copper tube fittings
TRANSCRIPT
CopperTube & Fittings
Publication No. 28E
Plumbing
Heating
Natural Gas
Air Conditioning
Refrigeration
Medical Gas
Fire Protection
Snow Melting
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IntroductionWith its enviable performance record, copper tube is the numberone choice for plumbing and mechanical systems in all types ofCanadian buildings: single-family houses, high-rise multi-unitcondominiums and apartments, office buildings, retail stores,and industrial facilities.
Light, strong, corrosion-resistant copper tube has a proven his-tory of reliable service in installations throughout Canada, aswell as many other countries. These attributes have endearedcopper tube to tradespersons in the plumbing, heating, air-con-ditioning, and refrigeration industries for decades.
This publication contains general information on the selectionof different Types of copper tube, fittings, and joining methodsfor various building applications. Such applications are regu-lated by plumbing and building codes, and related regulations.Reference should be made to these codes and regulations toconfirm what materials and processes are permitted in your lo-cality.
This publication has been prepared for the use ofjourneymen and apprentice plumbers, pipefitters,refrigeration fitters, sprinkler fitters, plumbing and heatingcontractors, engineers, and others involved in the designor installation of plumbing, heating, air-conditioning,refrigeration, fire sprinkler, and other related systems.Recognizing that each system must be designed andinstalled to meet particular circumstances, the CCBDAassumes no responsibility or liability of any kind inconnection with this publication or its use by any personor organization and makes no representations orwarranties of any kind hereby.
Contents
Adding to its versatility is the fact that copper tube is availablein drawn (hard) and annealed (soft) tempers, as well as a wideassortment of lengths, diameters, and wall thicknesses to meetthe needs of a broad spectrum of conditions.
Today copper tube is finding increased use in newer applica-tions such as natural gas systems in single-family houses andmulti-unit buildings, and for fire sprinkler systems in residen-tial construction as well as office buildings, hotels, and similarstructures. Acceptance of copper tube and fittings by the me-chanical trades for new applications is strong testimony to itsreputation as a high-quality and cost-effective building prod-uct.
Codes & Regulations
Water supply and drainagesystems for back-to-backhospital rooms wereprefabricated as a singleunit and transported to thesite for installation.
Topic
Introduction
Codes & Regulations
Types of Tube
Temper
Identification
Metric Sizes
Fittings
Pressure
Drainage
Other
Pressure Ratings & Burst Strength
Expansion
Joining
Soldering
Brazing
Other Methods
Applications
Plumbing
Heating
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Medical Gas Systems
Fire Sprinklers
Heat Pumps
Solar Heating
Corrosion Resistance
Technical Data & Tables
Why Select Copper?
CCBDA Services
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Copper plumbing tube is manufactured from Copper No.C12200 (99.9% Copper), in accordance with the requirementsof ASTM Standard B 88. Most provincial regulatory authori-ties in Canada now require that copper tube for use in plumbingsystems be Third-Party Certified for compliance with ASTMB 88. Types DWV, ACR, Medical Gas, and Type G/GAS tubemeet the requirements of ASTM B 306, ASTM B 280, ASTMB 819 and ASTM B 837, respectively. Various Types are certi-fied in addition to plumbing tube, and the latest list of Third-Party Certified products is available on request.
Types K, L, M, DWV, and Medical Gas tube have actual out-side diameters which are 1/8-inch (0.125 in.) larger than thenominal (standard) sizes which the tube is commonly called.For example, a 1/2-inch Type M tube has an actual outside dia-meter of 5/8-inch. Type K tube has thicker walls than Type Ltube, and Type L walls are thicker than Type M for any givensize (diameter). Table 1 (page 15) provides the dimensionsand weights for Types K, L, M, and DWV tube.
ACR tube for air-conditioning and refrigeration service and TypeG/GAS tube for natural gas and propane systems are designat-ed by their actual outside diameter. A 1/2-inch Type G/GAStube, for example, has an actual outside diameter of 1/2-inch.Table 2 (page 16) covers the dimensions and weights for TypeACR tube. Table 3 (page 16) provides the information for TypeG/GAS tube.
Types of Tube
TemperTemper denotes the hardness and strength of tube. Straightlengths are primarily drawn temper, or as more commonlyknown, hard tube. Annealed temper tube is referred to as softtube. It is usually in coiled form, but certain sizes are also avail-able in straight lengths.
IdentificationTypes K, L, M, DWV, ACR, Medical Gas, and Type G/GAStubes are permanently incised with the tube Type, the name ortrademark of the manufacturer, and the mark of the independ-ent certification agency when Third-Party Certified. In addi-tion, straight lengths are also identified along their length by acontinuous colour code. The colour coding includes the Typeof tube, name or trademark of the manufacturer, country of or-igin, and the mark of the certification agency when Third-PartyCertified. The following colours are used for colour coding:
Type K...............Green
Type L............... Blue
Type M.............. Red
Type DWV*...... Yellow
Type ACR..........Blue
Medical Gas...... Green (K)
Medical Gas...... Blue (L)
Type G/GAS*....Yellow
* DWV is 1-1/4-in. and larger. Type G/GAS tube is up to1-1/8-in. size.
The compact dimensions and flexibility of copper tube are compared herewith threaded steel pipe, such as would be used in a natural gas system.
Compact copper water and drainage lines for back-to-back sinks fit neatlyinto steel studs.
At the time this manual was published, copper plumbing tubeand fittings are known by their nominal inch sizes only, ascovered in the standards issued by ASTM, ASME, and otherorganizations. No metric sizes have been established forcopper tube and fittings for use in North America. To avoidconfusion, do not soft convert the inch nominal sizes to metricvalues. Contact the CCBDA at any time for the latest infor-mation on metric conversion.
Metric Sizes
Capillary fittings for copper systems under pressure, such ashot and cold water lines, may be manufactured by a wroughtprocess or casting. They are covered by ASME StandardB16.22, Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pres-sure Fittings, and B16.18, Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pres-sure Fittings. Each fitting is permanently marked with the man-ufacturer’s name or trademark, except for small sizes wheremarking may not be practical.
Drainage Fittings
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Drainage fittings are used in soil-and-waste drainage and vent-ing applications. Such systems generally are gravity installa-tions, and they are not subject to pressure.
Wrought drainage fittings are covered by ASME StandardB16.29, Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drain-age Fittings – DWV, while those made by casting are coveredby ASME Standard B16.23, Cast Copper Alloy Solder JointDrainage Fittings – DWV. Each fitting is permanently markedwith the manufacturer’s name or trademark and DWV, to indi-cate Drain-Waste-Vent.
Pressure Fittings
Other FittingsA variety of other types of fittings are commercially availablefor joining copper tube. They include flare fittings, compres-sion fittings, mechanical couplings, and pipe flanges. Addi-tional information is provided in the section on Other JoiningMethods (pages 10 & 11).
Copper excels for hot water systems in high demand multi-unit buildings.
Wrought and cast fittings can be either soldered or brazed.However brazing of cast fittings requires special care to avoidcracking, and short-cup cast fittings for brazing are available toreduce this risk.
Wrought and cast pressure fittings have the same pressure-tem-perature ratings as straight lengths of annealed Type L tube.Ratings for annealed tube are used because hard temper tube isannealed during the brazing process. Annealing does not occurwith the lower-temperature soldering process, but all designsmust be based on the lower (annealed) values.
Figure 1: Types of Expansion Loops and Offsets
The allowable internal pressure for copper tube is based on theformula used in the ASME Code for Pressure Piping (ASMEB31):
2S(tmin
- C)
Dmax
- 0.8(tmin
- C)
where:
P = allowable pressure, psi
S = maximum allowable stress in tension, psi
tmin
= wall thickness (mininum), in.
