RkumCagsMxan;.

CaFmtatamlMnaM]sSahkmeKcab;epImkargardUcxageRkam sagsg;BIkgecjeRkA/EpkeRKOgbgMsMNg;BIeRkameLIg/ BIRbBnsMxan; em mkRbBnrg/ BIRbBnrgkMlaMg mkRbBnminrgkMlaMg/ EpkbegIysagsg;BIelIcuHeRkam/ BIkgecjeRkA.CakarBitehIy lMdab;kargarenaH minEmnsuTEtRtUvGnuvtya:gdUcenHeT/

vaGaRsyeTAtamkargarCak;Esgrbs;sMNg;nimYy nig lkNlMnaM]sSahkmEdleyIgeRbIR)as;.

BeRgIkkargark_RtUvykcitTukdak;dl;sanPaBFatuGakas edIm,Idkecjkardac;ecj rvagBYkvaEdlekIteLIg.

karRbmUlBlkmRtUvykcitTukdak;dl; RBMEdnmYycMnYnGMBIFnFan nig FananUveKalkarN_rnMkgkarerobcMRKb;RKg.

kargarsagsg;Bi)akmYycMnYn RtUvcat;EcgbNaviFIsaRsmYycMnYn CaCMnYyeBlcaM)ac; edIm,IrkSa)aneKaledAeBlbegItRbtiTinkargar.


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3. FanaryeBlsagsg;

mYykgcMeNamTisedAsMxan;rbs; KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg; KWFanac,ab;ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;. c,ab;ryeBlkMNt;; GaRsyedayesckIsMercrbs;rdaPi)alsIGMBIkarRKb;RKgsMNg; ebIsMNg;siteRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdaPi)al/ebIsMNg;mas;vinieyaKCaBaniCkr KWGaRsyedayBaniCkrkMNt;. eTaHebImas;vinieyaK CaEpkesdkicNak_eday ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;sMNg;RtUv)ancat;Tuk

Cac,ab;EtenAeBlmansresrkgkicsnavinieyaK. ryeBlbBab;dak;sMNg;eFIVskmPaBsMxan;CaTIbMput. CYnkalvakMNt;nUveCaKCy nig braCyrbs;KMerag/dUcenHral;karERbRbYlryeBlsagsg; suTEtRtUvGnuvtn_tambNamaRtaEdl)ansresrkgGtbTnkicsna CUnrgVan;ebIfyryeBlsagsg;/ pakBinyeBlbnayryeBl bmineKarBkicsna.

ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;RtUv)anyl;fa CaryeBlGnuvtkargarsagsg; nignaMsMNg;eFIVskmPaB fKNkmkarBinit nig cuHhtelxaRbKl;-TTYl.

edIm,IsMNg;bBab;RtUvtamc,ab;ryeBlkMNt;/ RbtiTinkargardMbUgbegItRtUvGnueLamtamlkxNenH. kgeBlbegItRbtiTinkargar/ ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;sMNg;GaRsyeTAelIryeBlkMNt;sagsg;rbs;rbs;kargarnimYy nig

karerobcMBYkvatamryeBl. dUcecH GkbegItRbtiTinkargarRtUveFIVmas;elIbNakargar nig cab;)annUvlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;sMrab;sMNg;TaMgmUl. ebIRbtiTinkargar begIttamrebob a ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;sMNg;dMbUg EtgxusCamYynigc,ab;ryeBlkMNt;eRcInRKan;ebI dUcenH RtUvEktMrUv/ begIttamerob


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64

b ryeBlkMNt;rbs;RbtiTinkargardMbUg eGaykan;EtRtUvnigc,ab;ryeBl

kMNt;.

CaFmtaRbtiTinkargardMbUgbegIt eRkayeBlKNna nwg ekIteLIgbIkrNIdUcxageRkam

krNI1 - eBlryeBlkMNt;RbtiTinkargar (T)tUcCagc,ab;ryeBlkMNt; (TL)

T TLRbtiTinkargarEdl)anbegItminTTYlyk)an/ caM)ac;bgMRtUv

EktMrUveLIgvij dl;eBlNasmmUllkxNT TL.

