coptic lessons

8/13/2019 Coptic Lessons

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U N I T 1

How to make a Coptic sentence :

A sentence requires a subject and a verb. The subject that carries out the

action can be a noun or pronoun.

(1) VERBS

Verbs given here can be used in the imperative form, that is to make

a request or to give an order.

! "# $ sit ( haemsi ) "%&$ go - walk ( moshi )

'$ take ( chi ) # ()! " listen ( soataem )

%*(" eat ( ou - woam ) # ( drink ( soa )

+ &,-, pray ( eshleel ) `#"%* bless ( esmou )

#./$ speak ( saji ) (& read ( oash )

%*(&) kneel - worship ou-woasht /%*&) look ( gousht )

(2) NOUNS

Nouns are used as subjects or objects. In Coptic, nouns are either masculine

or feminine. We shall start with masculine nouns. The best way to tell the

gender of a noun is to identify its definite article . 0$ is the most commonlyused definite article for masculine nouns.

0$ 2("$ the man 0$ )%)# the chair

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The indefinite article is %* , which is a in English. %* is taken by both masculine and feminine nouns.

%*2 ("$ a man ( ou - roami ) 0$ 2("$ the man

%*.,%* a boy ( ou - alou ) 0$ .,%* the boy

%*%*-3 a priest ( ou - ou - weep ) 0$ %*-3 the priest

%*!24!$ a sanctuary ( ou - aer - faey ) 0$ !24! $ the sanctunary

%*5$ .6(7 a deacon ( ou - thyakoan ) 0$ 5$ .6(7 the deacon

%*)%)# a chair ( ou - tots ) 0$ )%)# the chair

%*,.%# people ( ou - la - wos ) 0$ ,.%# the people

%*". a place ( ou - ma ) 0$ ". the place

%*". !8%*.3 a holy place ( ou - ma aef - ou- wab )

%*". + 7/%*&) + ! 3%, waiting area ( ou - ma - en - gousht aevol )

%*6. $ a land - floor ( ou - kahi ) 0$ 6. $ the land - floor

%*2- a sun ( ou - ree ) 0$ 2- the sun

9.$ 2- : 9.$ 2.; ( Kahi - ree/ra ) Cairo ( land of the sun )

(3) PREPOSITION

This is a word often placed before a noun or pronoun to show direction, place,

source,.etc. (e g in, from , at ). An object separated from a verb by a prepositionis known as indirect object .

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+ ! /! 7 = $ /! 7 on ( aejaen - hijaen ) &. until ( sha )

+ 7# . towards ( en - sa ) 7! " with - and ( naem )

The following sentences are made up of a verb in the imperative form, a preposition

and an indirect object .

# ./$ 7! " 0$ 2("$ Speak with the man.

"%&$ 7! " 0$ .,%* Walk with the boy.

+ &,-, 7! " 0$ %*-3 Pray with the priest.

! "# $ $ /! 7 0$ )%)# Sit on the chair.

! "# $ $ /! 7 0$ 6.$ Sit on the floor.

+ &,-,

%*("


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7.7! 2%* $ good evening ( nanae rou - hi )

7.7! + ! ".&( very good ( nanae - ae - mashoa )

.2$ + "%) please ( do ). ( ari - eh - mot )

.2$ + "%) # ( please drink. ( ari - eh -mot soa )

.2$ + "%) %*(" please eat. ( ari - eh - mot ou - woam )

> 7> "%) please ( en-eh-mot )

+ "0!2 do not ( empaer ) .,,. but ( alla )

+ "0!2# ./$ .,,. # ()! "? Do not speak but listen.

"0!2"%&$ .,,. ! "# $ ? Do not go but sit down.

+ "0!2 ! "# $ $ /! 7 0$ 6.$ .,,. ! "# $ $ /! 7

0$ )%)# ? Do not sit on the floor but sit on the chair.

RELIGIOUS APPLICATION

# ()! " ! 2%7 * hear us `# "%* ! 2% 7 bless us .2! ! 2% 7 preserve us

+ # "%* ! 2% 8 *, 0$ 2- 7! " 0$ $ %

Bless Him, the sun and the moon ( esmou aerof pi - ree naem pi - yoh )

_______________________________________________________

(*) !2%$, !2%6, ! 2%, !2%8, !2%#, !2%7 .. object pronouns indicate me, you, you (fem), him, her, us ..

to be explained at a later stage.

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U N I T 2

(1) SPECIAL DEFINITE ARTICLES

We have learned the definite article 0$ is used for singular masculine nouns.

In this unit, two special definite masculine articles are presented: ` and ` .

These are frequently used for sing. masculine nouns of particular importance

in religious texts.

