Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1

Map 3.1: The Great English Migrations, c. 1630–1642

The Puritans

• “Purification” of the Protestant Church– Only visible saints should be in the church.– Not the norm in England in the early 1600s.

• Fled the persecution of King James I for Holland in 1608.

• Get permission to settle in Virginia and miss their target, landing in Massachusetts in 1620 on the Mayflower.

Importance of the Mayflower Compact

• Signed by 41 males.

• Formed a “government” and agreed that the settlers would submit to the will of the majority.

• Sets the precedent for future documents governing colonies and later states.

• Town meetings

Plymouth• First winter goes very badly. Only 44 out of

102 survive.• Fall 1621- First Thanksgiving• William Bradford- Elected governor 30 times.• As iconic as the “Pilgrims” and “Plymouth

Rock” are in American tradition, the colony is never very large or important economically. Merges with Massachusetts Bay in 1691.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5

Map 3.3: Seventeenth-Century New England Settlements

Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Group of Puritans given a charter in 1629.• 11,000 reach Massachusetts in 1630, part of the

“Great Migration” from England during the 1630s.

• Leadership of John Winthrop– First governor– His leadership, along with others, led the colony to be

the most influential outpost in New England– “We shall be as a city upon a hill”

Life in Massachusetts Bay

• Freemen get to vote– Adult males belong to Puritan churches

• Purpose of government was to enforce God’s laws

• Nonbelievers and believers paid taxes for the government-supported church

• Clergymen could not hold public office• “Protestant ethic”- serious commitment to

work

Dissension in Massachusetts Bay

• Anne Hutchinson– View on predestination– Banished from the colony for heresy

• Roger Williams– Wanted to break from the Church of England

completely– Condemned the charter for taking land from Indians

without fair compensation– Civil government cannot regulate religious behavior– Banished from the colony

Rhode Island

• Williams flees Massachusetts to Rhode Island and sets up a Baptist church at Providence

• COMPLETE freedom of religion

• No oaths regarding religious beliefs

• No compulsory worship attendance

• No taxes to support a state church

Rhode Island

• Freedom of opportunity

• Nicknamed “Rogue’s Island” because of the settlements of people who were either exiled or displeased with Massachusetts Bay

• Receives a charter from Parliament in 1644.

Connecticut• Hartford settled by small numbers of Dutch

and English as well as some Boston Puritans in 1635-1636. Becomes the Connecticut River Colony

• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

– Democratic regime controlled by the wealthy, landowning citizens.

• New Haven, settled by Puritans, “merged” with other Connecticut settlements in 1662 charter

New England expansion

• Massachusetts Bay purchases the area along the coast of Maine in 1677.

• New Hampshire becomes a royal colony in 1679 after the king separated it from Massachusetts Bay

Relations with Native Americans

• Wampanoag chief Massasoit signs treaty with Plymouth 1621. First Thanksgiving

• 1637- Pequot War

• Small effort to convert Indians to Christianity, but these were weak at best

King Philip’s War

• Metacom (King Philip) creates an alliance of New England tribes to assault English villages

• War ends in 1676– 52 Puritan towns attacked, 12 destroyed– Hundreds of colonists and thousands of

Indians dead– Slows the westward expansion of New

England until the early 1700s– Lasting defeat for the Indians

New England Confederation

• Defense against the Indians, French, and Dutch

• Had jurisdiction over intercolonial problems

• Two Massachusetts colonies and two Connecticut colonies

• First small step toward colonial unity

England takes notice

• Colonies have become nearly independent commonwealths by 1660

• When Charles II comes to power, he punishes Massachusetts Bay for not following royal orders

• 1662- Connecticut gets charter• 1663- Rhode Island gets new royal charter• 1684- Massachusetts Bay Colony has

charter revoked

Dominion of New England

• Imposed on the colonies by England in 1686

• Bolster colonial defense

• Designed to promote efficiency in English Navigation Laws– Meant to choke off American trade with

countries besides England

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18

Map 3.4: Sir Edmund Andros's Dominion of New England

The “First” American Revolution

• Sir Edmund Andros heads the Dominion of New England– Restricts town meetings– Restricts freedom of the press– Levees taxes without consent of reps.

• When the news of the Glorious Revolution in England reaches the colonies, they send Andros back to England

Effects of the Glorious Revolution

• Massachusetts made a royal colony with a new charter, royal governor, and all male property holders given the right to vote

• New monarchs relaxed the Navigation Laws, and the period of “salutary neglect” begins

• More English officials in America

• Led to contempt and resentment

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 21

Map 3.5: Early Settlements in the Middle Colonies, with Founding Dates

New Netherland

• Dutch East India Company hires Henry Hudson. Explores up the Hudson River in 1609 and files a Dutch claim to the area.

• New Netherland (1623-24)– Most important thing was buying Manhattan

Island from the Native Americans for pennies an acre.

• New Amsterdam run by the Dutch East India Company

New Amsterdam

• Little religious toleration

• Free speech and democratic practices are minimal.

• Hudson River becomes the picture of affluence.– Patroonships- feudal estates that were given

to wealthy settlers who agreed to have fifty people settle on them

Dutch tensions with neighbors

• New England uneasy with the growth of New Netherland

• Dutch invade New Sweden under Peter Stuyvesant and absorb the Swedish colonists living there.

English take over New York

• English seize New Amsterdam without firing a shot. Renamed New York after the Duke of York, brother of Charles II

• England gains an extremely important harbor in the middle colonies and control of the Hudson River

• The aristocratic spirit that existed under the Dutch expands under the English influence of the corrupt governors

Pennsylvania

• Quakers– “Quaked” when moved by their religious

emotion– Refused to pay taxes to the Church of

England– Refused to take oaths– Pacifists– Refused military service

Pennsylvania (1681)

• William Penn– Obtains a land grant from the king of England

in the area of what is now Pennsylvania– Advertises in multiple languages for people to

come to his colony.– Haven for the Quakers– Liberal land policy attracts immigrants.

Encouraged laborers to own land, not just the wealthy.

Penn’s Influence

• Buys land from Chief Tammany.• Quakers had good relationship with Native

Americans, later immigrants did not.• Government

– Representative assembly elected by landowners– No tax-supported state church– Freedom of worship– Death penalty for treason and murder only– No provision for military defense– No restriction on immigration

Penn’s Melting Pot

• People from many ethnic groups come to Pennsylvania

• By 1700, only Virginia and Massachusetts have more population and wealth

• Penn created a land of opportunity, but dies with little appreciation for what he had done.

Common elements of the Middle Colonies

• Fertile Soil

• “Bread Colonies”

• Rivers drew exploration inland from the coast

• Lumbering and shipbuilding

• Medium-sized farms

• More ethnically mixed populations