4. eRbIR)as;BlkmrnMkgplitkmlkNrnMvaytMledayRkahiVkBlkm

RkahiVkBlkmrnMeBlcMnYnBlkmekInCabnicmg kgryeBlEvg nig fybnic

mgEdr enAeBlkardanbBab;minmankarekInfyxaMgxa. ebIcMnYnkmkrEdleRbIminrnM eBlxH nwgelceLIgcMnYnkMlaMgBlkmRbmUlpMx


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65

RbmUlpMmnusSeRcIn kgryeBlxIbegItnUvkarxHxay elIbNamUldanmYycMnYn

kdUcCaeRKOgyn eRBaHeRbIR)as;ticminTan;sPaBkarN_. dUcenH RkahiVkBlkmmYysmRsb ekInbeNIr enAxagedIm nig fybeNIrenAxagcug/ cMnYnmnusSzitefr kan;EtxitCitkMritmFmkan;Etl KWCaKMrUvaytMlRbtiTinkargarmYy .

elIRkahiVkBlkmlkNrnM bgajedaybnat;ekag eLIgcuHbeNIr minmankarERbRbYl rUbPaB 2>3/ bnat;c .

vaytMlRkahiVkBlkmeKeRbIR)as;bNaemKuNrnM K1nig emKuNesrPaB K2K1= La/ LmaxK2= Tv/ T

kgenaH La cMnYnkmkrmFmPaKKNnatam 2>12La= Lr/ T 2>12

Lmax cMnYnkmkrRbmUlpMx


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66

T ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;/

Tv ryeBlcMnYnkmkrRbmUlpMEdlhYsputcMnYnkmkrmFm/Lr kmkrcaM)ac;sMrab;sagsg;sMNg;/ KWCaprvagGkS T nig

RkhiVk.

Cak;Esg K1 nig K2 QaneTArk 1 kan;Etl. qgemKuNefr K2eyIgeXIjeBlRkahiVkBlkmmanbMErbMrYlxH ERbRbYlminFmta RtUvGnueLam

tam k,nc,ab; minGnuBaategIbx4 eRBaHTaMgBIrkrNIenH suTEteFIVeGayfytMl K1nig K2.

pkMNt;kgRkahiVkBlkm bgajkMlaMgBlkm. dUcenH pkan;EttUcbgajsMNg;eRbIR)as;BlkmticfamBlBlkmx RkahiVkBlkmminefr

cMnYnBlkm cMnYnBlkm


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67

5. naMfvikaedImTuncUlkgsMNg;smRsb

TunvinieyaK KWCabrimaNfvika e)aHcUlsMNg;. fvikaedImTun KWCaRbePTFnFaneRbIR)as;mYyelIk/ va)ancMeNjEteBlsMNg;eFIVskmPaB. dUcenH kardak;TuneTAkgsMNg;KWCatMrUvkarmYysMxan;rbs;RbtiTinkargarmYy.

eBlKNnaRKb;RKgsMNg; eKEtgEtBinitemIlRkahiVkpt;pg;TunsMNg;dMbUg.cMeBaHGksagsg; edImTunEtgEtxIFnaKar EdlRtUvTTYlrgnUvtMlkarR)ak;.Gksagsg;sg)anEtenAeBlNa PaKI :k :pl;R)ak;mun bTUTat;tamkicsna.kgkrNI PaKI :k : pl;R)ak;munminTan; enaHPaKIGkTTYlkar RtUvTTYlbg;karR)ak;FnaKar. dUcenH fvikadak;cUlsMNg;kan;Etqab;kan;EtgayrgnUvkarsHbgkarxUcxateGayGksagsg;. eKRtUvrkrUbmnmYy edIm,Idak;fvikaedImTuneTAkgsMNg;ya:gNa eGaykar)at;bg;fvikaTabbMput.

rUbmnedIm,I dak;fvikaedImTuneTAkgsMNg;man bIRbePTCamUldan EdlRtUv)anbgajelI rUbPaB 2>5. bnat;DIepr:gEsl dak;TuncUlkgsMNg; bgajnUvbrimaNfvika cMNaysMrab;bNakargarsg;tMeLIg enAbNaryeBltamRbtiTinkargar s)ah_/ Ex/ qmas/ qaM.

rUbPaB 2>5a - dak;fvikaeTAkgsMNg;eTogeBl/ cab;BIeBlcab;epImdl;eBl

bBab;brimaNfvikavinieyaKkgryeBldUcKaesIKa.

rUbPaB 2>5b - dak;fvikaeTAkgsMNg;ekInbnicmg/ eBldMbUgcMNayticeRkaymkekInbnicmg/ eBlbBab;dak;fvikaeTAkgsMNg;eRcInbMput.