+ 4$ () the father ( ef - yoat ) `42.7 the name ( ef - ran )

+ 47% *@ (the) God ( ef - nou - ti ) `42- the sun ( ef - ree )

+ 47%3$ the sin ( ef - novi ) `0-$ the house ( ep - ee )

+ 0'%$ # the lord ( ep - choys ) `0%*2% the king ( ep - ou - ro )

+ 0&-2 $ the son ( ep - sheeri ) `06. $ the land ( ep - ka - hi )

The student will be familiar with these special articles in the course of his or her

study, and through attendance of church service.However, many other religious

words take the usual masculine article 0$ ?

A$ + B2$ # )%# O \ M G # (the) Christ ( pi - ekhristos )

0$ .C$ %# O \ M G # the saint (masc.) ( pi - agyos )

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(# + ! + 0'%$ # Praise the Lord . ( hoas ae ep - choys )

/%*&) + ! 0$ .,%*

Look ( at ) the boy. ( gousht ae pi - alou )

# ()! " + ! 0$ + &,-, Listen ( to ) the prayer ( soataem ae pi - esh - leel )

.2! + ! 0$ (& Study the lesson . ( araeh - ae - pi - oash )

&(,! " + ! 0$ 3! 2) Smell the rose ( shoalaem - ae - pi - vaert )

B - All other verbs take the object sign ` &$$ or $$" $%

'$ + 7 %*)%)# Take a chair. ( chi - en - ou - tots )

# ( + 7 %*"(%* Drink water. ( soa - en - ou - moa - ou )

# ./$ + 7 @"! )2! "+ 7F-"$ Speak (the) Coptic. ( saji - en - ti - maet- raem - en - keemi )

%*(" + 7 .8 Eat meat . ( ou - woam en af )

*` " is used instead of ` 7 when a noun ( usually its article ) starts with :" , 4 , 3 or G(ps)

EXAMPLES

'$ + " 0$ )%)# Take the chair. ( chi em pi tots )

+ &,-, + " + 47%*@ Pray ( to ) God ( eshleel em efnou - ti )

%*(&) + " + 0'%$ # Worship the Lord. ( ou -woasht em ep - choys )

# %3@ + " 0$ ". Prepare the place. ( sovti em pi - ma )

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(3) OTHER USES FOR ` " & ` 7

+ %$and `7 are used to join noun to a noun, adjective to a noun and number

to a noun.

(1) Joining noun to a related noun.

+ 42 .7 + " + 4$ () the name of the father ( efran em ef - yoat )

0$ %*-3 + " 0$ ! 24! $ the priest of the sanctury ( pi-ou-weep em pi-erfaey )

0$ "(%* + " + 4$ %" the water of the sea ( pi- moa - ou em efyom )

(2) Joining noun to an adjective.

0$ 2("$ + 7 # .3! the wise man ( pi - roami en savae )

%*7% *@ + 7 %*() one God ( ou - nouti en ou - woat )

0$ /(" + " 3! 2$ the new book ( pi - goam em vaeri )

+ 0-$ + 7 .0.# the old house ( ep - ee en apas )

%*(7< + 7 + ! 7! an eternal life ( ou - oankh en aenaeh )

(3) Join numbers to nouns

When ` " and `7 are used to join a number to a noun, the noun remainssingular. ( In English the noun following a number must be in plural. e.g. five boys .)

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&%") + 7 + .,%* three boys ( shomt en - alou )

# %% * + 7 + ! %% * six days ( so - ou en eho - ou )

&.&8 + 7 # %0 seven times ( shashf en sop )

"-) + 7 2("$ ten men ( meet en roami )

&! + 7 2%"0$ hundred years ( shae en rompi )

GENERAL PRACTICE

! "# $ + "7.$ %*% /%*&) ! 3%,

Sit here and wait. ( haemsi emnay ou-woh gousht aevol )

! "# $ + 7# . 0$ F.D-%* %*% /%*&) + ! 0$


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"%*@ + ! 0$ &%") + 7 .,%*? Call the three boys ( mouti ae pi-shomt en-alou )

"%*@ + ! 0$ 0%,-# # + 7F(,! " %*% /%*&) ! 3%, . Call the

police quickly and wait. ( mouti ae pi-polees en-koalaem ouw-woh gousht aevol )


( pi-shomt en alou en agyos )

+ 47-3 + 0'% $ # + 47% *@ 0$ 0.7)%62.)(2

the Master the Lord the God the Almighty (One who controls all )

( efneeb epchoys efnouti pi-pan-tok-ratoar )

+ 0


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v o c a b u l a r y

+ 4$ %" the sea ( ef-yom) 0$ "(%* ( pi-moa-ou ) the water

B-"$ Egypt (keemi) 2! "+ 7F-"$ (raem-en. ) Egyptian

@"! )2! "+ 7F-"$ the Egyptian ( Coptic ) language

0$ .8 the meat ( pi-af ) 0$ + ! %%* ( pi-eho-ou ) the day

+ "7.$ here ( em-nay ) 0$ #%0 ( pi-sop ) the time

+ 76! # %0 again ( enkaesop ) %*-2 + 7# %0 how many times

6! another ( kaeh ) %*6! 2("$ another man (oukaer .)

