construction materials 05
TRANSCRIPT
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Department of Civil Engineering
International University - VNU HCMC
Mar. 15, 2012
CE214U-Constructions Materials
sp!alt concrete
Nguyen Din! Hung Dr" Eng"
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Bituminous materials for civil engineering1
sp!alt is a popular roa# construction material to#ay $ecause of its cost
an# performance a#vantages% pave faster& more efficiently& more
economically an# 'it! greater servicea$ility t!an any ot!er paving material(
Natural asp!alt 'as #iscovere# in 1)*)& $ut it 'as not $oun# 'it! coal tar
an# use# to pave roa#'ays until 1*+2(
,itumen& t!e soli# or semi-soli# resi#ue of t!e refinery process to mae
gasoline from petroleum& .uicly replace# natural asp!alt for paving roa#s(
/ecently& synt!etic polymers !ave $een a##e# to improve performance
an# #ura$ility"
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Bituminous materials for civil engineering2
,ituminous surfaces 0pavements an# surface treatments are use# to
provi#e a roa#'ay 'earing surface an# to protect t!e un#erlying
material from moisture( ,ecause of t!eir plastic nature& $ituminous surfaces are often referre# to
as flei$le pavements& in contrast to concrete pavements& '!ic! are
i#entifie# as rigi# pavements(
,ituminous surfaces are pro#uce# $y miing soli# particles 0aggregates
an# a $ituminous material" 3ince t!e $ituminous material serves to $on#
t!e aggregate particles toget!er& it is referre# to as $in#er 0organic"
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Classication of bituminous materials 3
(Goetz an !oo 1"#0$
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Classication of bituminous materials %
sp!alt is t!e type of $ituminous
material most fre.uently use# in
surfacing roa#s an# airfiel#s&roa# tars are sometimes use#"
Most properties of asp!alt an# tar
are similar& ecept t!at tars are
not solu$le in petroleum
pro#ucts"s a result& tar surface
treatments an# tar seal coats are
often use# '!en t!e pavement is
liely to $e su$ecte# to spills of
petroleum fuels"
maor #isa#vantage of tar is its
ten#ency to c!ange consistency
'it! small variations in
temperature"
C567-889( H58-129& : 5 1-29(
Molecular
'eig!t
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Bituminous materials for roa structures 5
,ituminous materials a $len# of !y#rocar$ons of #ifferent molecular
'eig!ts(
;!e c!aracteristics of t!e asp!alt #epen# on t!e c!emical compositionan# t!e #istri$ution of t!e molecular 'eig!t !y#rocar$ons(
t room temperatures& asp!alt cement is a semisoli# material t!at cannot
$e applie# rea#ily as a $in#er 'it!out $eing !eate#"
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Bituminous materials for civil engineering#
=orous asp!alt concrete
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Bituminous materials for civil engineering&
Mainly in Vietnam% from cru#e petroleum resi#ues%
Compoun#% C522-889( H58-119& : 5 +-1")9( 35+->9& N 5+")-19
=roperties of $ituminous materials nee#s to $e evaluate# $efore miing
'it! aggregate%
/otational viscosity $y viscometer&
3olu$ility
?las! point tests
#ynamic s!ear r!eometer
t!e rolling t!in film oven
=ressure-aging vessel con#ition%
t!e test
temperatures
s!ort-term an#
long-term effects
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'roerties of as)alt cement *
Rolling Thin-Film Oven - RTFO03;M D2862/;?: is use# to #etermine t!e effect of !eat an# air on a moving film of
semi-soli# asp!altic materials" ;!e results are #etermine# frommeasurements of t!e asp!alt properties $efore an# after t!e test 0mass
loss(/esult is use# to prepare samples ot!er tests% rutting potential 'it! t!e
#ynamic s!ear r!eometer an# pressure-aging vessel
=ouring 7)g $itumen into
special $ottle 0ar
=lacing t!e $ottle in a rac of
oven/otating 1) rpm an# !ot air et
$lo's 4 l@min at 1>7AC in 6) min
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'roerties of as)alt cement "
Pressure-Aging Vessel - PAV 03;M D>)21=V is to simulate in-service oi#ative aging of asp!alt $in#er t!at occurs
in #uring pavement service(/esi#ue from t!is process may $e use# to estimate t!e p!ysical or
c!emical properties of an asp!alt $in#er after ) to 1+ years in t!e fiel#
=ut $itumen from /;?:
?or 2+ !ours
=ressure% 2"1M=a
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'roerties of as)alt cement 10
Flash Point 03;M D*2 - Direct Tension Test 03;M D>627"
t !ig! temperatures& asp!alt can flas! or ignite in t!e presence of open
flame or spar& $ecause evaporate# oil $ecomes inflamma$le" Hig! value offlas! point is a goo# property of $itumen"
Direct tension test% constant rate of #eformation of 1 mm@min& temperature
of 2)AC" It epresses $o#ing of $itumen itself"
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'roerties of as)alt cement 11
Rotational Viscometer Test 03;M D44+2RVTis use# to #etermine t!e viscosity of asp!alt $in#ers in t!e !ig!