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68

rUbPaB 2>5c- dak;fvikaeTAkgsMNg;fybnicmg/ eBldMbUgcMNayeRcInbMput

eRkaymkfybnicmgesIKa/ eBlbBab;dak;fvikaeTAkgsMNg;ticbMput.

edIm,IvaytMl rUbPaBvinieyaKTaMgbIxagelIeTAkgsMNg; eKKUsRkahiVkGaMgetRkaledImTunvinieyaK bnat;cMNaysrub. elIrUbPaB 2>6 eyIgmanbnat;GaMgetRkalbI smmUlCamYyviFIvinieyaKTaMgbIxagelI.

bnat;GaMgetRkalbgajedImTunsrub Edldak;cUleTAkgsMNg; dl;bNaxNeBlelIRbtiTinkargar. vabgajcMnYnfvikasrub EdleRbIR)as;kgkarGnuvtkargarsMNg;dl;xNeBl t. Cak;Esg ragbnat;GaMgetRkalGaRsyeTAnigbnat;Diepr:gEsl. bnat;GaMgetRkal 2>6 a KWCabnat;Rtg;/ bnat; 2>6 b KWCa)a:ra:bUlpt cMENkbnat; 2>6 c KWCa)a:ra:bUle)a:g. eRBaH TaMgbIrUbPaBvinieyaKsMrab;sMNg;mYyCarYm dUcenH tMlcugeRkaysuTEtesIKa (C). pqtrvagbnat;

rUbPaB 2>5> rUbPaBvinieyaKeTAkgsMNg;vnieyaKesI/ ekInbnicmg/ fybnicmg

rUbPaB 2>6> bnat;GaMgetRkaledImTuneTAkgsMNg;vnieyaKesI/ ekInbnicmg/ fybnicmg


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69

GaMgetRkal nig GkS (T) bgajkareRbIR)as;fvikaedImTuneTAkgsMNg;. TisedA

rbs;GkeFIVesdkic KW eFIVya:gNaeGaykareRbIR)as;TunTabbMput - c,as;las;eBlbnat;GaMetRkalmanpqtbeBagtUcbMput.

cMeBaHsMNg;mYyeTaHCavinieyaKtamviFINak_RtUvFanaryeBlkMNt;sagsg; nigtMlsrubminERbRbYl. mannyfa man (T) nig (C) rYmKa. dUcenH CamYynigviFIKNnaGaMgetRkalsamBaeyIgKNna)an

Fa = 0.5CT ; Fb = 0.33CT ; Fc = 0.66CT

dUecH eBlbegItRbtiTinkargarsagsg; eyIgerobcMRKb;RKgbNakargarya:gNaeGay bnat;DIepr:gEslvinieyaKTunekIntamlMdab; edIm,Ibnat;GaMgetRkalmanptUcbMput.

BitehIy eBlEdlRbtiTinkargarbegIttambnat;GaMgetRkal manptUcbMput

mannyfa bNakargarfyeTAeRkay CaBiessbNakargarmYycMnYn mancMNayFMnwgbgreRKaHfak;eBlRbtiTinkargarmanPaBlMeGog.

IV.bNaviFIsaRsRtYtBinitkargarGnuvtRbtiTinkargar

edIm,IsMNg;sagsg; RtwmRtUvtamEpnkar bNakargarkgRbtiTinkargarRtUv)anGnuvtRtUveBl. PaBlMeGognimYy kglMnaMsagsg;k_GacnaMdl;lTplxus

bMNgEdlcg;)an. edIm,IvaytMlTan;eBl nig manviFIsaRsedaHRsayRtwmRtUveKRtUvGnuvtRbBnRtYtBinitkarGnuvtn_RbtiTinkargarTaMgmUl b kargarmYycMnYn. GacRtYtBinittameBlevlakMNt;mun bminkMNt;mun.


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70

eBlRbtiTinkargarsagsg;bgajelIRkahiVkepk. eyIgGacGnuvtRtYtBinit

tam`BIrviFIsaRs

1. viFIsaRsBinittambnat;PaKry/

2. viFIsaRsBinitRBwtikarN_RbcaMf.