0$ F.D-% * the window (kathiyou ) 0$


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/%*&) !3%, wait ( gousht aevol ) + "+ 42-@ + " like ( em-ef-reeti em )

> B2$ # )$ .7% # O\M G # Christian 2! ""."! )$ %# Moslem

(ekh-ris-tyanos ) (raem-ma-maet-yos )

0.7 O \ M G / E pr# the whole (world) 0.7.C$ . G of whole holiness

0.7)%62.)%2: .# ; G Almighty 0.7%2.". G \ In t panorama

0$

(# a simple form of verb accept and " )%*+ means grace or gift. ** "# " - is fr om hand

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U N I T 3

(1) THE FEMININE NOUNS

$

, $ is the definite article for single feminine noun. There are two special definitearticles , >! and +"# $% is the indefinite article for singular femininenouns, as much as it is the indefinite article for single masculine nouns.

@&! 2$ the girl ( ti-shaeri ) @/%" the power ( ti-gom )

@+ # $ "$ the woman ( ti-es-himi ) @2$ the room ( ti-ri )

@.7J-3 the school (ti-anzeeb ) @&%*2- the censer ( ti- shouree )

@.7.4%2. the liturgy ( ti-ana-fora ) @+ )2$ .# the Trinity ( ti-et-riyas )

@.C$ . the lady saint ( ti-agiy-ya ) @0.2D!7%# the Virgin ( ti partheanos )

@%*2( the queen ( ti-ou-roa ) @3(6$ the slave - servant ( ti-voaki )

@! 6+ 6,-# $ . the church ti-ek-lee-siy-ya @6.D! 52 . the cathedral ( kathaedra )

@3( + 7.,%,$ the vine ti-voa-en-aloli @3.6$ the city ( ti-vaki )

+ )4! the heaven ( et-fae ) `)&! 2$ the daughter - girl ( et-shaeri )

+ D".* the mother ( eth- mav ) + D7-3 the lady ( eth-neep )

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.

(2) PLURAL NOUNS

The definite article for plural nouns is KL . The indefinite article is MNK,for both masculine and feminine plural nouns.

Most Coptic nouns do not change in plural . We understand the number we are

dealing with, by the plural articles used.

0$ 2("$ the man ( pi-roami ) 7$ 2 ("$ the men ( ni-roami )

%*2 ("$ a man ( ou-roami ) .72("$ men ( han-roami )

0$ (& the lesson ( pi-oash ) 7$ (& the lessons ( ni-oash )

%*(& a lesson ( ou-oash ) .7(& lessons ( han-oash )

@&! 2$ the girl ( ti- shaeri ) 7$ &! 2$ the girls ( ni-shaeri )

%*&!2$ a girl ( ou-shaeri ) .7&! 2$ girls ( han-shaeri )

@2$ the room ( ti-ri ) 7$ 2$ the rooms ( ni-ri )

%*2$ a room ( ou-ri ) .72$ rooms ( han-ri )

Some Coptic nouns change in the plural form.

0$ 2% the door ( pi-ro ) 7$ 2 (%* the doors ( ni-roa-ou )

0$ 2( the mouth ( pi-roa ) 7$ 2 (%* the mouths ( ni-roa-ou )

0$ %*2% the king ( pi-ou-ro ) 7$ %*2(%* the kings ( ni-ou-roa-ou )

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4-! )! "# $ $ /! 7 0$ + D2%7%# .

The one who sits \ is sitting on the throne ( fi-aet haemsi hijaen pi-eth-ronos )

D-! D%*.3 O.2$ . ( = D-! )%*.3 , changing the ) to D )

(the) Saint Mary ( thi-aeth-ouw-wab mariy-ya )

7-! )&(7$

in the people ( ni-aet shoani khaen pi-la-woc )

C - When a noun is associated with a familiar adjective like: any, every , no.

*-$" &$ any

! "# $ $ /! 7 %* > 7)%)# Sit on any chair. ( haem-si hijaen ou en tots )

+ "0! 2&.2$ + ! %* + 7.,%* Do not hit any boy . ( empaer shari ae ou en alou )

$

&. /# &$$ every

+ &,-,

(eshleel khaen aek-lee-siy-ya nivaen )

6.). (3 &. / # & at every occasion ( kata hoab nivaen )

$

*-*&$" &+0. $ I have $$$" %%* &$" &+0. $$ I do not have $

+ ""%7 /%" + 7)-$ I have no power ( emmon gom en-tee )

P*%7 7.@ + 7)-$ I have faith. ( ouon nahti entee )

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GENERAL PRACTICE

7$ " 0! 0$ 2("$ 4-! )+ &,-, ? Who is the man praying ?

0$ 2("$ 4-! )+ &,-, 0! $ 0$ %*-3? The man praying is the priest.

7$ " )! $$ @&! 2$ D-! )# ./$ ? Who is the girl speaking ?

