CONTENTS ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT

Marchenko А.І., Stukalenko І.О.

International natural gas markets: problems and possible ways of solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

OIL AND GAS GEOLOGY

Kharchenko М.V., Popova Т.L., Ponomarenko L.S.

Priorities for the development of hydrocarbon resources of the Hlinsk-Solohivskyi oil and gas region of the Dnipro-Donets basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Tumanov V.R., Cheban V.D The application of the thermal imaging generalization method for hydrocarbon accumulation evaluation in the Western Desert of Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Kukhtina-Holodko L.М., Holodko B.І.

Oil and gas prospects for Vietnamese continental slope and adjacent shelf of the South China Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Machuzhak М.І., Lyzanets А.V.

Discovery potential of important deposits deeply buried in the Dnipro-Donets basin. . .. . . . . . 20

WELL DRILLING

Ohoronikov P.І., Svitlytskyi V.М., Hohol V.І.

Wearing capacity of some elements of the drill string during boring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION

Doroshenko V.М., Prokopiv V.Y., Rudyi., Shcherbiy R.B.

Prior to the introduction of polymer watering in oil fields of Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Nahornyi V.P., Denysiuk I.І., Likhvan V.М., Shveikina Т.А.

Acoustic wave scattering by gas bubbles in reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

OIL AND GAS TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE

Prytula N.M., Prytula M.H., Shymko R.Ya., Hladun S.V.

Calculation of work modes of Bilche-Volytsia-Uhersko underground gas storage facility (program complex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

UNCONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGYIES AND ENERGIE EFFECIENCY

Kompan А.І., Redko А.О., Shelest S.B.

Co-generation recovery scheme of secondary resources using in the gas processing plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..42

Panevnyk О.В.

Limiting conditions determination of using the hydrocarbon utilization system jet apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

INDUSTRY EXPERTS

Pylypets І .А . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .23

Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..9, 16, 41, 45, 49

Oil & gas industry of Ukraine

Editor-in-chief

Ievhen Mykolayovych Bakulin - Chairman of the National Joint Stock Company "Naftogaz of Ukraine"

Deputy chief editors

Vadim Prokopovych Chuprun - Deputy Chairman of the National Joint Stock Company "Naftogaz of Ukraine"

Ievstakhiy Ivanovych Kryzhanivskyy - Doctor of Engineering Sciences, professor, corresponding member of The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the Rector of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas

Editorial board

Oleg Maksimovych Adamenko - Doctor of Geologo-Mineralogical Sciences

Yurii Volodymyrovych Banakhevych - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Serhii Valeriyovych Bojchenko - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Mykhailo Mykhailovych Bratychak - Doctor of Chemical Sciences

Frants Frantsovych Butynets - Doctor of Economic Sciences

Hennadiy Borysovych Varlamov - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Volodymyr Mykhailovych Vasyliuk - Candidate of Engineering Sciences

Yurii Oleksandrovych Venhertsev - Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Candidate of Engineering Sciences

Serhiy Andriiovych Vyzhva - Doctor of Geological Sciences

Yaroslav Stepanovych Vytvytskyi - Doctor of Economic Sciences

Mykhailo Davydovych Hinzburh - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Vasyl Vasylovych Hladun - Doctor of Geological Sciences

Petro Fedosiiovych Hozhyk - Doctor of Geological Sciences, member of The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Liliana Tarasivna Horal - Doctor of Economic Sciences

Oleksandr Ivanovych Hrytsenko - Doctor of Engineering Sciences, corresponding member of Russian Academy of Sciences

Volodymyr Yaroslavovych Hrudz - Doctor of Engineering Sciences, professor

Mykola Oleksiiovych Danyliuk - Doctor of Economic Sciences

Tetiana Yevhenivna Dovzhok - Candidate of Geological Sciences

Volodymyr Mykhailovych Doroshenko - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Oksana Teodorivna Drahanchuk - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Dmytro Oleksandrovych Yeher - Doctor of Engineering Sciences, corresponding member of The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Yurii Oleksandrovych Zarubin - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Oleksandr Yuriiovych Zeikan - Candidate of Geological Sciences

Ihor Mykolaiovych Karp - Doctor of Engineering Sciences, member of The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Oleh Mykhailovych Karpash - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Oleksii Mykolaiovych Karpenko - Doctor of Geological Sciences

Ihor Stepanovych Kisil - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Volodymyr Pavlovych Kobolev - Doctor of Geological Sciences

Yurii Petrovych Kolbushkin - Doctor of Economic Sciences

Roman Mykhailovych Kondrat - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Mykhailo Dmytrovych Krasnozhon - Doctor of Geological Sciences

Ihor Mykolaiovych Kurovets - Candidate of Geologo-Mineralogical Sciences

Mykola Volodymyrovych Lihotskyi - Candidate of Engineering Sciences

Oleksandr Yukhymovych Lukin - Doctor of Geologo-Mineralogical Sciences, member of The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Borys Yosypovych Maievskyi - Doctor of Geologo-Mineralogical Sciences

Yurii Fedorovych Makohon - Doctor of Engineering Sciences (University of Texas, USA)

Mykhailo Ivanovych Machuzhak - Candidate of Geologo-Mineralogical Sciences

Oleksandr Oleksandrovych Orlov - Doctor of Geologo-Mineralogical Sciences

Zynovii Petrovych Osinchuk - Candidate of Engineering Sciences

Myroslav Ivanovych Pavliuk - Doctor of Geologo-Mineralogical Sciences, corresponding member of The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Viktor Pavlovych Petrenko - Doctor of Economic Sciences

Oleksandr Pavlovych Petrovskyi - Doctor of Geological Sciences

Viktor Mykhailovych Svitlytskyi - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Mariia Dmytrivna Serediuk - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Orest Yevhenovych Serediuk - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Vitalii Ivanovych Starostenko - Doctor of Physico-mathematical Sciences, member of The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Serhii Oleksandrovych Storchak - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Leonid Mykhailovych Unihovskyi - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Dmytro Dmytrovych Fedoryshyn - Doctor of Geological Sciences

Illia Mykhailovych Fyk - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Pavlo Mykolaiovych Khomyk

Ihor Ivanovych Chudyk - Doctor of Engineering Sciences

Anatolii Petrovych Chukhlib - Candidate of Economic Sciences

Eduard Anatoliiovych Shvydkyi - Candidate of Economic Sciences

Oleh Anatoliiovych Shvydkyi - Director of "Naukanaftogaz"

Anatolii Stepanovych Shevchuk - Candidate of Engineering Sciences Contributors to this issue

Management of Science and Technology Policy

National Joint Stock Company "Naftogaz of Ukraine" Department of the publication organization of scientific and practical journal

Head of Department

T.P. Umuschenko

Editor N.H. Vorona

Delivered on 01.10.2013. Published: 05/11/2013 Format 205 × 285. Paper coated. Offset printing.

EСONOMY AND PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT International natural gas markets: problems and ways of their overcoming А.І. Marchenko Candidate of technical sciences І.О. Stukalenko

“Naftogaz of Ukraine” National Joint-Stock Company

UDK 339.13; 621.6.028

The opportunity for cooperation in oil and gas sphere between Ukraine and the EU, the use of Energy Community tools, the deep and comprehensive free trade area, Ukraine’s joining the single European market for gas was discussed. The CIS analysis of the standardization and Legal Framework in the gas sector and the urgent need of it improvement and development was made. The main trends in the international gas markets were shown.

“Ukraine is the most important transit country for supplies of gas to Europe” – these words heard at joint conference “Ukraine – European Union” concerning modernization of gas transport system of Ukraine outline the role of gas infrastructure in functioning of European gas market very notably. However, it is not enough now, because Ukraine and its gas infrastructure become the part of the unified European gas market being created gradually. In addition, as of today there is no “transit” term in legal framework of European Union.

At conference «Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan» in September of 2012 it was emphasized once more that the basis of consensus between the governments, consumers and industry in sphere of energetic in Europe is the intention to create effectively functioning and competitive energy markets within the internal borders of Europe. Prices at these markets shall comply with offer and demand [1]. As it is known [2], European Union together with Balkan States and Turkey have created Energy Community with the purpose of creation of integrated market of natural gas and development of unified mechanism for trans-border transportation of natural gas, electric energy and other energy goods as its important part. The Agreement on Foundation of Energy Community (EFEC) provides for cooperation on gas supply security, joint measures on regulation of import and export of gas, single space of regulation of gas trade. The principle of solidarity is important. Energy Community can take measures for regulation of import and export of gas to the third countries for provision of stable functioning of domestic market. In countries – members of Energy Community custom and quantitative restrictions of import and export of gas are prohibited.

Ukraine is a full member of EFEC, which obligates it to implement the provisions of unified regulatory and legal framework of European Union in the sphere of gas and allows becoming the member of integrated market of gas and infrastructure services connected with storage and trans-border transportation of gas.

The list of basic documents, on which the unified gas market of European Union and countries – members of Energy Community is grounded, includes the documents of European Parliament and Council concerning common rules of natural gas domestic market [3] and conditions of access to natural gas transportation network [4] i.e. the special rules in sphere of transportation, supply, distribution and storage of gas and access to infrastructure and trans-border gas exchange.

The unified regulatory area is created. Agency for Cooperation of National Energy Regulators (ACER) is the body of European Union that also regulates the issues of functioning

of trans-border infrastructure: order and conditions of access to infrastructure, monitoring of gas markets, preparation of offers and conclusions for European Commission. Ukraine can and shall participate in work of ACER and other institutions created in European Union with the purpose of implementation of the idea of common market.

Important decisions that facilitate creation of common gas Ukraine – European Union market were approved in 2012:

National plan of actions concerning implementation of Program of Economic Reforms for years 2010-2014 “Wealthy Society, Competitive Economy” includes the chapter “Political Association and Economic Integration of Ukraine to European Union” that provides for “completion of the process of drafting” and “creation of national mechanism of implementation of Agreement on Association between Ukraine and European Union”;

Draft Agreement on Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area between Ukraine and European Union (DCFTA). Implementation of the Agreement reveals new opportunities for integration of effective usage of energy markets, cooperation in gas trade, effective usage of available gas infrastructure and safety of gas supply. In particular it will stimulate the development of trade relations in sphere of services on transportation and storage of natural gas, performance of diversification of customers of the services. Implementation of the agreement will give gas importers in Europe opportunity to choose the route of receipt of gas: indirect and very expensive routes or the territory of Ukraine – proved, reliable and economically attractive way. It is particularly important that trans-border transportation of imported gas will be performed through the territory of the country, where regulatory and legislative framework of European Union within common market according to common rules are effective.

Figure. 1. Dynamics of prices (2012) for natural gas under conditions of long-term contracts (LTC) and in spot trade centers (HUB).

DCFTA Agreement with European Union determines the critical moment, after which Ukraine becomes the integral part of European gas market, and its gas infrastructure including underground gas storages turn into the links of the production chain of European companies. It will give Ukraine the opportunity to render infrastructure services to interested companies which will be applied in non-discriminative way according to European rules and transparent tariffs, to take into account the necessity of maintenance, monetization and development of infrastructure, to reflect actually incurred expenses. The tariffs shall facilitate effective gas trade, support or create exploitation compatibility of transport networks [4]. Rightful participation in European market will give opportunity to use its advantages – considerably lower prices for natural gas, solidarity and safety. Developed competitive diversified market facilitates development of spot trade that effects the prices of gas import (figure 1) [5]. The principles of solidarity in European

Union can be seen on the ground of example of Baltic countries that have only one source and route of gas import which causes difficulties on the market, in particular high prices. European commission contemplates gas market of Baltic countries (Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) as isolated one. In 2008 High Level Group headed by European Commission that developed BEMIP – Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan. In compliance with BEMIP the number of measures with the purpose of involvement of Baltic countries to Europe-wide context of safety of supplies, reaching of high level of diversification of the routes and sources of gas delivery. With this purpose the projects of infrastructure interconnections with opportunity of reverse gas streams, development of underground storages, construction of infrastructure for LNG – liquefied natural gas [6, 7]. It is important that plans of European Union provide for mechanisms of financing of these projects.

Previously European Parliament has approved the decision on assistance to Ukraine in negotiations concerning the conditions of supply of gas from Russia in order to provide for compliance of conditions of gas trade between Ukraine and Russian Federation with standards and prices of European Union [8].

At the same time it shall be noticed that the majority of natural gas is imported into Ukraine to the border between Ukraine and Russia. Today it is the only way of physical delivery of natural gas from deposits in Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and other CIS countries. We shall mention two from CIS international documents: about implementation of agreed policy in sphere of transit of natural gas and the similar document concerning oil and oil products. The agreements of CIS in sphere of transit of hydrocarbons are important as they provide for: measures for provision of free transit during its pipeline transportation;

obligation to take the appropriate measures, including joint measures for both countries not be threatened by disconnection from gas delivery sources.

After well-known events of years 2006 and 2009 the importance of the last section and the level of efficiency of CIS agreements is understandable well. The agreements are effective for the majority of CIS countries, but in 2007 Russian Federation ceased temporary application of the above-mentioned agreements (Decree of Government of Russian Federation dated 29.10. 2007 № 1507-р) and 2008 (Decree of Government of Russian Federation dated 01.02.2008 № 97-р).

In July of 2012 Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine approved the Law № 5193-VI that ratifies new Agreement on Free Trade Area (CIS FTA). In Article 7 “Freedom of Transit” of the above-mentioned Agreement it is stated that regulation of transit of goods is performed in compliance with the provisions of World Trade Organization (WTO). However, unlike WTO documents, “provisions of this article (CIS FTA agreement) shall not cover pipeline transport”. The agreement did not eliminate customs barriers. Countries – exporters continue to apply customs fee (up to 30 %) during the export of natural gas.

Figure 2 . Total import of LNG to Europe in 2008–2011, billions m3

Figure 3 . Comparison of volumes of world import of LNG and gas delivered by pipelines in 2011.

Regulatory and legislative framework of CIS today does not allow cooperating in gas field effectively and requires development and improvement on the basis of effective plurilateral documents of WTO, Energy Charter with consideration of experience of EU gas market. There is the necessity of increase of the efficiency of use of CIS effective agreements through adjustment of regular monitoring of their fulfillment.

Gas markets of the world and particularly of Europe changed considerably during the last time. Import of LNG to European markets developed quickly. During 4 years (from 2008 to 2011) volumes of import increased for 65 % (from 55 in 2008 to 91 billions m3 in 2011) (figure 2) [9]. The group of the biggest importers includes Great Britain that increased its LNG import from 1 to 25 billions m3 (28 % of import to Europe) and challenged Spain (27 %) in its top position in Europe. In 2011 import of LNG was: in France – 16 %; in Italy – 9 %; in Belgium and Turkey 7 % from annual import to Europe. In total in 2011 world import of LNG was 330,8 billions m3, which is 32 % from total import and 52 % from volume of gas import (694,6 billions m3) by pipeline transport (figure 3) [9]. The trend of diversification of natural gas import is continued. In 2011 Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary received gas not only from Russian Federation, but also from Norway, Germany and other EU countries. Modernization

and expanding of infrastructure of underground storage as the important factor of reliability and safety of gas supplies, data base GSE creation (organization represents interests of 31 operators of gas storages, which potential is 85 % of the one available in EU) will give opportunity to increase capacity of storages for 70,8 billions m3 [10]. Ukraine maintains leading positions due to the existing infrastructure of underground gas storage. Ratio of capacities of underground gas storage and annual volume of storage is over 60% in Ukraine in comparison with 15–25 % in other countries.

So regulatory and legal framework of CIS requires further development concerning usage of gas infrastructure and implementation of monitoring of fulfillment of effective agreements.

Entering of Ukraine to common gas market of EU, usage of instruments of the Agreement on Foundation of Energy Association, provisions of the Agreement on Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area between Ukraine and EU will allow using European experience with the purpose of creation of economically effective gas market that have diversified sources, routes of gas supply, and uses advantages of exchange and spot trade.

References

1. Oettinger G., EU Commissioner for Energy, Opening speech at the BEMIP Regional Conference/Vilnus, 14.09.2012. – Access mode: http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/oettinger/headlines/ speeches/2012/09/doc/2012_09_13_bemip_final.pdf.

2. On Ratification of Protocol on Accession of Ukraine to Agreement on Foundation of Energy Association: Law of Ukraine dated December 15, 2010 №2787-VI // Bulletin of Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.– 2011. – № 24. – page 170.

3. Directive 2009/73/Ec OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 2003/55/EC // Official Journal of the European Union, 14.8.2009.

4. Regulation (Ec) no 715/2009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 13 July 2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks and repealing Regulation (EC) No1775/2005 // Official Journal of the European Union, 14.8.2009.

5. DG Energy, Quarterly Report on European Gas Markets, Market Observatory for Energy, Vol.5, 2012, Issues 2,3 2012. – Access mode: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/observatory/ gas/gas_en.htm; http://www. apxendex.com/market-results/spot-markets/apx-gas-nl/.

6. Memorandum of Understanding on Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan/ http://ec.europa.eu/energy/infrastructure/doc/ 2009_bemip_mou_signed.pdf.

7. BEMIP /BALTIC ENERGY MARKET INTERCONNECTION PLAN – 4th progress report. – June 2011 – May 2012. – Access mode: http:// ec.europa.eu/energy/infrastructure/doc/20121016_4rd_bemip_ progress_report_final.pdf.

8. European Parliament resolution of 1 December 2011 containing the European Parliament,s recommendations to the Council, the Commission and the EEAS on the negotiations of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement (2011/2132(IN). – Access mode: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2011-0545+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN.

9. BP statistical review of World Energy, June 2012. – Access mode: http://www.bp.com/.

10. GsE Investment Database. – Access mode: http://www.gie.eu.com/ index.php/maps-data/gse-investment-database.

OIL AND GAS GEOLOGY Priority areas of development of resources of hydrocarbons of Hlynskyi and Solokhivskyi oil and gas region of Dnipro and Donetsk basin УДК 553.98.04 (477.5)

M. V. Kharchenko

Candidate of geologic and mineral sciences of “Naukanaftogaz” Subsidiary of “Naftogaz of Ukraine” National Joint-Stock Company

T. L. Popova

UkrDGRI

L. S. Ponomarenko

“Naukanaftogaz” Subsidiary of “Naftogaz of Ukraine” National Joint-Stock Company

The resource potential of the Hlynsko-Solokhivskyi oil and gas region, selected area of oil and gas accumulation (OGA) was described. By means of graphical analysis the extent of the area resource potential development and selected areas of OGA was defined. The analysis of non-discovered resources (including localized) in areas, promising and producing complexes and deeps was made. The most promising areas were determined. The appropriate recommendations on further geology exploration for the purpose of improving the efficiency on oil and gas were given.

In terms of oil-and-gas Hlynskyi and Solokhivskyi oil and gas region (OGR) is one of the most promising on the territory of Dnipro and Donetsk basin today. Among 15 oil and gas and promising districts of the region within the terms of primary total recourses (PTR) of hydrocarbons (1403 millions of tons of oil equivalent (OE) or 26 % of all primary hydrocarbon resources of Dnipro and Donetsk basin) Hlynskyi and Solokhivskyi oil and gas region ranks next to Mashivskyi and Shebelynskyi oil and gas region. However, taking into account the considerable realization o resources of hydrocarbons in Mashivskyi and Shebelynskyi oil and gas region Hlynskyi and Solokhivskyi oil and gas region (690,5 million tons of oil equivalent) ranks first within the terms of size of the unexplored part of resources. So within the terms of this factor its territory has the priority for exploration in the region.

According to the complex of geological criteria that include the tectonic one has the leading priority, within the territory of Hlynskyi and Solokhivskyi oil and gas region 4 areas of oil and gas accumulation (OGA) are emphasized: (figure. 1): Sribnenska, Vasylivska and Matviivska, Yablunivska and Abazivska, Chornukhinska and Sahaidatska.These zones have certain differences in geologic aspects, stratigraphical diapason of oil-and-gas content and conditions of formation of explosives traps, which influences first of all their resource potential.

According to the level of development of resource potential of oil and gas accumulation area of Hlynskyi and Solokhivskyi oil and gas region differs substantially. With the purpose of analysis of level of development of resource potential of the reserved areas of oil and gas accumulation and Hlynskyi and Solokhivskyi oil and gas region in general the method of graphic analysis of the structure of total in-situ resources (TIR) offered by V. P. Orlov in 1991 on the ground of analysis of big volumes of the materials on development of resource base of USSR was used*. On triangular diagram (figure 2) the stages of balanced PSR state are emphasized: the initial exploration, development, maturity, exhaustion and elimination. Deviation from the stages of balanced state are explained by delays or advances of certain stages of geological exploratory works.