temperature range of manufacturingan# construction"
;!e asp!alt $in#er sample is place# in t!e sample c!am$er at 17)BC(
;!en $ot! are place# in t!e t!ermocell(
spin#le is place# in t!e asp!alt sample an# rotate# at a spee# 02+rpm
Viscosity is #etermine# $y mac!ine
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'roerties of as)alt cement 12
Penetration 03;M D)
;!e penetration test measures consistency of asp!alt cement at 2)AC
stan#ar# nee#le of 1++ g% starts penetrating from surface 'it!in )
secon#s" Every +"1mm is recor#e# as penetration value"
large penetration value in#icates soft asp!alt
3mall penetration value in#icates !ig! con#ensi$le
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'roerties of cutbac+ an emulsion 13
Distillation of Cutback and Emulsion 03;M D4+2@D244
;!e #istillation test of cut$ac asp!alt 03;M D4+2 measures t!e amount
an# c!aracter of volatile constituents $y volume atspecifie# temperatures022)AC& 71)AC or 7>+AC(
;!e #istillation test of emulsifie# asp!alt 03;M D244 #etermines t!e
percent of resi#ue an# oil #istillates $y 'eig!tatspecifie# temperatures(
;o #etermine time t!at cut$ac an# emulsion !ar#en 0setting time ofconcrete"
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-es of bitumen 1%
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-es of bitumen 15
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-es of bitumen 1#
1
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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 1&
Aggregates
ggregates 0or mineral aggregates are !ar#& inert materials suc! as
san#& gravel& crus!e# stone& slag& or roc #ust(
ggregates are t!e principal loa#-supporting components of an sp!alt
Concrete pavement(
;!ey total *+ to *) percent of t!e miture $y 'eig!t 0coarse aggregate%
2+>)9& san#% 7+>>9& po'#er% 4149 an# 6) to 8) percent $y volume(
;o #etermine if an aggregate material is suita$le for use in asp!alt
construction& evaluate it in terms of t!e follo'ing properties%
3ie an# gra#ing% maimum sie of aggregate& #istri$ution of aggregate
sie(Cleanliness% /emove unsuita$le materials out of aggregate" It can cause
poor $on#ing(
;oug!ness%/esist crus!ing or #isintegration #uring iing& placing& an#
compacting( or un#er traffic loa#ing(
1
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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 1*
Aggregates
;o #etermine if an aggregate material is suita$le for use in asp!alt
construction& evaluate it in terms of t!e follo'ing properties%
3oun#ness% to resist #eterioration cause# $y t!e 'eat!er
=article s!ape% influence t!e asp!alt miture% strengt! an# 'ora$ility an#
t!e #ensity ac!ieve# #uring compaction via locF toget!er(
3urface teture% influence Gora$ility an# pavement strengt!" /oug!&
san#papery teture results in a !ig!er strengt! t!an a smoot! teture(
$sorption%;!e porosity of an aggregate permits t!e aggregate to a$sor$
asp!alt an# form a $on# $et'een t!e particle an# t!e asp!alt" #egree of
porosity is #esire#& $ut aggregates t!at are !ig!ly a$sor$entare generallynot use#"
3tripping%G!en t!e asp!alt film separates from t!e aggregate $ecause of
t!e action of 'ater& it is calle# stripping"nti-stripping agent is re.uire#& if