Dmax
= outside diameter, in.
C = a constant
Because of copper’s superior corrosion resistance, the B31 Codepermits C to equal O, and the formula becomes:
2Stmin
Dmax
- 0.8 tmin
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All piping materials expand and contract withtemperature changes, including copper. Fig-ure 2 compares the expansion rates of coppertube with various kinds of plastic pipe, usingconcrete as the benchmark. It is clear that theexpansion and contraction of copper is signifi-cantly less than the plastic products.
The average coefficient of expansion of copperis 0.0000094 inch per inch per degree F, between70oF and 212oF. Installation techniques mustallow for expansion and contraction changes,to prevent stresses which may buckle or bendthe tube or affect joints.
Figure 1 illustrates the types of expansion loopsand offsets that can be used. Table 5 (page 16)provides information for estimating the sizes ofloops and offsets.
Expansion
Pressure Ratings & Burst Strength
181716151413121110
9876543210 50 100 150 200
Polybutylene
PE-AL-PE & PEX-AL-PEX
ABS
CPVC
PVC (DWV)
Copper
Concrete
Temperature change, F°
Appr
oxim
ate
linea
r exp
ansi
on o
f 100
feet
of t
ube,
inch
es
Figure 2: Linear Expansion
P =
P =
The value of S in the formula is the allowable design strengthfor continuous long-term service of the tube material. The al-lowable stress value depends on the service temperature andthe temper of the tube. It is a small fraction of copper’s ulti-mate tensile strength, or of the burst strength of copper tube.
Table 6 (page 17) shows the rated internal working pressuresfor both annealed and drawn Types K, L, and M tube, for serv-ice temperatures up to 400oF (205oC). The ratings for drawn
tube can be used for soldered systems, and systems using prop-erly designed mechanical joints. Table 10 (page 19) covers therated internal working pressures for Type DWV tube. Tables 7and 8 (page 18) shows the rated internal working pressures forACR tube.
When brazing or welding is used to join tubes, the annealedratings must be used, since the heating involved in these proc-esses will anneal the hard drawn tube. Therefore, annealed rat-ings are shown in Tables 6 (page 17) and 10 (page 19) for TypeM and Type DWV tube, respectively, although they are not avail-able in the annealed temper.
When designing a system, joint ratings must also be consid-ered, because the lower of the two ratings (tube or joint) willgovern the installation. Most systems are installed with solderor brazed joints. Table 11 (page 19), covers the rated internalworking pressures for such joints; the ratings are for Types K,L, and M tube with standard solder joint pressure fittings. Insoldered systems, the rated strength of the joint often governsthe design. When brazing use the ratings for annealed tube inTables 6, 7, and 10. Joint ratings at saturated steam tempera-tures are shown in Table 11.
The actual bursting pressures for copper tube are many timesthe rated working pressures. Table 9 (page 18) shows actualburst pressures for Types K, L, and M tube. They should becompared with the rated working pressures in Table 6, and itcan be seen that the rated values are very conservative. Thismeans that pressurized systems will operate successfully overlong time periods, and they are able to withstand high pressuresurges that may occur in service.
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Soldering Copper TubeSoldering is a process that joins base metals using a filler metal(solder) which melts at a lower temperature than the base met-als. Most soldering is done with solders that melt at tempera-tures ranging from approximately 175oC (350oF) to 290oC(550oF).
Figure 3 Figure 4
Figure 5 Figure 6
Figure 7 Figure 8
In order to consistently make satisfactory joints, the sequenceof operations presented in ASTM Standard Practice B 828,Making Capillary Joints by Soldering of Copper and CopperAlloy Tube & Fittings, should be followed. It should also benoted that Canadian codes prohibit the use of solders contain-ing more than 0.2% lead in potable water systems. There is awide variety of solders available which can be used in place ofthe once standard 50% tin-50% lead solder, commonly called50-50. They melt at slightly higher temperatures and may ex-hibit different flow characteristics.
A suitable flux must be used when making a solder joint. Fluxacts as a cleaning and wetting agent, and when properly ap-plied, permits uniform spreading of the molten solder over thesurfaces to be joined. Flux is a chemically active substance,and only enough should be applied to remove and exclude ox-ides from the joint area during heating and to ensure that themelted solder will wet the surfaces to be joined. Do not over-flux! ASTM Standard B 813, Liquid and Paste Fluxes for Sol-dering Applications of Copper and Copper Alloy Tube, covers
the requirements and test methods for liquid and paste fluxesfor soldering copper-base materials.
MeasuringAccurately measure the length of each piece of tube needed.(Figure 3) If the tube is too short, it will not reach all the wayinto the cup of the fitting and a good, strong joint cannot bemade. If the tube is too long, strain may be introduced into thesystem.
CuttingCut the tube to the measured length. It can be cut with a disc-type tube cutter (Figure 4), a hacksaw, an abrasive wheel, orwith a stationary or portable bandsaw. Care must be taken thatthe tube is not deformed while being cut. Regardless of themethod used, the cut must be square in order that the tube willseat properly in the fitting cup.
ReamingAll cut tube-ends must be reamed to the full inside diameter ofthe tube, to remove the small burr created during cutting. Ifthis rough inside edge is not removed by reaming, erosion cor-rosion may occur due to localized turbulence and high flowvelocity near the joint. A properly reamed tube-end provides asmooth surface for optimum flow.
Also remove any burrs on the outside of the tube-ends, to en-sure proper insertion of the tube into the cup of the fitting.
Tools which may be used to ream tube-ends include the ream-ing blade on a tube cutter, half-round or round files, a pocketknife, or a special deburring tool. (Figure 5)
With soft temper tube, care must be taken not to deform thetube-end by applying too much pressure. If soft temper tube isdeformed, it can be brought back to roundness with a sizingtool, which consists of a plug and sizing ring.
CleaningRemoval of all oxides and surface soil from the tube-ends andfitting cups is essential for the proper flow of solder into thejoint. Failure to remove such oxides can interfere with capil-lary action and may reduce the strength of the joint and causefailure.
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Lightly abrade (clean) tube-ends using sand cloth (Figure 6) ornylon abrasive pads for a distance slightly more than the depthof the fitting cups. Clean fitting cups by using abrasive cloth,abrasive pads, or a properly sized fitting brush.
The capillary space between the tube and fitting is most effec-tive from 0.002 to 0.005 in. (0.05 to 0.13 mm), but may be up to0.010 in. (0.25 mm). Solder fills this gap by capillary action.
Figure 9 Figure 10
Figure 11 Figure 12
This spacing is critical for the solder to flow into the gap andform a strong joint. A certain amount of looseness of fit can betolerated, but too loose a fit can cause difficulties, particularlywith large size fittings. It may also allow too much solder to befed into the joint, resulting in a blob forming inside the fitting.
Chemical cleaning may be used if the tube-ends and fittings arethoroughly rinsed after cleaning according to the procedure fur-nished by the cleaner manufacturer.
Do not touch the cleaned surface with bare hands or oilygloves. Skin oils, lubricating oils and grease impair the sol-dering operation.
Applying FluxUse a flux that will dissolve and remove traces of oxide fromthe cleaned surfaces, protect the cleaned surfaces from reoxi-dation during heating, and promote wetting of the surfaces bythe solder, as recommended in the general requirements ofASTM B 813. Using a brush, apply a thin, even coating of fluxto both the tube and fittings as soon as possible after cleaning.(Figures 7 and 8)
WARNING: Do not apply flux with fingers. Chemicals inthe flux can be harmful if carried to the eyes, mouth, or opencuts.
