copyright © 2010 pearson education, inc. c h a p t e r 8 articulations powerpoint® lecture slides...

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

C h a p t e r

8

Articulations

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres

Lone Star College - North Harris


An Introduction to Articulations

Articulations

Body movement occurs at joints

(articulations) where two bones connect

Joint Structure

Determines direction and distance of

movement (range of motion)

Joint strength decreases as mobility increases


Classification of Joints

Two methods of classification

Functional classification is based on range

of motion of the joint

Structural classification relies on the

anatomical organization of the joint



Functional Classifications Synarthrosis (immovable joint)

No movement

Fibrous or cartilaginous connections

May fuse over time

Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint) Little movement

Fibrous or cartilaginous connections

Diarthrosis (freely movable joint) More movement

Also called synovial joints

Subdivided by type of motion



Structural Classifications

Bony

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial



Functional Classifications Synarthroses (immovable joints)

Are very strong

Edges of bones may touch or interlock

Four types of synarthrotic joints:

– suture

– gomphosis

– synchondrosis

– synostosis



Synarthrotic Joints

Suture

Bones interlocked

Are bound by dense fibrous connective tissue

Are found only in skull

Gomphosis

Fibrous connection (periodontal ligament)

Binds teeth to sockets



Synarthrotic Joints Synchondrosis

Is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones:– epiphyseal cartilage of long bones

– between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum

Synostosis Fused bones, immovable:

– metopic suture of skull

– epiphyseal lines of long bones



Functional Classifications

Amphiarthroses

More movable than synarthrosis

Stronger than freely movable joint

Two types of amphiarthroses

– syndesmosis:

» bones connected by ligaments

– symphysis:

» bones separated by fibrous cartilage



Functional Classifications

Synovial joints (diarthroses)

Also called movable joints

At ends of long bones

Within articular capsules

Lined with synovial membrane


Synovial Joints

Components of Synovial Joints

Articular cartilages

Pad articulating surfaces within articular

capsules:

– prevent bones from touching

Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid:

– reduce friction


Synovial Joints


Synovial fluid

Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts

Functions of synovial fluid:

– lubrication

– nutrient distribution

– shock absorption


Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints

Accessory structures Cartilages:

– cushion the joint:

» Fibrous cartilage pad called a meniscus (articular disc)

Fat pads:

– superficial to the joint capsule

– protect articular cartilages Ligaments:

– support, strengthen joints

– sprain: ligaments with torn collagen fibers


Synovial Joints


Accessory structures

Tendons:

– attach to muscles around joint

– help support joint

Bursae:

– pockets of synovial fluid

– cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub


Synovial Joints

Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints

Prevent injury by limiting range of motion

Collagen fibers (joint capsule, ligaments)

Articulating surfaces and menisci

Other bones, muscles, or fat pads

Tendons of articulating bones


Synovial Joints

Figure 8–1a The Structure of a Synovial Joint.


Synovial Joints

Figure 8–1b The Structure of a Synovial Joint.


Synovial Joints

Injuries

Dislocation (luxation)

Articulating surfaces forced out of position

Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule

Subluxation

A partial dislocation


Movements

Types of Dynamic Motion

Linear motion (gliding)

Angular motion

Rotation

Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion

Monaxial (1 axis)

Biaxial (2 axes)

Triaxial (3 axes)


Movements

Figure 8–2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion.


Movements

Types of Movements at Synovial Joints

Terms describe

Plane or direction of motion

Relationship between structures


Movements


Linear motion

Also called gliding

Two surfaces slide past each other:

– between carpal or tarsal bones


Movements

Angular Motion Flexion

Angular motion

Anterior–posterior plane

Reduces angle between elements

Extension Angular motion

Anterior–posterior plane

Increases angle between elements


Movements

Angular Motion

Hyperextension

Angular motion

Extension past anatomical position

Angular Movements


Movements

Figure 8–3a Angular Movements.


Movements

Angular Motion Abduction

Angular motion

Frontal plane

Moves away from longitudinal axis

Adduction Angular motion

Frontal plane

Moves toward longitudinal axis


Movements

Figure 8–3 Angular Movements.


Movements

Angular Motion

Circumduction

Circular motion without rotation

Angular motion


Movements

Figure 8–3 Angular Movements.


Movements

Types of Movement at Synovial Joints

Rotation Direction of rotation from anatomical position

Relative to longitudinal axis of body

Left or right rotation

Medial rotation (inward rotation):

– rotates toward axis

Lateral rotation (outward rotation):

– rotates away from axis


Movements

Figure 8–4a Rotational Movements.


Movements


Rotation

Pronation:

– rotates forearm, radius over ulna

Supination:

– forearm in anatomical position


Movements

Figure 8–4b Rotational Movements.


Movements

Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Special movements

Inversion:

– twists sole of foot medially

Eversion:

– twists sole of foot laterally

Dorsiflexion:

– flexion at ankle (lifting toes)

Plantar flexion:

– extension at ankle (pointing toes)


Movements

Special Movements at Synovial Joints Opposition

Thumb movement toward fingers or palm

(grasping)

Protraction Moves anteriorly

In the horizontal plane (pushing forward)

Retraction Opposite of protraction

Moving anteriorly (pulling back)


Movements

Special Movements at Synovial Joints

Elevation Moves in superior direction (up)

Depression Moves in inferior direction (down)

Lateral flexion Bends vertebral column from side to side


Movements

Figure 8–5 Special Movements.


