copyright ©2011, ©2009 by pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. the heritage of world...

Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth EditionAlbert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner

The Heritage of World CivilizationsNinth Edition

Chapter

Greek and Hellenistic Civilization

3



Greek and Hellenistic Civilization

• The Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to ca. 1150 B.C.E.

• Greek “Middle Age” to ca. 750 B.C.E.

• The Polis• Expansion of the Greek World• Life in Archaic Greece



Greek and Hellenistic Civilization (continued)

• Major City-States• The Persian Wars• Classical Greece• Emergence of the Hellenistic World• Hellenistic Culture



Bronze Statue



The Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to ca. 1150 B.C.E.



Introduction

• About 2000 B.C.E., Greek speaking people settled the lands surrounding the Aegean Sea Contact with Egypt, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor Greeks forged their own unique ideas, values

• Polis – city-state – foundation of Greek life

• Conflict with the Persian empire



Introduction (cont’d)

• Extraordinary cultural achievements

• Eventual fall to Macedonians Expansion in Hellenistic age



Minoans - 3rd and 2nd Millennia

• Minoan Bronze Age civilization on island of Crete Major influence on early Greeks Named after Minos, legendary founder

• Early, Middle, and Late Minoan

• Cnossus - extraordinary remains



Minoans - 3rd and 2nd Millennia (cont’d)

• Early forms of writing Evidence of early form of Greek

• Trade with the Mycenaeans Eventually fall to Mycenaeans



A Minoan Fresco



Mycenaeans (2000-1100 B.C.E.)

• Earliest Greek-speaking society Influenced by Minoans, but very different

• Mycenaeans were warriors Independent, well-organized monarchies Tholos tombs Wanax - title of Mycenaean king

• Height of power – 1400-1200 B.C.E.

• Sacked Troy around 1250 B.C.E.

Inspiration for Homer’s Iliad, Odyssey



Fall of Mycenaean Power

• Palaces destroyed, cities abandoned,1100 B.C.E.

Art, way of life, and writing system buried and forgotten

• Possible invasion of Greece by the Dorians

• Resulted in dispersion of Greeks and Greek dark “Middle Age,” lasting to 750 B.C.E.



Global Perspective: The Achievement of Greek and Hellenistic Civilization

• Why are the achievements of Greek culture so fundamental to the development of Western civilization?

• In what ways was Greece influenced by neighboring civilizations? Which civilizations had the most influence on Greek culture, and why?



Global Perspective: The Achievement of Greek and Hellenistic Civilization (cont'd)

• How did the Hellenistic era differ from the Hellenic? What made Hellenistic culture more cosmopolitan than Hellenic culture?



Greek “Middle Age” to ca. 750 B.C.E.



Age of Homer (1100-750 B.C.E.)

• Greek “Middle Age”

• Homer wrote of Mycenaeans But reflected age he lived in – 700s

• Kings less powerful than Mycenaean rulers Limited, constitutional government



Age of Homer (1100-750 B.C.E.) (cont’d)

• Sharp class divisions - society was aristocratic Values - physical prowess, courage,

protection of one’s friends, property, honor and reputation

Arete - courage, manliness The agon – contest – was the best test of

arete



Map 3–1. The Aegean Area in the Bronze Age



The Trojan Horse



Attic Wine Cup



The Polis



The Polis and the Hoplite Phalanx

• City-state Characteristic Greek institution Thought of as a community of relatives Agora - marketplace and civic center

- Heart of Greek social life



The Polis and the Hoplite Phalanx (cont’d)

• Hoplite phalanx Dominant military force in Mediterranean Phalanx and polis heralded the decline of

kings Bond between aristocrats and farmers



Husband and Wife in Homer’s Troy



The Polis (cont’d)

• Agora

• hoplite phalanx



Expansion of the Greek World



Expansion of the Greek World

• Tremendous expansion from 750 B.C.E. Fringe of Mediterranean Magna Graecia

• Relieved pressure and land-hunger Safety valve for poleis to escape civil wars

• Panhellenic (“all-Greek”) spirit Common religious festivals - Olympia, Delphi Encouraged trade and industry



The Tyrants (ca. 700-500 B.C.E.)