@&! 2$ D-! )# ./$ $ )! $$ @&! 2$ + 7 7$ D! &! *?

The girl speaking ( who speaks \ is speaking ) is the daughter of the neighbours.

@&! 2$ D-! )# ./$ %*&! 2$ + 7 7$ D! &! * )! ?

The girl speaking ( who speaks \ is speaking ) is a daughter of the neighbours.

7$ " 7! $$ 7$ 2("$ 7-! )# ()! " + ! 0$ 2 .5$ % (#) ?

Who are the men listening to the radio? nim nae niroami nee-aet soataem ae pi-radio

7$ 2("$ 7-! )# ()! " + ! 0$ 2 .5$ % $ 7! 7$ ! &%@

The men listening (who listen \ are listening ) to the radio are the merchants.

7$ 2("$ 7-! )# ()! " + ! 0$ 2 .5$ % .7! &%@ $ 7!?The men listening to the radio are merchants.

0$ ,.%# + 7 B-"$ %*,.%# + 7 /(2$ 0!

The people of Egypt is a strong people .

@&! 2$ D-! )! 2 (3 $

The girl working (who works) in the neighbours' house is Egyptian (Coptic).

# newly introduced word

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7$ )%)# 7-! )

Many of the books ( lit that are ) on the table are old books.


F! 2! O.2$ . @%*2 ( @3( + 7.,%,$ + 7 .)! 2

F! 2! 7! $ O.2$ . + 0#(@ $ + 7 N5." 0! 7$ () F! 2! 7! O.2$ .+ D".*

+ " 0$ ".+ "4() Peace to you O Mary the salvation of our father

Adam, peace to you Mary the mother of the shelter . ( shaerae nae mareyya epsoati

en- adam paen- yoat, shaeraeh nae mareyya eth- mav em-pi-ma-em-foat )

%*7%8 + ""% O.2$ . @3(6$ * %*% @".*

Rejoice O Mary the maiden and (the) mother.( ounof emmo mareyya ti-voaki ouwoh ti-mav )

+ A'%$ # + E7%*@ + 7)! $ 7$ /%" /%*&) + ! 3%,

The master, the God of (All) Powers look from heaven .

(ep-choys efnouti entae ni-gom gousht aevol khaen etfae )

* Some feminine names and adjectives differ from masculine ones. *+,- fem. slave ( *+, masc),

.( //+ fem. old ( .( //$ masc)

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+ "0!2 ! 2 %@ "%7%7 7. @

Do not be afraid just beleive. ( empaer aer-hoti monon nahti )

"- 4.$ 0! 0$ ."&! + 0&-2$ + "O.2$ . $ %*% + 0# %7 + 7L .6(3%# ? $

Is this the carpenter, the son of Mary and the brother of Jacob.

( mi fay paeh pi-amshae ep-sheeri em- mariy-ya ouw-woh epson en-yakoavos )

0$ ! 24! $ + 7 @! 6+ 6,-# $ . % *". ! 8% *.3 0! ? The sanctuary of the

church is a holy place ( pi-aerfaey aen ti-aekli-siy-ya ouma aef -ouw-wab pae )

7-! )# ! 3)() + ! $ @%*7%*$ 7! " $ 0$ ! %%*$ 7! " $ 0$ .3%) % $$$$$$$ $$

Who were (kept) ready for the hour, the day and the month

( nee-aet-saev-toat ae ti- ou-nou naem pi-eho-ou naem pi-avot )

V O C A B U L A R Y

7$ " who ( nim) 0! (*) is ( singl. masc. ) ( pae )

)! (*) is ( singl. fem. ) ( tae ) 7! (*) are ( plural ) (nae )

2.5$ % (#int ) radio ( radio ) B-"$ Egypt ( keemi )

/(2$ strong ( goari ) ! 2 (3 to work ( aer-hoab )

F! 2! =F.$ 2! OG # for greeting F.$ 2! )! MG# hello, good day

___________________________________________________________________

(*) 0! (sing. masc.) , )! (sing.fem.) and 7! are the descriptive form of verb to be, is, is, are


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F!2! hail - peace ( shaerae ) F! 2! 7! peace to you ( sing fem )

.)! 2

- ever young ( at-aer-khel-loa ) + 0# (@ the salvation ( ep-soati )

0!7$ () (**) our father (pen-yoat) 4() to escape - take a shelter

0$ ".+ "4() the shelter pi-ma-em-foat 0$ .3%) the month ( pi-avot )%*7%8 + ""% rejoice ( ounof emmo ) + 0%*7%8 the joy - happiness

!2 %@ to be afraid ( aer-hoti ) 0$ %@ the fear ( pi - hoti )

"%7%7 OG\MG# only,merely ( monon ) 7. @ to believe ( nahti )

0$ 7.@ the belief - faith ( pi-nahti ) "- interrogative word ( mee )

4.$ 0! this is ( singl.masc .) ( fay pae ) "- 4.$ 0! ? is this ? mee fay-pae

D.$ )! this is ( sing fem ) ( thay tae ) 7.$ 7! these are ( nay nae )

0$ ."&! the carpenter ( pi-amshae ) 7$

0$ #%7 the brother ( pi-son ) 7$ + #7-%* the brothers ni-es-niy-you

# ! 3)() + ! ready, prepared for @%*7%* the hour ( ti-ounou )

( saev-toat ae ) 0$ + ! %%* the day ( pi-ae-ho-ou )

_______________________________________________________________________

* .).2

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U N I T 4

PRESENT TENSES OF VERB

A - Simple present : to describe a situation or action, or to state a fact .