1. viFIsaRsBinittambnat;PaKry

enH KWCaviFIsaRseRbIR)as;sMrab; GnuvtRtYtBinitkargareRcInkgxNeBlmYyenAelIRbtiTinkargarEdlbgajedayRkahiVkepk. elIrUbPaB 2>7 BiBNnaGMBIviFIRtYtBinittambnat;PaKry.

rUbPaB 2>7> RtYtBinitRbRktiTinkargaredaybnat;PaKrybnat;RtYtBinit/ bnat;PaKry

kargar

kagar nig minBiniteT


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71

viFIsaRsenHGnuvtdUcteTA elIRbtiTinkargarEdlsMEdgedayRkahiVkepk/

kargarnimYy RtUv)anbgajedaybnat;Rtg;mYyEdlmanRbEvgesInig 100% nbrimaNkargar. enAxNeBl t NamYyminkMNt;EdlRtUvRtYtBinit eKKUsbnat;Rtg;Qr/ bnat;enaHehIyKWCabnat;RtYtBinit. elIRbtiTinkargarbNakargarnimYysitenAmYykgBIrkrNI. krNIkargarnimYy)anbBab;bminTan;)ancab;epIm minkat;bnat;RtYtBinit eyIgelIkElg. krNIkargarmYycMnYnkMBugsagsg; - kat;bnat;RtYtBinit RtUvykTinnybrimaNEdl)anGnuvtKitmkdl;xNeBlenaH. tamPaKrybrimaNTaMgmUl/ cMnYnPaKryGnuvt)an RtUvdak;elIRkahiVk/ BYkvaPab;Ka begIt)anCabnat;PaKry. enaH KWCabnat;GnuvtCak;Esg. emIlbnat;PaKry eKdwg)ansanPaBGnuvtRbtiTinkargar.

ebIbnat;PaKryenAxagsaMcMNit - bNakargarenaHGnuvtelIskMritEpnkar/ebIbnat;PaKryenAxageqVgcMNit - kargarGnuvtyWt. b:uEncMNucEdl bnat;

PaKryRtYtelIcMcMNit - kargarGnuvtcMEpnkar.

enHCaviFIsaRsEtgEteRbIR)as;kgkarBinitminkMNt;mun. vaCYyeGayGkdwknaMdwg)ansanPaBGnuvtkargarCak;Esg enAxNeBlcM)ac;.

2. viFIsaRsBinittamRBwtikarN_RbcaMfrUbPaB 2>8

enHCaviFIRtYtBinitral;frbs;kargarnimYy. tamEpnkar kargarnimYyRtUvGnuvtnUvbrimaNkargarkMNt;mYyCaerogral;f.


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kargarTaMgenHRtUvbgajedaybnat;EpnkarmYy Caerogral;feRkayeBleFIVkar

brimaNkargarGnuvt RtUvkMNt;)an nig KUscUleTARkahiVk/ eyIg)anbnat;Gnuvt.

tamRkahiVkbgajeyIgnUvsmtPaBrbs;fnimYy )ansMerc b min)ansMercedIm,I EksRmYlsMrab;fbnbnab;eTot. viFIenHc,as;las; Tan;eBlb:uEnxateBlevla eRbIR)as;)anEtsMrab;RkummanCMnaj b kargarTamTarkarRtYtBinitlMGit.

Casegb/ bNaviFIsaRsxagelI pt;pg;)anEtsMrab;eGayeyIgnUvsanPaBGnuvtRbtiTinkargar. cMENkmUlehtu nig plvi)aknPaBlMeGogTaMgenaHCakarBitbNaviFIsaRsxagelIminTan;)anelIkeT,Ig. edIm,Icab;eGay)aneRCARCHeyIgRtUveFIVkarviPaK nig eRbIR)as;bNaviFIsaRsvaytMl nig BakrN_Edlnwgdak;eGayRsavRCavc,as;las;enAbNaCMBUkbneTot.

EpnkarN_/ Gnuvtn_Caerogral;frUbPaB 2>8> RkahiVkkMNt;ehtukargar


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eroberogeday sYs cMerIn RKb;RKgsMNg;tamviFIsaRsExScgVak;

73

CMBUkTI5erobcMRKb;RKgsMNg;tamviFIsaRsExScgVak;

1. niymnyGMBIbNaviFIsaRserobcMplitkm

sMNg;KWCa CMnajplitkm]sSahkm eRBaHtamryplitkm sMNg;eK)anERbkaybNa sMPar/ brikar eGaymkCaplitplsMrab;sgm dUcCa lMenAdan/ GKarkgkarbMerIeGayesdkicrs;enArbs;Blrd.