Use care in applying flux. Careless workmanship can causeproblems long after the system has been installed. If exces-sive amounts of flux are used, the flux residue may cause cor-rosion. In extreme cases, such flux corrosion can perforatethe tube and/or fitting.
Assembly and SupportInsert the tube-end into the fitting cup, making sure that the
tube is seated against the base of the fitting cup. (Figure 9) Aslight twisting motion ensures even coverage of the flux. Re-move excess flux from the exterior of the joint with a cottonrag. (Figure 10) If possible, support the tube and fitting as-sembly to ensure a uniform capillary space around the circum-ference of the joint. Uniformity of the space will ensure goodcapillary flow of the molten solder. Excessive joint clearancecan result in the solder cracking under conditions of stress orvibration.
The joint is now ready for soldering. Joints prepared and readyfor soldering must be completed the same day and should notbe left unfinished overnight.
ValvesWhen joining copper tube to valves with solder cups, followthe manufacturer’s instructions. The valve should be in thefull-open position before applying heat, and the heat should beapplied primarily to the tube. Disassembly of the valve may berequired if there is a chance that non-metal components couldbe damaged.
WARNING: When dealing with an open flame, high temper-atures and flammable gases, safety precautions must be ob-served.
HeatingHeat is usually applied with an air-fuel torch. Such torches useacetylene or propane gas. Electric resistance soldering toolscan also be used. They employ heating electrodes and shouldbe considered when an open flame is a concern.
Begin heating with the flame perpendicular to the tube. (Fig-ure 11) The copper tube conducts the initial heat into the fit-ting cup for even distribution of heat in the joint. The extent ofpreheating depends upon the size of the joint, and experiencewill indicate the amount of time needed.
Then move the flame onto the fitting cup. (Figure 12) Alter-nate the flame from the fitting cup back onto the tube a distanceequal to the depth of the fitting cup. With the torch at the baseof the fitting cup, touch the solder to the joint. If the solder
Soldering Copper Tube
8
does not melt, remove it and continue heating.
CAUTION: Do not overheat the joint or direct the flame intothe face of the fitting cup. Overheating could burn the flux,which will destroy its effectiveness, and the solder will notflow into the joint properly.
When the solder melts when touched to the joint, apply heat tothe base of the fitting cup, to aid capillary action in drawing themolten solder into the joint.
Applying Solder
Solder joints depend on capillary action to draw free-flowing,molten solder into the narrow space between the fitting and thetube. Capillary action takes place regardless of whether thesolder flow is up, down or horizontal.
For horizontal joints, start applying the solder metal slightlyoff-centre at the bottom of the joint. (Figure 13) Proceed acrossthe bottom of the fitting and up to the top-centre position. Re-turn to the starting point, overlap it, and then move up the in-completed side to the top, again overlapping the solder. Forjoints in the vertical position, use a similar sequence of over-lapping passes, starting wherever it is convenient.
Cooling and CleaningAllow the completed joint to cool naturally. Shock cooling withwater may stress the joint. When cool, clean off any remainingflux residue with a wet rag. (Figure 14) Whenever possible,based on end use, completed systems should be flushed to re-move excess flux and debris.
Figure 13 Figure 14
Testing
Test all completed assemblies for joint integrity. Follow thetest procedure required by codes applicable to the service ap-plication.
EstimatingThe amount of solder consumed when adequately filling thecapillary space between the tube and the fitting may be esti-mated from Table 12 (page 19). The flux needed is about 2ounces per pound of solder.
Soldering Copper Tube Brazing Copper TubeBrazing is another joining process for connecting copper tubeand fittings. However, it involves filler metals that melt at tem-peratures ranging from 590oC (1,100oF) to 815oC (1,500oF),which are much higher than the solders covered in the previoussection.
The temperature at which a filler metal starts to melt on heatingis the solidus temperature; the liquidus temperature is a highertemperature at which the filler metal is completely melted. Theliquidus temperature is the minimum temperature at which braz-ing will take place.
Figure 15 Figure 16
Brazing filler metals for joining copper tube are divided intotwo classes: BCuP alloys which contain phosphorus, and theBAg alloys which have a high silver content. Brazing fillermetals are sometimes referred to as “silver solders” or “hardsolders”, but these confusing terms should be avoided.
The fluxes used for brazing are different in composition fromsoldering fluxes, and they cannot be used interchangeably. Braz-ing fluxes are water based, while most soldering fluxes are pet-rolatum based. Like soldering fluxes, brazing fluxes dissolveand remove residual oxides from the metal surface, protect themetal from reoxidation during heating, and promote wetting ofthe surfaces to be joined. They also provide an indication ofthe metal temperature during heating. (Figure 17)
Fluxes suitable for brazing copper and copper alloy tube shouldmeet AWS Classification FB3-A or FB3-C, as listed in theAmerican Welding Society’s Brazing Handbook.
It should be noted that a brazing flux may not always be re-quired. When using copper tube, wrought copper fittings andBCuP filler metal, fluxing is optional due to the self-fluxingaction of the phosphorus.
PreparationLike soldering, the preparations for making a brazed joint con-sist of measuring, cutting, reaming and cleaning. (Figures3 to 6)
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Brazing Copper TubeFluxing:Apply the brazing flux to both the tube end (Figure 16) and theinside of the fitting. (Figure 18)
Heating and BrazingApply heat, preferably with an oxy-fuel flame; air-fuel is some-times used on smaller sizes. A neutral flame should be used.Heat the tube first, beginning about one inch from the edge ofthe fitting and sweep the flame around the tube in short strokesat right angles to the axis of the tube. (Figure 19)
It is very important that the flame be in motion continuously,and it should not remain on any one point long enough to dam-age the tube. The flux may be used as a guide as to how long toheat the tube; continue heating it until the flux becomes quietand transparent like clear water.
Then switch the flame to the fitting at the base of the cup. (Fig-ure 20) Heat uniformly, sweeping the flame from the fitting tothe tube until the flux on the fitting becomes quiet. Avoid ex-cessive heating of cast fittings.
When the flux appears liquid and transparent on both the tubeand fitting, start sweeping the flame back and forth along theaxis of the joint to maintain heat on the parts to be joined, espe-cially toward the base of the cup of the fitting. The flame mustbe kept moving to avoid melting the tube or fitting.
Apply the brazing filler metal at a point where the tube entersthe socket of the fitting. (Figure 21) When the proper temper-ature is reached, the filler metal will flow readily into the spacebetween the tube and fitting socket, drawn in by capillary ac-tion.
Keep the flame away from the filler metal itself as it is fed intothe joint. The temperature of the tube and fitting at the jointshould be high enough to melt the filler metal. Maintain theheat by moving the flame back and forth between the tube andfitting as the filler metal is drawn into the joint.
When the joint is properly made, a continuous fillet of fillermetal will be visible completely around the joint. Stop feedingas soon as you see the fillet.
For 1-in. tube and larger it may be difficult to bring the entirejoint up to heat at once. It frequently will be found desirable touse a multiple-orifice torch tip to maintain a proper tempera-ture over large areas. A mild preheating of the whole fitting isrecommended for larger sizes. Heating then can proceed asoutlined in the above steps.
When brazing horizontal joints, it is preferable to first applythe filler metal at the bottom, then the two sides, and finally thetop, making sure the operations overlap. On vertical joints it isimmaterial where the start is made. If the opening of the socketis pointing down, care should be taken to avoid overheating thetube, since this may cause the brazing filler metal to run downthe outside of the tube. If this happens, take the heat away andallow the filler metal to set. Then reheat the cup of the fitting todraw up the filler metal.