FIRST PERSON SINGULAR @ # ()! " I hear, do hear ( ti - soataem )

SECOND PERSON SINGULAR + 6 # ()! " you hear, do hear ( masculine ) ( ek-soataem )

)! # ()! " you hear, do hear ( feminine )

( tae-soataem )

THIRD PERSON SINGULAR > + Q # ()! " he ( or it *) hears, ( does ) hear

( sing masc ) ( ef - soataem )

+ # # ()! " she ( or it *) hears, does hear

( sing fem ) (aes -soa -taem )

FIRST PERSON PLURAL )! 7 # ()! " we hear, do hear ( taen-soataem )

SECOND PERSON PLURAL )!)!7 # ()! " you hear , do hear

( plural ) ( taetaen soataem )

THIRD PERSON PLURAL # ! # ()! " they hear, do hear ( masc \ fem )

( sae - soataem )

* i t , used in English for lifeless things does not exist . 0! for he and )! for she are used instead

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B - Continuous present tense describes an action still happening. In Coptic

it is also used for special adjective construction based on the past participle.

# . #./$ I am speaking ( aey saji )

# 1# ./$ you are speaking (singl.masc.) ( aek-saji )

# 2 ## ./$ you are speaking (singl. femin) ( aerae saji )

# 3# ./$ he is speaking ( aef saji ) # 4# ./$ she is speaking ( aes saji )

# ./$ we are speaking ( aen saji )

# 2# +# ./$ you are speaking ( plural masc\fem ) (aeraetaen saji)

# - # ./$ they are speaking (plural masc\fem) ( aev saji )

RULES

(1) Most Coptic verbs do not change in the various tenses i.e. the ends remain thesame. The changes are confined to the subject pronouns.

(2)The subject pronouns @, + 6 , )! , + 8 , + # , )! 7 , )! )! 7 and # ! forthe simple present and, the pronouns ! $ , ! 6 , ! 2! , ! 8 , ! # , ! 7 , !2!)!7 and ! * for the present continuous, indicate the subject(s) whocarries out the action. Unlike the case in English, there are other subject pronounsfor I, you, he, she,..etc, that are used independently. These are :

.7%6 I (anok ) + 7D%6 you (sing.masc) ( enthok )

+ 7D% you (sing.fem) ( entho ) + 7D%8 he ( enthof )

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+ 7D%# she ( enthos ) .7%7 we ( anon )

+ 7D()! 7 you (plur) enthoataen + + + + 7D(%* they (plural) ( enthoa-ou )

Examples

.7%6 0! 0$ 2("$ I am the man

+ 7D%# )! @&! 2$ . She is the girl.

.7%7 7! 7$ 2! "+ 7F-"$ We are the Egyptians

(3) To negate a verb in the simple present or continuous present tense,

.7 is added after the verb. .7 means not .

@# ./$ .7 I do not speak . ( ti-saji an )

+ 6#! 3)() .7 You are not ready. ( ek-saev-toat an )

)! # (%*7 .7 You do not know. ( tae-soa-oun an )

+ 87.@ .7 He does not believe. ( ef-nahti an )

+ # %*(& .7 She does not want . ( es-ouw-woash an )

)! 7%*(" .7 We do not eat . ( taen-ouw-woam an )

)! )! 76.@ .7 You (plural)do not understand ( taetaen-kati an )

# ! # ( .7 They do not drink . ( sae-soa an )

! $ ! "# $ .7

( aey-haem-si an khaen ti-ri )


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! 8! 2 (3 .7 + "4%%* $ He is not working

today.(aef-aer-hoab an em- fo- ou)

! *# ./$ .7 + 7@.# 0$ + 72 ! "+ 7F-"$ They are not speakingthe

Coptic language (aev-saji an en-ti-aspi en raem-en-keemi )

(4) In English, pronouns can not be used in presence of nouns.Thus, we say

the boy speaks or he speaks but, can not say the boy he speaks. InCoptic, pronouns are usually added to the verb in the presence of nouns.So wesay 0- 1/$% 2 34 15- , 67( 8 - > 4415- and )- 8+9- 4 ( 4 15- There are however examples where pronouns are not used in the presence ofnouns e.g. %*% 0$ 6%# "%# # ()! " ! 2(%* "and the world listen to them". Accordingly, we may say 0- 1/$ % 4 15- , 67( 8 - 415- ...etc

GENERAL PRACTICE

7$ " )! @&! 2$ D-! )! "# $ ! # # ./$ 7! " 7$ D!&! * ?

