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Capital Budgeting Final Paper 2: Strategic Financial Management,
Chapter 2 Capital Budgeting Part 1 CA. Anurag Singal
Learning Objectives
Understanding the feasibility of the project
Study of the various aspects of Project Report
Social Cost Benefit Analysis
1. Feasibility Study
Market Feasibility
Technical Feasibility
Financial Feasibility
Market Feasibility
The market feasibility study for a product already selling in the market consists of:
Economic Indicators
Demand Estimation
End-user profile
Influencing Factors
Market Potential
Contd…
Technical Feasibility The technical feasibility analysis of a project can vary with the size and complexity
involved in setting up the project. An analysis of certain below mentioned points are to be done :
Plant location and site access
Soil structure analysis
Program for preparation of construction site
Reception of equipment
Raw material availability
Utilities availability (e.g Power , Water , Sanitation services etc
Financial Feasibility
Financial feasibility study requires detailed financial analysis based on certain assumptions, workings and calculations such as:
Projections for prices of
products Period of estimation
Financing alternatives
Financing charges
Financial Projections In assessing the financial viability of a project it is necessary to look at the
forecasts of financial condition and flows viz.
Projected Income Statement
Projected Balance Sheet
Projected Cash Flow Statement
Illustration
A USA based company is planning to set up a software development unit in India. Software developed at the Indian unit will be bought back by the US parent at a transfer price of US $10 millions.
The unit will remain in existence in India for one year; the software is expected to get developed within this time frame.
The US based company will be subject to corporate tax of 30 per cent and a withholding tax of 10 per cent in India and will not be eligible for tax credit in the US.
The software developed will be sold in the US market for US $ 12.0 millions.
Other estimates are as follows:
Rent for fully furnished unit with necessary hardware in India Rs 15,00,000
Man power cost (80 software professional will be working for 10 hours each day) Rs 400 per man hour
Administrative and other costs Rs 12,00,000
Advise the US Company on the financial viability of the project. The rupee-dollar rate is Rs 48/$.
Solution
Particulars Amount (Rs) Amount (Rs) Revenue (10 mn dollars*Rs 48/dollar) 4800,00,000 Less: Costs:
Rent 15,00,000 Manpower (Rs 400/hr x 80 x 10 x 365) 11,68,00,000
Administrative and other costs 12,00,000 11,95,00,000 Earnings before tax 36,05,00,000 Less: Tax @ 30% 10,81,50,000 Earnings after tax 25,23,50,000 Less: Withholding tax(TDS) @ 10% 2,52,35,000 Repatriation amount (in rupees) 22,71,15,000 Repatriation amount (in dollars) $ 4.7 mn
Proforma profit and loss account of the Indian software development unit
Contd..
Contd..
Note: Students may assume the year of 360 days instead of 365 days as has been done in the answer provided above. In such a case where a year is assumed to be of 360 days, manpower cost is Rs11,52,00,000 and repatriated amount Rs 22,87,15,000.
Advise: The cost of development software in India for the US based company is $5.268 million. As the USA based Company is expected to sell the software in the US at $12.0 million, it is advised to develop the software in India
Content of Project Report
1 • Details about Promoters
2 • Industry Analysis
3 • Economic Analysis
4 • Cost of Project
5 • Inputs Available
Contd..
Content of Project Report - 2
1 • Technical Analysis
2 • Financial Analysis
3 • Social Cost Benefit Analysis
4 • SWOT Analysis
5 • Project Implementation Schedule
Cost of Project
(1) Land & Building 5.00
(2) Plant & Machinery 6.00
(3) Other Fixed Assets including Tanks 4.00
(4) Pre Operative Expenses 1.00
(5) Margin Money for Working Capital 2.00
(6) Provision for contingencies 2.00 • Total (Rs crores) 20.00
Inputs Available
Raw Materials
Power
Labour
Technical Analysis
Knowhow Right Plant & Machinery Storage Tanks
New Factory/(Industrial Estate New Co.)