• Economic expansion brought social pressures

• Tyrant - monarch who had gained power in unorthodox way Strong one-man rule - might be popular

- Expelled aristocratic opponents- Public works projects, land division



The Tyrants (ca. 700-500 B.C.E.) (cont’d)

• Tyrants disappeared - some outrages Concept of tyranny was inimical to ideal of

polis



Map 3–2. Phoenician and Greek Colonization



Attic Jar



Chronology: Rise of Greece



Life in Archaic Greece



Life in Archaic Greece

• Features of Greek life coming into focus Increasing role of merchants, artisans Farmers - simple, hard life, Hesiod’s Works

and Days, 700 B.C.E Aristocrats - rich enough to employ

- Hired laborers, sharecroppers, slaves- Symposion - Athletic contests- Running, long jump, discus, javelin, pentathlon,

boxing, wrestling, chariot race



Religion

• Worship did not involve great emotion No hope for immortality Justice lay in paying one’s debts

• Cult of Apollo at Delphi very important Priests preached moderation “Know thyself” and “Nothing in excess” Sophrosyne - self-control Hubris - arrogance

- Leads to divine vengeance



Gods - Pantheon

• Zeus - father of the gods

• Hera - Zeus’ wife

• Zeus’s siblings Poseidon - god of the seas and earthquakes Hestia - goddess of the hearth Demeter - goddess of agriculture and

marriage



Gods – Pantheon (cont’d)

• Zeus’s Children Aphrodite - goddess of love and beauty Apollo - god of the sun, music, poetry,

prophecy Ares - god of war Athena - goddess of wisdom and the arts Hephaestus- god of fire and metallurgy Hermes- messenger of the gods



Hesiod’s Farmer’s Almanac



The God Dionysus Dances with Two Female Followers



Major City-States



The City-States

• Great variety

• Commonalities

• Sparta and Athens notable Powerful, influential Sharp contrasts



Sparta

• Second Messenian War, 650 B.C.E. Fear of Helots Transformation of society

• Control exerted over each Spartan from birth Powerful commitment to polis Ambition - glory and respect by glory in war



Sparta (cont’d)

• Spartan girls had greater freedom

• Mixture of monarchy, oligarchy, democracy

• Leadership of Peloponnesian League



Spartan Warrior



Athens - Early Tensions

• Initially an aristocratic polis No written law code Areopagus - council of nobles Elected magistrates, archons

• Agrarian crisis Economic and social pressures Many debtors pledged family as surety Many defaulted and enslaved

• Solon elected archon, 594 B.C.E.



Map 3–3. The Peloponnesus



Solon (ca. 639-559 B.C.E.)

• Shaking off of burdens” Canceled current debts Forbade future debts secured by one’s

person Freed Athenians enslaved for debt

• Expanded citizenship Included immigrant artisans and merchants



Solon (ca. 639-559 B.C.E.) (cont’d)

• Divided citizenry into four classes Third class - serve in council of 400 Thetes - fourth class - voted in assembly



Pisistratus (605?-527 B.C.E.)

• Seizes power as tyrant in 546 B.C.E. Increased power of central government

- At expense of nobles

Public works projects Supported poets and artists



Map 3–4. Attica and Vicinity



Clisthenes and Democracy

• Central aim of Clisthenes’ reforms Diminish influence of noble factions

- Four tribes become ten tribes- New council of 500



Clisthenes and Democracy (cont’d)

• Assembly of all adult male Athenian citizens Final authority, all subjects Debate in assembly was free and open Any Athenian could submit or debate

legislation



The Persian Wars



The Persian Wars

• Asia Minor fell under Lydian then Persian control

• Greek city-states on Ionian coast rebel

• Persians under Darius invade in 490 Marathon - Greek victory under Miltiades, 490



The Persian Wars (cont’d)

• Xerxes – (486-465 B.C.E.) Massive invasion in 481 B.C.E.

150,000 men and 600 ships Greek victories at Thermopylae, Salamis



Chronology: Key Events in the Early History of Sparta and Athens



Brief Description



A Closer Look: The Trireme

• What advantages do you think the Trireme had over other kinds of warships? What disadvantages can you think of?

• What is the significance, military and political, of having these ships rowed by free citizens?



The Trireme



Classical Greece



Classical Greece

• Victory in Persian Wars 150 years of intense, almost unmatched

cultural achievement Two powers

- Sparta - Peloponnesian League- Athens - Delian League



Classical Greece (cont’d)

• Delian League Successful against Persia Greek victory at the Eurymedon River, 467

B.C.E.

Leadership of Cimon (d. 449 B.C.E.)