Who is the girl sitting ,( and ) speaking with the neighbours ?

7$ " 0! 0$ 2("$ 4-! )! "# $ ! 8# ()! " ! 0$ 2.5$ % ?

Who is the man sitting ( and ) listening to the radio ?

7$ " 7! 7$ .,(%*+ $ 7-! )'%/$


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+ ""%7 , @# ./$ .7 + 7@.#0$ + 72! "+ 7F-"$ .,,. @# ./$+ 7@.# 0$ + 7 .7/,$ 6 # (mod G ) %*% @6.@ + ""! )%*! $ 7$ 7?

No, I do not speak the Coptic language but I speak the English language and Iunderstand Greek.

"- R."$ + 8"! $ + ! %*(" + 7.8 $ ! )! 3 ) ?

Does Sami like to eat meat or fish? ( mee Sami ef-maey ae ouw-woam en-af yaetaebt)

R."$ + 8"! $ + 7 %*% + "0$ .8 , .,,. 6.). # -% * + 8%*("+ 7)! 3) . Sami prefers the meat but, every now and then, he eatsfish.

A! )2%# 7! " L 2-7$ # ! '$ # .6 + "0$ 0.# F. + ! + &,-,

"- R)! 4.7 7! " O.26%# ! *.2! &. @7% * ? Are Stephan andMarcus studying until now ?


+ 7D%6 0! + 0%*2% + 7)! 7$ %*2(%* You are the king of kings ?

L -#% *# 5! , ! 8"%&$ + ! # 6!7 + 4$ %" + 7)! @S.,$ ,! . ? ? ?

As Jesus was walking beside the sea of Gallilee, ...

)! 7% *(&) + "47%*@


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*> ""%$ , + ""%6 , + ""% , + ""%8 , + ""%# .. are object pronouns, meaning me, you, you,him (it)

her (it) ..eg @#(%*7 + ""%6 I know you . @"! $ + ""%8 I love him.

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V O C A B U L A R Y

'%/$ to run ( choji ) 0$ ' (" the garden ( pi-choam )

/!2/!2 to play ( jaer-jaer ) @.#0$ the language ( ti aspi ) 2! "+ 7.2.3$ . Arabic (raem-en-aravia ) N2.3 Arab ( adjective . noun)

N2.3 .# *G Arab (masc) ( aravas ) N2.3$ . Arab land ( aravya )

N2.3$ . + 7T! "# (%*5 Saudi Arabia NCC,$ . *G England ( ang-lya )

T! "+ 7.CC,$ . # ? N7/,$ 6 # English ( raem-en-anglia ) (anglik)

P*!$ 7$ 7 Greek ( ou-wey-nin ) "! )%*!$ 7$ 7 Greeklanguage

6.@ to understand ( kati ) 6.@ : 0; n undersanding

"! $ to love ( maey) 0$ .8 the meat ( pi-af )

0$ )! 3) the fish ( pi-taebt ) "! $ + 7 %*+ % to prefer maeyenhou-o

0$ %*+ % the increase ( pi-hou-o ) ! 2 %*+ % to increase ( aer-hou-o )

0$ #-% * the time ( pi-siy-you ) 6.). *OG /MG according ( kata )

6.). #-%* sometimes ( kata siy-you ) '$ #.6 take the opportunity chi - sak

0.#F.: 0$ ; Holy week of paskha 0$ 2%* $ the evening ( pi-rouhi )


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# .$ + ! * ? * plural beautiful say-aev # .$ + ! 3 ., of beautifuleyes

7%82 $ ! /(2 goodnight

7%82$ + ! %%* good day nofriaeho-ou !27%82$ to be of use - good \ earn

+ # ! 27%82$ .7 It is no good . It does not work. of no use

+ # ! 27%82$ + ! ! "# $ It is better to sit `# ! 27%82$ .7 + ! It is better not to

6.). 0!)!27%82$ if suitable, if reasonable ( lit according to what isgood) .

7%82$ &.$ greeting exchanged in feasts (happy feast)

7%82 $ 2% "0$ 7! " L -#% *# , 7%82 $ 2%"0$ 7! " L -#%*#

Happy yaer with Jesus (four times) , singing in birthdays .

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* note how some adjectives do change according to their number and gender. 7.7!8 , 7.7!# and 7.7!* is good for sing.masc., sing. fem. and plural respectively. And # .$ + ! , # .$ + - and ( # .$ + ! * ?) beautiful for sing. masc., sing. fem. and plural respectively. And #.3! ,#.3- and #.3!* wise for sing.masc., sing. fem. and plural respectively.

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U N I T 5

VERBS OF BEING, LINK VERBS

KPQTL nice .good. full of goodness


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( 1 ) The common verb to be is incomplete because it needs to be followed by acompleting word, called a complement, e.g. The sky is blue. Here the sky is asubject, is is the link verb that requires completion, and blue is acomplement.