edIm,IsMercParplit GkGnuvtkargarsg;tMeLIgRtUvRbmUlpMsMPar/ eRKOgma:sIun/brikareGayRKb;RKan; nig CaBiesslkNsm,tirbs;mnusSedIm,IGnuvtn_kargar.karBeRgIkkargarplitkmGacGnuvtn_tameRcInviFIepSgKa EdleyIgehAfa viFIsaRserobcMRKb;RKgplitkm.

eRbIR)as;viFIsaRsNakRtUvGnueLamtamk,nc,ab;mUldanrbs;karerobcMplitkm/ edayELkerobcMplitkmsMNg;/ enaHKW

GnueLamtamlMnaM]sSahkmplitkmedIm,IFanaKuNPaBsMNg;.

FanaryeBlkMNt;sagsg;.

tMlplitplTab.

mkTl;eBlenHeKGacEck viFIsaRserobcMplitkmsMNg; CabI viFIsaRssMxan;KWtamlMdab;/ Rsb nig viFIsaRsExScgVak;. viFIsaRsnimYy manbNaKuNsm,ti


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74

edayELk/ GaRsyeTAtambNalkxNCak;Esg ehIybNaviFIsaRsTaMgenaHRtUv)anGnuvteBjelj b tamEpk b rYmpSM / suTEtCamYynigTisedAKw

naMmkvijnUvlTplplitkmx1

KWCaviFIsaRserobcMplitkmbNakargarEdl)ansMercenATItaMgenH eTIbelateTAeFIVenATItaMgepSgbneTot.

elIrUbPaB 4>1 eyIgeXIjbNasMNg;A, B, C, D RtUv)ansagsg;tamlMdab;/

cb;kargarsMNg;A eTIbbrmk B/ cb;BeTIbbrmk C>>>>.l. ebIryeBlsagsg;sMNg;mYy KWTcenaHryeBlsrub (T1)sagsg;MsMNg;KW

T1= M.Tc (3.1)

1

2

3

M

Tc Tc Tc Tc

T1= M.Tc

R

O t

R1 R1 R1 R1 R1

rUbPaB 4>1> erobcMplitkmtamlMdab;eday M sMNg;


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75

ebIcMNayFnFanmFmsagsg;sMNg;mYyKWRcenaHRkahVikcMNayFnFanKWR1= RcmintwgEtg. TMrg;erobcMplitkmenH smRsbCamYynig FnFan EdlBi)akclt nigsagsg;gayRsYl.

b. erobcMplitkmtamviFIsaRsRsb rUbPaB 4>2

qgtamrUbPaB 4>2> eyIgeXIjtamviFIsaRserobcMRsb bNasMNg;rYmGnuvt

sagsg;RBmCamYyKa.eBlsMercsagsg;sMNg;mYy enaHbNasMNg;epSgeTotk_RtUvbBab;. eBlenaHeyIgeXIjryeBlsagsg;sMNg;mYyKWTc enaHryeBlsagsg;sMNg;TaMgGs; T2 = Tc.eRBaHBRgIksMNg;TaMgGs;MdUcenHFnFancltmFmsMrab;sMNg;TaMgGs;ekIn Mdg/

1

2

3

M

R

O

Tc

T2= Tc

R1

rUbPaB 4>2> erobcMplitkmRsbeday MsMNg;

R1

R1

R1

t


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76

R2= M.Rc (3.2)dUcenHerobcMsagsg;tamviFIsaRsRsbryeBlsagsg;KW xINas;b:uEnFnFaneRbIR)as;Gtibrma.

viFIsaRsenHGnuvt eBlRtUvkarryeBlsagsg;xInig FnFaneRbIR)as;minkMNt;.

CaFmtaryeBlsagsg;Gb,brmakmanRBMEdnkMNt;Edr/ vaGaRsyeday lMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;rbs;sMNg;.

c. viFIsaRserobcMplitkmtamviFIsaRsExScgVak;

BIrviFIsaRsxagelIman KuNsm,tinig KuNvibtibBaHKaeday ryeBlsagsg;nigkMriteRbIR)as;FnFan. b:uEnmanKuNvibtimYyrYmKW ykcitTukdak;tictYcdl;kargarrbs;RkumCagEdlmankeTskmnig nirnrPaB.

edIm,IeFIVeGayRbesIrbNaKuNvibtinig GPivDn_KuNsm,ti/ bNaGkerobcMplitkmdak;ecjviFIsaRserobcMplitkmtamExScgVak;.