Cooling and Cleaning:After the brazed joint has cooled, the flux residue should beremoved with a clean cloth, brush or swab, using warm water.
1095°C / 2000°F
815°C / 1500°F
540°C / 1000°F
260°C / 500°F
Special Brazing FluxesMay Protect to Here
Standard Brazing FluxesProtect to Here
Brazing Temperatures(varies for different filler metals)
Flux Clear and Quiet
Flux Begins to Melt
Flux Bubbles
Melting Range of Solders
Water Boils Out of Flux
Room Temperature
Figure 18 Figure 19
Figure 17: Temperatures for Brazing and Soldering.
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Brazing Copper Tube
Figure 20 Figure 21
Remove all flux residue to avoid the risk of the hardened fluxtemporarily retaining pressure and masking an imperfectlybrazed joint. Wrought fittings may be cooled more readily thancast fittings, but all fittings should be allowed to air cool beforewetting.
TroubleshootingIf the filler metal fails to flow or has a tendency to ball up, itindicates oxidation on the metal surfaces or insufficient heat onthe parts to be joined. If the tube or fitting start to oxidizeduring heating there is too little flux. If the filler metal does notenter the joint and tends to flow over the outside of either mem-ber of the joint, it indicates that one member is overheated orthe other is underheated.
TestingTest all completed assemblies for joint integrity. Follow thetest procedure required by codes applicable to the service ap-plication.
EstimatingA general guide to estimating how much brazing filler metalwill be consumed is provided in Table 12 (page 19).
In addition to gas-fueled torches for soldering and brazing, elec-tric resistance hand tools may be used. They consist of tong-like heating electrodes. With the power on, the tongs areclamped around the fitting and held in place until the filler met-al melts when touched to the capillary gap between the tubeand fitting. Joint preparation is the same as for the gas torchmethod.
Lightweight electric resistance tools may be preferred in newand retrofit installations where an open flame would be a con-cern.
Another technology uses a tee-pulling tool to drill into a sec-tion of tube and pull out a collar for a tee connection. A branchline is then brazed into the raised collar; soldering cannot beused. This method is popular for fabricating manifolds and incopper fire sprinkler installations, since it reduces the numberof tee fittings used and thereby the number of brazed joints.
Other Joining Methods
In natural gas systems, copper can be added to existing steel pipe sys-tems using a flared fitting.
Grooved-end pipe and fittings have been used for many yearsto join iron and steel pipe in a variety of systems. This methodof mechanical joining is now available for copper tube in sizesfrom 2 to 6 inches. It uses a clamping ring with a gasket to holdtogether the butt ends of a tube-to-tube or tube-to-fitting joint.A roll-formed groove near the end of the tube or fitting permitsthe clamp to firmly grasp the two components of a joint. Pre-grooved couplings, elbows, tees and flanges are available fromthe manufacturers.
Flared joints are commonly used to join soft temper copper tube.The joint consists of three components: the flare fitting, theflared end of the copper tube, and the threaded flare nut whichholds the joint together. This type of joint is commonly usedfor natural gas or propane distribution systems. Flare fittingsare also used for underground services, but in recent years com-pression fittings have become most popular for this purpose.
Epoxy bonded joints are a relatively recent development. A Brazing a 5-inch Type K copper vacuum line in a hospital.
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Other Joining Methods
two part, fast-curing, epoxy-based adhesive is used to join cop-per tube and capillary fittings for water distribution systems. Itmay also be used in copper fire sprinkler systems (excludingdry systems), or installations where an open flame may not beappropriate.
BendingProperly bent copper tube will not collapse on the outside ofthe bend and will not buckle on the inside of the bend. Mech-anical tests have shown that the bursting strength of the bendportion is normally greater than it was before the tube was bent.The increase in bursting pressure is the result of an increase inthe tensile strength and yield strength of the tube where it hasbeen cold worked during bending.
The proper tools should be used for bending of tube.
Simple hand tools using mandrels, dies, forms and fillers, oreven power-operated bending machines are suitable for bend-ing copper tube. The proper size bender for each tube size shouldbe used. Also a suitable bend radius, as shown in Table 4 (page16) will decrease the chances of making an improper bend.
It should be noted that the National Plumbing Code of Canadadoes not permit Types M and DWV tube to be bent for use inplumbing systems, and most provincial codes have similar re-strictions on bending. Types M and DWV tube are relativelythin-wall, hard-temper products.
Copper tube and fittings are suitable for use in a diverse rangeof applications in building construction, which is testimony totheir ability to provide long trouble-free service under a multi-tude of service conditions.
Copper’s reputation for excellence is based on decades of actu-al service experience in these applications. No accelerated testswhich may or may not turn out to be accurate are involved.
And the bottom-line is copper systems are cost-effective. Whenmaterial cost, installation cost, and maintenance expenses overthe life of a system are considered, copper becomes the solidchoice for top performance at reasonable cost.
PlumbingUnderground Water Serv-ices: From the water mainto the house or building,either Type K or L softtemper tube is used. Theyare available in long coilsof various lengths in nom-inal sizes up to 2 in. Withcoils intermediate jointscan be eliminated or min-imized. Soft tube can alsobe bent around any ob-structions or unevennessin the trench, and it adjustsreadily to ground settle-ment.
Compression fittings havebecome the most popularchoice for undergroundcopper water services inrecent years, because oftheir high strength andease of installation.
Hot and Cold Water Lines: Systems above ground inside hous-es and buildings are the biggest single application for coppertube and fittings. Copper installations extend from houses andvacation properties to office towers and multi-storey apartments,condominiums, and hotels. Hard temper Types L and M tubeare commonly used, depending on service conditions; hard TypeK may be needed in some cases. Canadian codes, except forBritish Columbia, allow Type M tube as the minimum require-ment, and it is the most widely used. In B.C., Type L is re-quired, because of water conditions.
Special care should be taken with hot water recirculation sys-tems, as covered on pages 14 and 15.
Renovation and Remodeling: When remodeling, situations maybe encountered in which soft temper tube, normally Type L,
Applications
Long coils of soft temper tubeallow underground water servicesto be installed without intermediatejoints.
Soldered fittings andbrazed “T-Drill” jointscan often becombined for themost economicalinstallation.
12
Applicationscan be used to advantage, since its flexibility permits it to beworked inside partition walls with a minimum of difficulty.
Drainage, Waste & Vent Systems: Type DWV tube with solderfittings is available in hard temper only. It is used above groundin multi-unit and high-rise buildings for drainage, waste andvent lines, and it should be considered particularly when non-combustible construction requirements must be met.
Rainwater Leaders: Type DWV tube may also be used for rain-water leaders inside of buildings.
Natural gas combo water heaters are ideal for multi-unit buildings, suchas condominiums.
In Canada, Type G/GAS tube is also electrostatic spray paintedyellow, or jacketted with yellow plastic, for easy identification.
Installation of a typical baseboard convector using ¾-inch Type L tube.
CCBDA Publication No. 14, available on request, providesdetailed information on the design and installation of cop-per natural gas and propane systems.
Propane: The use of copper tube and flare fittings for propaneinstallations goes back for several decades. It is expected thatthe popularity of Type G/GAS tube for propane systems willalso grow over the next few years.
Part of the early Canadian experience with copper tube for nat-ural gas systems involved existing propane systems which wereconverted to natural gas without retubing. The copper tube inthe propane systems was adequately sized to meet the demandsof the appliances, taking into consideration the lower calorificvalue of natural gas, and resizing was not necessary. Thesesystems continue to give excellent performance.