A- Descriptive verb to be in Coptic:

0! is for sing. masculine .7%6 0! 0$ 2("$ ? I am theman.

)! is for sing. feminine ` 7D% # )! @".*? She is the mother.

7! are for plural `7D(%* 7! 7$ %*-3 They are the priests.

When the complement has the indefinite article %* or .7 the descrip.verb is

generally placed at the end of the sentence.

.7%6 %*2("$ 0!? I am a man ( anok ou-roami pae )

+ 7D%# %*".* )! She is a mother ( enthos ou-mav tae )

+ 7D(%* .7%*-3 7! they are priests ( en-thoa-ou han-ouw-weeb nae )

the descriptive verb to be in the past .

7! @42( 0! It was winter. ( nae ti-ef-roa-pae )

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A! )2%# 7! %*2 ("$ + 7&($ / 0!

Petros was a courageous man. ( petros nae ou-roami en shoayg pae )

7! ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0! = WAS ,


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7! + ! 7.7!# + ! ".&( 0! ?

(She) was very nice. ( nae ae-nanaes ae-mashoa pae )

7! %*%7 %*.7J-3 + "7.$ 0!

There was a school here. ( nae ou-on ou-anzeeb em-nay pae )

7! + ""%7 + ,$ : 0! ; + "".*

There was no body (there). ( nae em-mon eh-li pae em-mav )

B- Verb to be expressing position or location , in Coptic :

! 8F- = ! 8&%0 is ( present, located), for sing. masc. ( aef-kee - aef-shop )

! # F- = ! # &%0 is (present, located), for sing. fem. ( aes-kee - aes-shop )

! *F- = ! *&%0 are (present, located), for plural ( aev-kee - aev-shop )

* `8F- , + # F- , # ! F- and + 8&%0, + #&%0, #!&%0 can also beused,

but not as often.

0$ 2("$ ! 8F- : ! 8&%0;

@! 6+ 6,-# $ . !#F- : ! # &%0;


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7$ /(" ! *F- : ! *&%0; $ /! 7 @ 4%2&$. The books are on thetable.

0$ 6! ,! *$ 7 + 8F-


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0$ %*-3 + 8% *(7 /! %*2! "+ 7F-"$ 0! ? The priest seems to beCoptic.

@# -$ 7$ + # %*(7 /! ! # D!3$ -%*)? The (lady) doctor lookshumble

prefix , added to a noun or adjective to mean to do or to be .eg #.3! wise, !2#.3! to be wise and (3 work, ! 2 (3 to work.

+ 8'$ + # 3( + ""! )# -$ 7$ + ! ! 2 %*#-$ 7$ ? He studies medicine to become a doctor. ( ef-chi-esvoa em-maet-seeni ae aerou-seeni )

"0! 2! 2 # %/ . Do not be ( act as ) stupid. ( em-paer aer- sog )

# ! ! 2 0$ ! /(2 ! *#%"# + ! 0$ )! ,! 3$ J$ %7 # : )! ,! 7.* # G-C )They spend the night watching TV. ( sae aer-pi-aegoarh aev-soms ae pitaelae-viz-yon : taelae-nav )

)! 7! 2 0$ .7&.&8 + "0.# F.

7$ /(" # ! ! 2=.0.# + 7F(,! "? The books become (get) oldquickly.

has many meanings, one of these is to be or become .

&(0$ + 7D% ! 2! # %"# + ! /(7 Bewatchful upon us.

&(0$ + 7# .3! %*% # ()! " + ! @# "- + "E7% * Be wise andlisten to the voice of God. ( Shoapi en savae ouw-woh soataem ae ti-es-mee em-efnooti )

! 2

&(0$


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&(0$ ! 66.@ + ! 0$ .7)$ 5$ 6%# Be understanding to the adversary.( shoapi aek-kati ae pi-antithikos )

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.# *&(0$ "! 7! 7# . + "! + 7+ ! %%*

It happened , after forty days. ( as-shoapi maenaen-sa ehmae en-eho-ou )

%*%7 %*2("$ 0! ! )! 2 (3

*-*& .. # there is 7! %*%7 ? ? 0! there was


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+ 7D()! 7 0! + 4%*($ 7$ + "0$ 6%# "%# ? You are the light of theworld .

+ ""%7 + &/%" + 7)! * %*3.6$ F(0 ! # F- $ /! 7 %*)(%*?A city ( present - situated ) on a hill cannot be hidden. ( emmon eshgom entae ou-vaki koap aes-kee hijaen ou-toa-ou )

E.$ 7! %*.2F-)! ,(7-# 0! %*% 7! %*2.".+ % 0! ? He(this) was a chief tax collector and was rich.( nae archi-taeloanees pae ouwoh en ou-rama-o pae )

K(+ ! 5! 7.8F-

7.$ !)! 0%* ** %*+ % &%0 &. + !

