copyright © the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.. chapter 10 and 11 nervous system test preparation

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc..

Chapter 10 and 11

Nervous System

Test Preparation

Know the basic structure of a neuron

Neurons are the structural and functional units.

Neuroglial Cells surround the neuron

Dendrites receive input

Axons (nerve fibers) carry information away from the cell as nerve impulses

Know the direction and function of sensory and motor neurons.

What is efferent and afferent?

Know the difference between the structures, functions and divisions of

both the CNS and the PNS

Levels of Organization of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

CNS (Brain and Spinal Chord)

(Interneurons)

PNS(Cranial Nerves &

Spinal Nerves)

Sensory(Input into CNS)

(Afferent Neurons)

Motor (Output from CNS)(Efferent Neurons)

Somatic(Effectors: Skeletal Muscle)

(Conscious Control)

Autonomic(Effectors: Smooth Muscle,

Cardiac Muscle, Glands)(Unconscious Control)

Parasympathetic(Homeostasis)

(NT: Acetylcholine)

Sympathetic(Fight or Flight)

(NT: Norepinephrine)

Myelination of Axons• Know how and why

certain neurons are myelinated.

• Know what cell are involved in myelination.

• Know the structure of a myelinated neuron.

Classification of Neurons – Functional Classification

Know the three different types of neurons, where they work and how they work.

Classification of Neuroglial Cells

•What is a neuroglial cell?•What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells?

The Synapse•Know the structure and basic functions of a synapse.

•What are the functions of neurotransmitters?

•How and under what circumstances are they released?

Nerve Impulse

• What is RMP?• What ions are involved?• What is an all or nothing

response?• What is hyperpolarization

and depolarization?• What is summation?• What is a refractory

period?

Synaptic Potentials•What is an Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) and what happens to the postsynaptic neuron?

•What is an Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) and what happens to the postsynaptic neuron?

12

Meninges

•What are the 3 layers of the meniges?•What are the locations and characteristics of each?

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Scalp

Cranium

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Spinal cord

Meninges

Meninges

Cerebrum

(b)(a)

Gray matterWhite matter

Subarachnoid space

Falx cerebri

Pia mater

Dura mater

Bone of skull

Subcutaneous tissue

Skin

Tentoriumcerebelli

Vertebra

Dural sinus (superiorsagittal sinus)

Arachnoidgranulation

Arachnoidmater

13

11.3: Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

• Name the four (4) ventricles• What is there basic function?

Lateral ventricle (2)

Third ventricle

Fourth ventricle

(a)

Interventricularforamen

Cerebralaqueduct

To central canalof spinal cord


Third ventricle

(b)

Cerebralaqueduct

To central canalof spinal cord

Fourthventricle

Lateralventricle

Interventricularforamen

14

Cerebrospinal Fluid

• Where is it secreted•What is its function?•What happens to excess CSF?


Third ventricle

Fourth ventricle

Cerebral aqueductSubarachnoid space

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

Pia mater

Pia materCentral canal of spinal cord

Subarachnoid space

Filum terminaleArachnoid mater

Dura mater

ArachnoidGranulationsOr Villi

Choroid plexusesof third ventricle

Blood-filleddural sinus

Choroid plexus offourth ventricle

15

11.4: Spinal Cord

• Where does it begin and end?•What are its basic functions?


(a) (b)

Brainstem

Spinal cord

Foramenmagnum

Cervicalenlargement

Vertebralcanal

LumbarenlargementConusmedullarisCaudaequina

Filumterminale

Conusmedullaris

Lumbarenlargement

Cervicalenlargement

16

Reflex Arcs• Know the two basic types of reflex arcs.

12

Unipolar Neuron

17

Reflex Arcs

Usually same neuron (Unipolar)

18

General Components of a Spinal Reflex

Receptor

Sensory neuron

Motor neuron

White matter

Gray matter

Spinal cord

DorsalInterneuron

4

5

3

2

1

(b)

Cell bodyof sensoryneuron

Effector(muscleor gland)

Centralcanal

Ventral


19

Patellar Reflex

• Example is the knee-jerk reflex• Simple monosynaptic reflex (Simple Reflex)• Helps maintain an upright posture & prevents overstretching


Spinal cord

Patella

Patellar TendonDirection of impulse

Axon of sensoryneuron

Cell body ofsensory neuron Cell body of

motor neuron

Axon of motorneuron

Effector (quadriceps femorismuscle group)Receptor associated withdendrites of sensory neuron

20

Withdrawal Reflex

• Prevents or limits tissue damage (sensory-association-motor)Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Interneuron

Spinal cord

Axon of sensory neuron

Cell body of sensory neuron

Dendrite ofsensoryneuron

Painreceptorin skin

Directionof impulse

Cell body ofmotor neuron

Axon ofmotor neuron

Effector (flexormuscle contractsand withdraws partbeing stimulated)