Movements

Classification of Synovial Joints by Shape Gliding Hinge Pivot Ellipsoid Saddle Ball-and-socket

A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints


Movements

Gliding Joints

Flattened or slightly curved faces

Limited motion (nonaxial)

Hinge Joints

Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)

Pivot Joints

Rotation only (monaxial)


Movements

Figure 8–6 Movements at Synovial Joints.


Movements

Ellipsoid Joints Oval articular face within a depression

Motion in two planes (biaxial)

Saddle Joints Two concave, straddled (biaxial)

Ball-and-Socket Joints Round articular face in a depression (triaxial)


Movements

Figure 8–6 Movements at Synovial Joints.


Movements

A joint cannot be both mobile and strong

The greater the mobility, the weaker the

joint

Mobile joints are supported by muscles

and ligaments, not bone-to-bone

connections


Intervertebral Articulations


C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate

At inferior and superior articular processes (gliding

joints)

Between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal

joints)



Intervertebral Articulations C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate

Intervertebral discs:– pads of fibrous cartilage

– separate vertebral bodies

– anulus fibrosus:

» tough outer layer

» attaches disc to vertebrae

– nucleus pulposus:

» elastic, gelatinous core

» absorbs shocks



Figure 8–7 Intervertebral Articulations.



Vertebral Joints

Also called symphyseal joints

As vertebral column moves

Nucleus pulposus shifts

Disc shape conforms to motion

Intervertebral Ligaments

Bind vertebrae together

Stabilize the vertebral column



Six Intervertebral Ligaments

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Connects anterior bodies

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Connects posterior bodies

Ligamentum flavum

Connects laminae



Six Intervertebral Ligaments

Interspinous ligament

Connects spinous processes

Supraspinous ligament

Connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)

Ligamentum nuchae

Continues supraspinous ligament (C7 to skull)



Damage to Intervertebral Discs

Slipped disc

Bulge in anulus fibrosus

Invades vertebral canal

Herniated disc

Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus

Presses on spinal cord or nerves



Movements of the Vertebral Column Flexion

Bends anteriorly

Extension Bends posteriorly

Lateral flexion Bends laterally

Rotation Turning


Articulations of the Axial Skeleton


The Shoulder Joint

Also called the glenohumeral joint

Allows more motion than any other joint

Is the least stable

Supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments

Ball-and-socket diarthrosis

Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of

scapula


The Shoulder Joint

Socket of the Shoulder Joint

Glenoid labrum

Deepens socket of glenoid cavity

Fibrous cartilage lining

Extends past the bone

Processes of the Shoulder Joint

Acromion (clavicle) and coracoid process (scapula)

Project laterally, superior to the humerus

Help stabilize the joint


The Shoulder Joint

Shoulder Ligaments

Glenohumeral

Coracohumeral

Coraco-acromial

Coracoclavicular

Acromioclavicular

Shoulder Separation

Dislocation of the shoulder joint


The Shoulder Joint

Shoulder Muscles (also called rotator cuff) Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor

Shoulder Bursae Subacromial Subcoracoid Subdeltoid Subscapular


The Shoulder Joint

Figure 8–8a The Shoulder Joint.


The Shoulder Joint

Figure 8–8b The Shoulder Joint.


The Elbow Joint

A stable hinge joint

With articulations involving humerus,

radius, and ulna


The Elbow Joint

Articulations of the Elbow

Humero-ulnar joint

Largest articulation

Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

Limited movement

Humeroradial joint:

Smaller articulation

Capitulum of humerus and head of radius


The Elbow Joint

Figure 8–9a The Elbow Joint.


The Elbow Joint

Supporting Structures of the Elbow Biceps brachii muscle

Attached to radial tuberosity

Controls elbow motion

Elbow Ligaments Radial collateral

Annular

Ulnar collateral


The Elbow Joint

Figure 8–9b The Elbow Joint.


The Hip Joint

Also called coxal joint

Strong ball-and-socket diarthrosis

Wide range of motion


The Hip Joint

Structures of the Hip Joint Head of femur fits into it

Socket of acetabulum

Which is extended by fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum

Ligaments of the Hip Joint Iliofemoral

Pubofemoral

Ischiofemoral

Transverse acetabular

Ligamentum teres


The Hip Joint

Figure 8–10a The Hip Joint.


The Hip Joint

Figure 8–10b The Hip Joint.


The Hip Joint

Figure 8–10c The Hip Joint.


The Knee Joint

A complicated hinge joint

Transfers weight from femur to tibia

Articulations of the knee joint

Two femur–tibia articulations

At medial and lateral condyles

One between patella and patellar surface of femur


The Knee Joint

Menisci of the Knee Medial and lateral menisci

Fibrous cartilage pads

At femur–tibia articulations

Cushion and stabilize joint

Give lateral support

Locking knees Standing with legs straight:

– “locks” knees by jamming lateral meniscus between tibia and femur


The Knee Joint

Seven Ligaments of the Knee Joint

Patellar ligament (anterior)

Two popliteal ligaments (posterior)

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside joint

capsule)

Tibial collateral ligament (medial)

Fibular collateral ligament (lateral)


The Knee Joint

Figure 8–11a The Knee Joint.


The Knee Joint

Figure 8–11b The Knee Joint.


The Knee Joint

Figure 8–11c The Knee Joint.


The Knee Joint

Figure 8–11d The Knee Joint.


The Knee Joint

copyright © 2010 pearson education, inc. c h a p t e r 8 articulations powerpoint® lecture slides...

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