Analysis of state of resource base of Hlanskyi and Solokhivskyi oil and gas region with the usage of the above-stated diagram evidences about this. In general Hlynskyi and Solokhivskyi oil and gas region is on the stage of delay of preparation of the objects to searching and exploration drilling. We see the similar characteristics also in connection with Vasylivska and Matviivska oil and gas accumulation area. For Sribnenska oil and gas accumulation area the considerable delay of preparation of the objects, advance of exploration stage and possibly the searching stage are characteristic. Yablunivska and Abazivska oil and gas accumulation area is on the border between exhaustion areas and delay of preparation of objects. In general Hlynskyi and Solokhivskyi oil and gas accumulation areas and the above-mentioned oil and gas accumulation areas (in particular it refers to Vasylivska and Matviivska and Sribnenska areas) are characterized with non-balanced PSR state. The only completely balanced in terms of PSR state there is Chornukhinska and Sahaidatska oil and gas accumulation area, but it is only at the stage of initial exploration.

Figure 1. Map of prospects of oil and gas content of Hlynska and Solokhivska oil and gas accumulation region of Eastern region according to the consistence of unexplored resources (codes of 333+334 class) up to 7 km depth (mid-Carboniferous, Serpukhovskiy, up-Visean, low-Visean and Tournaisian and Devonian complexes) (according to the materials of T. M. Pryharina and others, 2012)

Due to the available PSR for Hlynska and Solokhivska oil and gas accumulation area the amount of reserves and resources of codes of 122+333 classes for balanced PSR state shall be about 42 % of PSR (now it is 21 %). Accordingly for Sribnenska area of oil and gas accumulation the amount of codes of 122+333 classes for balanced PSR state shall be about 42 % of PSR (now it is 18 %), for Vasylivska and Matviivska area of oil and gas accumulation it shall be about 38 % (now 23 %), Yablunivska and Abazivska – about 34 % (about 21 %). Concerning Chornukhinska and Sahaidatska oil and gas accumulation area, it is on the stage of initial exploration, which first of all requires intensification of exploration works.

In general subsoil assets of the district contain 690,5 millions tons of suspended materials resources of residual (unexplored) potential. The priority one is 5-7 km interval, which accumulated 392,8 millions tons of UP (57 % of residual resource potential), and according to the complexes – up-Visean with 315,7 millions tons of UP (46 %) resources.

Among oil accumulation areas the area of first priority development is Vasylivska and Matviivska area with unexplored resources (codes of 333+334 classes) – 220,3 millions tons of UP (about 32 % of unexplored resources of the region). The main promising complex is up-Visean one with 45 % of residual resources of VV area, the second rank belongs to low-Visean and Tournaisian, the third ranks belongs to Serpukhiv one. In general resource potential of mega-

complex of low Carbon is 92 %. About 81 % of unexplored resources are located at big depths (5–7 km). Only 11% are connected with little depths of 3–4 km.

Table: Distribution of prepared and revealed structures and resources of VV of Hlynskyi and Solokhivskyi oil and gas accumulation region (as of 01.01.2012).

Prepared Revealed Code of 333 class Code of 334 class Code of 334 class

Oil and gas accumulation areas Amount

Oil, millions tons

Gas, billions m3 Oil, millions tons

Gas, billions m3

Amount Oil, millions tons

Gas, billions m3

Sribnenska 2 – 3,314 – – 14 6,75 12,27 Vasylivska and Matviivska 3 – 7,073 – – 3 – 6,574 Yablunivska and Abazivska 2 1,371 4,4 – – 4 – 4,4 Chornukhynska and

h id k5 – 9,528 0,653 1,107 9 0,32 7,081

In total 12 1,371 24,315 0,653 1,107 30 7,07 30,325

The second rank in the region according to the level of prospectivity belongs to Sribnenska oil and accumulation area, in which subsoil assets there are 31% of residual resource potential of VV region.

The main play is up-Visean one with 60% of residual resources of VV area, the second rank belongs to low-Visean and Tournaisian (22%), the third rank belongs to Serpukhiv one (10%). In total resource potential of megalithic complex of low Carbon is, like in previous area, 92 %. On the depths of 5-7 km 54% of unexplored resources of VV area are concentrated, but in comparison with the previous are the amount of unexplored resources is considerably higher also on less depths: on the depth of 4-5 km it is 28%; on the depth of 3-4 km it is 16%.

The third one according to the amount of the residual resource potential in the region is Chornukhinska and Sahaidatska oil and gas accumulation area with 20% of unexplored resources with 20% of unexplored resources of VV region. In this area, unlike two previous ones, the priority belongs to low-Visean and Tournaisian complex with 42% of unexplored resources of VV area, the second place belongs to up-Visean complex (34 third - to Devonian (14 the First place after the depths of mastering in this zone belongs to the interval 3-4 kilometres (53 second - to the depths to 3 kilometres (23 Thus, it is an only zone in a district with priorities of small depths.

The fourth place according to the degree of prospectivity belongs to Yablunivska and Abazivska oil and gas bearing zone with 17% of unexplored resources of district. According to this index it abates a little to Chornukhynska- Sahaidatska oil and gas bearing zone because of comparatively higher degree of development of underground resources. At the terms of distribution of unexplored resources of VV according to the productive complexes this zone practically does not differ from two first zones with 35 % of resources (basic part) concentrated in up-Visean complex and in total 78 % in megalithic complex of low Carbon. According to depths priorities are concentrated on deep horizons with interval of 5-7 kilometres (74% of resources) and only 16% of resources of VV concentrated on depths of 4-5 km.

For today Hlynska and Solokhivska oil bearing district has certain resource potential of prepared and educed local structures. Thus, as of 01.01.2012 within its borders 12 prepared structures are located with the total resources of oil of category С3(code of class 333) 1,371 million tons, categories of D1loc (code of class 334) 0,653 million tons, gas of category С3 (code of class 333) 24,315 milliards m3, categories of D1loc (code of class 334) 1,107 milliards m3 and 30 educed structures with resources of oil of category D1loc (code of class 334) 7,07 million tons, gas of category of D1loc ( code of class 334) 30,325 milliards of m3(table).

Localized resources of separate structures (codes of classes 333 and 334) within the limits of Hlynska and Solokhivska oil and gas bearing district are distributed unevenly. In Sribnenska and Chornukhynska-Sahaidatska zones of oil accumulation there are accordingly about 34 and 29 % of localized resources of district. Within the limits of the first zone 16% of the revealed and prepared structures are concentrated, in the second zone – 14%. Resources of structures of

Vasylivska-Matviivska and Yablunivska-Abazivska oil and gas bearing zones are about 21 and 16% accordingly from the amount of total localized resources of the district.

Notation conventions

Stages of state of underground resources: 1 – initial research. II – development, III – maturity, IV – exhaustion, VI – withdrawal, A – delays of preparation of objects, B- considerable delays of preparation of objects, advance of stage of research and possibly of research stage, B – delay of stage of research and partial adance of stage of preparation of the objects, H – advance of the stage of preparation of objects and partial delay of the stage of research

Figure.2. Hlynska-Solokhivska oil-and-gas bearing district. Degrees of development of resource base (as of 1.01.2011)

Localized resources of hydrocarbons today constitute small part of the total amount of unexplored resources of Hlynska-Solokhivska oil and gas bearing district. In general the total resources of revealed and prepared structures are 64,841 million tons of UP, which is 9,4% of total unexplored resources of the district. In separate zones shares of oil accumulation part of localized resources in total unexplored resources of the respective zone are: Sribnenska - 10,4%, Vasylivska-Matviivska - 6,2%, Yablunivska-Abazivska - 8,5% and Chornukhynsko-Sahaidatska - 13,74%. Due to greater part of localized resources of VV comparing with other zones Chornukhynsko-Sahaidatska oil and gas bearing zone is characterized by relatively balanced state of underground resources.

Thus, within the borders of Hlynska-Solokhivska oil and bearing zone for today there is certain potential (prepared structures) for realization of the searching-reconnaissance boring drilling, however it is insufficient for the full development of resource potential of the district. Necessity of activation of realization of geological survey works, in particular seismic measurements, for preparation of new objects is one of near-term tasks to industry. It is needed to note that certain reserve of resources is concentrated in the fund of the educed structures of the district, that is why works need to be concentrated also at the additional search of the educed structures and their transition to the prepared ones.

The conducted analysis of the state of resource base of hydrocarbons of Hlynska-Solokhivska oil and gas bearing district gave an opportunity to make such conclusions.

Hlynska-Solokhivska oil and gas bearing district has considerable resource potential and is most perspective in Dnipro-Donetsk cavity.

According to the complex of geological criteria within the limits of district four zones of oil and gas accumulation are distinguished: Sribnenska, Vasylivska-Matviivska, Yablunivska-Abazivska and Chornukhynska-Sahaidatska.

The distinguished zones have certain differences in a geological structure, stratum range of oil and gas bearing, terms of forming of traps of VV, degree of development of resource

pote

deep boring drilling, in part

nce works within the b

ska zones – up-Visean, in Chornukhynska-Sah

ntial, amount of the prepared and educed structures and their resources.

Within the borders of Hlynska-Solokhivska oil and gas bearing zone it is necessary to intensify work in preparation of structures for conduction of the

icular transformation of the revealed structures into prepared ones.

It is necessary considerably to activate realization of geologic reconnaissaorders of Chornukhynska-Sahaidatska zone of oil and gas accumulation.

The following ones are defined as the basic productive complexes: in Sribnenska, Vasylivska-Matviivska and Yablunivska-Abaziv

aidatska zone – low-Visean and Tournaisian.

Priority depths for the concentration of oil and gas search works are: in Vasylivska-Matviivska, Yablunivska-Abazivska and Sribnenska zones - 5-7 kilometres with 81, 74 and 54% of unexplored resources of VV respectively; in Chornukhynsko-Sahaidatska zone - 3-4 kilometres with 53% of unexplored resources of VV.

Authors of the article

Mykola Vasyliovych Kharchenko

Graduated from geological faculty of I. Franko Lviv University. Candidate of geologic and minearologic sciences. Presently occupies the position of deputy head of Center of Oil and Gas Geologic Researches - Head of Department of geology of oil and gas of "Nauka-Naftogaz" Subsidiary of “Naftogaz of Ukraine” National Joint-Stock Company. Scientific interests are grounding of directions of searching-reconnaissance work gas bearing regions of Ukraine. s on oil and gas in the oil-and-

Tetiana Leonidivna Popova

Graduated from I. Franko Lviv State University. Presently occupies the position of research officer of department of methodology of oil and gas search works of the Ukrainian state geological survey institute.

Scientific interests are an analysis of the state of resource base of hydrocarbon raw material of Eastern oil and gas bearing region and prospects of unanticlinal traps in the Tour f DDZ. naisian-low-Visean sedimentations o

Lesia Serhiivna Ponomarenko

Graduated from geological faculty of T. H. Shevchenko Kyiv national university. Presently occupies the position of junior scientist of Center of Oil and Gas Geologic researches of “Naukanaftogaz” Subsidiary of “Naftogaz of Ukraine” National Joint-Stock Company. Scientific interests are prognostication of new promising objects of searches of hydrocarbons in oil and gas bearing regions of Ukraine.

News Russia and Denmark signed an agreement on expansion of “Northern

demands in Russian gas. Russia will stop the use of Ukrainian gas-transport system eventually

Stream” gas pipeline President of Russian Federation V.V. Putin and prime-minister of Denmark Helle Torning-

Shmidt during meeting in Copenhagen were present at signing of agreement about intentions in relation to expansion of gas pipeline the "Northern stream" to Netherlands and potentially to Great Britain. Heads of companies "Gazprom" and Gasunie O. Miller and P. Van Helder signed corresponding documents. This agreement is component part of the wide program of building of new export gas pipelines, that together with existent capacities considerably would exceed the prognosed export capacities of Russia to Europe or any prognoses of European

The offered expansion of gas pipeline "Northern stream" would add the third and fourth lines to existing two, laid on the bottom of the Baltic sea from Russia to Germany; these two lines would attain Netherlands, a fourth line would serve for the supply of gas to Great Britain with the use of existent gas pipeline on the bottom of the North sea. The third and fourth lines are planned with an annual capacity of 27,5 milliards of m3 each, id est by power equal to existent two lines of the Northern stream. The total productivity of the system of gas pipelines would increase from 55 to 110 milliards of m3 per year.

“Gazprom” OJSC has ambitions plans concerning increase of supply of gas to Great Britain up to 40 milliards m3 per year with use of the fourth line of Northern stream. For realization of such plans Gazprom strives for long-term contracts, and not the spot market agreements.

Pipeline & Gas Journal / June 2013, p. 16

OIL AND GAS GEOLOGY Application of method of heat vision generalization for the estimation of terms of accumulation of hydrocarbons in the Western desert of Egypt УДК 553.98:528.852 (620)

V. R. Tumanov Candidate of Geologic and Mineralogic Sciences, “Space Technologies” OJSC (Kazan, Russian Federation)

V. D. Cheban

Candidate of Geologic Sciences, “Naftogaz of Ukraine” National Joint-Stock Company

The article presents results of an innovative technologies application – the thermal imaging generalization method for environments assessing that make possible the accumulation of hydrocarbon in the Western Desert of Egypt. This method was first applied in the cumulative desert in new modification, which applies not only the field of thermal radiation, but also an indicator of relative water saturation. It gives an opportunity to confirm and specify the discovered contours of oil and gas deposits and similar to them to discover some new, which are predicted for the first time.

For a few last years for the estimation of oil and gas bearing of certain areas and territories innovative technology more and more applied is a method of heat vision generalization, based on method of digital algorithmic transformation of initial heat vision images into digital volumed model of the field of caloradiance. It is more known according to publications [1-4] as a method of heat vision generalization, or method of heat vision generalization of Mukhamediarov (HVHM) - after the surname of one of its main developers of R. D. Mukhamediarov, doctor of technical sciences, professor, general director and main designer of “Aero-Space Instrument Making Institute” CJSC [5]. V. R. Tumanov worked out the criteria of searches of hydrocarbon raw material with this method. [3]. A term "method of heat vision generalization"(HVG) is used in our article, as exactly under such name it was applied during implementation of works within the limits of the licensed block of “Naftogaz of Ukraine” National Joint-Stock Company Alam El-Shawish East in the Western desert of Arabic Republic of Egypt.

Works on estimation of terms of accumulation of hydrocarbons with the help of method of HVG within the limits of the licensed block of Alam El - Shawish East were decided to be conducted at finishing stage of geological survey works. As a rule, such works are conducted on the regional stage. Cost of works by the method of HVG for one linear kilometre of profile or one square kilometer of area more than in 10-20 times less than the cost of reconnaissance for seismic researches in 2D and 3D respectively. That is why works according to method of HVG shall be conducted before setting of reconnaissance for seismic works in order to concentrate the last exactly on the objects educed by it with favourable terms for the accumulation of hydrocarbon raw material and due to it to reduce the cost of geological survey works. In the moment of decision-making in relation to application of method of HVG on territory of block of Alam El - Shawish East on 80% of its area (north and south parts) were conducted reconnaissance for seismic works in 3D and in total about 20 searching and reconnaissance mining holes were bored. An exception was made only for southern-eastern part of area (about 200 km2), for which by then for reasons not depending on the Company the permission for realization of seismic and reconnaissance researches in 3D and boring drilling of oil and gas searching mining holes in its limits was not received. Taking it into account, setting of works by

the method of HVG on all territory of block of Alam El - Shawish had to deside following tasks:

firstly, to get the prognosis of oil and gas bearing for north and south parts of the licensed block for further use during determination of location and sequences of gobbing and boring drilling of searching and reconnaissance mining holes, and also for determination of borders of the ground mountain taking;

secondly, during the decision of previous task to evaluate efficiency and authenticity of method on the basis of comparison of its results got on the basis of minimum initial information, with the results of reconnaissance for seismic researches in 3D and boring drilling of oil and gas searching and exploration mining holes;

thirdly, to get the prognosis of oil and gas bearing for southern-eastern part of area of block of Alam El - Shawish East, being based on appraised efficiency and authenticity of method according to the results of application in northern and southern parts.

It is important to note that for the estimation of terms of accumulation of hydrocarbons by means of method of HVG within the limits of the licensed block of Alam El Shawish East new modification developed by V. R. Tumanov, which uses not only the field of caloradiance, but also index of relative water saturation, was applied.

Figure 1. Initial images on the ground of digitalized space pictures from satellite Landsat 7: а – average geometric value of summer and winter values in infra-red diapason; б – visualized correlation of summer values to winter ones. Intensity of tone reflects relative water saturation in surface layer

Essence of method of heat vision generalization is in consequent averaging of the digitised infra-red image that gives an opportunity to trace thermal heterogeneities and borders between them from a terrene on a depth step by step. Id est in the process of realization of method the formalized selection, smoothing or filtration of image in accordance with the set algorithms and formal criteria, determined as generalization, is performed.

Heat vision space pictures represent the radiation temperature related to the thermodynamics temperature by dependence [6]:

where Тр is a radiation temperature; ε - radiate ability of surface; Тт is a thermodynamics

temperature.

A radiate ability for every concrete substance is the function of wave-length and temperature, it equals unit for black "body" and can be infinitely small for an "absolutely white" body. If ε equals 1, then molecular and radiation temperatures are equal. Values ε for mountain breeds are estimated by values of about 0,95-0,65. That is why the map of radiation temperatures always will differ from the map of molecular temperatures from a heterogeneous radiate ability of substances, even if molecular temperature of superficial layer is homogeneous one.

Calculated by layer-by-layer generalization volume models of field of caloradiance in the bowels of the earth are hardly concerted with the polyzonal image of terrene, satisfy an idea about dissipative structures in unstable power open system and well contact with the models got by means of other geophysical and geological methods.

In a geological aspect HGV method had the following task: to educe the structure of heterogeneities of the field of heat radiation and classify this heterogeneities by form, by correlation with structural layers- before- Cambrian basis, paleozoic, jurassic, three Cretaceous ones (Berias-low-Apt, up-Apt-Cognac, Santon-Maastricht), two Cainozoic (Paleozen-middle-Eozen and Miozen) and also and by the floors of geohydrology, by directions of vectors of heat radiation and by the credible mechanisms of heat mass transition (conductus or convective).

Initial data for implementation of works by the method of HGV were space pictures of earth surface (winter and summer) in infra- red range of waves of 8-12 mcm and in a visible range. The selection of space pictures was carried out taking into account such requirements:

maximal resolution;

approximately the same daypart of different hour surveys, it is desirable near to morning sunset;

maximally contrasting seasons: one stage - in the middle of summer, other - in maximally cold time of winter.

On the initial stage initial data for interpretation a stratum cut and four teaching sentinels and erected seismic profiles were used. In further to them also attached areport about the results of trials on the miningholes completed by the boring drilling by then. On the basis of these erections from a 21 mining hole table of correlations after the roofs of structures and their powers, that was used for attachment of their heterogenies and borders between them, that were distinguished during works, was made.

The use of contrast of summer thermal streams in relation to winter became a result protracted search of more sensible parameter for the method of HVG. Sharply this problem appeared also in connection with that on initial stage of works interpretation of trial vertical cuts of the field of caloradiance for 4th seismic profiles in the block of Alam El - Shawish East showed non-satisfactory results, though up to this time during works such difficulties did not arise up in other climatic zones. Through large homogeneity of surface field of caloradiance picture upon the stream on the depths of about 3 kilometres and deeper, that are of interest, turned to be lack of details, non-informative.

Рис. 2. Щільності потоку теплового випромінювання (а - верхні два фрагменти) та показник відносної водонасиченості (а - нижні два фрагменти) для глибин 300 і 1500 м. Вертикальні розрізи показника відносної водонасиченості (б) та відповідно зверху вниз його перша і друга похідні

Figure. 3. Map of forecasts and recommendations According to a formula (1) a radiation temperature stream depends on a radiate ability of

surface of objects and on a thermodynamics temperature. Radiate ability of surface of soils in summer and in winter in the conditions of the Western desert of Egypt are practically identical (for lack of snow in winter). It gives an opportunity to consider that the contrast of summer and winter emission of thermal streams and contrast of summer temperatures with winter ones are numerally equal. Due to it we exclude the factor of radiate ability of surface of objects from further consideration as a constant value.

On the basis of generalization of data in relation to the heat-conducting of layer oils, waters and mountain breeds [7] it was determined that the higher is their heat absorption capacity, the less they are heated in summer and cooled down in winter. The dependence of temperature-contrast caused by heat-conducting, temperature-conducting, thermal inertia under conditions of conductive heat mass transfer has the similar character. Herewith the analysis of mutual influences of the above-stated indices on temperature contrast showed that under conditions when the factor of heat conduction is leveled and the factor of heat capacity goes out on the first plan, the factor of water saturation is manifested in the most brightly way.

The first results of use of parameter of relative water saturation showed the completely satisfying result: oil and gas bearing intervals and the number of delicate peculiarities were manifested on cuts, and it gives opportunity to evaluate oil and gas bearing. So the new modification using not only the thermal radiation field, but also the index of relative water saturation, was used in conditions of Western desert of Egypt for the first time. The reference data for new modification of exhaust gas temperature method were the average geometric mean

of summer and winter values in infra-red diapason and visualized correlation of summer values with winter ones, which intensity of tone reflects relative water saturation in surface layer (figure 1).