Map 3–5. Classical Greece



Chronology: Greek Wars Against Persia



First Peloponnesian War

• Collapse of Cimon’s authority Supported positive relations with Sparta

• Rebellion of Thasos against Delian League Thasians appeal to Sparta for aid



First Peloponnesian War (cont’d)

• War began when Megara switched sides from Sparta to Athens Athens suffers defeat in Egypt versus Persia

• Athenian leader Pericles Agrees to thirty years truce with Sparta



Athenian Empire and Democracy

• Reign of Pericles - best and worst in Athens

• Athens bullies other city-states



Athenian Empire and Democracy (cont’d)

• Freest government world had ever seen Citizenship was key Every decision approved by citizen assembly Collection of people, not their representatives All public officials subject to scrutiny No standing army or police force

- No way to coerce people



Map 3–6. The Athenian Empire ca. 450 B.C.E.



Chronology: Key Events in Athenian History Between the

Persian War and the Great Pelopennesian War



Women of Athens

• Women excluded from most aspects of public life Always under control of male guardian Married very young

• Divorce difficult to obtain



Women of Athens (cont’d)

• Main function was to produce male heirs Carefully segregated from men Men could seek sexual gratification outside

marriage with prostitutes

• Yet, strong women in Greek tragedy and comedy



Medea Bemoans the Condition of Women



Great Peloponnesian War

• Thirty Years’ Peace lasted ten years Spartan strategy - invade and crush army Athenian strategy - raids on coast

• Athenian decline after death of Pericles, 429 Peace of Nicias in 421 Alcibiades (ca. 450-404) Athenian disaster at Sicily in 413



Great Peloponnesian War (cont’d)

• Spartan leader Lysander Athens surrenders in 404 B.C.E.



Chronology: The Great Pelopennesian War



The Delian League Becomes the Athenian Empire



The Acropolis



Struggle for Greek Leadership

• Spartan hegemony Handed Ionian Greek city-states to Persia Lysander installs “Thirty Tyrants” in Athens Loss to Thebans at Leuctra in 371 B.C.E.

• Theban hegemony Generals - Pelopidas and Epaminondas



Struggle for Greek Leadership (cont’d)

• Second Athenian empire Repeat mistakes of Delian League

• Return to disorganization and warfare



Fifth Century B.C.E. Culture

• Two sources of tension fueled creativity Pride in accomplishments vs. fear of hubris Hopes of individual vs. limits of state

• Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

• Architectural achievements under Pericles Pericles - Athens as “school of Hellas” Temples to honor city’s gods Projected Athenian greatness



Attic Tragedy and Comedy

• Tragedy Religious observations in honor of Dionysus Questions of religion, ethics, morality

- Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.E.)- Sophocles (ca. 496-406 B.C.E.)- Euripides (ca. 480-406 B.C.E.)

• Comedy Aristophanes (ca. 450-385 B.C.E.)



History

• Herodotus (484?-425? B.C.E.) “The father of history” - studied Persian War Attempted to explain human actions Draw instructions from them

• Thucydides (ca. 460-ca. 400 B.C.E.) History of the Peloponnesian War Used evidence to try and discover meaningful

patterns of human behavior Understanding of history - guide to future



Fourth Century B.C.E. Culture

• Middle Comedy Turn away from life of polis Towards everyday life, family, satire

• New Comedy Menander (342-291 B.C.E.)

• Tragedy faded - revivals of classics Euripides becomes a favorite Psychology of individual human beings



Chronology: Spartan and Theban Hegomonies



Overview: Greek Civilization



Emergence of the Hellenistic World



Emergence of the Hellenistic World

• Hellenism – period of spread, transformation of Greek culture

• Period from Alexander to Julius Caesar

• Influence of Macedon



Macedonian Conquest

• Kingdom of Macedon

• Philip of Macedon (r. 359-336 B.C.E.) Admiration for Greek culture Undermined Athenian control of Aegean Defeated Athens in 338 B.C.E.

- Role of Philip’s son Alexander- End to Greek freedom and autonomy- Philip assassinated in 336 B.C.E.



Alexander the Great (356-323)

• Alexander’s personality• Invasion of Persia in 334 B.C.E.

Battle of Granicus River, 334 B.C.E.

Battle of Issus, 333 B.C.E.

Fall of Persepolis, 330 B.C.E.

Alexander enters Indus Valley, 327 B.C.E.