lkNrbs;erobcMplitkmtamExScgVak; RtUv)anbgaj edayrUbPaB 4>3.

edIm,IGnuvtn_plitkmtamviFIsaRsExScgVak; eKEbgEcksMNg;CabNa kMNat;kargarmanviCakeTskmedayELk. kMNat;kargar kargar edayELknimYy RtUv)anerobcMmYyRkummanviCakeTsshsm3 manbYnsMNg;A, B, C, D EdlmanlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;dUcKa.eyIgEbgEcklMnaM]sSahkmenaHCabYnkargarmanCMnajkeTsepSgKa. bYnkargar


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78

R2< Rtb < Rmax= M.Rc (3.4)dUcenH erobcMplitkmtamviFIsaRsExScgVak;KW EbgEcklMnaMplitkmecjCakMNat;kargarmankeTskmedayELk nig erobcMRkummanviCakeTsshsm


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79

caM)ac;CamYynigcMnYnExScgVak;ticbMput edIm,IkargarerobcMgayRsYl. CanickalkareRCIserIscMnYnkMNat;ExScgVak; RtUv eyageTAnigplitkm.

brimaNkargar (Q) KwbrimaNkargar EdlExScgVak;eTalRtUvGnuvtelIlMhkMNt;mYy kgryeBlmYykMNt;mun. brimaNkargarEtg

sMEdgedaybrimaNBlkm/ vaGaRsyedayeTAnigkMritCMnajbeckeTs nigkMritEbgEcklMhkargarrvagbNaRkumnimYy.

ExScgVak;mYymanskmPaBl eBlEdlbrimaNkargarRKb;RKan; b elIsbniceFobeTAnigfamBlrbs;va edIm,IFanaExScgVak;eBlNaksMerc nig qgputkMritEpnkar. eyagelIbrimaNkargareyIgeRCIserIsbuKlikrbs;Rkumplit.

plitPaBrbs;ExScgVak; (I) : KWCabrimaN plitplrbs;ExScgVak;kgmYyevneFIVkargar. plitPaBGaRsyeTAnigfamBl plitkmrbs;Rkumkargar. ebIsagsg;edayBlkmenaHvaGaRsy nigcMnYnkmkr (N)/cMENksagsg;edayynkmGaRsy cMnYneRKOgcRkeFIVkargar (M) :

I = N.S b I = M.P (3.5)

kgenaH S bTdaneFIVkargarrbs;kmkr/

P famBlRbtibtirbs;eRKOgcRk.

2. )a:ra:Em:RtlMh: eBlGnuvtkargarTamTarlMhkMNt;mYy/ vasMEdgtambNa)a:ra:EmRtlMh dUcCa TItaMgkargar/ bnat;kargar/ kMNat;kargar/

dMNak;kalsagsg;/

TItaMgkargar (f): KWCacMgaylMhtUcbMput edIm,IkmkreFIV kargar)angayRsYl/suvtiPaB/ manfamBl. TItaMgkargarGaRsyeTAnig RbePTkargar/


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80

brikarsMrab;sagsg; nig lTPaBeFIVkargarrbs;kmkr. eBl erobcMsagsg;

nig eyIgeRCIserIsTItaMgkargarsmlmKWmanlTplbMput. cegteBk

nwgfyfamBlgay)at;bg;suvtiPaB/ TUlayeBkeFIVeGayryeBlsagsg;RtUvGUsbnay CYnkalfyfamBl.

bnat;kargar (F): KWCasMNMunbNaTItaMgkargarrbs;RbePTkargarnimYy.bnat;kargarman bnat;biT nig bnat;ebIk. bnat;ebIkKWCabnat;GacBRgIkkargar)anPam/ bnat;biTKWCa bnat;BRgIkkargar)anEtenAeBlkargarmun)anbBab;.

kMNat;kargar (j, m) KWCakMNat;sMNg;EdlRkumkargarmYy GacBRgIk/bBab;kargarelIenaHedaykraC/ GPivDn_eBjfamBl nig minraMgsHkargarrbs;GkepSg. kgkarerobcMplitkmExScgVak;/ kargareRCIs kMNat;kargarKWsMxan;Nas;/ vaCH\TiBledaypal;dl;KuNPaB k_dUcCael,nsagsg;.