In the process of realization of exhaust gas temperature method – successive digital algorithmic smoothing (filtration) of digitalized infra-red image thermal heterogeneities and borders between them from the surface to the depths, where further smoothing is unreasonable, are traced gradually, which is the evidence of reaching of the marginal depth of the method, which in its turn is determined by resolution of the reference pictures.

During program-mathematical and topical processing of space pictures the number of logic procedures (operations) was implemented.

1. Calculation of density of stream of calorific radiation and the index of relative water saturation. Calculation of this parameters are performed on cuts with minimal initial step on the depth of 60 meters and in case of necessity with multiple gradual increase of a depth. Examples of such calculations are stated on figure 2 a.

2. Construction of the system of vertical cuts of caloradiance and digital field of index of relative water saturation. During realization of this operation we also determined first and second derivatives of the marked parameters according to the set grid and additionally through the set seismic cuts (figure 2 b).

3. Calculation of depth heat model of density of thermal stream and formal classification of thermal radiation field according to such elements as positive and negative linear heat streams, geothermal stems and apical apical parts of positive geothermal anomalies, geothermal hills, terrace, saddleback, pit.

Interpretation of vertical cuts of heat radiation field and digital field of the index of relative water saturation and their first and second derivatives are performed at first for each of these cuts, and then their results are reconciled to one cut.

5. Construction of multi-layered schemes of thermodynamics, that generalize volume data according to the maps of isolines of the density of heat radiation and its horizontal gradients, with elements of geologic interpretation according to the series of cuts in intervals of depths with consideration of the location of main structural and geothermal complexes.

6. Emphasizing and analysis of situations being conformed with models of thermal and fluid dynamic sceneries, development of geothermal criteria and forecasting of the traps of hydrocarbons, and also the additional characteristics according to the index of relative water saturation. Ranging of geothermal criteria performed according to their importance according to [3], is not stated in the article in details.

Criteria of the index of relative water saturation were analyzed in the following consequence:

Availability of the angle ascending streams of the increased water saturation in the interval of few hundred meters over the forecasted or defined object with favorable conditions for accumulation and storage of hydrocarbon raw material;

Availability of vectors of dryness reaching to a depth in lateral limitations of objects;

Weak manifestations of ascending vectors of dryness directly in the objects and over them (are not differentiated on big depths).

7. Construction of the map of forecasts and recommendations with ranging of thermal and fluid dynamic situations according to oil and gas perspective (stated on figure 3).

In the process of performance of works with the help of exhaust gas temperature the scheme of modern geo dynamics on the ground of decipher of space images in visible diapason and three-dimensional digital models of density of fluence of caloradiance and field of index of relative water saturation were received. These models for demonstrativeness and practical use in complex with other geologic and geophysical data are transformed into rather broad list of the effective illustrative materials: maps of different parameters and their vertical cuts, schemes of thermal dynamics and namely the map of forecasts and recommendations.

On figure: Two forecasted productive levels, the upper one (AR – “G”) is defined by brightly yellow color, the second one is defined by pale yellow color. The contours of the revealed deposits are defined by dark-violet color, mine allotments are defined by color dotted lines.

Figure. 4. Comparison of the fragments of Map of revealed deposits (а) with contours of forecasted objects within the borders of Northern (b) and Southern (c) parts of Alam El-Shawish East

These illustrative materials can be used for analysis of geologic prerequisites during determination of location of loading and order of drilling of search and development mining holes. The most significant and important one in the stated list of illustrative materials is the map of forecasts and recommendations (figure 3), which without overestimation can be considered the main gaining of the performed works. On the map of forecasts and recommendations the areas corresponding to objects with high, average and not defined fluid and thermodynamic sceneries advantageous for accumulation of hydrocarbon deposits. During comparison of forecast areas with high level of such sceneries of this map with the map of the results of works constructed in the Company according to complex data of 3D seismic reconnaissance, and drilling of 28 mining holes (see figure 3) it was found out that almost all of them correspond to open deposits within the borders of Northern and Southern parts of Alam El-Shawish East block. Upon this it is necessary to state the following concerning check of provability of the forecasts: for “dry” mining holes (9 units) coincidence of forecasts and results of trials is complete;

For effective mining holes (20 units) – coincidence for 19 of them. The exception is only one difference connected with за NWHg-1 with deposits of oil of 0,07 millions of tons and area of the deposit of about 1 km2 on the depths of 3266,3–3279,5 m. These data can be accepted as

the threshold of determination of oil and gas objects of the depths of over 3 km (0,07 millions of tons, area is less 1 km2);

Concerning the depths of bedding of objects being forecasted there is a complete provability with consideration of the fact that exactness of forecasts made with the help of exhaust gas temperature method can not exceed 60 m taking into account size of pixel on space photo.

More detailed comparison of fragments of the map with revealed deposits with counters of forecasted objects within the borders of northern and southern parts of Alam El-Shawish East block are showed on figure 4. The forecasted objects of oil and gas bearing emphasized within the borders of mine allotments Alam El-Shawish East-3 Lease Area and HG Lease Area are of particular interest. Two levels of oil and gas bearing are forecasted here with the help of exhaust gas temperature method. The first level are the formations Bahariya –Abu Rawash «C». Is object is shown on fragment of figure 4 b with bright yellow color and defined with number 4, its roof is located in interval of depths of 2800–3000 m, and the bottom is on the depths of 3200–3400 m. It is expected that on the lower level there are watered horizons determined also according the results of drilling, and deeper the new not revealed level of oil and gas bearing is forecasted. On fragment of figure 4 b it is showed by pale yellow color and defined by number 5 with the roof in interval of depths 2950–4100 m and bottom 4500–4650 m. It is not excepted that its effectiveness shall be evaluated even higher than the one received from Bahariya – Abu Rawash «С» formation, because the contours of this object in its major part seize the contours of object 4. In northern part of block forecasts according to depth coincided with revealed deposits within the limits of stated exactness. Difference in ranges of forecast deposits is connected with already mentioned exactness of method, and also with receipt of principally new additional information, that expands the counter of oil and gas bearing and in such way can increase the evaluated resources of revealed deposits. On other hand, as the reconnaissance of revealed deposits was not completed, contours of their oil and gas bearing can not be considered finally determined. It is even more true for contours of deposits located within the borders of mine allotments Karima Lease Area and Alam El-Shawish East-2 Lease Area (see figure 4 c). Thus, contour of oil and gas bearing in northern part of Karima deposit was constructed according to the data of seismic reconnaissance and was not proved by the results of drilling as of today. Also on the ground of seismic data the contours of oil and gas bearing of mine allotment Alam El-Shawish East-2 Lease Area, within the limits of which from mine hole Malaka-1 during the trials a small influx of gas was received, and mine hole Tammam-1x gave rather high influxes of oil and gas, were constructed. The land plot on southern east and south from mine hole Malaka-1x, like the plot located on southern east from mine hole Tammam-1x, according to the data of gas exhaust temperature method are referred to the area with fluid and dynamic sceneries unfavorable for accumulation of hydrocarbons.

According to the results of works performed by exhaust gas temperature method 40% of area are of northern and southern parts of license block Alam El-Shawish East were rejected as prospectless, which was also proved by “dry” mine holes. In addition, the Company refused from 25 % of the area in 25 % in utmost southern and western part of southern plot of license block as prospectless according to the results of performed analysis of geologic structure on the ground of 3D researches performed within its limits. Thus, total area rejected as prospectless one is about 65%. Having the results of forecasting of conditions of accumulation of hydrocarbons with the help of exhausting gas method before performance of seismic 3D researches their volume should be 35–40 % from actually performed ones. It can be the evidence of efficiency of the method.

Comparison of the results of exhaust gas temperature method of oil and gas prospective objects with the data of drilling of oil and gas search and reconnaissance mine holes within the border of northern and southern license block Alam El-Shawish East demonstrated that almost all effective mine holes are located within the borders of forecast plots with high level of sceneries favorable for accumulation of hydrocarbons. Such conclusion about provability of

exhaust gas temperature gives opportunity to say that it turned to be verifiable and effective in conditions of Eastern desert of Egypt.

According to the forecast of oil and gas bearing for southern and eastern part of the area of license block Alam El-Shawish East received with the help of exhaust gas method two plots highly prospective for accumulation and storage of hydrocarbons located on northern and southern east of this part of the block are emphasized. The total area of these plots does not exceed the third part of the above-stated part of block, and their location coincide with built structures according to the results of 2D seismic reconnaissance researches performed in the middle 80s of last century. This fact by itself is the evidence of efficiency of exhaust gas temperature method. Within the limits of this area two search mine holes were drilled in the last century. First of them, Agnes-1 mine hole, which revealed on the spent the deposits of up part of middle Jurassic period, was drilled in 1970 року. However it is located beyond the contour of southern and eastern object and at the result of trials it turned to be “dry”, which is also the evidence of efficiency of exhaust gas temperature method. Other mine hole - Hf-36/4, was drilled in 1992 up to the depth of 2106 m and met on the spent deposits of Bahariya formation. Mine hole is located on southern end of northern and eastern object and in its time it was not tried, which requires the reconsideration of available data of this mine hole.

So the use of new modification of exhaust gas temperature method that uses not only heat radiation field, but also the index of relative water saturation, within the limits of license block Alam El Shawish East, gave opportunity to prove and specify already revealed contours of oil and gas deposits and to reveal new ones forecasted at first on the analogy with them.

References

1. Мухамедяров Р.Д. Метод видеотепловизионной генерализации его аэрокосмическое аппаратурное оснащение / Р.Д. Муха-медяров // Интервал. - 2002. - № 9 (44). - С. 59-62.

2. Мухамедяров Р.Д. «Око Земли» - аэрокосмическая система мониторинга / Р.Д. Мухамедяров // Аэрокосмический курьер. -2006. - № 3 (45). - С. 44-45.

3. Туманов В.Р. Метод видеотепловизионной генерализации -одно из перспективных направлений исследований геологии углеводородов. Повышение нефтеотдачи пластов на поздней стадии разработки природных битумов / В.Р. Туманов, Р.Д. Мухамедяров. - Казань: Изд-во «ФЕН», 2007. - С. 580-585.

4. Дабаев А.И. Метод видеотепловизионной генерализации и его геолого-геофизическое значение / А.И. Дабаев, Р. Д. Мухаме-дяров, В. Р. Туманов // Нефть и газ. - 2011. - № 2(62). - С. 39-50.

5. Мухамедяров Р.Д. Решение энергетических задач геоинтроскопии на основе технологии метода видеотепловизионной ге-нерализации аэрокосмических и наземных снимков / Р.Д. Мухамедяров // Энергетика Татарстана. - 2011. - № 3(23). - С. 17-25.

6. Таубкин И.И. Предельная чувствительность и информативность тепловизоров и других оптико-электронных преобразова-телей изображения / И. И. Таубкин, М. А. Тришенков // Оптический журнал. - 1996. - № 6. - С. 18-41.

7. Липаев А.А. Тепловые свойства горных пород нефтяных месторождений Татарстана. Справочник / А.А. Липаев, В.М. Гуревич, С.А. Липаев. - Казань: КМО, 2001.- 205 с.

Authors of the article

Vadym Romazanovych Tumanov

Candidate of geologic and mineral sciences, chief of geologic department of "Space technologies" OJSC. Graduated from the geological faculty of the V. I. Ulianov-Lenin Kazan State University, on speciality he is an engineer-geologist (geological survey and searches). Scientific interests are connected with interpretation of thermal and many zonal space pictures with an aim of volume geological mapping, searches of hydrocarbon raw material, underwaters, ore and loose minerals.

Vasyl Dmytrovych Cheban

Candidate of geologic sciences. Chief of department of implementation of foreign investment projects of management of foreign investment projects of Department of international cooperation and external projects of National Joint-Stock Company"Naftogaz of Ukraine". Graduated from geological faculty of Ivano-Frankivsk institute of oil and gas. Scientific interests are application of geophysical methods for the study of geological structures of oil-and-gas bearing regions, influence of dangerous geological and technogenic processes on surrounding environment, usage of mineral resources and economy of oil and gas industry of foreign countries.

News On participation of Ukrainian delegation in Polish and Ukrainian

gas conference On April, 1, 2013 in Warsaw (Poland) by initiative of Polish Ukraininian Club of journalists

under patronage of chairman of the Polish-Ukrainian economic chamber Jacek Pekhota and vice-prime Minister of Ukraine Yurii Boika Polish and Ukrainian gas conference was held under participation of deputy head of the board V. P. Chuprun, director of Department on gas and oil extraction O. Yu. Zeikan and deputy head of Department of oil and gas extraction V. V. Hladun on behalf of “Naftogaz of Ukraine” National Joint-Stock Company.

Conference consisted of three sessions: “Integration of Ukrainian gas sector with European Union”, “Terminals for receipt of liquefied gas in Poland and Ukraine – diversification of directions, supplies and suppliers of LNG», «Slate gas: experience of Poland and Ukraine”.

In his speech V. P. Chuprun outlined the number of issues concerning the state and prospects of development of oil and gas complex of Ukraine in the context of general European energy safety. Namely:

In relation to strategic meaning of Ukrainian gas and transport system connected with gas and transport systems of neighboring European countries and integrated into common European gas network for European Union;

Role of underground gas storages of Ukraine that give opportunity to create reserves of natural gas for Ukraine and for countries of Western and Central Europe;

Modernization of gas transport system of Ukraine, which is the important priority for European Union, Ukraine and international financial organizations;

Current state of reorganization of “Naftogaz of Ukraine” National Joint-Stock Company in context of annexation of Ukraine to the Contract on Foundation of Energetic Society and necessity of adaptation of legislation of Ukraine to legislation of European Union in sphere of energetic;

Diversification of sources and routes of supply of gas to Ukraine.

During discussion “Slate gas: experience of Poland and Ukraine” the question concerning approximate data concerning deposits of slate gas in Poland and Ukraine and the results of researches performed in this directions. Taking into account mutual interest the parties agreed to continue exchange of experience in sphere of reconnaissance and development of slate gas deposits.

GEOLOGY OF OIL AND GAS

Prospects of oil and gas bearing of the Vietnamese mainland slope and adherent shelf of the South-Chinese Sea

UDK 551.35.054

L. M. Kukhtina-Holodko, B. I. Holodko Over the Vietnamese shelf of the South China Sea in addition to oil deposits discovering in many structures the hydrocarbon searching

(HC) were unsuccessful. According to the outcome analysis the authors come to conclusion about the presence in the region of hydrocarbons unconventional reservoir – the Caldera, and explain the reasons for negative working results. In light of the authors concept the structures found in Vietnamese shelf remain the discovery potentials. The identified features of the magmatogene deposit structure allow to use the proposed by authors hydrocarbon exploration technique explosives in regions with similar geological structure.

About 120 structures prospective for oil and gas were revealed on shelf of Vietnam. On the majority of them searched by various subsurface users, the deposits of oil and gas in reservoirs of Miocene, Oligocene and foundation were revealed (White Tiger, Dai Hung, Dragon etc). In many of these structures, such as Bavi, Wolf, Tam Dao and other, after drilling of single unsuccessful mine hole further search works were stopped as these structures are prospectless. It decreased the resources of hydrocarbons on this territory considerably. The performed local analysis of the works evidences on prospects of reveal of hydrocarbon deposits with considerable reserves there.

The geologists paid no attention to circular minus structures as the objects for searches of hydrocarbon deposits for a long time. In 1987 in Sweden on Silan minus structure with diameter of about 40 km drilling of mine hole 1 with project depth of 6800 m was started. Manifestations of hydrocarbons, which consisted of methane for 98%, were met in mine hole on depths of 1250, 2582 and 4723 m. During trial of these intervals the influxes of oil with high concentration of vanadium and nickel were received. In Canada and USA in minus structures 20 mine holes of hydrocarbons, among which there is mine hole Barrow on Alaska, were find out. Production oil and gas bearing of different ages was defined in minus structures in Wilston basin, Southern Texas, Siberia, Tatarstan (Aksubaeva and Romashkinska circle structure), Central Asia, on Borneo Island, on continental slopes of Southern Chinese Sea and in other regions.

1. White Tiger oil deposit – northern vault. Structural map on the roof of horizon АФ–СГ. Scale 1:25000: 1 – isohypses of the roofs of

horizon

The results of decipher of aerospace photos evidence that the circular structures on the surface of Earth are very wide-spread, the majority of them were formed at the result of volcano-

tectonic depressions because of magmatic diapirism the processes opposite to it. Many researches consider circular minus structures studied by deep mine holes as astroblemes (meteorite craters). The performed analysis of structural peculiarities of circular structures and comparison of criteria, according to which astroblemes and calderas are emphasized, showed that all similar tectonic formations are the result of deep cataclysms caused by clunkers of Paleolithic volcanoes. Depressions formed at the result of decrease of level of magma after powerful volcanic eruption cause draw and further destruction of volcano and formation of caldera.

Figure. 2. Oil mine hole Dragon. Fragment of seismic cut DR 93-800 In practice of geological survey works for oil and gas the special researches of Paleolithic

volcanoes, batholites and calderas with the purpose of reveal of the prospects of their oil and gas bearing were not performed. Since 1190 the authors of the article performed researches in this direction, the results of which gave opportunity to ground the main criteria necessary for search of such non-traditional objects. Staged approach of the researches of dynamics of geologic processes with use of analytical methods gave opportunity to state the model of tectonic construction of oil and gas prospective structures on shelf and continental slope of Southern Chinese Sea in a grounded way.

On Vietnamese shelf White Tiger and Dragon are explored in the most detailed way. Both structures on aero-space photos are the concentrically located circles, and in gravitation and magnetic fields there are positive and negative anomalies. On seismic cuts they are mapped clearly according to four reflecting horizons: СГ-АФ, СГ-12, СГ-7 and СГ-5. In the plan Paleolithic volcanoes and calderas are presented by positive and negative structures on before-Oligocene surface. Both structures are located near each other and zones of their mutual influence in sedimentary mantle are overlaid, which cause difficulties during interpretation of seismic materials and results in low quality of structural constructions in the vault of batholiths and faults during evaluation of reserves of hydrocarbons.

White Tiger and Dragon areas consist of the object of different geologic structure: Paleolithic volcanoes, batholiths and calderas located in volcano and tectonic depression – Kiulonz cavity. The above-stated objects are mapped reliably by seismic reconnaissance (figure 1). Structure of Paleolithic volcanoes was explored partially on Dragon area and on southern slope of White Tiger area. Generation of volcanoes is assumed in early Cretaceous period, and the traces of their last explosion were fixed in high Oligocene. In the period of life of volcanoes during almost 100 million years their numerous destructions and renewals of ejections took place.

Craters of volcanoes are saucer-like cavities with vertical walls. Numerous injection of magma to sediments caused formation of granites of different age. Number of layers of effusive formations corresponds to the phases of awakening of volcano. Type of magma is acid. On the

slopes of volcanoes there are cloves spreading radially from the top to the bottom, the so called barrancoses. Till this moment geologists of Vietnam consider batholiths crystal foundation.

They shall be considered big intrusive bodies that have a bottom, and under metamorphosed occur sediments not revealed by mine holes. On the slopes of batholiths calderas are presented by the cavities formed on place of old volcanoes at the result of their flashes or destructions of walls of craters. Sediment and effusive stratas to the tops of volcanoes wedge, and subject to gravitation they droop through slopes forming the shifts of drooping and olistostromes.

In the middle of high Oligocene the volcanic relief was already formed. In late Oligocene the processes of destruction of subsurface rocks facilitating formation of accumulative bodies activated. In the beginning of Miocene the relief was leveled in general. In Pliocene and Pleistocene at the result of active increase of constructions the relief gained clear contours (figure 2).

Since late Oligocene character of formation of sediment strata became relatively calm. Sea streams redistributed terrigenic material brought down from the land, at the result of which bars, alluvial cones, shoal heads and lenses were formed. In cuts revealed by mining holes the traps of various types – lithologic, stratigraphic and tectonic screen, where the reservoirs are organogenic constructions, fracture and porous limestones, sandstones and untraditional formations – fracture argillites and lumpy clays were revealed (figure 3).

The main horizon of oil extraction are the crystal formations of acoustic foundation, revealed by mine holes for 20–550 m. Debits of the oil from mine holes don’t depend on the thickness of revealed horizon and are determined by place of location of mine hole in structure. After accumulation of sufficient data in deposit three zones of effectiveness were defined: І – with debits of over 3 0 0 m 3/day, ІІ – less than 3 0 0 m 3/day and ІІІ – with restricted effectiveness up to 30 m3/day.

Among the peculiarities of oil deposits in White Tiger deposit it is necessary to mention the absence of layer water and increase of time of oil debits from mine holes. It is explained by the fact that the oil of abiogenic origin during its lift upwards supersedes water to up horizons and Automated water fire-fighting systems exist there. Overheated water steam together with gases flows to the sedimentary mantle, where their differentiation takes place.