Fuel Oil: For small diameter fuel lines and connections be-tween the oil storage tank and the burner, soft temper tube isusually used. General Purpose tube or Type L tube are typical-ly selected.
Hydronic Heating: In hydronic systems, hot water is recircu-lated in a closed loop to provide uniform heat in rooms. Forlarge buildings, systems can be zoned to maintain various temp-erature levels in different areas. Hard temper Type M coppertube is used for circulation of the hot water from compact boil-ers to unobtrusive baseboard convectors. The tube inside theconvectors usually has large fins to increase its heat transferproperties.
Combo Systems: A relatively recent advance involves the useof combination units for heating water for the potable watersupply and space heating. Gas-fired units are particularly pop-
HeatingNatural Gas: The use of copper tube to convey natural gashas become the fastest growing new application for coppertube in recent years. The 2000 edition of the Canadian Stand-ards Association B149 Installation Code permits the use oftwo Types of copper for above ground natural gas systemsand propane systems - Type G/GAS tube meeting ASTMB837, and Type L tube meeting ASTM B88. For undergroundlines, Type K copper tube, plastic-coated Type G/GAS tube,or plastic-coated Type L tube, are required. Provincial reg-ulatory authorities are expected to adopt these requirements.Local authorities should be consulted before specifying orinstalling any type of copper tube.
for patient care in healthcare facilities, and includeoxygen, nitrous oxide, med-ical air, nitrogen, carbon di-oxide, helium, and vacuumlines.
Hard temper copper tube isthe only material permittedby installation codes forabove ground medical gassystems in Canada. CSAStandard Z305.1 specifiesthat Types K and L tubemanufactured to meet the re-quirements of ASTM Stand-ard B 819 be used.
B 819 tube is speciallycleaned and is supplied tothe installer capped orplugged. Care must be tak-en to prevent contaminationof the system when the capsor plugs are removed. Dur-ing installation and brazing, continuous purging with nitrogenis carried out to maintain a clean, oxide free interior. For cop-per-to-copper joints, a copper-phosphorus brazing filler metal(BCuP series) without flux is required. A flux is permitted whenbrazing dissimilar metals.
Note: CSA Z305.1 must be referred to for details on the ma-terials and joining methods permitted for medical gas instal-lation.
Fire SprinklersThe National Building Code of Canada and provincial codesreference NFPA* Standards 13, 13D and 13R for the installa-tion of fire sprinkler systems in buildings for all types of occu-
13
ular for this purpose, but other fuels can be used. Since theheated water circulated through the convectors or heat exchang-ers is also potable, only materials permitted for potable watersystems may be used. As a result copper tube and fittings arekey components of combo systems.
Radiant Heating: In recent years there has been a resurgencein the popularity of radiant heating. In these systems, low-tem-perature hot water is circulated through grids of copper tubeembedded in a concrete floor or plaster ceiling. Soft temperType L tube is commonly used for the sinuous or grid patternsin the floor or ceiling. Hydraulics, heat output, and locationmust be considered when selecting the tube size and spacing.Radiant panels which fit into suspended T-bar ceilings are alsoavailable.
Applications
Copper tube has been used for decades for propane gas installations.
Steam Heat: The high corrosion resistance and non-rustingcharacteristics of copper tube assure trouble-free service andreduce the maintenance of traps, valves, and other devices.Types K and L meet the requirements of the average steam heat-ing system and Type M may be used for certain low pressureinstallations. Pressure tables will show which Type will assureadequate safety factor. On condensate and hot water return lines,it is recommended that the last two feet before the heating me-dium should be double the size of the rest of the line. For ex-ample, if the return line is 1-in. tube, then enlarge it to 2-in.
Refrigeration & Air-ConditioningCopper is the preferred material for use with all refrigerantsexcept ammonia. Huge quantities of copper tube and fittingsare used in the fabrication of equipment and for the installationof systems.
Type ACR tube (Air-Conditioning-Refrigeration) is covered byASTM Standard B 280. It is degreased, dehydrated, and cappedbefore it leaves the tube production plant. Nitrogen-charged ornitrogen-purged tube are also available. The nitrogen protectsthe tube and maintains a clean surface inside the tube prior toinstallation.
Medical Gas SystemsMedical gas systems convey nonflammable medical gases used
Three copper medical gas linesin a hospital.
Residential copper fire sprinkler systems typically use Type M tube andfast-response sprinkler heads.
14
Corrosion ResistanceNo other plumbing material has the service performancerecord of copper water tube and fittings.
Copper tube has been used for hot and cold water systems sincethe 1930s. And it is not uncommon for these early installationsto still be performing satisfactorily 60 years later! There arethousands upon thousands of installations completed in the fif-ties, sixties and seventies that have provided decades of trou-ble-free service and continue to function satisfactorily.
Copper’s corrosion resistance is related to its ability to form auniform, adherent, protective oxide film in contact with mostwaters. However, there are instances where the protective filmmay not form, or it may be damaged or disrupted, and corro-sion may occur. These instances are exceptionally rare whenone considers the many millions of feet of copper tube that arein service in Canada, as well as North America, Europe, andother regions.
Cuprosolvency may occur in soft waters, with low hardnessand low alkalinity, and a pH of 7 or lower. It may cause a blue/green water colour and staining of plumbing fittings or laun-dry. The general dissolution of copper tube associated withcuprosolvency is a very slow process which thins the tube butdoes not usually result in failure of the wall of the tube.
Cold Water Pitting is associated with well or other groundwaters containing free carbon dioxide in conjunction with dis-solved oxygen. Such waters are generally referred to as beingaggressive. Pits develop from the inside of the tube, and typi-cally they have a blue/green tubercle or hollow mound of cor-rosion products over the pit. Cold water pitting can be mitigat-ed by treatment of the water to eliminate its aggressiveness. Avariety of water treatment methods are available.
Flux Corrosion is another form of pitting which is attributableto the use of aggressive soldering fluxes (see page 7) and poorworkmanship. If too much flux is used or insufficient heat isapplied during soldering, a waxy petrolatum residue may re-main in the tube. The corrosive residues may eventually resultin pitting. It is important to emphasize again that flux corro-sion does not occur often when one considers the millions ofsolder joints that are made annually.
Erosion Corrosion is caused by excessive localized water ve-locity and/or turbulence. Affected areas are typically free fromthe protective oxide film and corrosion products, and may bebright and shiny with horseshoe-shaped pits present. Failure todeburr the inside edge of a tube after cutting is one of the mostcommon causes of turbulence in a system. Another cause istoo many abrupt changes in direction.
Hot Water Recirculating Systems require special mention. Ex-cessive velocity in such systems is a common cause of erosioncorrosion and failure. Installations which use small sizes oftube or too large pumps result in higher than recommended flow
Applications
A Gas-TecTM Copper Manifold provides ease of installation for copper gassupply lines.
pancies including residences. The NFPA Standards permit TypesM, L, and K copper tube to be used for wet sprinkler systems,in sizes down to 3/4-in.
A variety of joining methods may be used, including brazing,soldering, and epoxy adhesives. Tee-pulling tools and brazedjoints are particularly suitable for installing the grids of tubeneeded to provide sprinkler coverage on floors of office build-ings, for example. Mechanical couplings may be used for largesizes of tube. (* National Fire Protection Association)
Snow Melting SystemsA solution of hot water and glycol antifreeze can be circulatedat temperatures between 50oC and 55oC (120 to 130oF) throughcopper tube embedded in concrete slabs or asphalt, to melt sur-face snow and ice from walks, ramps, driveways and loadingplatforms. Type L tube generally is used for this application,and it is buried about 1-1/4 to 1-1/2 inches below the surface,depending on whether concrete or asphalt is used. It is laid outin sinuous or grid patterns similar to radiant heating systems.