Plant layout, Blue Print
Example of Financial Analysis
The cash flow of Rs 65 cr when discounted at the company’s cost of capital rate gives net cash
flow of Rs 30 cr . Hence net present value of 10 cr is available [Net Cash Flow -Capital Cost]. Thus the project seems to be feasible.
Projected Profitability and Cash Flow Statement (Rs in cr) Years Profit after Tax Depreciation Cash Flow
1 8 1.5 9.5
2 5 1.5 6.5
3 5 1.5 6.5
4 5 1.5 6.5
5 5 1.5 6.5
6 5 1.5 6.5
7 4 1.5 5.5
8 4 1.5 5.5
9 4 1.5 5.5
10 5 1.5 6.5
50 15 65
Social Cost Benefit analysis
Social cost benefits analysis is an approach for evaluation of projects
A technique for appraising isolated projects from the point of view of society as a whole.
It assesses gains/losses to society as a whole from the acceptance of a particular project.
Estimation of shadow prices forms the core of social cost benefit methodology
Technique of Social Cost Benefit Analysis
Goods & Services
Foreign Exchange
Labour
Social Rate of Discount
Shadow Price of Investment
Limitations of Social Cost Benefit Analysis
Successful application depends upon reasonable accuracy and dependability of the underlying forecasts as well as assessment of intangibles.
• Technique does not indicate whether given project evaluated on socio-economic considerations is best choice to reach national goals or whether same resources if employed in another project would yield better results.
Cost of evaluation by such technique could be enormous for smaller projects.
• Social Cost Benefit Analysis takes into consideration those aspects of social costs and benefits which can be quantified. Other aspects like happiness, satisfaction, aesthetic pleasure, better quality of life cannot be quantified
Post Completion Audit
It verifies both revenues and costs.
Post-completion audit evaluates actual performance with projected performance
Issues that need to be considered by an Indian investor and incorporated within the Net Present Value (NPV) model for the evaluation of foreign investment proposals
Economic risks
Political risks
Taxes on income associated with foreign projects
Exam Question (8 Marks)(May 2011) Jumble Consultancy Group has determined relative utilities of cash flows of two forthcoming
projects of its client company as follows : Cash
Flow (Rs) (15000) (10000) (4000) 0 15000 10000 5000 1000
Utilities (100) (60) (3) 0 40 30 20 10
The distribution of cash flows of project A and Project B are as follows: Project A Cash Flow (Rs) -15000 - 10000 15000 10000 5000 Probability 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.10 Project B Cash Flow (Rs) - 10000 -4000 15000 5000 10000 Probability 0.10 0.15 0.40 0.25 0.10 Which project should be selected and why ?
Solution
Project A
Cash Flow in (Rs)
Utility Probability Utility value (Utility *
Probability) (15000) (100) 0.10 (10)
10000 (60) 0.20 (12)
15000 40 0.40 16
10000 30 0.20 6
5000 20 0.10 2
Total 2
Solution Project B
Cash Flow in (Rs)
Utility Probability Utility value (Utility
*Probability) (10000) (60) 0.10 (6)
(4000) (3) 0.15 (0.45)
15000 40 0.40 16
5000 20 0.25 5
10000 30 0.10 3
Total 17.55
Project B should be selected as its expected utility is more.
Explain the concept ‘Zero date of a Project’ in project management. (4 Marks)(November 2010)
1
• Zero Date of a Project means a date is fixed from which implementation of the project begins
2 • Starting point of incurring cost
3 • The project completion period is counted from the zero date
4 • Pre-project activities should be completed before zero date
Pre Project Activities
Identification of project/product
Determination of plant capacity
Selection of technical help/collaboration
Selection of site.
Selection of survey of soil/plot etc.
Manpower planning and recruiting key personnel
Cost and finance scheduling.
Lesson Summary
Feasibility of the project
Study of the various aspects of Project Report
Social Cost Benefit Analysis
Thank You
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