Figure. 3. White Tiger oil deposit. Paleolithic cuts. Scale 1:50000. Drawn up by L. M. Kukhtina according to complex of data of

prospecting surveys Mine holes exploiting deposit in vault of batholiths work with oil and gas, and mine holes

located in lower marks give waterless oil. It gives grounds to forecast availability of considerable reserves of water in moulds.

The connection between location of hydrocarbon deposit on the structure and composition of oil in it was found out. In zones of influence of Paleolithic volcano highly paraffinic oils and oil gas with hydrogen was received. In zones of influence of calderas light oils and condensates with high concentration of vanadium and nickel became spread, which is the reason of increase of commercial price of these hydrocarbons. The received results give grounds to expect for similar differentiation of fluids in newly revealed traps.

The performed zoning of territory according to perspective with consideration of Paleolithic volcano processes helps to reestimate perspective of the areas with negative results of work, and also to reveal there new reservoirs for search and increase of reserves of hydrocarbons.

Increase of the park of Ukrainian sea drilling platforms will cause in the nearest time the dramatic increase of volumes of drilling works in Azov and Black Sea oil and gas bearing basin (ABSGBB). With the purpose of increase of efficiency of search works and taking into account that in ABSGBB magmatogenic formations are widely spread and with numerous oil and gas manifestations during their search it is reasonable to use the peculiarities of structure and oil and

gas bearing of Paleolithic volcanoes, batholiths and calderas revealed on Vietnam shelf of Southern Chinese Sea.

References 1. Фам Нанг Ву. Комплексная обработка и интерпретация маг-нито-, грави- и сейсморазведочных данных с целью

оконтури-вания зон развития эффузивных пород в Меконгской впадине: рукопись / Фам Нанг Ву, Нгуен Зуй, Нгок // Горно-геологический институт. – Ханой, 1990.

2. Шнип О.А. Литолого-петрографическая характеристика продуктивних пластов и покрышек месторождения Белый Тигр: рукопись / Шнип О.А. – Вунгтау, СП «Вьєтсовпетро», 1989.

Authors of the article

Lidia Mykolaivna Kukhtina-Holodko Graduated from Lviv Politechnic Institute at specialty of geology and reconnaissance of oil

and gas mine holes. Occupied the positions of geologist, chief geologist, head of topical parties of oil and gas reconnaissance enterprises of trusts Kharkiv-, Chernihiv, Krymnaftogazrosvidka, in Eastern Germany and Vietnam. Circle of interests: local forecast of oil and gas bearing of the structures revealed by seismic reconnaissance, peculiarities of structure of the traps of oil and distrivution of fluids in them. Died in 2010.

Borys Ivanovych Holodko Graduated from Drohobych Oil Technical College and Geologic Faculty of Kharkiv State

University. Since 1959 worked in reconnaissance of oil and gas at the position of drilling foreman, chief engineer of expeditions and “Krymmorgeologia” association. For 10 years he was the head of drilling works in Eastern Germany and Vietnam. Circle of interests: effective reveals and core recovery from productive layers in inclined directed mine holes and geologic structure of non-traditional reservoirs of oil and gas.

GEOLOGY OF OIL AND GAS Prospects of reveal of considerable deposits of gas on big depths in Dnipro and Donetsk cavity UDK 553.98 M. I. Machuzhak, Candidate of geologic and mineral sciences of “Ukrgazvydobuvannia” PJSC

A. V. Lyzanets  

Candidate of geologic and mineral sciences of UkrNDIgaz The new data on the geological structure and gas content of the Visean stage lower section – XIIa microfaunal horizon (MFH) were

provided. In the central near-axial zones of the Dnipro-Donets basin (DDB) on the sides of Sribnensk and Zhdanivsk depressions they were considered as a main reservoir objective to increase proven reserves of hydrocarbons. The lithofacies analysis of sediments of the MFH section XIIa was given made attempts of back stripping conditions of sedimentation in the zonal plan. The discovery potential of deep reserves of natural gas was shown by the example of the Komyshniansk gas condensate reservoir as the primary object for oil reconnaissance.

The results of geologic search works being performed recently proved stable trend in reveal of small and very small deposits. The majority of these deposits are located within the borders of northern board and northern-western borders of Donbas.

Prospects of reveal of big and average deposits are connected with deeply down-dropped coal deposits of axile zone.

As the independent object of reconnaissance there are deposits of microfaunistic horizon of up-Visean sub-layer of low Carbon. The main gas deposits on Rudivska and Chervonozavodska, Lutsenkivska, Komyshnianska deposits, the number of little bit less deposits on Yablunivska, Svyrydivska, Kharkivtsivska and Solokhivska deposits (figure 1) are confined to them.

In general the basin of sedimentation of these deposits can be characterized in the following way. The transgression of sea took place from southern east of axile zone of cavity.

Coastal line of basin of sedimentation of this time line is approximated in form of parabolic curve with the top in the area of western close of Sribnenska depression with passing of northern branch of the curve in the region of Voloshkivske deposit and southern branch in the area of Leliakivska and Ozerianska structures and further to Southern board (according A. O. Bilyk, UkrDGRI). For low-Visean and Tournaisian complex coastal line was dislodged a little bit to east to the region of Northern and Yarivska arch [1].

The most abyssal part of the basin was placed in the region of Solokhivska structure, where in the cuts of mine holes the horizon was presented mainly by clay deposits with few (1–3 m) shallow layers of sandstones. This abyssal zone is spread to rather considerable territory and covers Semerenkivskam Rodnikova, Machukhska structures in southern part of the basin.

Northern part of the basin is characterized with more constrict and less powerful cut (Zahorianska, Pirkivska, Rymarivska areas).

The most interesting for searches of oil and gas are shallow sea facies of coastal streams, avant deltas, alluvial cones, turbidites or other facies of deposits transitional from continent to the sea, which can contain conditional sand layers-collectors. It means that the areas of the basin located respectively not far from the source of location of terrigenic material – southern board of the cavity. One of the relatively studied regions in relation to these deposits is Rudivske-Chervonozavodske deposit [2].

According to the results of study of kern material (cross-sectional views, electronic microscopy) petrographers and lithographers of “Chernihivnaftogazgeologia” State Economic

Enterprise the sandstones of horizons В-22 top, В-22 bottom, В-23 were referred to shall sea and river facies. Thus, the example of the kern from the depth of 5309,6 m (horizon В-22в) is characterized by porosity of 11,6 %, permeability of 13,1 mD. It is represented by typically shallow sea sandstone formed within the borders of tidal and reflux line.

Figure. 1. Review map The sandstone is moderately and well sorted from alevritic to averagely grainy material,

which consists mainly of monocrystalic quartz with little amount of micasd from caolinized to not-changed and plagioclasic feld spars.

Examples of kern from mine hole 3-Chervonozavodska, horizon В-22 в (depth 5337,2 m, porosity 12,2 %, penetration 11 mD), 4-Chervonozavodska, horizon В-22в (depth 5337,2 m, porosity 10 %, penetration 41,9 mD), 1-Rudivska, horizon В-22в (depth 5219,2 m, porosity 14,7 %, penetration 140,2 mD), 2-Rudivska, horizon В-22в (depth 4989 m, porosity 13,4 %, penetration 40,2 mD), 4-Rudivska horizon В-22в, (depth 5064 m, porosity 13 %, penetration 25,3 mD; depth 5088,1 m, porosity 10,5 %, penetration 7,9 mD) are referred to sandstones of avant delta of furcated river.

The examples of kern from mine hole 6-Chervonozavodska, horizon В-22в (depth 5309,6 m, porosity 11,6 %, penetration 13,1 mD ), 3 –Rudivska, horizon В -22в (depth 49 4 6,4 m, porosity 14,6 %, penetration 55,5 mD) are referred to shallow sea (zones of tide and reflux) sandstones.

Probably Rudivska and Chervonozavodska structures were formed as the structures of anticline of bodies of sandstones in the process of further sediment genesis.

The characteristic feature of geologic structure us the linear spread of sandstones of the horizons В-22, В-23 to the deposit that completely inherits spread of the tideway of Sula river. The most effective mine holes are located in the deposit within the borders of axile parts of bodies of sandstones of horizons В-22, В-23.

At the result of renewal of reconnaissance drilling of years 2010–2012 on Komyshnianska deposit the new data concerning oil and gas bearing of these deposits, the correlation of cuts of

mine holes of low part of Visean layer of low Carbon was considerably changed and adjusted from its reconnaissance at the initial stage of the deposit in 90s of the last century [3].

Thus at the result of drilling of mine hole 23 within the borders of northern part of Komyshnianskyi block manufacturing oil and bearing of low horizon D-22 was defined. During the trial of interval 6059–6057 m the afflux of gas of 338 thousand m3/day on 7 collar. According to the data of manufacturing and geophysical researches (V. V. Nazaryshyn, 2011) effective horizon is presented by consolidate oil and gas sandstones with porosity of 8 %, effective power of 1,6 m. Probably the collectors of effective horizon are characterized by considerable fracture component of penetration that provided for good filtration and capacities characteristics and high gas debit (figure 2).

In 2012 at the result of drilling of estimation and exploitation mine hole 51 development of collectors in low horizon D-22 in central part of Komyshniansky block was proved. During the trial of interval 5995–6050 m influx of gas with debit of 279 thousand m3/day on 8 collar was received. Effective horizon is represented by sandstones with porosity from 7 to 10%, gas saturation of 82–86 % with effective thickness of 3,6 m in upper part and consolidate oil and gas saturated sandstones of different clayiness with porosity of 5–6 and 7–8 % in low part of horizon low В-22. During research of mine hole maximum short-term fixed not-stabilized pressure in crater of mine hole was 720 atmospheres.

Pressures in crater of mine hole close to the above-stated ones were received during trial of mine hole 23.

Taking into account data of drilling of the mine hole, layer pressure of object of the trial was estimated of about 910 atmospheres. In Komyshnianske mine hole in December of 2012 the trial of reconnaissance mine hole 29 located in apical part of the block was completed. The mine hole was drilled with the purpose of reconnaissance of effective horizons of low part of up-Visean sub-layer of low Carbon (В-22-23) up to the depth of 6135 m. Its cut correlates satisfactory with cuts of mine holes 488, 51, 23, 5, 7. Apron of the mine hole is located in carbonate deposits of horizon В-24 of low-Visean sub-layer of low Carbon. With core samples collection of kern 117 meters of driftage was drilled, upon it the removal of kern was 57,5 meters. Kern was selected from horizons В-17, В-18, В-20, В-22в, В-22н, В-23-24. The collected samples of sandstones from horizons В-17, В-20, В-22в, В-22н, В-23 had the features of hydrocarbon saturation: smell of hydrocarbons on fresh wrecking, characteristic radiance during luminescent and bituminous analysis.

Figure 2. Komyshnianske deposit. Structural map of effective cut of roof of the horizon В-22: 1 – southern border of spread of gas deposits

of horizons В-22-23, according to data of drilling; 2 – area of explored deposits of gas of the horizon В-22; 3 – area of prospective resources of gas of the horizons В-22-23; 4 – line of scheme of correlation

Figure 3. Scheme of correlation of effective horizons in up-Visean deposits. Results of interpretation of geologic research works: 1 –

consolidate; 2 – consolidate gas saturated; – gas saturated; 4 – development of gas saturated collectors in effective cut According to the data of interpretation of complex of geophysical researches in mine hole

(V. V. Nazaryshyn, 2012) the number of layer of collectors, namely in horizon B-22 in intervals 6023-6043, 6005-6018 m was emphasized for estimation of their manufacturing effectiveness (consolidate oil and gas saturated sandstones with porosity of 7-9 %). They were tried with the help of filter.

At the result of trial of the mine hole the influx of has with debit of 342 thousands m3/day on 8 mm fitting was received. Layer pressure is 980 atmospheres, mean of layer pressure in comparison with data received during researches of mine hole 51. It is explained by connection of layers of horizon B-23 tried by filter together with low horizon B-22 to work.

In mine hole 488 effective low horizon B-22 is excepted because of violation. Mine holes 7 and 5 were not drilled up to low horizon В-22.

So within the borders of Komyshnianske deposit the manufacturing oil and gas deposit of Komyshnianskyi and Bakumivskyi blocks on horizons В-22н, В-23 is determined.

Estimation of reserves and prospective resources of horizon В-22, В-23 of Komyshnianske deposit is about 10 millions of conventional fuel. Low border of oil and gas bearing of deposits (gas and water contact) was not defined and can exceed in the north the borders of structural brow. Because of this the priority direction of reconnaissance is the drilling of reconnaissance mine holes 27, 28 and mine hole in the area of connection of Komyshnianska and Bakumivska blocks.

Analysis of the received data gives opportunity to make such conclusions.

Sediments of XIIа microfaunistic horizon are confined to the part of structure down-dropped on trap-down of sub-longitude spread. Within the borders of elevated Southern Komyshnianskyi block and elevated blocks of mine holes 17 and 20 they were not accumulated (figure 3).

Cuts of XIIа microfaunistic horizon revealed by mine holes on Komyshnianska area correlate with cuts of mine holes of Rudivska-Chervonozavodska, Svyrydivska, Lutsenkivska and Yablunivska deposits. They are presented by shallow sea facies or maybe the facies of turbidites [4].

The availability of such facial conditions can be forecasted within the borders of Zhdanivska depression on Zviazivska, Western Komyshnianska, Kliushnykivska, Koshevoiska, maybe Lysivska and Perevozivska structures. The above-stated structures are considered as the most prospective objects for performance of search works for sediments of XIIа micro-faunistic horizon, with which the prospects of reveal of gas deposits with considerable reserves on big depths.

References

1. Алксне О.А. О нефтегазогеологическом расчленении нижневизейско-турнейских отложений ДДВ / О.А. Алксне, Б.Л. Крупский // Нафт. і газова пром-сть. – 1987. – № 2. – С. 21–22.

2. Зарубін ю.О. Результати дослідно-промислової експлуата ції Рудівсько-Червонозаводського родовища / Ю.О. Зарубін, М.І. Мачужак, В.О. Кривошея, А.В. Боднар // Геолог України. – 2003. – № 1. – С. 47–49.

3. Мачужак М.І. Новые данные о нижневизейско-турнейском комплексе южной прибортовой зоны Днепровско-Донецкой впадины / М.И. Мачужак // Советская геология. – 1988. – № 9. – С. 19–27.

4. Петтиджон Ф.Дж. Осадочные породы / Ф.Дж. Петтиджон. – М.: Недра, 1981. – 747 с.

Authors of the article

Mykhailo Ivanovych Machuzhak Candidate of geologic and mineralogic sciences, chief geologist of “Ukrgazvydobuvannia”

PJSC. Graduated from Ivano-Frankivsk Institute of Oil and Gas. Scientific interests are geology, searches, reconnaissance and development of deposits, oil and gas.

Arkadii Vasyliovych Lyzanets

Candidate of geologic and mineralogic sciences, deputy director on geology of Ukrainian Scientific and Research Institute of Oil and Gas. Scientific interests are geology, searches, reconnaissance and development of oil and gas deposits.

Ivan Pylypets

Candidate of technical sciences, corresponding member of Ukrainian National Geologic Academy, Specialist on development of oil and gas bearing deposits. Ivan Andriiovych Pylypets was born on April 12, 1934 in Stoyaniv village of Radekhiv district of Lviv region. In 1957 he graduated from mining faculty of Lviv Polytechnic Institute and began to work as operator (then assistance of foreman on oil extraction) in Dolynska Oil Manufacturing Administration. In 1962 he became the head of scientific and research laboratory on support of pressure in oil deposits with watering, and in 1970–2006 he headed manufacturing and technical (then the technical) department of administration. In 1980–1981 Ivan Pylypets was a consultant ob extraction of oil in Bulgaria. рр. From 1972 to 1976 he studied in graduate center at I. M. Hubkin Moscow Institute of Oil Chemistry and Gas Industry, after graduation from which he defended a candidate dissertation on topic “Use of thermal measurements for control and regulation of development of many-layer oil and gas deposits”. Thermal measurement and hysrodynamic methods of control and regulation of the processes of development of oil deposits offered by Ivan Andriiovych Pylypets were applied on practice and gave opportunity to increase the rate of cover of the layer by watering and their oil removal. Under his active participation together with the traditional ways of intensifying of oil extraction the new technologies and technical devices for processing of mine holes by micelar solution, impulse and wave effect on layer, directed influence to tidal zone of mine holes with blocking of highly watered layers, acid processings with use of various sets and solvents, and also their modifications were implemented. He developed technologic and constructive innovations that cover the process of extraction and preparation of oil. He created for the first time and implemented new way of development of screened zones of oil deposits. I. A. Pylypets is the author of 57 scientific publications, 43 patents and author certificates for inventions, over 150 rationalizing offers. During 1958–1980 he was the head of primary organization of All-Union Association of Inventors and Rationalizers he was elected two times a delegate of all-Union meetings of All-Union Association of Inventors and Rationalizers. He got an honor rank of the “Honored Rationalizer of Ukrainian SSR”, awarded with bronze medals of exhibitions of achievements of national economy.

I. A. Pylypets died on June 4, 2013.

Cherished memory about Ivan Andriiovych Pylypets will remain in our heart for ever. Friends, editorial board of the magazine

WELL DRILLING Wear resistance of some elements of the drill string during drilling УДК 622.24.053

The article is concerned with questions of wearing capacity of some elements of the drill string, including the abrasive drilling of hard-alloy insert rolling cutter drilling bits. The given basic dependencies on probably wear property and damage determining characteristics of drilling tools are determined its wearing capacity during boring.

Consideration of drill string sustainability indicates that during rotary drilling even in vertical wells with minimum rotor rpm, drill pipes lose their straight shape and with a certain force contact with the wall of the well. Thus, in the process of drilling in the contact areas shear strength appears, and it consumes considerable work to break it, so the elements of the drill string wear.

During drilling in the bottom of the drill the pipes bent not only because of the centrifugal forces, but also from buckling, which leads to increase of the transverse force, to pressing half-waves of the drill string and its centering and expansion elements to the walls of the hole [1].

Friction forces also appear when armament bit interacts with rock face. Further we shall consider the definition of drilling bit kinematic pairs durability and especially its cutting structure.

Abrasive wear of destroying elements - bits occurs during its rock friction, which is a natural abrasive, resulting in scratching or microcutting action of abrasive grains during sliding of teeth, and as a result of direct penetration of abrasive grains on the contact surface at the moment of tooth impact on the face [2]. It is possible when the abrasive particles of rocks are harder than the material of teeth. Such wear mechanism can be applied to different centering and expansion structural elements of the drill string.

The attempts to calculate the depreciation of drilling bits were made taking into account information about the sliding cutters [3], but the slip was calculated for smooth face. But this phenomenon is connected with the heterogeneity of rocks face, drilling liquid pulse, random nature of dynamic loads. Thus, the wear of teeth has very probable nature.

In the work [4] it is offered to envisage the steel wear depending on the specific friction power. Evaluation of rocks abrasive properties depending on the wear of metal is necessary because the wear resistance of the metal determines drilling bits enduring quality.

Most rocks can wear metal, but the speed of wear will vary. The intensity of abrasive wear of the tool depends primarily on the ratio of the mechanical characteristics of the rocks and the hardness of its surface. Abrasion ability of rock is proportional to microhardness of minerals that form it.

Wear-out of the drill string elements depends on many factors, including the dynamic state. They all are probable.

The cutting structure of the drilling bits during drilling of wells may undergo the following types of destruction:

- physical wear-out under shear stresses that occur during rotation of cutters under the influence of axial load;

- abrasive wear of working surfaces under the influence of abrasive particles of rock and abrasive drilling liquid;

- chipping of work surfaces under high contact stresses in the presence of drilling liquid, which is a localized fatigue surface degradation;

- chipping of cracking (caused by chipping and wear of reinforced layer);

- teeth breakdown because of overstrain;

- tooth breakdown due to material fatigue with the appearance of cracks on the opposite side of cones movement.

Fig. 1 shows the wear of the drilling bit with combined cutting structure, there are visible abrasions of cutting teeth and fatigue fracture of hard-alloy button rolling cutter. Fatigue fracture and fracture of hard-alloy button rolling cutter drilling bit after considerable dynamic loads are presented in Fig. 2.

Limited levels of drilling bits cutting structure wear should be determined according to the economic and technical criteria of consequences. Thus, the maximum cutting structure wear can be defined according to the criterion of economic consequences - sharp falloff in drilling performance, especially mechanical speed of drilling in specific geological and technical conditions. Technical consequences are critical cutting structure wear that can lead to jamming of drilling bit legs, cutter body fracture, and in some cases - to catching of tool.

Separation of critical wear criteria on the technical and economic is arbitrary, since the change in technical parameters usually has economic consequences.

