Contemporary Sociology: Setting Up the Culture vs. Structure

Debate: Structure

AgendaObjective:1. To understand structure

and its effects on individual and social behavior.

Schedule: 1. What is Structure? 2. Understanding Structure

through an examination of the American public school system.

•

Homework: 1. Research

Paper Research Question and Hypothesis Due Thursday 11/8!

Introducing Your Research Paper!

• Let’s go over the assignment

Plan of Action For the Next Part of the Course

• So far we have studied the foundations of sociology.– We have learned how to think

like a sociologist.– We have learned the theories

of the founders of sociology.– We have learned sociological

research methods.

• In the next part of the course we will learn about current sociological research/theory.

Subfields• Our study of current sociological thinking

will be divided by subfield (or topics of specialization)

• Examples include:– Race– Class (Social Stratification)– Gender– Other

• Deviance• Family• Networks• Sports

Middle Range Theory• Most contemporary sociologists do not offer

grand sweeping theories about the social world (like Marx, Weber, and Durkheim did).

• Rather employ an approach to research called Middle Range Theory which aims to develop theories in different subfields.

• Middle Range Theory– Approach to sociological theorizing aimed at

integrating theory and empirical research.– Researchers begin by observing some social problem,

generating theoretical hypothesis about the problem, and then verify their theory by testing it against data.

Two Perspectives in Modern Sociology on what Drives Human

Behavior• Modern day sociologists tend to

be divided over what they see as the primary “shaper” of human behavior:– Culture– Structure– (The interaction between

the two)?• Within each of the subfields we

study we will see different sociologists adopting either a cultural or structural perspective to study issues like race, class, gender, etc.

Structure• Some sociologists argue that social

structure is the primary determinant of human behavior

• Social Structure– Social institutions, groups, and statuses that

through their construction and design act to facilitate and/or constrain

our behavior and interactions.

The Components of Social Structure

Social Structure (The Whole

Triangle)

Social Institutions

Complex social forms that reproduce themselves.

Family, government, legal systems, the economy

Social Groups

Networks of individuals bounded by a particular relationship

Fraternal associations, corporations, classmates

Social Status

The position one holds in a society

Race, Class,

Gender

Structure• This image exemplifies the

notion of social structure.• The structure of the ladder

and people’s placement on that ladder facilitate or constrain what they can or can not do and how they can or can not interact with others on the ladder.

• Explain.

Social Structure Activity• What are the social structures

operating in your life?– What are some examples of social

institutions, social groups, and social statuses that you are a part of/occupy?

Understanding Social Structure Through an

Evaluation of the American Public Education

System

Consider the Following Statistics About High School Graduation Rates…

• These statistic show the averaged freshman graduation rate (the percentage of students who graduated within four years of being a freshman) by race.

• Consider just the White and Black students, what are some factors that might account for the difference in graduation rates between these two groups.

The Structure of Public Education and the Achievement Gap

• To illustrate the effects of social structure on individual’s lives, we are going to take a look at how the structure of the American public education systems facilitates white school achievement, while constraining black student achievement.

The American Public School System

• What is the structure of the public school system in the United States?– How are schools

distributed? – How are they

funded?

$11,00$11,0000

$19,000$19,000

$22,000$22,000

• North Carolina

Figures are for the State of North Carolina

The Structure of Public Education and the Achievement Gap

• How does this structure that we have just described lead to real differences in the educational experiences of white and black students?

The Structure of Public Education and the New School Segregation• The effect of the educational

structure in the United States is to produce two distinct public school experiences:

One for Blacks

One for Whites

“[We] face hypersegregation of a sort that we haven't seen

since the 1960s. Because it has come back with a vengeance in the past ten years, but you also

see inequality so gross and obvious that it would shame the

heart of any decent person in America.”

Jonathan Kozol Feb, 2007

Video

• “Trading Schools” Oprah Winfreyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXBUdwKk4Fw&feature=related

Using Education to Understand Structure

• How did the structure of the educational system produce these two outcomes?

• What is the effect of the structure of the public school systems on the students attending these schools?

Agency vs. Structure• But this is not to say that individuals are powerless to

structure.• Social structures (institutions, groups, status) are

designed by people and thus people can change them.• What are some ways the structure of the educational system in the United States can be changed to correct inequality?