Ground Source Heat PumpsRecent heat pump technology, known as direct-expansion, usesa refrigerant-filled copper coil which is buried in direct contactwith the earth. This design eliminates the need for an extrapump and heat exchanger commonly seen in conventionalground-source heat pump systems which use a secondary anti-freeze solution circulating through a plastic ground coil. Themost efficient ground-source heat pumps use small sizes of ACRor Type L copper tube. The tube for the coil can either be bur-ied vertically where space is a premium, or horizontally in me-dium depth trenches.
Solar HeatingCopper tube is used in the roof-top collectors in active solarenergy systems, and for the lines joining the collectors to thecirculation equipment. These systems capture energy from thesun to heat domestic water, which reduces a residence’s energyconsumption for regular water heating.
DWV
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.650
0.809
1.07
*
1.69
*
2.87
4.43
6.10
10.6
*
*
Nominal or
Standard Size,
in.
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
3-1/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
Most noble - Most corrosion resistant
Least noble - Least corrosion resistant
15
Table 1: Dimensions and Weights of Types K, L, M(1) and DWV(2) Tube
Corrosion Resistance
PlatinumGoldSilverStainless Steel - PassiveCopperTinLeadStainless Steel - ActiveCast IronMild SteelAluminumGalvanized SteelZincMagnesium
Table 13: The Galvanic Series
Outside
Diameter, in.
All Types
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.125
1.375
1.625
2.125
2.625
3.125
3.625
4.125
5.125
6.125
8.125
10.125
12.125
K
0.305
0.402
0.527
0.652
0.745
0.995
1.245
1.481
1.959
2.435
2.907
3.385
3.857
4.805
5.741
7.583
9.449
11.315
L
0.315
0.430
0.545
0.666
0.785
1.025
1.265
1.505
1.985
2.465
2.945
3.425
3.905
4.875
5.845
7.725
9.625
11.565
M
*
0.450
0.569
*
0.811
1.055
1.291
1.527
2.009
2.495
2.981
3.459
3.935
4.907
5.881
7.785
9.701
11.617
DWV
*
*
*
*
*
*
1.295
1.541
2.041
*
3.030
*
4.009
4.981
5.959
7.907
*
*
K
0.035
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.072
0.083
0.095
0.109
0.120
0.134
0.160
0.192
0.271
0.338
0.405
L
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.042
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.100
0.110
0.125
0.140
0.200
0.250
0.280
M
*
0.025
0.028
*
0.032
0.035
0.042
0.049
0.058
0.065
0.072
0.083
0.095
0.109
0.122
0.170
0.212
0.254
DWV
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.040
0.042
0.042
*
0.045
*
0.058
0.072
0.083
0.109
*
*
K
0.145
0.269
0.344
0.418
0.641
0.839
1.04
1.36
2.06
2.93
4.00
5.12
6.51
9.67
13.9
25.9
40.3
57.8
L
0.126
0.198
0.285
0.362
0.455
0.655
0.884
1.14
1.75
2.48
3.33
4.29
5.38
7.61
10.2
19.3
30.1
40.4
M
*
0.145
0.204
*
0.328
0.465
0.682
0.940
1.46
2.03
2.68
3.58
4.66
6.66
8.92
16.5
25.6
36.7
Inside
Diameter, in.
Wall
Thickness, in.
Theoretical Weight
Pounds per Linear Foot
(1) ASTM B 88-96(2) ASTM B 306-96* Not available
CCBDA Information Sheet 97-02 available on request, pro-vides detailed information on the design and installation ofhot water recirculating lines.
Galvanic, or Dissimilar Metal, Corrosion of copper and cop-per alloys is exceptionally rare. Incidents often attributed togalvanic corrosion are usually erroneous. In the galvanic se-ries of metals, copper is one of the most noble metals. (Table13) This means that copper is the most corrosion resistant. Inother words, when copper is in contact with iron, steel or alu-minum in water distribution systems, for example, the copperdoes not corrode; the other metal will eventually fail if the con-ditions for galvanic corrosion are present. This situation can beprevented by using a dielectric fitting between the copper andthe less noble metal. It should be added that electrolysis shouldnot be confused with galvanic corrosion.
Underground Copper lines are renowned for their excellentperformance in a wide variety of soil conditions. Copper doesnot corrode in most clays, chalks, loams, sands, and gravels.There are a few aggressive soil conditions that may result incorrosion when moisture is present. Cinder fill containing sul-
phur is one example. In such conditions, the tube should beinsulated from the cinders by a layer of sand mixed with lime,or a layer of limestone, or by wrapping with moisture-prooftape.
Concrete is often thought to cause corrosion of copper, but thisis a misconception. Copper is unaffected by Portland cementswhich provide an alkaline environment. However, non-alka-line cements containing sulphurous ash or other inorganic acidsshould be avoided, as should foamed concretes which employammonia-containing foaming agents.
rates. Other factors such as system design, installation work-manship, operating temperature and water chemistry must alsobe taken into consideration.
Table 5: Radii of Coiled Expansion Loops and Developed Lengths of Expansion Offsets
Annealed
Inside
Diameter, in.
0.065
0.127
0.190
0.248
0.311
0.436
0.555
0.680
0.666
0.785
1.025
1.265
1.505
*
*
*
*
*
Wall
Thickness, in.
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.035
0.035
0.042
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.060
*
*
*
*
*
Outside
Diameter, in.
0.125
0.187
0.250
0.312
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.750
0.875
1.125
1.375
1.625
*
*
*
*
*
Standard
Size,
in.
1/8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
3/4
7/8
1-1/8
1-3/8
1-5/8
2-1/8
2-5/8
3-1/8
3-5/8
4-1/8
Outside
Diameter, in.
*
*
*
*
0.375
0.500
0.625
*
0.750
0.875
1.125
1.375
1.625
2.125
2.625
3.125
3.625
4.125
Drawn
Inside
Diameter, in.
*
*
*
*
0.315
0.430
0.545
*
0.666
0.785
1.025
1.265
1.505
1.985
2.465
2.945
3.425
3.905
Wall
Thickness, in.
*
*
*
*
0.030
0.035
0.040
*
0.042
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.100
0.110
Theoretical
Weight
Pounds per Linear Foot
0.0347
0.0575
0.0804
0.109
0.134 0.126
0.182 0.198
0.251 0.285
0.305 *
0.362 0.362
0.455
0.655
0.884
1.14
1.75
2.48
3.33
4.29
5.38
Table 2: Dimensions and Weights of Type ACR Tube(1)
(1) ASTM B 280-95a * Not available
StandardSize, in.
3/81/25/83/47/8
1-1/8
OutsideDiameter, in.
0.3750.5000.6250.7500.8751.125
WallThickness, in.
0.0300.0350.0400.0420.0450.050
Theoretical WeightPounds per Linear Foot
0.1260.1980.2850.3620.4550.655
(1) ASTM B 837-95
Table 3: Dimensions and Weights ofType G/GAS Tube(1)
16
Nominal orStandard Size, in.
1/43/83/81/21/23/43/41
1-1/4
Tube TypeK, LK, LK, LK, LK, LK, LK, LK, LK, L
TemperAnnealedAnnealed
DrawnAnnealed
DrawnAnnealed
DrawnAnnealedAnnealed
Minimum BendRadius(1), in.
3/41-1/21-3/42-1/42-1/2
3349
(1) Minimum radius for mechanicalbending equipment only.
