continuous passive-seismic monitoring of co2 geologic...

Continuous passive-seismic monitoring of CO2 geologic sequestration projects

Biondo Biondi, Stanford University

with

Sjoerd de Ridder and Jason Chang, Stanford University

CCS monitoring

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www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/223

“Volumetric” monitoring by 3D seismic

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Active sources Surface receivers

Volumetric monitoring by passive 3D seismic

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Surface receivers

History of interferometric seismic imaging

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Jon Claerbout (1968)

Geophysics

Invented on Earth


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Stanford/NASA

soi.stanford.edu/results


Geophysics

Invented on Earth Apllied on the Sun


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Stanford/NASA

soi.stanford.edu/results


Geophysics

Shapiro et al. (2005)

Geophysics

Invented on Earth Applied on the Sun Back to Earth

Ambient seismic noise Virtual seismic source Correlations

Seismic interferometry - Step 1 Record data at two receivers

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Seismic interferometry - Step 1 Record data at two receivers at the surface

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Seismic interferometry – Step 2 Cross-correlate recorded traces


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Ambient seismic noise Virtual seismic source

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Seismic interferometry – Step 3 Synthesize ”virtual events” – Interface waves

Correlations

Surface waves (transmission)

Seismic interferometry – Step 2 Cross-correlate recorded traces


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Seismic interferometry – Step 3 Synthesize ”virtual events” – Body waves


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Body waves (reflections)

2x real-time

Ambient seismic noise

Distance (km)

0 2.5 5 7.5 10

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Ambient noise (time slice) Ambient noise (time vs. distance)

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1

0

0

2x real-time

Ambient seismic noise

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Ambient noise (time slices) Virtual source (time slices)

Monitor CO2 reservoir by reflections?

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CO2 reservoir

Surface waves

Reflections

Sleipner - Active seismic monitoring of CCS

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Andy Chadwick (2009) - www.bgs.ac.uk/staff/profiles/0130.html

Sleipner - Monitoring by reflection images

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Andy Chadwick (2009) - www.bgs.ac.uk/staff/profiles/0130.html

Direct detection of CO2 plumes before they reach the surface?

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CO2 reservoir

Surface waves

Reflections

CO2 plume

Indirect detection of CO2 plumes deep in the subsurface?

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CO2 reservoir

CO2 plume Upward migrating CO2

acts as a pressure

conduit and changes

stress field close to the

surface

Salha (Algeria) CCS project

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Allan Mathieson et al. (2010) – Energy Procedia

Salha (Algeria) CCS project - SAR monitoring

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Allan Mathieson et al. (2010) – Energy Procedia

``Moore’s law’’ for seismic acquisition Number of channels for one active source

23 credit: David Monke (Apache) &Tim Keho (Aramco)

Valhall - Life Of Field Seismic array (LOFS)

24 credit: Olav Barkved (BP)

• 120 km seismic cables

• 2500 groups of 4C sensors

• 50 m receiver spacing

• 300 m cable spacing

• 15 Hz geophones, but they

record down to ≈.5 Hz

signals

Other datasets from (semi)permanent arrays

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credit: Ali Tura (CP)

4,000 4C Fiber optic sensors

Ekofisk Long Beach 3,000 autonomous MEM sensors

credit: Dan Hollis

(Nodal Geophysical)


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credit: Dan Hollis

(Nodal Geophysical)



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credit: Dan Hollis

(Nodal Geophysical)


2.7 TB/day .5 TB/day

Spectrum of ambient seismic field at Valhall

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Valhall - Virtual seismic source

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Monitor CO2 reservoir by reflections?

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CO2 reservoir

Surface waves

Reflections

Monitor CO2 reservoir by reflections? Not yet

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CO2 reservoir

Surface waves

Reflections

Direct detection of CO2 plumes before they reach the surface?

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CO2 reservoir

Surface waves

Reflections

CO2 plume

1.50-1.75Hz

Identifying velocity anomalies Validation with active-data images at ≈ 80 m

60-105m

Full Waveform Inversion on active data Ambient seismic noise tomography

Landes et al, 2007 De Ridder, 2011 33

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are needed to see this picture.



0.50-0.75Hz

Identifying velocity anomalies Validation with active-data images at ≈ 170 m

150-195m

Full Waveform Inversion on active data Ambient seismic noise tomography

Landes et al, 2007 De Ridder, 2011 34



Direct detection of CO2 plumes before they reach the surface? Most likely!

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CO2 reservoir

Surface waves

Reflections

CO2 plume

Indirect detection of CO2 plumes deep in the subsurface?

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CO2 reservoir


acts as a pressure

conduit and changes


surface

Subsidence-related stress changes in subsurface

contraction

extension extension

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Gas Pocket

Barkved, 2012

Detecting changes in stress field

credit: Barkved, BP Norge

• Shear wave splitting maps

• Polarization of fast split shear wave

and lag size

• Production related subsidence

• Input for geomechanical inversion

• Can be monitored over time

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Indirect detection of CO2 plumes deep in the subsurface? Will test on Valhall and Ekofisk

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CO2 reservoir


acts as a pressure

conduit and changes


surface

What about land data? Preliminary results from Long Beach data

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Long Beach 3,000 autonomous MEM sensors

Ambient noise (time slices)

What about land data? Preliminary results from Long Beach data

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Ambient noise (time slices) Virtual source (time slices)

Ongoing and future investigations

• Analyze Long Beach for time-lapse effects

• Analyze Ekofisk and Valhall data for anisotropy

• Look for reflections in all three datasets by

performing longer correlations to improve SNR

at high frequencies

• Record data on an actual CCS project

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Ongoing and future investigations

• Analyze Long Beach for time-lapse effects

• Analyze Ekofisk and Valhall data for anisotropy

• Look for reflections in all three datasets by

performing longer correlations to improve SNR

at high frequencies

• Record data on an actual CCS project

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Ackowedgements

• GCEP for financial support

• SEP affiliate companies for financial support

• Joe Dellinger and Olav Barkved at BP for data,

ideas, and help

• Dan Hollis at Nodal Geophysical and Signal

Petroleum for Long Beach data

• Ali Tura at ConocoPhillips for Ekofisk data

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