aggregates rea#ily suscepti$le to stripping action"
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Basic aggregate roerties 1"
2
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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 20
;!e #esign asp!alt content varies for #ifferent material types& material
properties& loa#ing levels& an# environmental con#itions% !ot mi asp!alt
0asp!alt cement 12+AC& col# mi asp!alt 0cut$ac an# emulsion plant
mi& $ituminous mi& $ituminous concrete& an# many ot!ers"
Design met!o# in Vietnam is seminar to /ussia an# 3;M 0U3%
Mars!all 03;M D1))*& an# Hveem 03;M D1)>+(
Mars!all is more popular #ue to $e simpler(
?un#amental to eac! #esign are t!e follo'ing%
;raffic loa#ing 0volume an# 'eig!t&
3oil-support capa$ility 0inclu#ing
#rainage consi#erations& Material specifications 0aggregate
an# asp!alt"
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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 21
;!e #esign of asp!alt mi% selecting an# proportioning constituent
materialsto o$tain t!e #esire# properties(
;!e $asic steps re.uire# for performing Mars!all mi #esign are asfollo's%
ggregate evaluation
sp!alt cement evaluation
3pecimen preparation ;!ere are t'o maor features of t!e Mars!all met!o# of mi #esign%
Mars!all sta$ility an# flo' measurement
Density an# voi#s analysis
Design asp!alt content #etermination
;!e resistance to plastic #eformation of a compacte# cylin#rical specimen
of $ituminous miture is measure# '!en t!e specimen is loa#e#
#iametrically at a #eformation rate of )+ mm@minute"
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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 22Aggregate Evaluation As!halt Cement Evaluation
;!ey total *+ to *) percent of t!e miture $y 'eig!t 0coarse aggregate%
2+>)9& san#% 7+>>9& po'#er% 4149 an# 6) to 8) percent $y volume(
;!e gra#e of asp!alt cement is selecte# $ase# on t!e epecte#
temperature range an# traffic con#itions(
,itumen% 7 to 129 04 - 69$y 'eig!t(
Most !ig!'ay agencies !ave specifications t!at prescri$e t!e gra#e of
asp!alt for t!e #esign con#itions"
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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 23
Mi type 2") in 1")in 1 in 7@4 in 1@2 in 7@8 in No" 4 No" 8 No" 1> No" 7+ No" )+ No" 1++No"
2++, 09
I 1++ 7) - 6) + - 1) + - ) + - 7 "#$ - %#&
II 1++ 4+ - )+ 2+ - 4+ + - 4 %#$ - $
II, 1++ 6+ - 1++ 2+ - 4+ ) - 2+ + - 4 %#$ - $
IIC 1++ 6+ - 1++ 4) - 6) 2+ - 4+ ) - 2+ + - 4 "#$ - '#$
IID 1++ 6+ - 1++ 7) - >+ 1) - 7) ) - 2+ + - 4 "#$ - '#$
IIE 1++ 6) - 1++ )+ - 8+ 2) - >+ 1+ - 7+ ) - 2+ + - 4 "#$ - '#$
III 1++ 6) - 1++ 7) - )) 2+ - 7) 1+ - 22 >-1> > - 1> 4 - 12 2 - 8 "#$ - '#$
III, 1++ 6) - 1++ >+ - 8) 7) - )) 2+ - 7) 1+ - 22 >-1> > - 1> 4 - 12 2 - 8 "#$ - '#$
IIIC 1++ 6) - 1++ >+ - 8) 7+ - )+ 2+ - 7) ) - 2+ 7 - 12 7 - 12 2 - 8 + - 4 "#$ - '#$
IIID 1++ 6) - 1++ 4) - 6+ 7+ - )+ 2+ - 7) ) - 2+ 7 - 12 7 - 12 2 - 8 + - 4 "#$ - '#$
IIIE 1++ 6) - 1++ >+ - 8) 4+ - >) 7+ - )+ 2+ - 7) ) - 2+ 7 - 12 7 - 12 2 - 8 + - 4 "#$ - '#$
IV 1++ 8+ - 1++ )) - 6) 7) - )+ 18 - 2* 17 - 27 17 - 27 8 - 1> 4 - 1+ "#& - (#$