Table 4: Bending Guide
Radius “R”, inches, for Nominal or Standard Tube Sizes Shown
Length “L”, inches, for Nominal or Standard Tube Sizes Shown
2-1/2
16
102
23
144
28
176
32
203
36
227
40
249
43
269
46
288
Expected
Expansion,
in.
1/2
1
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
3-1/2
4
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
1/4
6
38
9
54
11
66
12
77
14
86
15
94
16
102
17
109
3/8
7
44
10
63
12
77
14
89
16
99
17
109
19
117
20
126
1/2
8
50
11
70
14
86
16
99
18
111
19
122
21
131
22
140
3/4
9
59
13
83
16
101
19
117
21
131
23
143
25
155
26
166
1
11
67
15
94
18
115
21
133
24
149
26
163
28
176
30
188
1-1/4
12
74
17
104
20
127
23
147
26
165
29
180
31
195
33
208
1-1/2
13
80
18
113
22
138
25
160
29
179
31
196
34
212
36
226
2
15
91
21
129
25
158
29
183
33
205
36
224
39
242
41
259
5
23
142
32
201
39
245
45
284
51
318
55
348
60
376
64
402
3
18
111
25
157
30
191
35
222
40
248
43
272
47
293
50
314
3 1/2
19
120
27
169
33
206
38
239
43
267
47
293
50
316
54
338
4
20
128
29
180
35
220
41
255
45
285
50
312
54
337
57
361
17
S =9000 psi
100°F16121367
-16951168855
13371082
7411104947
-1278
873611982741506797658507742613497652545448597504411578476380549455378540440377517404349520376328553406344553407344555380345
S =9000 psi
150°F16121367
-16951168855
13371082
7411104947
-1278
873611982741506797658507742613497652545448597504411578476380549455378540440377517404349520376328553406344553407344555380345
S =9000 psi
200°F16121367
-16951168855
13371082
7411104947
-1278
873611982741506797658507742613497652545448597504411578476380549455378540440377517404349520376328553406344553407344555380345
S =9000 psi
250°F16121367
-16951168855
13371082
7411104947
-1278
873611982741506797658507742613497652545448597504411578476380549455378540440377517404349520376328553406344553407344555380345
S =8700 psi
300°F15581322
-16381129827
12931046
7161067
916-
1236844590949717489771636490717592480630527433577487397559460367530440366522425364500390338502364317535392332535393333536368333
S =8500 psi
350°F15221292
-16011103808
12631022
7001043
895-
1207825577928700477753622479700579469616515423564476388546449359518430357510415356488381330491355310523383325523384325524359326
S =8200 psi
400°F14681246
-15441064
7791218
986675
1006863
-1165796556895676461727600462676558453594497408544459375527433346500415345492401343471368318474343299504370313504371314506346314
Nominal orStandardSize, in.
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
3-1/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
TYPEKLMKLMKLMKLMKLMKLMKLMKLMKLMKLMKLMKLMKLMKLMKLMKLMKLMKLM
S =6000 psi
100°F1074
912-
1130779570891722494736631
-852582407655494337532439338494408331435364299398336274385317253366304252360293251345269233346251218369270229369271230370253230
S =5100 psi
150°F913775
-960662485758613420626537
-724495346557420286452373287420347282370309254338285233328270215311258214306249213293229198295213186314230195314231195314215195
S =4800 psi
200°F860729
-904623456713577395589505
-682466326524395270425351271396327265348291239319269219308254203293243202288235201276215186277201175295216183295217184296203184
S =4800 psi
250°F860729
-904623456713577395589505
-682466326524395270425351271396327265348291239319269219308254203293243202288235201276215186277201175295216183295217184296203184
S =4700 psi
300°F842714
-885610447698565387577495
-668456319513387264416344265387320259341285234312263215302248199286238197282230197270211182271196171289212180289212180290199180
S =4000 psi
350°F716608
-753519380594481329491421
-568388271437330225354293225330272221290242199265224183257211169244202168240196167230179155231167146246180153246181153247169153
S =3000 psi
400°F537456
-565389285446361247368316
-426291204327247169266219169247204166217182149199168137193159127183152126180147126172135116173125109184135115184136115185127115
Table 6: Rated Internal Working Pressure (psi) for Types K, L, and M Tube(1)
(1) Based on maximum allowable stress in tension (psi) for the indicated temperatures.(2) Type M tube is not available in the annealed temper. Annealed values are provided for
guidance when drawn temper Type M is brazed or welded.
(3) When brazing or welding is used to join drawn tube, the corresponding annealed rating mustbe used.
Annealed(2) Drawn(3)
M
Drawn
6135
4715
3865
3875
3550
2935
2800
2665
2215
2490
2000
2285
Nominal or
Standard Size,
in.
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
4
5
6
8
Outside
Diameter,
in.
0.625
0.875
1.125
1.375
1.625
2.125
2.625
3.125
4.125
5.125
6.125
8.125
K
Drawn
9840
9300
7200
5525
5000
3915
3575
3450
3415
3585
3425
3635
Annealed
4535
4200
3415
2800
2600
2235
*
*
*
*
*
*
L(2)
Drawn
7765
5900
5115
4550
4100
3365
3215
2865
2865
2985
2690
2650
Annealed
3885
2935
2650
2400
2200
1910
*
*
*
*
*
*
Table 9: Actual Burst Pressure(1) (psi) forTypes K, L, and M Tube, at RoomTemperature
* Not available.(1) The figures shown are averages of three certified tests performed on each Type and size of
tube. In each case, wall thickness was at or near the minimum specified for each tubeType. No burst pressure in any test deviated from the average by more than 5%.
(2) Type L burst pressures can be used for ACR tube of equivalent actual O.D. and wallthickness.
18
Nominal
or
Standard
Size,
in.
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1-1/8
1-3/8
1-5/8
2-1/8
2-5/8
3-1/8
3-5/8
4-1/8
S =
4800 psi
200°F
729
623
577
505
466
395
351
327
291
269
254
243
235
S =
4800 psi
250°F
729
623
577
505
466
395
351
327
291
269
254
243
235
S =
4700 psi
300°F
714
610
565
495
456
387
344
320
285
263
248
238
230
S =
4000 psi
350°F
608
519
481
421
388
330
293
272
242
224
211
202
196
S =
3000 psi
400°F
456
389
361
316
291
247
219
204
182
168
159
152
147
S =
9000 psi
100°F
1371
1172
1085
949
875
743
660
614
546
504
476
455
440
S =
9000 psi
150°F
1371
1172
1085
949
875
743
660
614
546
504
476
455
440
S =
9000 psi
200°F
1371
1172
1085
949
875
743
660
614
546
504
476
455
440
S =
9000 psi
250°F
1371
1172
1085
949
875
743
660
614
546
504
476
455
440
S =
8700 psi
300°F
1326
1133
1049
918
846
718
638
593
528
487
460
440
425
S =
8500 psi
350°F
1295
1107
1025
896
827
702
623
580
516
476
449
430
415
Nominal
or
Standard
Size,
in.