In some cases, the performance of the drill string depends on the wear degree of not only one piece, but the complex conjugation. A typical example is the rolling resistance cone (pin - sliding bearings, pin - ball bearing, rolling cutter and the state of its cutting structure). The state of the drilling bit during drilling is determined using the data from the previous calking in similar geological and technical conditions of drilling. Therefore, to determine the state of wear of the bit during rotary drilling method, you can use the inequation obtained by analyzing the data [5]:

where Uгр.max(Mp.max) - deviations according to the safety criteria (leg jamming, cutting structure critical wear) Uгр.г(Р0, Mp) - bounding deviations due to geological and engineering principles (the ability to deepen the well if the geological conditions of the drilling have changed) Р0 - axial strain on the bit; Mp - torque on the rotor; Uгр.т - bounding deviations caused by technical principles (the ability to satisfactorily perform job functions, the criteria of strength, vibration, etc.) Uгр.е - the deviations from the criteria of efficiency.

It should be noted that the values on the right side of the equation (1) amount to the sum of bounding deviations interconnected by probable dependencies that vary depending on the specific conditions of drilling.

The methods for determining the critical wear limits have not found proper application in the calculation of the drill string for well drilling due to a variety of geological and technical conditions of drilling and failure of materials for analysis of drilling bits wear and other elements of the drill string during the drilling process in different regions.

In some cases, for an approximate calculation of wear durability there can be used the critical wear data of the details in similar mechanical systems. For example, the value of allowable level of wear of expansion and centering elements can be defined as

where kT – is a factor that depends on the rock, which is in contact with the element, its limit size, the well design and drilling practices; D - initial diameter.

Critical wear according to the criteria of economic factors can be determined under the condition of minimum unit costs:

where Nc.o.п.(t) - shows the corrected cost of one meter of drilling; C(t) - operating costs; Y - specified efficiency ratio; R - book value of the drill string; Z(t) - operational performance of the tool in given mode of drilling and geological conditions.

The above written wear limit determination approach is valid only when there is significant impact of the productivity factor on the conformity of function Nc.o.п.(t).

Rolling bearing cone is a complex conjugation, which includes a number of kinematic pairs (bearings). In this case the limit gap enlargement will be equal to the sum of the working surfaces wear that form this coupling. Given that the surfaces wear is very probable, we can assume that the maximum wear of one piece at a regulated gap varies within the certain limits depending on the wear of other parts. A simplified model of the parts wear process till critical state is as follows (Fig. 3), obtained during the work [5], which can be used for further analysis. The following chart shows some wear curves of similar details. It is assumed that after the critical wear state is reached, the detail’s resource is exhausted (state of failure). Due to the difference of curves the resource R is spread. The random variable of the resource R has distribution density fR(t).

This model can be used to describe all types of rough wear, except for chipping and bonding. Thus, the dependence of parts wear З(t) as a random function of operating time according to [5] we can write as follows:

where aЗ - random variable that depends on the properties of surfaces that interact and for

cutting structure of the bit - the properties of drilled rocks, reinforced teeth surface and is material; b - coefficient adopted as constant (wear of rolling bearings b = 0,8; abrasive wear of plain bearings b = 0,5-0,7; wear of cutter teeth b = 1,8-2). In case of variation coefficient VaЗ > 0.4 we can assume that the value of bЗ corresponds to Weibull distribution and characterizes wear during adjustment. Assuming that its value is small, it can be neglected . Then equation (4) can be written as follows:

Based on Fig. 3 and formula (5), the dependence to determine the drilling bit cutting

structure resource can be written as:

where Згр - limit drilling bit cutting structure wear while drilling (mechanical speed tends to

zero).

Thus the probable argument is a З, R = cf (a З). To determine the resource R there may be used different forecasting methods.

The parameters which characterize the different working cycles of the drill string elements and their conjugation vary over a wide range. The particular importance has the number of cycles per unit which the drill string operated, taking into account the frequency of conjugation. At the same time the cycle can be considered as step filing tool bit turnover and its cones, dynamic state of the column and its elements per calk turn and etc.

One of the main tasks of solving the friction, lubrication and wear problem is to develop the criteria for determining the governing process in the friction zone. The results of these studies suggest that one of these criteria is the analysis of the vibration spectrum of the friction forces [6], which will be discussed further.

The probability of nonfailure of the rolling leg of hard-alloy button rolling cutter drilling bit may be represented as P (A), because during the drilling process none of the z -pins becomes damaged. The probability P (A) of nonfailure of the rolling legs is always greater than the probability P 3 of nonfailure of some selected hard-alloy pin which contacts with the shock rock bottom (maximum loaded) and at the same time is the least loaded on the cutter crown: P (A) > P3. This condition will become equation when the impact strength of all pins is the same and depends on their manufacturing. Credibility of nonfailure P 3 may be regarded as the probability of the condition, that tension аB 0 in root of press-in pin is less than the tension аr0 of the least strong teeth:

In reliability theory, [7] the value of P is the probability of failure-free operation of the component or system. The probability of damage (failure) Pр of mechanical systems is associated with the reliability of the balance:

As the pin bit parts reliability measure a condition of strength can be taken, which is defined as the probability of exceeding the carrying capacity R (t) under axial load on drill bit Q (t):

These values in the progress of well deepening will vary over time.

If the distribution laws of R and Q are known, the formal comparison of two random variables in probability theory [7] leads to the following functional connection:

where fQ(x) and fR(x) – density distribution of the axial load Q and carrying capacity R; FQ(x) and FR(x) – distribution function of Q and R (Fig. 4).

Fig . 1. Drilling bit 295 TK : abrasion wear of cutter tooth and fatigue destruction of plug pins

Fig.2 . Drilling bits 295 TK : fatigue destruction of collapsible hard-alloy teeth

Using ( 10) and (8 ), we define :

where fB0 (s) - density of tension distribution sB0; Fr0(s)- cumulative function of tension

distribution sr0.

If the tension points sb0 and sr0 are normally distributed, then the probability of P3 can be

found in the tables of normal distribution depending on equivalent deviate uP:

where vr0 and vb0 - coefficients of stress variation sr0 and sb0; n0 – conditional safety factor :

where sr0 and sb0 - the average value of the stress sr0 and sb0.

During calculation of fatigue strength (of collapsible hard-alloy teeth) the destructive tension means the endurance limits with normal distribution.

Fig.3. A simplified model of the part’s wear process to critical state.

Tension distribution parameters sr0 as the minimum breakdown member of normal population is recommended to be determined [8] with the formulas:

where Sr - root mean square tension deviation sr; m and e - statistical coefficients (selected on the basis of experimental data , depending on the sample size, equal to the number of teeth on peripheral crown cones); vr - coefficient of variation of breaking stress sr.

Calculation Analysis shows that one of the most effective images to improve reliability without increasing the average endurance limits is to reduce the coefficient of variation vr0 and vr. Reduction of Vr is associated with the use of materials with homogeneous structure and increase of the stability of cutting structure reinforcement, forms of teeth, heat treatment etc.

Interaction of drilling bit cutting structure with bottom-hole is associated with the transfer of loads on its elements, and on the rock face. This interaction has pulsed character. The magnitude of the energy transferred by pulses to the bottom is connected with oscillating processes that occur in the drill string, as well as geological and technical conditions of drilling.

Numerous studies [9] have demonstrated the existing influence of the drill string dynamic state on the drilling performance, and hence the reliability of the bit as a whole and its components.

Analysis of the vibrations records on the bit and on the square rod [9] shows that the peak load is unevenly distributed across the teeth cutting structures. And this is primarily due to the heterogeneity of the surface of the face (such as cracks, anisotropy of rock that is drilled, etc.). Also, the duration of the dynamic load is significantly less than the time in which the cone makes one revolution. As a result the load distribution differs from the distribution of dynamic loads on the drill string.

Proportionality between stress and vibration velocity made it possible to perform recording of bit vibrations and top of the drill string, and the spectrogram was formed (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5 shows that the peak values of bit vibration velocity and top of the drill string (during synchronous recording) do not coincide in frequency.

There is a need to apply statistical dynamics methods and the theory of process probability for evaluating the bit parts load, including cutting structures in different similar geotechnical conditions, with different bit bottom assembly and in different modes of drilling.

To establish the probability characteristics of the process that determines the mode of bit parts load, including cutting structures, you need to get the frequency response of the drill string, which includes this bit type. It is necessary to develop a design scheme that would characterize shaft parameters and consider drilling mode, as well as mechanical compliance of elements and damping coefficients.

Forced oscillations of drilling bit during drilling are the results of force impact caused by interaction of cutting structure with the rock face, uneven treatment of drill string, engine and its replaceable resistance movement, as well as kinetic disturbance of cutting structure in contact with the rock, due to manufacturing error of bits.

Destruction cutting structure of hard-alloy bit teeth occurs mainly due to prolonged cyclic stress changes. At random stationary vibration of the drilling tool there are no specific order of high and low stresses, at the same time, destructive effect and strengthening during small tensions cancel each other out. Fatigue damage accumulation hypothesis was suggested by some researchers, in particular by Palmgren [10]. This hypothesis is called the linear law. It determines the damage index in the following manner:

where ni - number of stress cycles with amplitude si; Ni – number of cycles till fatigue failure at constant tension amplitude si.

Damage Indicator can vary from zero to one, the decomposition occurs when D approaches to one. During calculations it is necessary to put in coefficient that take into account the physical and mechanical properties of the rock face , the frequency of interaction of teeth with rocks connected with the drilling mode and bit bottom assembly.

For further explanation of hard-alloy cutting structure button destruction and evaluation its reliability Shanley [11] hypothesis can be used , because it is more appropriate in case of direct physical interpretations, as well as for the reliability calculation of the button cutting structure.

In this theory it is provided that the fatigue destruction is due to cracks in the material which are distributed according to the law :

where h - the depth of the crack ; A - constant ; β - coefficient which depends on the tension amplitude; n - number of stress cycles.

Fig. 4. Load and bearing capacity distribution curves [7]

Fig. 5. Oscillation spectrogram of button drilling bit (1) and the top of the drill string (2) at simultaneous recording of the data points H =

800 m ; POC = 200 kN ; n = 70 rpm; light ray, drilling bit SZE -295.

Formula (16) may be used to calculate tooth lifetime in the form of button during laboratory testing at the following conditions:

1. Suppose h = h0 - crack depth at which the fracture occurs..

Suppose n = N - the number of cycles till the moment of destruction.

Suppose the parameter b, which characterizes the crack growth rate, is given by:

where C - constant ; s - nominal tension ; α- a figure that is determined by the experimental data. Using ( 17) in ( 16 ), we get the following:

So, at the first approximation we can experimentally determine the reliability of the single tooth of the hard-alloy button rolling cutter drilling bit, using the listed linear connections and vibrations records of the drilling tool to calculate the number of load cycles.

References 1. Сароян А.Е. Бурильные колонны в глубоком бурении / А.Е. Са-роян. – М.: Недра, 1979. – 229 с.

2. Симонов В.В. Работа шарошечных долот и их совершенствование / В.В. Симонов, В.Г. Выскребцов. – М.: Недра, 1975. – 238 с.

3. Симонянц Л.Е. Разрушение горных пород и рациональная характеристика двигателей для бурения / Л.Е. Симонянц. – М.: Недра, 1966. – 266 с.

4. Виноградов В.Н. Абразивное изнашивание бурильного инструмента / В.Н. Виноградов, Г.М. Сорокин, В.А. Доценко. – М.: Недра, 1980. – 209 с.

5. Волков Д.П. Надежность строительных машин и оборудования / Д.П. Волков, С.Н. Николаев. – М.: Высшая школа, 1979. – 400 с.

6. Костецкий Б.И. Качество поверхности и трение в машинах / Б.И. Костецкий, Н.Ф. Колесниченко. – К.: Техніка, 1969. – 216 с.

7. Капур К. Надежность и проектирование систем / К. Капур, Л. Лам-берсон. – М.: Мир, 1980. – 604 с.

8. Костецкий Б.И. Надежность и долговечность машин / Б.И. Кос-тецкий, И.Г. Носовский, Л.И. Бершадский, А.К. Караулов. – К.: Техніка, 1975. – 406 с.

9. Огородников П.И. Управление углублением забоя скважины на базе изучения динамических процессов в бурильной колоне: дис. … докт. техн. наук / П.И. Огородников. – М., 1991. – 421 с.

10.Коллинз Дж. Повреждение материалов в конструкциях / Дж. Коллинз. – М.: Мир, 1984. – 624 с.

11.shanley F.r. A Theory of Fatigue Based on Unbonding during Reserved Slip / F.R. Shanley // The Rand Corporation Report. – 1952. – P. 350.

Authors

OGORODNIKOV PETRO IVANOVICH

Graduated  Lviv  Polytechnic  Institute,  Mechanical  Department,  PhD,  Professor, Academician UOGA, Corresponding Member of  the Mining Academy of Ukraine. Works as Dean of Petroleum Engineering and Computer Science  faculty of  International Science and Technology University (Kyiv)

SVITLITSKYY VIKTOR MIKHAYLOVICH 

Doctor  of  technical  sciences,  professor.  Head  of  the  Scientific  and  Technical Department  JSC  «Ukrgasdobycha».  Graduated  IFINH  with  a  degree  in  geology  and exploration of oil and gas fields. Main areas of research are studying of the processes that occur  in deposits and high‐paraffin oils at changing  thermodynamic conditions, subsurface dispersion  systems modelling  of  powder  reagents  for  oil well  stimulation  and magnetical controlled disperse systems to limit and isolate reservoir water surge.

GOGOL VITALIY  IVANIVYCH 

Assistant of oil and gas transportation and storage professorial chair of  International Science and Technology University (Kyiv). Graduated  IFNTUOG with a degree  in gas and oil pipelines and gas‐oil storage tanks. Main scientific research ‐ the dynamics and strength of the drilling string.

On implementation of polymeric watering at oil deposits of Ukraine UDK 622.276 V. M. Doroshenko Doctor of technical sciences V. Y. Prokopiv Candidate of geological sciences of “Ukrnafta” PJSC” M. I. Rudyi Candidate of technical sciences R. B. Scherbii “Ukrnafta” PJSC

The article considers the opportunity of polymer watering introduction in the Bugruvativske oil field. The analysis reports on an influence of temperature, water composition and mechanical degradation over the thickening ability of the polymer solution are given. The optimum polymer in solution and the amount of fringe polymer solution for effective displacement of residual oil was selected.

“Ukrnafta” PJSC which is one of the main companies of oil and gas complex of Ukraine (68,3 % of extraction of oil with condensate and 10,6 % gas), faced two negative trends. First of all it is delay in reproduction of mineral and raw material base from rates of extraction of hydrocarbons and for second it is the transit of the majority of highly effective mine holes to the final stage of development, which is characterized by progressive exhaustion of layer energy, watering of mine holes and increase of the share of hardly extracted reserves (figure 1).

If development of these trends will not be stopped, under the existing rates of extraction already till 2020 the viable (active) reserves of oil will reach exhaustion and not only further extraction, but also the maintenance of the reached level will be under question.

Development of deposits with hardly extracted reserves of oil is performed slowly, and, as the experience shows, the final oil recovery in such cases does not exceed 30% from initial balanced reserves [1]. In such conditions one of directions of stabilization and buildup of extraction of oil is implementation of the methods of increase of oil extraction. Now at mine holes of Ukraine, including “Ukrnafta” PJSC, among big number of known methods [2, 3] only watering is used, which gradually loses its efficiency with transfer of the majority of oil deposits to the late stage [4]. However, it causes early watering of the products of extraction mine holes, intensive decrease of debit of oil and at the result of this the cessation of mine holes and acquirement of the status of unprofitable ones by them [5]. It is particularly characteristic of the mine holes with high-viscosity oils, for instance of Buhruvativska (horizons В-18–В-14) covered by watering system, and current rate of water extraction is 6,9 % subject to realization of extraction reserves of 31,6 % and watering of 47,6 %.

Buhruvativske mine hole is characterized with high complexity of geologic composition and conditions of oil saturation of productive layers. Development of the deposits of oil is complicated with block geological composition, considerable homogeneity of collector features of productive layers with oil of viscosity of 19,9-40 MPa in layer conditions and density 892,1-898,5 kg/m3 [6]. Reserves of oil of the deposit, according to project technical and economic indices, may be extracted only subject to use of known methods of increase of oil extraction.

For solution of this task in oil extraction field solutions of polymers characterized with high viscosity, thixotropy, pseudo plasticity, are applied in oil industry more and more often. The necessity of polymers is justified by their ability to influence reologic features of water systems and create gels of necessary viscosity.

Polymeric watering increases efficiency of supersede of oil and water М = (kв/μ в)/(k н/μ н). If M rate is close to 1 supersede will be efficient.

Analysis of correlation shows that it is possible to get high effect from supersede with the help of:

Decrease of efficiency of penetration for water;

Decrease of viscosity of oil

Increase of viscosity of water

Increase of efficiency of penetration for oil

The easiest way is increase of viscosity of water by adding of polymers to it. Polymers are widely used in world practice as agents for increase of the rate of oil extraction.

Polymeric watering is the adding of polymer to water for decrease of its fluidity. Use of polymers gives opportunity to decrease penetration on water phase considerably, to level the front of displacement of oil by water, to continue waterless period of exploitation of mine hole, which finally facilitates increase of completeness of extraction of oil.

Figure. 1. Qualitative characteristics of extraction reserves of “Ukrnafta” PJSC

Polymeric watering is widely used at deposits with oils with high-viscosity. For instance, on base of reagents of SNF FlOERGEL reagents the following countries perform polymeric watering: USA (9 projects), Canada (33 projects), Brazil (4 projects), Indonesia (2 projects), Venezuela (2 projects), Argentina (1 project), Columbia (1 project), Angola (1 project), Oman (1) project, Austria (1 project), France (1 project), Great Britain (1 project) [7].

According to the results of many-year researchers and industrial trials of water soluble polymers in the processes of drilling and intensifying of oil extraction the main requirements which polymers shall satisfy are stated:

To dissolve in water quickly and completely;

Not to change physical and chemical characteristics in some time and under effect of temperature;

To be firm against salting out in layer waters;

To condense water effectively in case of little concentrations;

To filter through porous environment;

To have the factor of opposition, but at the same time adsorption of polymer from solution in porous environment shall be minimal for provision of advance of reagent to considerable distance in the layer;

Not to create unjustified high pressure on the layer un the process of injection;

Not to cause corrosion of equipment;

Not to be toxic.

“Ukrnafta” PJSC has performed a complex of geologic industrial and laboratory researches directed to implementation of the method of polymeric watering at research plot of horizon В-16 of Buhruvativska deposit with high-viscosity oils. This land plot is characterized with such conditions: average depth of bedding of effective horizon is 3306 m, type of collector is sandstone, layer temperature is 93 оС, viscosity of oil in layer conditions is 20 MPa, general mineralization of layer water is 175 mg/dm3, рН=6, ferrum ions composition Fe+2 - from 56 to 140, and ions of Fe+3 – from 2 to 26.

In connection with high temperature and mineralization of layer water the series of researches for selection of optimal polymer of SNF FlOERGEL Company (France) was performed for watering of Nuhruvativska oil deposit. More than 20 trade marks of co-polymers of acryl amide of different kinds were researched (non-iogenic, anion active and cation active).

According to the results of researches it was stated that gel like polymers of РМ450 and РМ355 are not poured. At the same time the standard hydrolyzed polyacrilamides of FLOPAAM S series with molecular mass from 8 to 22 mln Daltons and level of hydrolyze з 20 – 30 mol. % have better characteristics of condensation of layer water. Thus, for 0,05 % of solution of polymers 3630S, 3530S, 3430S, 3330S dynamic viscosity under speed of shift 61,2 с-1 is changed within the limits from 2,0 to 2,35 MPa. Polymers of the same series 2530S, 2430S, 2330S with less level of hydrolyze have a little bit less condensation ability. Dynamic viscosity changes within the limits from 1,6 to 1,9 MPa under the same speed of shift.

Research of thermal destruction of polymers of FLOPAAM S series were performed through holding of these polymers at temperatures of 90 оС for not less than seven days. The highest efficiency for condensation of water is demonstrated also by sulphated co-polymers of AN series. Dynamic viscosity is 0,05 % of solution prepared on layer water of Buhruvativska deposit under speed of shift 61,2 с-1, for polymers of series АN (AN945VHM, AN934VHM, AN132, AN132SH, AN125VLM, AN113, AN113SH, AN105, AN105SH, AN125, AN125SH) changes from 2,0 to 3,0 MPa. For watering of Buhruvativske deposit the most optimal sulphated polymers turned to be polymers AN 125, AN132 and their modifications.

Figure. 2. Dependence of the rate of dynamic viscosity on speed of shift for 0,05 % polymeric solution

Figure 3. Dependence of the rate of dynamic viscosity on speed of shift for 0,2 % polymeric solution prepared on water from watering system

For comparative characteristics: polymeric solutions were prepared on layer water used in the system of watering of Buhruvativske deposit and on technical water. For determination of viscosity of polymer a viscosity meter with low speed of flow of Brookfeld LVT type with UL-adaptor was applied.