IV, 1++ 8+-1++ 6+ - *+ )+ - 6+ 7) - )+ 18 - 2* 17 - 27 17 - 27 8 - 1> 4 - 1+ "#& - (#$
IVC 1++ 8+ - 1++ >+ - 8+ 48 - >) 7) - )+ 1* - 7+ 17 - 27 17 - 27 6 - 1) + - 8 "#& - (#$
IVD 1++ 8+ - 1++ 6+ - *+ )) - 6) 4) - >2 7) - )+ 1* - 7+ 17 - 27 17 - 27 6 - 1) + - 8 "#& - (#$
V 8) - 1++ >) - 8+ )+ - >) 76 - )2 2) - 4+ 18 - 7+ 18 - 7+ 1+ - 2+ 7 - 1+ %#$ - (#&
V, 1++ 8) - 1++ >) - 8+ )+ - >) 76 - )2 2) - 4+ 18 - 7+ 18 - 7+ 1+ - 2+ 7 - 1+ %#$ - (#&
VI 1++ 8) - 1++ 8) - 1++ >) - 68 )+ - 6+ 7) - >+ 2) - 48 2) - 48 1) - 7+ > - 12 %#& - )#&
VI, 1++ 1++ 1++ >) - 8+ 46 - >8 7+ - )) 2+ - 4+ 2+ - 4+ 1+ - 2) 7 - 8 %#& - )#&
VII 1++ 8) - 1++ )+ - *) 6+ - 8* )) - 8+ 7+ - >+ 7+ - >+ 1+ - 7) 4 - 14 (#$ - **#$
VII, 1++ *) - 1++ 8) - *8 6+ - *) 4+ - 6) 4+ - 6) 2+ - 4+ 8 - 1> (#& - *+#$
i i f ) l 2
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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 2%,!ecimen Pre!aration
3pecimens% 1+1"> mm 04 in" in #iameter an# >7") mm 02") in" in !ig!
1) are for sta$ility an# flo'&
7 are for t!eoretical maimum specific gravity Gmm
(
arshall stabilit. and flo/ measurement ;!e Mars!all sta$ility 0N% maimum loa#
carrie# $y t!e specimen soae# at >+BC
'it!in 7+ 4+ min" an# loa# rate )1mm@min ;!e flo' value 0+"2)mm% #eformation up to
t!e maimum loa#"
i i f ) l 2
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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 25
Densit. and voids anal.sis
V;M% Voi# in ;otal Mi
VM% Voi# in Mineralggregate
V?% Voi# ?ille# 'it!sp!alt
i i f ) l 2
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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 2#
;!eoretical maimum specific gravity
i ti f ) lt t 2
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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 2&
i ti f ) lt t 2
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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 2*
Design as!halt content determination
' ti f ) lt t 2
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'roerties of as)alt concrete 2"
0ndirect Tensile ,trength
tD
Pt
2=P% =ea loa# 0N
D& t% Diameter 0mm an# lengt! 0mm of sample
t% tensile strengt! of asp!alt concrete
i ti f ) lt t 3
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esign roortion for as)alt concrete 30
Diametral Tensile Resilient odulus
;o evaluate t!e structural response of t!e asp!alt pavement system& t!e mo#ulus
of asp!alt concrete material is nee#e#(
;!e #iametral tensile resilient mo#ulus is compute# as
,ase# on Mars!all sta$ility 0S- N an# flo' 0F- mm& oung mo#ulus of asp!alt
concrete can $e #etermine# $ase# on Ni$oerJs eperimental e.uation%
( )
2
60,/6.1 cmdaN
F
SE
Celastic
=
' ti f ) lt t 3
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'roerties of as)alt concrete 31
sp!alt =avement nalyer 0= /ut ;est is
$ase# on 3H;: ;= >7
3ample ept in test temperature 'it!in > !rs >4AC
Un#er t!e pressurie# ru$$er tu$e rac 0)68N
1++psi
G!eel acting 8+++ cycles
3amples at specifie# air voi#s
= /ut K Lmm to pass
Department of Ci l Engineering
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;!an you for your in# attention
Department of Civl Engineering
International University VNU HCMC