eRCIserIskMNat;kargar RtUvsmRsbniglMnaM]sSahkm/ sabtkm/

eRKgbgMsMNg; nig bMNgerobcMplitkm. rIlMnaM]sSahkmRtUvFanakargarGnuvtn_sMerc)anKuNPaB/ brimaNsagsg;RtUvsmlmgayGnuvt/ smRsbnig kMlaMgplitkmEdlnigBRgIk. sabtkmRtUvFana)anesaPNPaB. eRKOgbgMRtUvFanabNakMNat;sagsg;cb; eRKOgbgMrwgmaM ebIQb;minman\TiBldl;lTPaBrgkMlaMg. cMENk/ karerobcMplitkmRtUvFanabrimaNkargarlmnig kMlaMgplitkm nig ryeBlsagsg;sMNg;TaMgmUl. brimaNkargarelI

kMNat;nimYy RtUv)anehAfa kargarmYy/ vaGacsagsg;/ KNnaedaykraC.


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81

kMNak;kalsagsg;: KWCalMhtamkMBs; eBlsagsg; sMNg;mancMNucQb;tamkMBs;. kMNak;kalsagsg; EtgeRbIR)as;enAeBleFIVsMNg;eRcInCan;

beRKagsMNg;mankMBs;x4.tij= Qij/ a.Nj (3.6)

C

Module (K) KWCacenaHeBlExScgVak;eRCIserIs edIm,IeFIVeGayRbesIrbNa)a:ra:Em:RtryeBl/ EtgCafeFIVkargar (K = 1; 2; 3). eKEtg eRCIserIsryeBltUcbMputrbs;ExScgVak;eFIVm:UDulxYb/ eBlExScgVak;manryeBlesIKaenaH Module (K) dUcKaCamYynig (tij K) eBlenaH ktaryeBleRbI KeFIVCaeKal.

CMhanrbs;ExScgVak; (K0i) : KWCacenaHeBl BIcab;epIm ExScgVak; ( i-1 )dl;cab;epImExScgVak; ( i ) enAkMNat;dMbUg.

tij

i

tij

sMNg;kMNat;j

D

C

B

A

rUbPaB 4>4 RkahiVkepkrbs;ExScgVak;/ - RkumplitkmryeBlsagsg;t


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KijoutKWCaCMhanecjrbs;ExScgVak; i elIkMNat;kargarj/

KijinKWCaCMhancUlrbs;ExScgVak;i elIkMNat;kargarj/

pakkargar (ZjI,I+1) KWCacenaHryeBlTMenrelIkMNat;kargar j rvagExScgVak;BIrbnak;Ka nig minmanExScgVak;NamanskmPaB. rUbPaB 4>7

pakkargar KWCacenaHeBlGvtmanrbs;mnusSelIkMNat;kargar. pakkargarekIteLIgedayehtuplBIr beckeTs nig erobcM.

pakkargarbeckeTsKwedaytMrUvkarrbs;lMnaM]sSahkmRtUvmancenaHeBl enaH.

pakkargarerobcMKwpakkargaredayerobcMplitkmekIteLIg.

3. bgajExScgVak;elIRkahiVk

kgCMBUk 3 eyIg)andwgRbtiTinkargarGacbgajtambIRbePT epk/ eRTt/ bNaj.eBlerobcMsagsg;tamExScgVak;KWRbtiTinkargar kGacbgajtamTaMgbIRkahiVkenaH.

1. bgajelIRkahiVkepk

GkSryeBlRtUv)aneRCIserIsKWCa GkSedk edIm,IbgajbNa )a:ra:Em:RtryeBl. )a:ra:Em:RtlMnaM]sSahkm RtUv)ansMEdgedaybnat;kargar.)a:ra:Em:RtlMh manBIrviFIbgaj viFITI1 rUbPaB 4>8 kMNat;kargarRtUv)an

Rkum i

Zj, +

rUbPaB 4>7> pakkargarrvagExScgVak;BIrelIkMNat;kargar j

kMNat;kargarj

Rkum I+1

ryeBlTMenr


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bgajedayGkSQr/ viFITI 2 rUbPaB 4>9 kMNat;kargar

RtUv)anbgajedaykMNt;sMKal;elIbnat;kargar.

elIrUbPaB 4>8 eyIgeXIjbNaExScgVak; kargar A, B, C, D sMEdgedaybNabnat;fak;. fak;nimYy KWCamYykMNat;kargar/ RbEvgkMNat;elIfak;nImYy KWCaryeBlrbs;kMNat;enaH. sMNg;manb:unankMNat;kargarenaHbnat;fak;bgajb:uNwg. dMeNIrkarsagsg;manb:unansMNg;enaHmanbnat;

fak;b:uNwgEdr. RbtiTinkargarbgajbn tam TaMgGkSQr nig GkSepk.nirnrPaBrbs;kargarRtUv)anbgajedaybNa bnat;Pab;dac;.