On Figure 2 the dependence of dynamic rate of viscosity on speed of shift for 0,05 % of polymeric solution prepared on technical and layer water is shown.

The received results evidence that non-iogenic polymer 3630S and sulphated polymers AN132SH and AN125SH have the highest condensation ability. Some lower indices of polymers AN132 and AN125 are explained by the fact that their molecular mass is lower than the molecular mass of the above-stated ones on the same stage of sulfuring.

On Figure 3 dependance of dynamic rate of viscosity on speed of shift for 0.2% polymer solution prepared on water injected to the layer is shown.

Having analyzed the results of researches shown on figures 2 and 3 we see that dynamic rates of viscosity in fresh and mineralized water differ considerably. It is explained by the fact that in fresh water solution in the process of ionization of polyelectrolyte between monomeric pin holes the forces of electrostatic repulsion occur which causes the spread of the coil of macro-moleculas and increase of their linear sizes. In mineralized water these processes are subsides by proto-ions and spread of macro-moleculas does not take place. So subject to use of layer water of reach of one and the same mean of dynamic viscosity rate

Table 1 Change of viscosity of 0,05 % polymer solution prepared on technical water depending on intensity of interfusion

Dynamic rate of viscosity, MPa/sec Mode of interfusion. Turnovers/min , AN125 AN125SH AN132 AN132SH FLOPAAM

3630SBefore

interfusion 4,27 5 ,13 4,32 5,01 6,29

500 4,2 4,95 4,13 4,18 4,76

2000 3,3 4,6 3,14 4,09 3,52

Almost four times more any dry polymer of AN series is required.

Taking into account the above-stated the further researches were performed for polymeric solutions prepared on technical water with concentration of 0,05 % and on layer water with concentration of 0,2 %. For above-stated group of polymers the researches of thermal stability of

their solutions (figure 4) were performed. Polymeric solutions were held for seven days at 90 оС, after which they were cooled down to 20 оС and dynamic viscosity rate was measured.

Having compared the results of researches (see figure 4, graphics a and b) we see that in solutions prepared on mineralized water decrease of viscosity of polymer solutions is manifested less than in solutions with fresh water.

In addition to temperature the stability of polymer solutions are influenced by mechanical destruction caused by hydraulic oppositions in the process of injection to the layer (interfusion, isolation valve, bends and narrowings of the pipeline etc).

Selecting the mode of effect on polymeric solution, it is necessary to use for orientation the exiting modes of interfusion of solutions in technological processes during their application at production fields. Two modes of interfusion differing in speed of rotation of laboratory ,impeller were selected namely: circle interfusion with number of rotations 500 and 2000 per minute respectively. Time of interfusion and temperature of experiment in the first and the second case were the same and were 3 hours and 20 оС respectively.

Table 2 Change of viscosity of 0,05 % polymeric solution prepared on layer water depending on intensity of interfusion

Динамічний коефіцієнт в’язкості, мПа•сРежим перемішування, б/

AN125 AN125SH AN132 AN132SH FLOPAAM 3630S

до перемішування 5,05 5,88 4,7 6,15 2,35

500 4,93 4,95 4,23 4,69 1,872000 2,86 4,18 2,88 3,89 1,78

Figure. 4. Thermal stability of polymer solutions: а – 0,05 % polymer solution on technical water; б – 0,2 % polymer solution on water from watering system

For researches of influences on mechanic destruction two kinds of polymers were selected – sulfated and hydrolyzed ones. Polymeric solutions were prepared on technical and layer water with respective concentrations of 0,05 and 0,2 %. Before and after interfusion measurements of viscosity were performed. The results are stated in tables 1 and 2.

On the ground of stated data we see that small speed of interfusion almost does not cause destructive changes of polymeric solution. Visible change of viscosity is seen in sulfated co-polymers AN125 and AN132 during more intensive interfusion (2000 turnovers/minute), which is the evidence of mechanic destruction of polymer.

Summarizing the results of tables 1 and 2 we can say that with increase of rotations of impeller during interfusion for high-molecular sulfated co-polymers of acryl amides AN125SH and AN132SH intensity of destruction of polymer solutions increases, but does not cause dramatic decrease of viscosity. Obviously it is explained by the fact that intensity of interfusion under conditions of experiment was not sufficient for abruption of molecular connections in the whole volume of polymeric solution.

For the above-stated polymers the series of researches on bulk models for determination of oil supersede ability was performed. The rate of porosity is 30%, penetration is 150 mkm2, temperature is 95 оС.

For conditions of Buhruvativske deposit supersede of oil was modeled by various agents, namely the following ones:

experiment 1: by layer water till ceasing of removal of oil from the layer, rate of supersede during the waterless period was 42 %, final one 45 %;

experiment 2: 0,05 % polymer solution prepared on layer water in volume of 0.2 porous space, then the solution was pushed by layer water, rate of supersede during the waterless period was 43 %, final one 45 %;

experiment 3: 0,05 % polymer solution prepared on technical water in volume of 0.2 porous space, after which technical water (buffer) in volume of 0.1 of porous space was injected, then the solution was pushed by layer water, rate of supersede during the waterless period was 48 %, final one 53 %.

Speed of pumping of these agents in the process of supersede was about 0,1710 -9 m3/s.

So for the conditions of Buhruvativske deposit the most acceptable for polymeric watering are polymers AN125SH and AN132SH, use of which provides for increase of rate of supersede of oil for 8 % comparing with use of layer water in existing system of watering.

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6. Атлас родовищ нафти і газу: у 6 т. / М.М. Іванюта, В.О. Федишин, Б.І. Денега [та ін.].; за заг. ред. М.М.Іванюти. – 1998. – Т.1. – 1998. – 494 с. 7. Flopaam. Увеличение нефтеотдачи. [Электронный ресурс] / Режим доступа: http://www.resource-gr.com/files/uploads_dynamic/partners_ doc/31.pdf

OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION

Scattering of acoustic waves bubbles of gas in reservoirs URC 532.595 V.P. Nagorny Dr. of Science І.І. Denisuk Cand. Sc. IGF NAS of Ukraine V.M. Lihvan NPU «Poltavagasextraction» Т.А. Shveykina Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Natural Gas

The article is concerned with questions of acoustic wave scattering by gas bubbles. The results obtained allow determining the acoustic resonant frequency, in which the effect of oil-producing formation wave treatment with gas bubbles is maximum.

From professional literature it is known that for increasing of flow rate of oil wells it is normally to use acoustic methods of action at geopolitical environment of productive layers [1-5]. During the acoustic treatment of productive layers the key parameters are the frequency and amplitude of the pulse action. This technology gets particular relevance in the oil fields, which are in advanced stage of development, which is characterized by the presence of gas bubbles in the fluid of a certain size. This occurs when the pressure in the fluid becomes less than the saturation pressure of gas oil.

The interaction problem of the incident wave with bubbles of gas in the gas-liquid environment are published in works [1-5], sufficiently describing the picture of the amplitudes of the wave field generated in the gas-liquid environment of the resulting oscillations bubbles. However, insufficient attention was given to studies of scattered waves, which are generated by the interaction of the incident wave with bubbles, and evaluated the amplitude of the wave field. We shall consider the determination of the resonance frequency of the acoustic effect on the gas-saturated environment.

Suppose that in a homogeneous environment of the characterized density ρ and speed of sound c is distributed acoustic wave harmonic with frequency ω:

where p0(r) = pmеikr – complex amplitude of pressure; к= ω/c- wave number; І=V - 1 - complex number.

Later times multiplier е-i ωt omit as considering the established processes.

If there are obstacles in the environment as gas bubbles to the incident wave (1) is added to the wave, which is called the scattered wave. The amplitude of the pressure is denoted by ps(r). The sum of pressure p0(r) + ps(r) = p(r) determines the acoustic pressure field in the medium and presence of a bubble.

Permeable environment wave in bubble is denoted by pn(r). We consider the scattering of acoustic waves on bubbles, which size is much smaller than the length of the incident wave kR0

<< 1. So, we will consider scattering of a plane acoustic harmonic waves (1) with frequency ω in the gas bubbles of radius R0, filled with gas with density ρn at the speed of sound CN, located in the liquid.

The amplitude of the pressure p (r) in the environment satisfies the Helmholtz equation [6]:

As the ambient pressure field ps (r) = p (r) - p0 (r), and the incident wave satisfies the Helmholtz equation, the scattered wave and we have:

The scattered wave must satisfy the radiation conditions, that determines the traveling wave that goes from bubbles to infinity. On the border of obstacle (bubble) the boundary conditions should be performed: the equality of pressure and normal velocity components of particles on the surface of the bubble (r=R0):

where pn - pressure gas (air) on the surface of bubble;

– vibrational displacements of the surface normal speed

Neglecting viscosity and thermal conductivity, we believe that the gas inside the blister describes the linear equation of state [6]:

Equation (6) can be represented through vibrational velocity vB in the form [6]:

where vB = dR/dt - oscillatory velocity of normal displacement of bubble surface ; R – bubble variable radius, k = p "-0s2p elasticity gas bubbles; rp0 - the average density of the gas.

Field pressure, which ambient with gas bubbles, we search in series the following line:

where Нп(1)(кг) - Hankel function of the 1st type; Pn(@) - Legendre polynomial; Вп – coefficients, which determined from the boundary conditions of the problem (4), (5).

When kg << 1 the first term can be limited to which n = 0. Then, taking into account that the Legendre polynomial P0 (&) = 1 and asymptotically function H0 (1) (kg) is given by H0 (1) (kg) = —і* eikr /kr and the scattered field (8) can be written as

where the coefficient B0 corresponds exclusive scattering.

The coefficient B0 is determined from the boundary conditions (4) and (5) that at r = R0 are given by

Expand eikR0 function in a Taylor line in dagrees kR0. Taking into account that kR0 << 1, we shall present the line of only the first two members:

where the squared

Substituting (12) into the system of equations (10) - (11), we obtain:

By solving the system of equations (13) according to the coefficient B, we find:

circular frequency of oscillation of the gas bubble.

After substituting (14) into (9) we obtain the formula for determining the field scattered by the gas bubbles, during the term of the acoustic wave at him (1):

Note that the coefficient B0 (14) defines the complex amplitude of the scattered wave. As can be seen, the amplitude of the scattered wave has a resonant character. It takes the maximum value in aqueous ω = ω0.

Note: If the expression (14) we neglect the small member (kR0) 2, then we obtain:

which coincides with the result of [6], where the members (kR0) 2 neglected and not taken into account the radial velocity componentщо

in the incident wave

Module relation (15) determines the pressure dependence of the amplitude of the scattered wave on the frequency of the incident wave.

After introducing the dimensionless frequency со =со0/со formula (16) takes the form:

During the acoustic effect on the gas bubble usually, (kR) 2 << 1, and this profile can be neglected. Then from (17) we obtain:

which coincides with the data [6] at (R0) 2 << 1.

However, formula (17) at the point u = 1 allows to pinpoint the amplitude of the scattered field, as opposed to dependence (18).

So we get the dependence of the amplitude of pressure waves scattered by gas bubbles, during its interaction with the incident acoustic wave (1) of the frequency without affecting co dissipative energy losses due to viscosity and thermal conductivity, are available in a production environment. This dependence can be used to estimate the pressure field emitted by the gas bubbles, when choosing an acoustic modes of action on the environment.

Note that in [5] a general formula was obtained for the pressure wave emitted by the gas bubbles, based on dissipative losses, which are characterized by the parameter p attenuation of the incident acoustic pressure wave and coefficient.

(η - dynamic viscosity of the environment).

Table 1 The dependence of the dimensionless amplitude of the scattered wave from the dimensionless frequency ω for different sizes of bubbles

0 0,5 1 2 3 4 5

1,0 1,333 500,0 0,333 0,125 0,066 0,041

1,0 1,333 5000,0 0,333 0,125 0,066 0,041

Table 2 The dependence of the dimensionless amplitude of the scattered wave from a distance for different modes of interaction of acoustic waves with bubble

1 10 100 500 1000 5000500 50 5 1 0, 5 0 ,1

0,333 0,333 0,333 6,66 •10 -4 3,33 •10 -4 6, 6 6 •10 -5

Using this dependence and laying it parameters b = 0, a = 1 (environment without viscosity and dissipative losses), we obtain the formula for the amplitude of the pressure wave emitted by gas bubbles, as:

For environments without resistance Thus, the dependence

(19) coincides with formula (17) obtained for idealized environment. In reality resonant scattering bubbles is significant, but not as much as the theory that ignores the loss of

mechanical energy. Resonant bubbles not only scatter but also absorb the energy of the incident acoustic wave, and due to the large amplitude of doing it effectively.

In Table. 1 it is shown the data for the dimensionless pressure amplitude of the scattered wave for some radii blubble.

where depending on the dimensionless frequency -.

.

The data in Table 1 show that the bubble highly responsive to a frequency that to its resonant frequency. At other frequencies the scattered field pressure slightly

dependent on and does not depend on the size of the bubble.

The Table. 2 shows the dependence of the dimensionless ratio of the amplitude of the incident pressure wave scattered from a distance r/R0 dimensionless ratios for some frequency -. As you can see in Table. 2, the ratio ps /pm by - = 1 (resonant mode) is significantly higher than the corresponding value in That is, the resonant mode maximizes the ambient gas blister pressure field acting on its surrounding environment.

Summarizing conducted theoretical studies, we can conclude that the best effect of processing fluid from blisters can be achieved at the resonance frequency of the acoustic mode of action of ω, which coincides with the natural frequency of bubble. In this action the effect of peening environment with bubbless associated with the amplitude of the scattered waves is the strongest, which reduces viscosity and connection of fluid (oil) with the solid phase of environmental layer, which is accompanied by improvements to the inflow of fluids downhole and increasing of their flow rate.

This is especially important for depleted oil fields that are in the final stages of their exploitation and which have a bubble mode of fluid flow.

ON TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE OF OIL AND GAS Calculation of modes of work of Bilche-Volytska-Uherska underground gas storage (program complex) UDK 621.64.029

N. M. Prytula Candidate of technical sciences M. H. Prytula Candidate of physical and mathematical sciences “Mathematic Centre” LLC Ya. S. Pidstryhach Centre of Mathematical Modelling IPPMM of National Academy of Ukraine R. Ya. Shymko Candidate of technical sciences S. V. Hladun

“Ukrtransgaz” PJSC

The functionality description of the developed software approved on real date is given in the article. Examples of the solution of specific problems and the analysis of assumption on which development of the modeling software is based are described.

The functionality description of the developed software approved on real date is given in the article. Examples of the solution of specific problems and the analysis of assumption on which development of the modeling software is based are described.

One of the main tool for scientifically grounded taking of decisions concerning rational exploitation of gas storage is modeling. Development of models and modeling complexes is a long-term process. In order to become an effective tool in work of operations control centre, modeling complexes shall comply with certain requirements including simple user interface, automation of the process of actualization of technological scheme and reference data, quick respond of the system to user’s requests, visualization of the results of calculation, automation of the process of construction of the model of underground storage of gas (USG) and solution of the tasks etc. the developed modeling program complex “USG Mode” complies with the majority of these requirements.

Analyzing current state of developments on this topic, we see that the majority of monographs and articles in available mass media are dedicated mainly to the issues of extraction of hydrocarbons, gas liquid mixtures with possible phase transits and explorations of mine holes. The problems of modeling of gas storages are considered by insignificant number of researchers, namely [1–11]. Filtration and gas dynamics processes taking place in USG are more dynamic than in gas deposits. Because of this fact they are considerably influenced by homogeneities of penetration anisotropy, and also the existing indeterminations. Research of the above-stated processes requires highly precise models and quick methods of their realization. It is difficult to estimate their comparative characteristics in objective way because of their absence on domestic market. Many approaches to modeling of USG are based on balance model of its layer (layers) or it is declared that layer pressures are determined or can be determined by 3D hydrodynamic model in Eclipse environment. The use of ways of modeling of Schlumberger company (info-

sis@slb.com) for calculation of modes of work of the production fields as single thermal hydraulic system are often mentioned [12].

Brief characteristic of modeling object In 1983 pumping of gas to the exhausted XVI horizon of Bilche-Volytskyi deposit started.

It became the beginning of the largest in Europe Bilche-Volytske-Uherske USG (BVU USG) which has the most favorable conditions of gas storing – relatively small depth of deposit of collector layer, high filtration and capacity geologic and physical parameters, sufficient sealing, connection with gas transport system and advantageous geographic location.

In compliance with project decisions drilling, arrangement and connection of USG mine holes was completed till 1994. Gas collection stations 1, 2, 3, 4 were built and 291 mine holes were connected to them on Bilche-Volytskyi deposit and over 50 on Uherskyi deposit. Bilche-Volytska compression station of post-contact thrust is equipped with 28 gas delivering devices (ГПА) Ц-16 and ГПА Ц-6,3.

The above-stated USG is connected with the system of gas pipes Ivatsevychi-Dolyna III, Kyiv-West of Ukraine-II, Bilche-Volytsia-Dolyna, which through its continuing pipeline Dolyna-Bohorodchany is connected with main pipelines “Union” and Urenhoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod.

Characteristics of program complex

The developed program complex provides for:

Calculation of thermal and hydraulic parameters for all objects participating in pumping, storage and collection of gas;

Automation of process of formation of model in cases of change of equipment during modernization and reconstruction of separate objects and USG in general;

Adoption of models of technologic objects to variable conditions of their work abd their gas hydrodynamic state;

Simplicity of exploitation, implementation, maintenance and actualization of data;

Timely performance of many-time calculation for search of optimal mode parameters on considerable intervals and in case of necessity comparative analysis of possible variants of reconstruction of USG.

Figure. 1. Main form of the program “Calculation of Bilche-Volytsia DKS”

The main requirements to the method, algorithmic and software are developed.

1. Finding out of parameters of gas streams in complex gas hydrodynamic systems is oriented mainly to provision of fulfillment of the first and second law of Kirchgof (system “apron of mine holes – main pipeline” is presented in terms of theory of graphs) and is not connected with the type of mathematic presentation of models of the objects.

2. Coincidence of the method is provided if we include to the calculation a big number of objects with different mathematical presentation of models of gas streams in objects.

3. Hydraulic calculation of many-workshop compression stations with different-type gas pumping devices gives opportunity to consider the individual characteristics of each of them.

4. Calculation of the initial distribution of pressure in the field of layers-collectors is performed with mentioning of pressures measured in separate mine holes with simultaneous identification of parameters of homogeneous layer subject to performance of balance indices. Distribution of pressure in layer and debits of the mine holes are calculated under condition of non-stationary filtration of gas.

Calculation of modes of DKS work Let us consider the possible variants of work of Bilche-Volytske-Uherske gas storage.

Technological scheme of BVUGS allows its multi-variant work. Combining the streams OF different USG, it is possible to deliver gas to the entrance of USG in one or two streams. These two streams in exit of USG can also be combined or not-combined and directed to different or one of gas pipelines.

Considerable amount of workshops with different-type USG and with set of replacement various flowing parts gives opportunity to realize one and the same mode of DKS work in various ways. Criteria of choosing of the best variant includes summarized spend of fuel gas, remoteness from zone of pompage and the scheme of work of DKS. Criteria of choosing include parameters being competitive ones, so minimum of fuel gas not always provide for reliability (stability) of work characterized by certain remoteness from zone of pompage. In such cases reasonable compromise is necessary.

The tasks being solved by program, complex are stated in window of calculation of DKS (figure 1). The main task is to find according to the parameters of gas in entrance and pressure of gas in exit the parameters of mode of work (10) (schemes of turning-on of the workshops, number of USG on each stage of compression of gas, turnovers and flow parts of centre injectors). Complex provides for opportunity of find out of the third parameter according to two fixed from three possible parameters (2) (pressure in entrance, pressure in exit and apparent resistivity and efficiency). Solving the mode tasks, user of the program have opportunity to set the restriction of minimum and maximum number of USG (3), turnovers at each stage of each workshop, types of USG available in the workshops, values of steps of exhaustive search, criteria of evaluation of optimal mode and way of distribution of gas stream between parallel working USG of the workshop. In the main task it is also necessary to state the variety of modes(1), among which the optimal one will be searched.

Mode of work of USG Mode of work of USG is calculated for known initial distribution of layer pressures,

temperatures and composition of layer gas on the considered forecasted period of time according to the set distribution of spending (collection or injection) and gas pressure in main gas pipeline. Losses of pressure in apron zone and work mine hole are described in compliance with [12]. Such model of work in the mine hole requires availability of known filtration rates, rates of hydraulic opposition to movement of gas in a mine hole, and also in binding of a mine hole. During calculation of mode of mine hole work the opportunity of consideration of restrictions for maximum debits and depressions of pressure for layer in the field of apron zones.

Figure 2. Main form of the program and marker “Processing of measurements”. Two graphics in the top represents calculated and measured layer pressures in the field of collection of gas, and in the bottom there is injection (over the axis) and collection (under the axis) of gas.