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1-1/8
1-3/8
1-5/8
2-1/8
2-5/8
3-1/8
3-5/8
4-1/8
STRAIGHT LENGTHS
Annealed(2)
Table 7: Rated Internal Working Pressure (psi) for ACR Tube(1) - Straight Lengths
(1) Based on maximum allowable stress in tension (psi) for the indicated temperature.S =
6000 psi
100°F
3074
1935
1406
1197
984
727
618
511
631
582
494
439
408
S =
5100 psi
150°F
2613
1645
1195
1017
836
618
525
435
537
495
420
373
347
S =
4800 psi
200°F
2459
1548
1125
957
787
581
494
409
505
466
395
351
327
S =
4800 psi
250°F
2459
1548
1125
957
787
581
494
409
505
466
395
351
327
S =
4700 psi
300°F
2408
1516
1102
937
770
569
484
400
495
456
387
344
320
S =
4000 psi
350°F
2049
1290
938
798
656
485
412
341
421
388
330
293
272
S =
3000 psi
400°F
1537
968
703
598
492
363
309
256
316
291
247
219
204
Nominal
or
Standard
Size,
in.
1/8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
3/4
7/8
1-1/8
1-3/8
1-5/8
COILS
Annealed
Table 8: Rated Internal WorkingPressure (psi) for ACR Tube(1) - Coils
(1) Based on maximum allowable stress in tension (psi) for the indicated temperature.(2) When brazing or welding is used to join drawn tube, the corresponding annealed rating must be used.
S =
6000 psi
100°F
912
779
722
631
582
494
439
408
364
336
317
304
293
S =
5100 psi
150°F
775
662
613
537
495
420
373
347
309
285
270
258
249
STRAIGHT LENGTHS
Drawn(2)
S =
8200 psi
400°F
1249
1068
989
865
797
677
601
559
498
459
433
415
401
3/32” Wire(3),(5)
*
*
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.8
6.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.5
21.0
19
Drainage Fittings
*
*
*
*
*
1.3
1.5
2.0
*
3.2
*
4.5
*
*
Nominal or
Standard Size,
in.
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
Solder
Pounds of Solder per 100 Joints(2)
Pressure Fittings
*
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.5
3.4
4.2
4.8
6.0
8.5
16.0
Brazing Alloy
Linear Inches per Joint
1/16” Wire(3),(4)
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
5/64” Wire(3),(6)
*
*
0.9
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
4.0
7.0
11.0
13.0
15.5
18.0
23.0
Table 12: Approximate Consumption of Filler Metals(1)
Solder or
Brazing Alloy
Used in Joints
50 - 50
Tin-Lead
Solder(1)(2)
95 - 5
Tin-Antimony
Solder(1)
Brazing Alloys
Melting at or
above 1100°F
Service
Temperature °F
100
150
200
250
Saturated Steam
100
150
200
250
Saturated Steam
100-150-200
250
350
Saturated Steam
1/4 to 1
(incl)
200
150
100
85
15
500
400
300
200
15
*
300
270
120
1-1/4 to 2
(incl)
175
125
90
75
15
400
350
250
175
15
*
210
190
120
2-1/2 to 4
(incl)
150
100
75
50
15
300
275
200
150
15
*
170
150
120
Table 11: Recommended Maximum Internal Working Pressure (psi) for Joints in Types K, L,and M Tube
(1) See ASTM B 32(2) Not permitted in
potable(drinking) watersystems.
* Recommendedmaximumpressure is therated pressure ofannealed tubeshown in Table 6.
* Not applicable(1) Actual
consumptiondepends onworkmanshipand size ofjoints.
(2) Flux required isabout 2 oz per lbof solder.
(3) Other sizes areavailable.
(4) 1090 inches of1/16” wire per lb.
(5) 484 inches of3/32” wire per lb.
(6) 524 inches of5/64” wire per lb.
Nominal or Standard Size, in.
S =
9000 psi
100°F
494
440
326
239
225
227
223
219
S =
9000 psi
150°F
494
440
326
239
225
227
223
219
S =
9000 psi
200°F
494
440
326
239
225
227
223
219
S =
9000 psi
250°F
494
440
326
239
225
227
223
219
S =
8700 psi
300°F
478
425
315
231
217
219
215
212
S =
8500 psi
350°F
467
415
308
225
212
214
210
207
Nominal or
Standard
Size, in.
1-1/4
1-1/2
2
3
4
5
6
8
S =
6000 psi
100°F
330
293
217
159
150
151
148
146
S =
5100 psi
150°F
280
249
185
135
127
129
126
124
S =
4800 psi
200°F
264
235
174
127
120
121
119
117
S =
4700 psi
300°F
258
230
170
125
117
119
116
114
S =
4000 psi
350°F
220
196
145
106
100
101
99
97
S =
3000 psi
400°F
165
147
109
80
75
76
74
73
Drawn(3)
Table 10: Rated Internal Working Pressure (psi) for Type DWV Tube(1)
(1) Based on maximum allowable stress in tension (psi) for the indicated temperatures.(2) Type DWV is not available in the annealed temper. Annealed values are provided for
guidance when drawn temper tube is brazed or welded.
(3) When brazing or welding is used to join drawn tube, the corresponding annealed rating mustbe used.
S =
8200 psi
400°F
451
401
297
217
205
207
203
200
5 to 8
(incl)
130
90
70
50
15
150
150
150
140
15
*
150
150
120
Annealed(2)
S =
4800 psi
250°F
264
235
174
127
120
121
119
117
Superior performance at reasonable cost! Copper tube andfittings are chosen for the majority of new and retrofitinstallations in Canada, because the advantages of coppersystems provide long, trouble-free service at low, total-installed cost.
Light & Compact: Copper’s light weight permits easierhandling and prefabrication. It costs less to transport andtakes less space when installed.
Easy to Join: The wide range of types of fittings availablesimplifies installation. Soldering and brazing provide neat,strong and leakproof joints.
Fabrication: Tube can be cut quickly with a variety ofcommonly available tools. It can also be readily bent andformed when necessary.
Corrosion Resistance: Excellent resistance to corrosionassures long, trouble-free service. Immunity to rust andresistance to clogging minimize maintenance.
Flow: Copper’s smooth interior means minimum resistanceto flow. Also fittings do not restrict flow, and do not makeadditional allowances necessary when sizing systems.
Safe: Copper tube will not burn or support combustion anddecompose to toxic gases, and therefore, it will not carry firethrough floors, walls, and ceilings. Volatile organiccompounds are not required for installation.
Dependable: Copper tube and fittings are manufactured tomeet the requirements of widely recognized standards. Theyare accepted by all plumbing codes in Canada, as well as bythe installation codes covering other applications.
The Bottom Line: Copper systems are cost-effective whencompared with competitive materials! Copper’s ease ofinstallation reduces total costs, and its reliability means fewercallbacks and minimum maintenance expenses. Copper alsohas high scrap value, and is readily recycled.
Why Select Copper?
CCBDA ServicesThe purpose of the Canadian Copper & Brass DevelopmentAssociation is to promote, develop, and stimulate the use of copperand copper alloys in new and existing applications. It is supportedby the Canadian Copper Industry, including the manufacturers oftube, fittings, and related plumbing products.
CCBDA Publication No. 28E, Second Edition, 2000
CANADIAN COPPER & BRASS DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION49 The Donway West, Suite 415, Don Mills, Ontario, Canada M3C 3M9
Telephone: (416) 391-5599 Fax: (416) 391-3823
Toll Free: 1-877- 640-0946e-mail: [email protected]
web site: www.ccbda.org
Technical Assistance is available to everyone interested.Guidance can be provided on installation methods, codes andregulations, product standards, availability of materials, andso forth.
Literature available includes the Manual on Natural GasSystems, Information Sheets on a variety of topics such asHot Water Recirculating Systems, and the periodicalCanadian Copper which covers the latest applications ofcopper products.
Videos are available on techniques for Soldering, Brazing,and Flaring & Bending, as well as applications such as naturalgas systems.
All of the services, including the publications and videos, areprovided free of charge. Contact the CCBDA to obtain the latestlist of topics covered.