1

2

j

m

kMNat;kargar

A B C D

A B C D

A B C D

A B C D

tAJ TBJ TCJ TDJ

KoB KoC KoD

T

rUbPaB 4>8> RbtiTinkargarbgajedayRkahiVkepk


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elIrUbPaB 4>9 GkSQrminbgajkMNat;kargar)an b:uEnbgajkargar/ kargar

nimYysMEdgedaybnat;Rtg;mYy/ RbEvgrbs;bnat;nimYybgajGMBIryeBlkMNt;eFIVskmPaBrbs;RkumCageFIVkargarenaH. elIRbtiTinkargarmanb:unanRbePTkargar enaHmanbnat;kargarbgajb:uNwg. edIm,IkMNt;sMKal;

(distinctions) ryeBlrbs;ExScgVak;smas eKkt;sMKal;elIbNabnat;Edl)anbgaj. Ca]TahrN_A1, A2, , AjKWCakargar A eFIVelIbNakMNat;kargar 1, 2, j / RbEvgrbs;bNakMNat; KWCaryeBlrbs;ExScgVak;elIkMNat;enaH.

2. bgajedayRkahiVkeRTt

elIRkahiVk ryeBlbgajedayGkSepk cMENkkMNat;kargarbgajedayGkSQr/ bNakargarRtUv)anbgajedaybnat;EdlvivDn_tamTaMgBIrTis nig

ryeBlbegIt)anCabnat;eRTt. kargar ExScgVak;smas nimitsBaaeday(i) cMENkkMNat;kargarKW (j). cMeNalrbs;bNaExScgVak;

A

B

C

D

kargar

A1 A2 Aj Am

B1 B2 Bj Bm

C1 C2 Cj Dm

D1 D2 Dj Dm

tAJ

tBJ

tCJ

tDJ

KoB

KoC

KoD

T

rUbPaB 4>9> RbtiTinkargarbgajedayRkahiVkepk


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elIGkSepksmmUlnigkMNat;kargarnimYy KW ryeBl (tij)rbs;ExScgVak;elIkMNat;kargarenaH. elIRkahiVk eyIgeXIjCMhanrbs;ExScgVak; (Koi) kdUcCaCMhancUl/ CMhanecj rbs;bNaExScgVak;elIkMNat;kargarnimYy. dUecHbgajExScgVak;edayRkahiVkeRTt KWc,as;las; nig RKb;RKan;bMput. elIRkahiVkeyIgeXIjkarvivDn_rbs;RkumCag nig bNacMNucRtUvRbyt cab;epIm/ecjcUl nig bBab; eBlRbtibtiplitkm. edayehtuenH RbRktiTinkargarplitkmtamExScgVak;EtgbgajedayRkahiVkeRTt.

3. bgajedayDIya:RkambNaj

ExScgVak; bgajedayDIya:RkambNaj manlkNsKsajeRcIn b:uEnCak;c,as; ehIyeyIgeFIVkarsikSaenACMBUkeRkay.

m

j

2

1

KMNat;kargar

K02 K0i K0n tn1

t11

Z2i

Z12

Z12m

Z1nm

K2inm

1

2

i

n

K2outm

rUbPaB 4>10> RbtiTinkargarbgajedayRkahiVkeRTt


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4. bNaCMhanbegItExScgVak;sagsg;

begItExScgVak;plitkm sMxan;KwbegItEpnkarplitkmbgajtamRbtiTinkargar

kgenaHeKykcitTukdak;Gnuvt bNak,nc,ab;rbs;ExScgVak;. CaFmta/ eBlbegItExSbBansMNg;mYyeKGnuvt bNaCMhandUcxageRkam rUb 4>11.

CMhanTI1 viPaKlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;EpkelIbNakarkMNt;rbs;KNnasagsg;

viPaKdMeNIrkarbeckeTsGaceRbIR)as;edIm,Isagsg;sMNg;. rkTMnak;TMngGMBIlMnaM]sShkm EdlGkRKb;RKgplitkmRtUvGnuvtn_tam kgenaHcab;

Gar

construction managermen 02 sous cham roun

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