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10Motivation andEmotion

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Motivation and Emotion

What is motivation? Motivation

– the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms

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Explaining Motivation

Instinct Approaches: born to be motivated Instincts

– inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned

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Drive Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs Drive-Reduction Approaches

– when people lack some basic biological requirement such as water, a drive to obtain that requirement is produced

Drive– motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes

behavior in order to fulfill some need

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Drive Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs Primary drives

– basic drives that are related to biological needs of the body or of the species as a whole

Secondary drives– needs are brought about by prior experience

and learning

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Drive Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs Homeostasis

– the process by which an organism strives to maintain some optimal level of internal biological functioning by compensating for deviations from its usual, balanced internal state

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Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction Arousal approaches to motivation

– we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary

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Incentive Approaches: Motivation’s Pull

Incentive approaches to motivation– the theory explaining motivation in terms of

external stimuli, the incentives that direct and energize behavior

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Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation

Cognitive approaches to motivation– the focus on the role of our thoughts,

expectations, and understanding of the world

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Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation

Intrinsic motivation– motivation by which people participate in an

activity for their own enjoyment, not for the reward it will get them

Extrinsic motivation– motivation by which people participate in an

activity for a tangible reward

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Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs

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Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs Self-actualization

– a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in the own unique way

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Human Needs and Motivation

What are the biological and social factors that underlie hunger?

How are needs relating to achievement, affiliation, and power motivation exhibited?

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The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating Biological factors

– hypothalamus– weight set point

• the particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain

– genetic factors• metabolism - the rate at which food is converted to

energy and expended by the body

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The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating Social factors

– external social factors, based on societal rules and conventions and on what we have learned about appropriate eating behavior

– conditioned association of food with comfort, consolation

– escape from unpleasant thoughts

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Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa– a severe eating disorder in which people may

refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance are unusual

Bulimia– a disorder in which a person binges on

incredibly large quantities of food, and then purges

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The Need for Achievement: Striving for success The need for achievement

– a stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction is obtained by striving for and attaining a level of excellence

Measuring achievement motivation– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Racial Differences in achievement motivation

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Other Human Needs

Need for affiliation– an interest in establishing and maintaining

relationships with other people Need for Power

– tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual

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Understanding Emotional Experiences What are emotions, how do we experience

them, and what are their functions? Emotions

– feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior

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The Functions of Emotions

Preparing us for action– a link between external events and behavioral

responses Shaping our future behavior

– act as reinforcement Helping us to regulate social interaction

– allow observers to better understand us

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Deciphering our Emotions

The James-Lange Theory– the belief that emotional experience is a

reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation

The Cannon-Bard Theory– the belief that both physiological and emotional

arousal are produced simultaneously by the same nerve impulse

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Deciphering our Emotions

The Schacter-Singer Theory– the belief that emotions are determined jointly

by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues

– support a cognitive view of emotions

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The Truth About Lies

Polygraph– an electronic device designed to expose people

who are telling lies Event-related brain potentials

– reflect tiny changes in electrical voltage that can be measured on a person’s scalp

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Nonverbal Behavior and the Expression of Emotions Do People in all cultures express emotion

similarly? Facial-affect program

• the activation of a set of nerve impulses that make the face display the appropriate expression

Display rules• the guidelines that govern the appropriateness of

showing emotion nonverbally

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Nonverbal Behavior and the Expression of Emotions The facial-feedback hypothesis

– facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience, they also help determine how people experience and label emotions