Alexander the Great (356-323) (cont’d)

• Death, 323 B.C.E.

• Alexander’s place in history

• Man of vision vs. murderous tyrant



Alexander and Darius



Map 3–7. Alexander’s Campaigns



Alexander’s Successors

• Ptolemy I –(67?-283 B.C.E.) Ptolomies - Thirty-first dynasty in Egypt

• Seleucus I (358?-280 B.C.E.) Seleucid dynasty in Mespotamia

• Antigonus I (382-301 B.C.E.) Antigonid dynasty in Asia Minor and Macedon

• Tremendous trade and prosperity Greece, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia

- One single political, economic, cultural unit



Chronology: Rise of Macedon



Hellenistic Culture



Hellenistic Culture

• Significant turning point in Greek culture Dominant role of polis is lost Arrogant Greek humanism gives way to

- Resignation to fate, helplessness

• Plato’s Academy Becomes center of skepticism (Pyrrho of Elis)

• Aristotle’s Lyceum Center of literary and historical studies



One of the Masterpieces of Hellenistic Sculpture, the Laocoön



Epicureans

• Epicurus of Athens (342-271 B.C.E.)

• Goal was happiness, not knowledge Achieved through a life based on reason

• Gods took no interest in human affairs

• Goal was to liberate people from the fear of death, the gods, and the supernatural Hedonistic - identified happiness with

pleasure Absence of pain and trouble



Stoics

• Zeno of Citium (335-263 B.C.E.)

• God and nature are the same Humans must live in harmony with

themselves

• Logos - divine reason Guiding principle in nature

• Source of misery is passion

• World is a single large polis



A Page from On Floating Bodies



Plutarch Cites Archimedes and Hellenistic Science



Literature, Mathematics, Science

• Alexandria - center of Hellenistic world Museum - great research institute Library - great body of past Greek literature

• Euclid - 3rd century B.C.E.

Elements of plane and solid geometry

• Archimedes of Syracuse (ca. 287-212 B.C.E.) Theory of lever, invented hydrostatics



Literature, Mathematics, Science (cont’d)

• Aristarchus of Samos (ca. 310-230 B.C.E.) Heliocentric theory of universe

• Ptolemy of Alexandria - 2nd century B.C.E.

• Eratosthenes of Cyrene (ca. 275-195 B.C.E.) Circumference of earth, treatise on

geography



Map 3–8. The World According to Eratosthenes



Review Questions

• Describe the Minoan civilization of Crete. How did the later Bronze Age Mycenaean civilization differ from the Minoan civilization in political organization, art motifs, and military posture? How valuable are the Homeric epics as sources of early Greek history?



Review Questions

• Define the concept of polis. What role did geography play in its development, and why did the Greeks consider it a unique and valuable institution?



Review Questions

• Compare the fundamental political, social, and economic institutions of Athens and Sparta about 500 B.C.E. Why did Sparta develop its unique form of government? What were the main stages in the transformation of Athens from an aristocratic state to a democracy between 600 and 500 B.C.E.?



Review Questions

• Why did the Greeks and Persians go to war in 490 and 480 B.C.E.? What benefit could the Persians have derived from conquering Greece? Why were the Greeks able to defeat the Persians, and how did they benefit from the victory?



Review Questions

• How was the Delian League transformed into the

• Athenian Empire during the fifth century B.C.E.? Did the empire offer any advantages to its subjects? Why was there such resistance to Athenian efforts to unify the Greek world in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E.?



Review Questions

• Why did Athens and Sparta come to blows in the Great Peloponnesian War? What was each side’s strategy for victory? Why did Sparta win the war?



Review Questions

• Using examples from art, literature, and philosophy, explain the tension that characterized Greek life and thought in the Classical period. How does Hellenistic art differ from that of the Classical period?



Review Questions

• Between 431 and 362 B.C.E. Athens, Sparta, and Thebes each tried to impose hegemony over the city-states of Greece, but none succeeded except for short periods of time. Why did each state fail? How was Philip II of Macedon able to conquer Greece? Where does more of the credit for Philip’s success lie: in Macedon’s strength or in the weakness of the Greek city-states? What does your analysis reveal about the components of successful rule?



Review Questions

• What were the major consequences of Alexander’s death? Assess the achievements of Alexander. Was he a conscious promoter of Greek civilization, or just an egomaniac drunk with a lust for conquest?

copyright ©2011, ©2009 by pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. the heritage of world...

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