0.$ 2-@ + 7D()! 7 .7# %/


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Do not swear by heaven for it is God`s throne, or by Jerusalem, for it is the city of theGreat King, and do not swear by your head, for you cannot make one thread of hair whiteor black.

__________________________________________________________________ *7-$ , 7.6 , 7! , 7.8 , 7.# , 7.7 , 7()! 7 , 7(%* for me, for you, for you, for him, forher, for us, for them. ** .$ , .6 , .2! , .8 , .# ? ? subject pronouns for verbs in the past.*** + ""%$ , + ""%6 . + ""% . + ""%8 , + ""%# , + ""%7 , . .object pronouns, me, you, you,him, her, us ....

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VOCABULARY

&($ / courageous-hero ( shoayg ) : @ ; "! )&($ / courage

: @; + 42( winter ( efroa ) : 0$ ; -7! 42( autumn hee-en-ef.

: 0$ ; &(" summer (shoam) : 0$ ; -7&(" spring heen-sh.

%*%7 there is \ are ( ou-on ) 7! % *%7 there was \ were nae o.

: @; .7J-3 school ( anzeeb ) 2! "+ .7J-3 pupil - student+ "7.$ here ( em-nay ) `"".* there ( em - mav )

+ ,$ thing ( ehli ) + ""%7 + ,$ nothing - no body

: 0$ ; /(" book ( pi-goam ) ".7F./(" #C-C book case

: @; 4%2 &$ table ( forshi ) : @; )2.0! J. # O\MG-AA table

: 0$ ; 6! ,! 3$ 7 axe ( kaelaevin ) : @; 7%*7$ root - origin(nooni )

: 0$ ; + &&-7 tree ( esheen ) : @; "-@ middle ( ti -meeti )

: @; 3.6$ city ( vaki) : 0$ ; @"$ town(timi)


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%*(7 to seem - appear (ouwoanh ) /!2/!2 to play ( jaer-jaer )

%*(7 + ! 3%, to express - confess

: 0$ ; %*(7 ! 3% , expression - show (of gratitude or thanks) - confession

'$ + # 3( to study ( chi-aesvoa ) # %/ stupid ( sog )

# c-c compound Coptic word, made of ". place , F. to put, /(" books ?

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: 0$ ; ! /(2 night ( pi-aegoarh ) : 0$ ; .7&.&8 week anshashf

#%"# to watch - regard ( soms ) .0.# old ( apas )

#.3! wise (savae) : @; "! )# .3! wisdom ( mets. )

: @; #.3- wise feminine #.3!* wise { plural } ( savaev )

: @; + # "- voice ( esmee ) "! 7!7# . after ( menaensa )

.7)$ 5$ 6%# *O\M Gk opponent - adversary ` "! forty ( ehmae )

: 0$ ; ! %%* day ( eho - ou ) : 0$ ; %*+ ($ 7$ light ( ou-oay-ni )

: 0$ ; 6%# "%##O\MG universe - world F(0 to hide ( koap )

: 0$ ; )(%* hill - mountain ( toa-ou ) .2F-=.2F$ #G head - chief

)! ,(7-# OG tax collector teloanees ( arshee / arkhee - arshi / arkhi )

)! ,%# # MG tax - duty ( taelos ) .2F-)! ,(7-# chief tax officer

#%%* six ( so-ou ) &! hundred ( shae )

: @; 2% "0$ year ( rompi ) + D"-$ righteous ( ethmee )


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: 0$ ; %*+ % majority \\ excess hou-o `"0!+ "D% in front - before empae-emtho

: @;# ()-2 $ . *O\MG salvation MG # safety - security soati-riya

,.%# O\M G people-multitude-masses 7$ &@ great - large ( nishti ): 0$ ; "($ ) way - road ( moayt )


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I am the doctor \ I am the nurse.

.7%6 %*#-$ 7$ 0! ? .7%6 %*7%# %6%" )! ? I am a doctor. I am anurse.

.& 0! 0! 62.7 \ 0!2.7 ? What is your name ? 0.2.7 0! R."$ \ R."$ . . or 0.2.7 R."$ \ R."$ . 0! .

My name is Sami / Samya.

#!"%*@ !2%6* \ ! 2%* /! %* ?

What is your name ?( lit .,what do they call you / what are you called?)

# ! "%*@ ! 2% $(*) /! R."$ \ R."$ . .My name is Sami \ Samya. ( lit I am called / they call me )

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* ' has many meanings, and in this case it acts as an object pronoun for the verb "%*@?The dealing is !2%$ me, !2%6 you, ! 2% you (fem), !2%8 him, !2%# her , !2%7 us,! 2()! 7 you (plural) and ! 2(%* them. Revise object signs pages 6, 7 and the dealingof the other object sign " % pages 26, 36.

# 7%#%6%" , modified from modern Greek )$4 $,$9$4 and )$4 $ ,$91 (40)

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