Hydraulic losses in shelf collection system and in apron zones, mine hole and binding of mine hole acre calculated with the help of one and the same program complex used for calculation of distribution networks of high pressure.

There is a set of direct and inverse mode tasks, which shall be solved. Direct tasks include the tasks, where the process of calculation is performed in direction from layer to entrance of DKS or to the entrance to main gas pipeline. If reference data are the pressure or spending on the entrance of DKS (in gas pipeline), and it is necessary to calculate layer pressure on contour of field of feeding of mine holes, in such case the task is called inverse one. All sets of tasks are given for isothermal case. The issue of thermal and hydraulic calculation is considered at the end of paragraph. In all tasks we consider the graph scheme ШКС-ВС to be nominal one, its geometric parameters (internal diameters and lengths) and functions of losses of pressure on binding of craters depending on spending of gas and buffered pressure for all available types of bindings.

Task 1 Given: rates of filtration oppositions of apron zones of mine holes, hydraulic oppositions of

miner holes and areas of shelf and collection system; one of the values is the average layer pressure for each mine hole, summary debit of mine holes, debit of each mine hole; one of the values for USG – pressure of spending.

To find: debit of each mine hole, spending or pressure of gas in USG (not given).

It is necessary to remember that distribution of layer pressure is considerably influenced by parameters of the layer (porosity, penetration, effective thickness, geologic, geometric etc), known mainly rather approximately. Because of this very often reference parameters satisfy the respective mathematic equations also approximately.

Task 2 Given (during the season of collection/injection): one of the values is an average layer

pressure in the field of collection; layer pressure for each mine hole, summary debit of mine holes, debit of each mine hole; one of values at USG is the pressure, spending, spending and pressure.

To find: rates of filtration oppositions of apron zones of mine holes, hydraulic oppositions of mine holes and shelf collection systems.

Rates of hydraulic oppositions of SK areas for each USG differs not considerably, so we consider them equal. Allowability of such admission is proved by performed numeric experiments.

Table 1 Collection of gas

Day Q1 (mln m3/day

Q1р (mln m3/

Q2 (mln m3/day

Q2p

(mln m3/

%

10 124,6 0 ,12 – – –20 127, 8 0,23 12 2 0,32 14530 128 ,9 0,33 12 2 0,44 13940 12 7, 7 0,43 12 2 0,8 19 450 128, 5 0,57 12 2 1,04 19160 123, 8 0,73 10 0 0,8 13670 113 , 2 0,78 10 0 0,91 13180 101,6 0,78 95 0,95 13190 95,1 0,78 89 0,97 132

100 81,5 0,73 81 0,95 131110 70,9 0,63 66 0,76 130120 66,9 0,63 61,5 0,72 12 5130 5 7, 3 0,63 – – –140 4 7,8 0,52 – – –150 43 0,47 – – –160 38,2 0,42 – – –165 38,2 0,42 – – –

Table я 2 Injection of gas

Day Q1 (mln m3/day

Q1р (mln m3/ d б )

Q2 (mln m3/day

Q2p

(mln m3/ d б )

%

10 – – – – –20 102,2 0,14 – – –30 106,8 0,18 100 0,27 16440 106,7 0, 21 100 0,29 14450 106,5 0,26 100 0,34 14060 106,4 0,29 100 0,38 13870 106,3 0,32 100 0,46 15480 106,2 0,35 100 0,63 19390 102,8 0,36 100 0,66 186100 108,6 0,42 100 0,68 17 711 0 101 0,42 100 0,71 17 212 0 10 7,1 0,47 100 0,74 169130 10 0,8 0,47 100 0,77 165140 106, 3 0,52 100 0,83 169150 102,4 0,62 100 0,85 139

Table 3 Mode of work of Bilche-Volytsia USG

Day Mode of work of compression station 30 [1]1:Ц-6,3/41[6318], [2]9,10,12:НЦ-16/56[4124]40 [1 ]1 :Ц-6,3/41 [6108], [2]9,10,12:НЦ-16/56[4395]50 [1]1:Ц-6,3/41[6035], [2]9,10,12:НЦ-16/56[4936]60 [1 ]1 :Ц-6,3/41 [6879], [2]9,10,12:НЦ-16/56[5067]70 [2]9,10,12,13:НЦ-16/56[5087], [4]24:Ц-6,3В/29[6448]80 [2]9:НЦ-16/56[4765],11:НЦ-16/41[4671] - [2]12,13:НЦ-16/56[4119],

[4]24,25:Ц-6,3В/29[6204] - [4]27,28:Ц-6,3В/41[6300] 90 [2]9:НЦ-16/56[4765],11:НЦ-16/41[4671] - [2]12,13:НЦ-16/56[4349],

[4]24,25:Ц-6,3В/29[6204] - [4]27,28:Ц-6,3В/41[6642]100 [2]9:НЦ-16/56[4924],11:НЦ-16/41[4674] - [2]12,13:НЦ-16/56[4685],

[4]24,25:Ц-6,3В/29[6006] - [4]27,28:Ц-6,3В/41[6092]11 0 [2]9:НЦ-16/56[4924],11:НЦ-16/41 [4674] - [2]12,13:НЦ-16/56[4872],

[4]24,25:Ц-6,3В/29[6006] - [4]27,28:Ц-6,3В/41[6468] 12 0 [2]9,10:НЦ-16/56[5150] - [2]12,13:НЦ-16/56[4410],

[4]24,25,26:Ц-6,3В/29[6045] - [4]27,28:Ц-6,3В/41[6478] 130 [2]9,10:НЦ-16/56[4860],11:НЦ-16/41[5030] - [2]12,13:НЦ-16/56[4484],

[4]24,25:Ц-6,3В/29[6325] - [4]27,28:Ц-6,3В/41[6254] 140 [2]9,10:НЦ-16/56[4692],11:НЦ-16/41[4872] – [2]12,13:НЦ-

16/56[4562],14:НЦ-16/76[4564], [4]24,25:Ц-6,3В/29[6086] – [ 4]27, 2 8 : Ц - 6 , 3 В /41[6511]

150 [1a]22:Ц-16/29-1.6[5506],23:НЦ-16/41[3985] - [2]9,10,12:НЦ-16/56[4279] - [3]15,16,17,18,19:НЦ-16/100[4506]

Table 4 Calculation summary day collections under different layer pressures in work zones and set pressures in entrances of USG and MG

Average pressure in work field (MPa) Daily volume of collection from (mln m3/day) Pressure in entrance (in MPa)

Bilche-Volytska Uherska Bilche-Volytska Uherska First USG In MG Summary daily collection (mln

m 3/day)

5,50 3,60 12 3, 8 20,9 1,80 4,00 14 4,65,20 3,50 115, 0 19,9 1,80 4,00 13 4,94,90 3,40 106,2 18,9 1,80 4,00 12 5 ,14,60 3,30 97, 3 17, 9 1,83 4,00 115, 24,30 3,20 88,2 16,8 1,83 4,00 105,14,00 3,10 78,9 15, 8 1,83 4,00 94,73,70 3,00 69,3 14,7 1,83 4,00 84,03,40 2,90 59,3 13, 6 1,83 4,00 72,93,05 2,80 46,9 12, 4 1,85 4,00 59,32,75 2,70 35,1 11, 2 1,85 4,00 46,32,45 2,60 21,1 9,9 1,85 4,00 30,92 ,10 2,45 7,1 7, 6 4 1,85 4,00 14,7

Numeric experiments For Bilche-Volytske-Uherske gas storage gas regime of collection and injection of gas is

realized. Within the limits of the existing exactnesses of measured data and change of layer pressures water drive mode of work is not manifested.

Complex “ISG Mode” helps to perform adaption of models of technologic objects in considerable time intervals. For this the opportunity of visualization of calculated and measured data was realized, which allows quick estimation of influence of one or another parameter on change of layer pressure. Program complex “USG Mode” is realized in DELPHI environment and has the convenient user interface complying with the main requirements to graphic interfaces.

The main menu of the complex consists of the name of period, initial data (summary volume of gas in gas storage, temperature of gas in the layer, average layer pressures in Bilche-Volytska and Uherska layers); means of the main parameters of the layer (porosity, penetration to work fields and to the fields bordering the layer, average power of the layer); graphic window with opportunity of choice of set of data for graphic representation.

Calculation of layer pressure of Bilche-Volytska USG during four period of collection/injection of gas is showed on figure 2.

Example 1

Numeric experiments were performed at program complex for estimation of efficiency of use of devices of WARTSILA firm according to fuel gas in comparison with available devices under given pressures in entrance and exit of USG. In exit of USG 5.5 MPa were accepted.

Example of calculation of percent in the sixths column (see data from table 1): 145 %=100 % * (0,32/122)/(0,23/127,8).

Table 5 Calculated summary daily collections under various layer pressures in work zones and given pressures in entrances of USG and MG

Average pressure in work field (MPa) Daily volume of collection from (mln m3/day) Pressure in entrance (in MP )Bilche-Volytska Uherska Bilche-Volytska Uherska First

USGIn MG

Summary daily collection (mln m 3/day)

5,50 3,60 116 , 6 17, 3 2,30 4,00 133,95,20 3,50 1 0 7,4 15, 8 2,30 4,00 123, 2

4,90 3,40 9 7, 9 14,6 2,30 4,00 112 ,64,60 3,30 88,3 13, 3 2,33 4,00 101,6

4,30 3,20 78,3 11 ,9 2,33 4,00 90,24,00 3,10 67, 8 10,4 2,33 4,00 78,33,70 3,00 56,7 8,8 2,33 4,00 65,53,40 2,90 44,5 6,9 2,33 4,00 51,43,05 2,80 27, 6 4,5 2,35 4,00 32 ,12,75 2,70 5,4 0 ,1 2,35 4,00 5,4

Table 6 Calculated summary daily collections under different layer pressures in work zones and given pressures in entrances of DKS and MG

Average pressure in work field (MPa) Daily volume of collection from (mln m3/day) Pressure in entrance (in MP )Uherska Bilche-Volytska Uherska First USG In MG

Summary daily collection (mln m 3/day)

5,50 3,60 107, 3 10,8 2,80 3,60 118 ,15,20 3,50 97, 3 8,9 2,80 3,60 106,24,90 3,40 86,9 6,7 2,80 3,60 93,64,60 3,30 76,0 3,6 2,83 4,00 79,64,30 3,20 64,4 2,6 2,83 4,00 67, 04,00 3,10 51,6 – 2,83 4,00 51,63,70 3,00 36,9 – 2,83 4,00 36,93,40 2,90 17, 3 – 2,83 4,00 17, 3

Table 7 Calculated summary daily collections under different layer pressures in work zones and given pressures in entrances of DKS and MG

Average pressure in work field (MPa) Daily volume of collection from (mln m3/day) Pressure in entrance (in MPa)

Uherska Bilche-Volytska Uherska First USG In MG

Summary daily collection (mln m 3/day)

5,50 3,60 95,3 7, 4 3,50 4,00 102,7

5,20 3,50 84,0 – 3,50 4,00 84,04,90 3,40 72,0 – 3,50 4,00 72,0

Gas pumping devices of USG Bilche-Volytsia use 45% of fuel gas per unit of gas volume more than USG of WARTSILA firm. In tables 1 and 2: second column represents daily volumes (mln m3) of pumping of USG of WARTSILA firm; the third column represents daily volumes (mln m3) of pumping of USG to Bilche-Volytsia DSK; 130–165 days – available USG at Bilche-Volytsia DKS are not able to provide for planned modes on gas collection.

In table 3 the results of calculation of FKS modes according to the table 2 is presented

Structure of line modes [2]9,10:НЦ-16/56[4692], 11:НЦ-16/41[4872] – [2]12,13:НЦ-16/56[4562],14:НЦ-16/76[4564], [4]24,25:Ц-6,3В/29[6086] – [4]27,28:Ц-6,3В/41[6511] is the following: [№ workshop] № ГПА1, № ГПА2 [turnovers] – [№ workshop] № ГПА1, № Г П А 2 [turnovers], [№ of workshop] № Г П А1, № Г П А 2 [turnovers] – [№ of workshop] № ГПА1, № ГПА2 [turnovers], де «–» – disconnect stages, а «,» – work in parallel.

Example 2 The numeric experiments concerning the subject of peak collections for given conditions o

layer pressures in work zones Bilche-Volytska and Uherska layers and pressures in main gas pipeline. Different pressures in entrance of the first level of DKS were set. Maximum possible collections from each layer separately were calculated. After this the calculation of DKS was performed. In the last column the daily collections that can be provided (available mode of work) by DKS (see tables 4-7). At the result the main factor of restriction of the peakness of USG is DKS of USG.

Explanations to accepted admissions 1. Filtration processes in layers-collectors are permanently non-stationary.

2. Filtration rates of apron zones of mine holes don’t give opportunity to calculate expressly debit of mine hole and depression of the layer in the field of apron of mine hole.

Value of filtration rates of specific mine holes depends significantly on parameters of formed fields of their feeding. These fields (feeding of mine holes) are variable in time and are formed depending on many factors effecting distribution of layer pressure and debit of mine holes. Filtration rates are stable in considerable time intervals for systems of gas extraction, because filtration processes in gas deposits are close to stationary ones and their fields of feeding set during considerable time period are rather stable ones.

It is necessary to expect that the value of filtration parameters will be mostly influenced by close zone of apron of mine holes. Setting of average means of filtration rates of mine holes and their dispersions requires processing of data in considerable time intervals.

3. For management of the modes of USG work knowledge of filtration rates of each mine hole is not always necessary. In many cases it is enough to know their average meaning, which in considerable time intervals is rather stable. Average layer pressure in the field of collection/injection of gas is also calculated in stable way. For this it is necessary to find the average penetration value of separate parts of layer-collector according to the measurements of layer pressures in available work and observation mine holes during 3-5 last years.

4. Performed numeric experiments proved that considerable accidental perturbation of layer pressure with zero average in broad diapason does not cause change of calculated parameters of gas in entrance of DKS. It grounds separate conclusions formulated above.

5. Distribution of layer pressure in the whole field of layer-collector is formed during the considerable time interval. For its reproduction modeling of work of USG during certain time (three-five years) is necessary. Distribution of layer pressure is influenced by mode of collection and injection of gas and distributed parameters (porosity, penetration) and geometric parameters of layer-collector. The majority of the above-stated parameters are known approximately. Setting of distribution of layer pressure is performed simultaneously with identification of distributed parameters of the layer. In such way we can obtain the coincidence of calculated and measured average layer pressures in the field of collection and injection of gas. The question of univocacy of reproduction of parameters of the layer (one equation of filtration and many parameters to be identified).

Main results

The model of USG offered in work and developed iteration procedures provided for sufficient exactness of calculation of distributed parameters (pressures, debits etc) and provides with necessary exactness for the parameters of material balance in layers of USG. It is necessary to note that today 2D model of gas filtration in porous homogeneous layers satisfies operation centre calculation tasks completely within the terms of exactness and timeliness.

References

1. Бузинов С.Н. Расчет технологической цепочки пласт–скважина–шлейф–КС–соединительный газопровод при циклической эксплуатации ПХГ / С.Н. Бузинов, Г.Ф. Толкушин // Транспорт и хранение газа. – 1980. – № 7. – С. 13–20.

2. Тетерев И.Г. Управление процессами добычи газа / И.Г. Тетерев, Н.Л. Шешуков, Е.М. Нанивский. - М.: Недра, 1981. - 248 с.

3. Ковалев АЛ. Опыт создания и использования программных комплексов для расчета технологических показателей ПХГ/ А.Л. Ковалев, Г.С. Крапивина // Международная конференция «Подземное хранение газа: надежность и эффективность». -М.: ООО«ВНИИГАЗ», 2007. - Т.1. - С. 144-151.

4. Коротаев ю.П. Добыча, подготовка, транспорт природного газа и конденсата. Справочное руководство в 2-х т. / Ю.П. Коротаев, Р.Д. Маргулов. - М.: Недра, 1984. - 360 с.

5. Лейбензон Л.С. Движение природных жидкостей и газов в пористой среде / Л.С. Лейбензон. - М: Изд-во технико-теоретической литературы, 1947. - 245 с.

6. Бузинов С.Н. Программный комплекс «GAHRAN» расчета технологических режимов отбора и закачки газа на ПХГ / С.Н. Бузинов, А.Л. Ковалев, Г.С. Крапивина, Г.С. Трегуб // Сборник научных трудов «Подземное хранение газа. Проблемы и перспективы». -М.: ВНИИГАЗ, 2003. - С. 257-263.

7. Вечерік Р.Л. Математичне моделювання процесу руху газу в системі пласт підземного сховища газу-магістральний газопровід / Р.Л. Вечерік, Я.Д. П’янило, М.Г. Притула, Ю.Б. Хаєцький // Нефть и газ. - 2004. - № 6. - С. 83-89.

8. Вечерік Р.Л. Математичний аналіз акумулюючої здатності газоносних пластів ПСГ / Р.Л. Вечерік, Я.Д. П’янило, М.Г. Притула, Ю.Б. Хаєцький // Нафт. і газова пром-сть. - 2005. - № 6. - С 55-59.

9. П’янило Я.Д. Неусталений рух газу в трубопроводах і пористих середовищах / Я.Д. П’янило, М.Г. Притула, Н.М. Притула //Фізико-математичне моделювання і інформаційні технології. - 2006. - Вип. 4. - С 72-80.

10. Лопух Н.Б. Розрахунок початково- граничних умов в задачах фільтрації газу в пористих середовищах / Н.Б. Лопух, Я.Д. П’янило, М.Г. Притула, Н.М. Притула // Вісник Національного університету «Львівська політехніка». Комп’ютерні науки та інформаційні технології. - 2009. - № 638. - С 239-243.

11. Притула Н. Математична модель Більче-Волицького сховища газу / Н.Притула, М.Притула, Р.Боровий, О.Химко // Вісник Національного університету «Львівська політехніка». Комп’ютерні науки та інформаційні технології. - 2010. - № 686. - С 192-198.

12. Ротов А.А. Моделирование режимов работы газового промысла как единой термогидравлической системы

13. А.А. Ротов, А.В. Трифонов, В.А. Сулейманов, В.А. Истомин // Газовая промышленность. - 2010. - № 10. - С. 46-50.

Authors of the article

Nazar Myroslavovych Prytula

Candudate of technical sciences, doctoral candidate of IPPMM of National Academy of Ukraine, leading engineer of sector of algorithmization and mathematical modeling of department of administration of systems of management of production of IT Department and “Uktransgaz” PJSC. The main direction of scientific researches is development of methods of solution of direct and reverse tasks of mathematical physics; optimization of difficult non-linear systems with distributed parameters; optimal administration of gas streams.

Myroslav Hryhorovych Prytula

Candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, director of “Mathematical Centre” LLC, chief research officer of Centre of Mathematical Modeling of IPPMM of National Academy of Ukraine, head of sector of algorithmization and mathematical modeling of IT Department and “Uktransgaz” PJSC. The main direction of scientific researches is analysis, synthesis, modeling and optimization of discrete and constant processes of different physical nature.

Roman Yaroslavovych Shymko

Candidate of technical sciences, director of department of underground storage of gas of “Ukrtransgaz” PJSC. His specialty is engineer-mechanic, the main direction of activity is optimal exploitation of gas storages; filtration of gas in multi-binding homogeneous porous environments.

Serhii Valentynovych Hladun

Deputy head of operation centre of “Uktransgaz” PJSC. His education is engineer-mechanic. The main direction of activity is optimization of modes of gas transport system; optimal planning and optimal exploitation of underground gas storages in gas transport system.

News

Samsun-Jeihan pipeline has no prospects As Minister of Energetics of Russia O. Novak declared, the project of construction of oil pipeline Samsun-Jeihan is not

economically reasonable, because transportation of oil by tankers through Bosporus straight costs for 40 % less. Oil pipeline 550 km long was planned to be laid through central part of Turkey in order to provide for supply of oil from the

ports of Black Sea to Mediterranean Sea and to decrease the danger of transportation through overloaded Bosporus in such way.

Pipeline & Gas Journal / June 2013, p. 16

Cogeneration scheme of using SER of gas-processing plant UDC 662.99 A.I. Kompan “Regional Natural gas Company” LLC A.O. Redko Doctor of Engineering Science of KHNUCA S.B. Shelest Kachanivskiy GPP

This article describes the thermal protection schemes application of the secondary resources to generate electricity, as well as the technological plan for energy disposal plant is given. The analyses of numerous research works in the sphere of thermodynamic effectiveness of power plant cycles with different working substances were presented. It is shown that the application of secondary resources provides a considerable volume of electricity for balance-of-plant needs.

Important problem of oil production industry is use of old powerful and economically deficient technologies which require modernization. Significant expenditures energy resources in operating plants doubly-trebly exceed foreign counterparts. As for today notable growth tendencies as for substantial consumption of energy by 2,5–3,0 %, heating energy by 8,5– 9,0 %, herewith use of utilized heating decreases by [1–6].

Analysis of activity related to increase of energy efficiency of gas-processing enterprises showed applicability and necessity of integrated problem solution. Technical solutions were substantiated as for creating the source of heating energy saving based on GTCC-TPP [6].

Setting up of system for energy and technological combination gives the possibility to produce technological and energy product within one production. Priority area for development of power utilities enterprises within oil and gas complex is a transition of closed-evaporation systems of energy supply.

Modern oil and gas production provides its needs in heating energy by 50 % in cost of own sources herewith delivery of electricity supply has been insufficiently processed. Temperature potential of high-temperature production areas of organic synthesis compiles for about 800 °С which admits the possibility of using gas-vapor technologies.

In oil and gas-processing plant technological equipments are used actually radioactive-convective furnaces for heating up the oil, natural gas and other liquids in oil-gas gathering systems. Thermal effectiveness of such furnaces is not high enough, thermal power efficiency compiles for about 0,5–0,6. Replacement of burners with more efficient ones gives the possibility to increase power efficiency of modern furnaces up to 0,7–0,8. However, the temperature of reject natural gases reaches about 400–500 °С and it gives the possibility to apply secondary energy resources (SER) for heating and energy supply of enterprises. The use of SER in the systems of heating supply is complicated by restriction of the heat power during the year. Other area of using SER is cogeneration production of heating and energy for own needs of enterprises.

The purpose of activity is increase of energy efficiency of carbon usage equipment for gas-processing enterprise through integration transformation of the heating of reject gases into energy.

Use of energy equipment with low-temperature cycle of Rankine (the Organic Rankine Cycle – ORC) provides deep cooling of combustion materials and steam condensation. Equipments are widespread in industry either new technologies for utilization of waste heat of difference processes. Power efficiency of energy utilization equipments compiles 0,13–0,17 and

the number of power which is additionally produced compules for about 130–150 kW for MW of established heating power of carbon usage equipment which provides production and consumption of energy for own needs. Reconstruction of heating boiler stations in mini TPP with the use of gas-turbine or gas piston equipments provides production per 1 MW of established electric power of 1.5-2 MW heat. Herewith the expenses for electric consumption decrease, the reliability of heating supply systems increases including alarm station during network electricity supply. However there are problems in placement of gas-turbine additional structures in boiler facilities. In case of using other fuel (carbon, residual oil) application of vapor turbines or reciprocating engines is also possible for production of electricity but their power efficiency is significantly lower than in gas-turbine ones [6–13].

Pic. Heat balance of using the heat of reject gases (a) and the cycle of utilization energy facility (b)

In low-temperature ORC of different purposes (geothermal, cogeneration and utilization and others) different working substances are used – organic substance and ozone-safe refrigerants because selection of cycle working substance (given efficiency of heat exchanging facility, power efficiency of turbines and pump) in large measure defines efficiency of utilization facility in whole [7, 14–17].

New ozone-safe substances find an application – freons which don’t contain chloride and bromine. Natural refrigerants are preferred (carbon dioxide (R 744), ammonia (R 717), carbohydrates –propane (R 290), isobutane (R 600а), pentan (R 601) and their mixtures). Efficient in cooling refrigerants are mixtures of carbohydrates with ammonia and dioxide of carbon [16].

The results of studies for precritical (Renkin cycle) and overcritical cycles are presented in the articles as for single-stage energy facilities. Working substances R 600, R 600а, R 601а, R

602, R 13в, R 134а, R 142в, R 143а, R 404а, R 407а, R 410а, R 503в, R 600а/R 161, R 600а/R 141, R 600а/R 601, NH3/R 170, were studied as working heating agent as well as other organic substance and other mixtures.

Thermodynamic activity of cycles is defined by thermal power efficiency of cycles or coefficient of thermodynamic transformation (COP - Coefficient of Performance), as well as energy power efficiency (utilization coefficient). Thermal power efficiency (or COP) is defined in accordance with formula:

where Wкор is effective work of cycle; l1,2 and l3,4 are accordingly the work of adiabatic

compression and enlargement in the pump and turbine in the recycle process; Q2-3 is added heat.

Pressure build-up activity which is used by pump, equals:

where m is consumption of working substance; condition 2 and 2S respond to real process

and isoentropy ηн which is real power efficiency of pump.

Steam expansion in turbine is defined by formula:

where ηТ is a real power efficiency of turbine; condition of 4 and 4S respond to real and

isotropic processes. Exergy power efficiency or utilization coefficient is defined as ratio of real working power of facility to maximum theoretical power which could be obtained from refrigeration of combustion products;

Table 1 Flue gases volumes depending on power of furnace

Heating power of furnaceIndicator, m3/hour 12 kc/hour 14 kc/hour

Flue gases volumesupon normal conditions 19 762,0 23 016,9

Flue gases volumes upon t=300 C 43 287, 5 49 063,4Flue gases volumes upon t=400 C 46 721, 8 52 955,9

Table 2 Powers produced in utilization facilities Working substance NT, kW(kg/s) ηc, % m, kg/s

Н2О 17, 7 8 10,4 0,057

С7Н16 (heptane) 106,5 18,4 0,53С8Н18 (octane) 109,6 18,9 0,54С10Н22 (decane) 114 ,7 19,4 0,59

С7Н16(80 %)+Н2О(20 %) 138,9 24,3 0,38

where mpr zg is consumption of combustion products of heat generator; i, i0, S, S0 is accordingly entalpy and entropy of combustion products under temperature at the entrance of facility and under environment temperature; T0 is environment temperature.

Thermal power efficiency of cycle (or COP) is changed in short range 0,13–0,16 which insufficiently completely characterizes efficiency of cycles therefore more indicative criterion of the working substance selection is an activity obtained due to steam expansion in the turbine.

Calculations were made based on the following assumptions: temperature difference between combustion products and working substance ∆tmin=3; 5 С; power efficiency of turbine – 0,7–0,8; power efficiency of pump 0,75–0,80; steam expansion process in the turbine is

completed in the single-face area; steam condensation after turbine is carried out in air condenser; the atmosphere air temperature 15 С (288,15 К).

Due to the study and optimization of cycles by the number of working substance either in precritical or in overcritical cycles in the single-stage energy facility was established where maximum electricity production is provided in overcritical cycle.

As the source of SER preheater of stable condensate is considered in desorber K-230 within oil-absorption facility.

In Kachanivskiy GPP the furnace with heating power of 12,0 MW is under operation. Type of heaters is GBP; DLPBS (radiation) or ECO-FLAME, gas consumption - 40 m3/ hour (burner); excess air ratio is 1,05; heating power of burner is 395 kW.

Consumption of fuel gas for furnace is 2640 m3/ hour. Volume of combustion products (aе=1,05) are 27 m3/ hour; mass consumption of combustion products (tпр=400 С) is 4 kg/s.

Measurement data of heating parameters of furnace show that the temperature of reject gases reaches about 400hours500 C and thermal power efficiency of furnace reaches about 0,45hour0,5 (modern ones up to 0,8).

Heating agent-absorbent with a temperature of 210 C falls within convectional section of furnace where heats up to 250 C and then to radiation camera where heats up to 310hour330 C.

As fuel of furnace P-201 fuel gas of high pressure is used, previously separated and heated.

The oxygen content in flue gases is defined with the help of gas analyzers A I72, A I73, portable TESTO-350. Consumption of fuel gas for furnace is 0,38–0,44 kg/s (1360c1584 kg/hour). Number of flue gases which depends upon operating mode of furnace and their temperature is presented in the table 1 (power efficiency 0,8).

Heat balance of cogeneration equipment includes additional placement of heat-exchange unit-evaporator in the gas pipe of furnace. Scheme of energy equipment for heat utilization is presented in the picture.

Meaning of energy equipment parameters is presented in the table 2.

Analyzing number of results we may see that the power which is produced in the turbine with vapor is less by several times than in the turbine with organic working substances.

Comparing different organic substances we may say that the production of specific electricity power in the turbine with decane compiles 114,7 kW/(kg/s). Herewith, mixture of С7Н16 (80 %)+Н2О (20 %) gives the possibility to increase specific electricity power up to 138,9 kW/(kg/s) actually by 17,2%.

Comparison results of specific difference of steam enthalpy in turbines with different working substances under th=347 С show that for heptanes turbine the specific difference of steam enthalpy compiles 208,6 kJ/kg and for heptane mixture (80 %)+Н2О (20 %) – 375,7 kJ/kg. In [7] the difference of enthalpy is presented in n-pentane turbine for about 200 kJ/kg under steam temperature of about 350 °С.

Therefore, the specificities of the working substance significantly impact the efficiency of energy facilities cycles.

The use of energy facility in utilization technological scheme of SER of the gas-processing plant under combustion products in the furnace by 6,7–7,7 kg/s (with increase of furnace power up to 11,9–14,7 kg/s) provides production of electricity in the volume of 904–1070 kW and more which may be used for own needs of enterprise (pumps drive, ventilators, compressor sets) and heat of water-cooled condenser in the volume (2,5–3) 103 MJ/hour which may be used in the heating system or in the hot water supply of the enterprise.

The results of numerous studies show the possibility of applying utilization energy units with organic working substance which use the heat of reject gases of fuel usage aggregates for production of electricity and heat.

References

1. Лейтес Н.Л. Теория и практика химической энерготехнологии / Н.Л. Лейтес, М.Х. Сосна, В.П. Семенов. – М.: Химия, 1998. – 280 с.

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Конь М.Я. Нефтеперерабатывающая и нефтехимическая промышленность за рубежом / М.Я. Конь, Е.М. Зелькинд, В.Г. Шершун. - М.: Химия, 1996. - 184 с.

5. Нормы технологического проектирования газоперерабатывающих заводов. - РД 51-1-95.

6. Долотовский И.В. Энергетический комплекс газоперерабатывающих предприятий. Системный анализ, моделирование, нормирование / Е.А. Ларин, И.В. Долотовский, Н.В. Долотовская. - М.: Энергоатомиздат, 2008. - 440 с.

7. Пятничко В.А. Утилизация низкопотенциального тепла в энергетических установках с органическими теплоносителями / В.А. Пятничко // Экотехнологии и ресурсосбережение. - 2002. - № 5. - С. 10-14.

8. Утилизационные энергетические установки с органическими теплоносителями / Г.В. Шварц, СВ. Голубев, Б.П. Левыкин [и др.] // Газовая промышленность. - 2000. - № 6. - С. 14-18.

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10.Басок Б.И. Анализ когенерационных установок Ч. 2. Анализ энергетической эффективности / Б.И. Басок, Д.А. Коломейко // Промышленная теплотехника. - 2006. - Т. 28. - № 4. - С. 79-83.

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12. Долинский А.А. Эффективность когенерационных тепловых схем / А.А. Долинский, Б.И. Басок, Д.А. Коломейко. - К.: ИТТФ, 2008. - Т. 61. - Вып. 4в. - С. 30-38.

13. Барков В.М. Когенераторные технологии: возможности и перспективы / В.М. Барков // ЭСКО - электронный журнал энергосервисной компании «Экологические системы». -2004. - № 7.

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15. Алхасов А.Б. Геотермальная энергетика: проблемы, ресурсы, технологии / А.Б. Алхасов. - М.: ФИЗМАТЛИТ, 2008. - 376 с.

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Contributors

Kompan Artem Igorevych

Ph.D. student of heat and gas supplying academic department, ventilation and use of the heating secondary energy resources of Kharkov National University of Construction and Architecture (KHNUCA). He has graduated from Yu. Kondratyuk Poltava National Technical University, the specialty – equipment of oil and gas industry. Scientific interests: accounting and rational use of the natural gas, energy saving in industry

Redko Andriy Oleksandrovych

Doctor of Engineering Science, professor of heat and gas supplying ventilation and use of heat secondary energy resources academic department of Kharkov National University of Construction and Architecture (KHNUCA). Scientific interests: low-potential power system, alternative energy sources, thermodynamics of energy transformation processes.

Shelest Serhiy Borysovych

Head of technical department of Kachanivskiy gas-processing plant of PJSC “Ukrnafta”. He has graduated from Ukrainian correspondence polytechnic institute, the city of Kharkiv. By occupation he is mechanic engineer. Production interests are connected with energy saving.

NEWS

Argentina is going to mine oil and gas from non-traditional collectors

Shevron Company has signed an agreement with Argentinean company YPF as for investment of 1,24 billion USD dollars in exploration of slate oil and gas in the largest in the South America area of Vaca Muerta in Argentina. Therefore this country would like to grow extraction of oil and gas which during the long period of time keeps on decreasing.

At the initial phase the companies are going to bore 100 holes in the area of Loma La Lata Norte and Loma Campana with an area of 2 thousand ha. At the second stage it is planned to bore 1500 holes. Based on evaluations of American Energy Department the margin of gas in plates in Argentina mainly in the area of Vaca Muerta compile 21,9 trillion m3 which is more than: in Europe in general. Pipeline & Gas Journal/August 2013, p. 16

UNCONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Determining limiting conditions for the operation of hydrocarbon recovery system jet apparatus UDK 622.691.12

O.V. Panevnyk D.Sc. in Engineering IFNTUOG

The cavitations sensitivity design procedure for oil and gas emissions system jet apparatus in the free space of oil reservoir was provided. Based on the Bernoulli equation, written for specific sections of the hydraulic system, was defined a relationship between the level of oil in the tank and the minimum pressure in the flow of the jet apparatus. The studies provide an opportunity to determine the minimum diameter of the working nozzle jet apparatus that helps make its operation in pre-cavitations condition.

In the unpressurized oil collection and treatment systems are extensively used oil tanks in which the loss of light fractions reaches 3% of production from the well [1]. Significant economic losses, increased fire and explosion hazard, and environment pollution led to the formation in regulatory and legislative framework the limits for hydrocarbon emission into the atmosphere. Protecting ecosystem balance and promoting sustainable economic development is one of the main priorities of the EU’s VI Framework Programme (Section "Sustainable Ecosystems"). Continued growth of attention of the international community to the problem of oil gas emissions shows the relevance of research aimed at improving the operation efficiency of the hydrocarbon recovery systems [2].

Given the technical complexity of regulating the amount of free space in the oil tank, the main way to reduce emissions is the extraction of oil evaporation products. One of the main hydrocarbon trapping schemes provides the use of jet apparatus as a part of hydrocarbon recovery system [3, 4]. The deficiency of jet system design is the need for stand-alone actuator of the jet apparatus as a centrifugal pump. In the design of the jet system developed by Ivano- Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, the actuation of jet apparatus is performed by the energy of the oil column in the tank (Fig. 1) [5]. The work [6] describes a theoretical justification of the system workflow based on the determination of pressures in specific sections of jet apparatus and the derivation of the performance equation of hydraulic system, followed by calculation of the pumping unit operating point parameters. Boundaries for using the developed mathematical model are limited by preservation of flow continuity in the hydraulic system of the jet unit. High probability of flow discontinuity and cavitation occurrence in the proposed hydraulic system requires clarification of the field of application of the method of designing jet apparatus with a hydrostatic actuator.

The aim of the research, the results of which are given in this article, was to determine the cavitation characteristics of the jet apparatus of hydrocarbon recovery system and the calculation of the limiting design and operational parameters to ensure its effective operation.

Cavitation properties of the jet pump define one of the limiting modes of its operation and have a direct impact on the value of the limiting parameters such as the maximum flow rate and the minimum diameter of the working nozzle. In the jet pump cavitation occurs mainly in the jet near-boundary layer at the interface of dividing working and injected flows, where due to intensive vortex activity in a mixing chamber occur areas of minimum pressure [7]. As a result of intensive emission of gas-vapour bubbles the mixing process is broken and the pump pressure

decreases sharply. Gas-vapour bubbles are concentrated in the jet near-boundary layer and only in rare cases fill the entire cross section of the mixing chamber. Therefore, the flow section in the jet pumps is less susceptible to cavitation destruction compared to the blade hydraulic machines, which reduces the likelihood of cavitation conditions in the device operation.

Fig. 1. Hydrocarbon recovery system: 1 - Oil tank, 2 – Jet apparatus suction line, 3 - Jet apparatus, 4 - Jet apparatus discharge line, 5 - Centrifugal pump, 6 - Separator

Fig. 2. Design model of the jet apparatus hydraulic system: 1 - Tank 2 - Jet apparatus, 3 – Pipeline, 4 - Centrifugal pump

The study of the fluid flow in the flow section of the jet pump revealed that the occurrence of cavitation is most likely in two areas: at the output of the work flow from the nozzle and in the input section of the injected flow in the mixing chamber. When calculating the operation mode of the jet pump it is necessary to take into account the part of its flow section, where primarily begins cavitation. Given that it is not known in advance in which area of the jet apparatus under these conditions primarily occurs cavitation, in each case it is necessary to define the cavitation parameters both of the nozzle and mixing chamber. Research objective of cavitation characteristics is simplified in the case of using jet apparatus of hydrocarbon recovery system. The working medium is oil and injected medium is gas, so in practice only cavitation mode of the nozzle can be implemented.

In the study of cavitation properties of the jet apparatus we use the law of energy conservation in specific sections of the jet system. The study involves determining the cavitation characteristics of fluid flow in the hydraulic system of the jet apparatus.

Bernoulli equation for the sections 1–1 and 3–3 (Fig. 2):

where z1, z3 – marks of geometric positions of sections under consideration p1, p3 – the

pressure values in sections 1–1 and 3–3 respectively; ρ — oil density; g – free fall acceleration; V1,V3 – flow velocities; a1, a3 – coefficients of velocity distribution unevenness; h1–3 – hydraulic losses in the fluid flow between sections 1–1 and 3–3.

Given the peculiarities of the design model, analyse the components of the equation (1).

The inputs to the analysis of equation (1) have the following form:

where pг – the pressure at the free surface of the oil in the tank; pк – cavitation margin of the

centrifugal pump pressure.

Below is an explanation of the choice of input data (2).

According to the design model the geometric mark of the section 1–1 is determined by the height of the oil in the tank H. The pressure value p1 is characterized by the gas pressure at the free surface of the oil in the tank. The velocity of the oil on the surface of the tank is small, since the area of section 1–1 is significantly higher than the area of the pipeline cross-section. Geometric mark z3, considering that the area of comparison is drawn through the axis of the pipeline is set to zero. Pressure value at section 3–3 is taken considering minimum rating necessary for the normal operation of a centrifugal pump. Then equation (1) has the following form:

The last component of equation (3) is determined by the total pressure loss in the working

nozzle of jet apparatus hp and in the linear part of the pipeline hтp. The pressure loss in the working nozzle is determined by the following formula [8]:

where ∆pp – pressure loss in the working nozzle; mрн – discharge coefficient of the working

nozzle; fpн – sectional area of the working nozzle; dpн – working nozzle diameter.

Fig. 3. The dependence of discharge on the diameter of the jet apparatus nozzle for different levels of oil in the tank: 1 – 8 m; 2 – 10 m; 3 – 11 m; 4 – 12 m

Fig. 4. The dependence of the pressure in the mixing chamber of the jet apparatus on the nozzle diameter for different levels of oil in the tank: 1 – 8 m; 2 – 10 m; 3 – 11 m; 4 – 12 m Pressure loss in the linear part of the pipeline is determined based on the Darcy–Weisbach equation [9]:

where λ – coefficient of the linear hydraulic resistance; lтр, dтр – length and diameter of the pipeline respectively; Vтр – velocity of the oil in the pipeline.

In the process of conversion (5) the relationship between velocity and flow rate was taken into account.

Determining the coefficient λ provides a standard procedure for calculating fluid velocity, Reynolds number, turbulent zone boundaries and determining their type.

Considering equations (4) and (5), the formula for determining the pressure loss in areas between sections 1–1 and 3–3 becomes as follows:

After changing the velocity with flow rate and substituting formula (6) into equation (3) the following can be written:

Solution of equation (7) allows determining the flow through the flow section of the jet apparatus:

Considering the dependence of λ on the flow rate Q, the solution of equation (8) involves the application of the method of successive approximations.

Fig. 3 shows graphic representation of equation (8). Flow through the flow section of the jet apparatus is proportional to the diameter of the nozzle and the height of the oil level in the tank.

The study of cavitation characteristics necessitates comparing the pressure at the outlet of the jet apparatus nozzle with the saturated oil vapour pressure. The value of the pressure at the outlet of the jet apparatus nozzle can be calculated using the Bernoulli equation written for the sections 1–1, 2–2 (see Fig. 2).

Contrary to equation (1), the last component of the formula (9) defines the pressure loss exclusively in the jet apparatus nozzle.

The last equation can be simplified by using the obvious relations

Then, taking into account the relation for determining the pressure loss in the working nozzle of the jet apparatus (equation (4)), we obtain the formula for determining the minimum pressure of the jet system

Equation (10) allows determining the likelihood of cavitation conditions in the jet apparatus by comparing the pressure p2 with the value of saturated oil vapour pressure pНП for a given temperature. Normal operation of the jet apparatus obviously corresponds to the condition pГ>pНП. 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