Tack

21

Crossed Extensor Reflex

•Contralateral (on the other side) reflex•Maintain balance


= Stimulation

= Inhibition

Interneuron

Flexor contracts

Sensory neuron

+

+

+

–

–

–

Motorneurons

Extensorcontracts

Flexorrelaxes

Motorneurons

Extensorrelaxes

17

22

Tracts of the Spinal Cord

• Know the difference between ascending and descending tracts


Posterior spinocerebellar tract

Lateral corticospinal tract

Lateral reticulospinal tract

Rubrospinal tract

Anterior spinocerebellar tract

Lateral spinothalamic tract

Anterior reticulospinal tract

Medial reticulospinal tract

Fasciculus cuneatus

Fasciculus gracilisDorsal column

Anterior spinothalamic tractAnterolateralsystem

Anteriorcorticospinaltract

23

Nervous System Subdivisions

24

11.6: Peripheral Nervous System

• Know the difference between cranial and spinal nerves and basic functions

25

Structure of a Peripheral NerveCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Peripheral nerve

Epineurium

Axon

Neurilemma

Myelin sheathSchwann cell

Node of Ranvier

Endoneurium

Perineurium

Fascicle

Sensory receptor

Motor neuron ending

26

Nerve and Nerve Fiber Classification

• Know the difference between sensory, motor and mixed nerves and the direction of nerve impulse conduction.

27

Nerve Fiber Classification

•Know the basic difference between General and Special fibers.•Both efferent and afferent•Somatic and visceral

28

Spinal Nerves

• Know that most spinal nerves are mixed•Know how many pairs come form each region


Cauda equina

C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8T1T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10T11

T12

L1

L2

L3L4

L5

S2S3

S4

S1

S5Co

Posteriorview

Cervicalnerves

Thoracicnerves

Lumbarnerves

Sacralnerves

Coccygealnerve

29

Spinal Nerves

• Know the basic structures of spinal nerves.•What part of the neuron comprises each?


Lateral horn

Ventral root

(a)

(b)

Dorsal root

Dorsal root

Spinal nerve

Dorsal rootganglion

Posteriormedian sulcus

Posteriorhorn

Anteriorhorn

Centralcanal

Anteriormedianfissure

Dorsal branchof spinal nerveVentral branchof spinal nerve

Visceral branchof spinal nerve

Paravertebralganglion

Ventral branchof spinal nerve (ventral ramus)

Dorsal branchof spinal nerve (dorsal ramus)

Paravertebralganglion

Visceral branchof spinal nerve

Ventral root

30

Dermatome• What is Dermatome?

C2C3

C4C5

C6

T1

C6

C7

S2

S3

C8

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

T12

T1

S1

(a) (b)

S5C0

S4S3

S2S1

L5

L4

L3

L2

L1

L5

L1

C8T1

T12

C7C6

C5C4

C3

C2


31

Nerve Plexuses

• Know the 3 nerve plexuses and where they innervate.

32

Plexuses

C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8T1

T2T3

T4

T5

T6

T8

T9

T10T11

T12

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

S2S3S4S5

Co

Posterior view

Cervical plexus(C1–C4)

Lumbosacral plexus(T12–S5)

Sciatic nerve

Brachial plexus(C5–T1)

Obturator nerve

Phrenic nerve

Ulnar nerveMedian nerveRadial nerveAxillary nerve

T7

S1

Cauda equina

Musculocutaneousnerve

Femoralnerve

Intercostalnerves


33

11.5: Brain

•What are the major functions of the brain?•What are the 4 major parts of the brain?•What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?•What three structures make up the brainstem?

34

Structure of the Cerebrum• Be able to name the basic structure of the cerebrum


Central sulcus

Gyrus

SulcusFrontal lobe

Lateral sulcus

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

(a)

(b) (c)

Parietal lobe

Central sulcus

Occipital lobeFrontal lobeInsula

Temporal lobe

Longitudinalfissure

TransversefissureCerebellarhemisphere

Retractedtemporal lobe

35

Lobes of the Cerebrum• Five (5) lobes bilaterally:

• Frontal lobe• Parietal lobe• Temporal lobe• Occipital lobe• Insula


(c)

Parietal lobe

Central sulcus

Occipital lobe

Frontal lobe

Insula

Retractedtemporal lobe

36

Functional Regions of theCerebral Cortex

• What is the cerebral cortex?•What is the basic function of each lobe?


Frontal eye field

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Cerebellum

Brainstem

Interpretation of auditory patterns

Lateral sulcus

Auditory area

Sensory areas involved withcutaneous and other senses

Sensory speech area( Wernicke’s area)

Combiningvisual images,visual recognitionof objects

Visual area

Temporal lobe

Motor speech area(Broca’s area)

Motor areas involved with the controlof voluntary muscles

Concentration, planning,problem solving

Front lobe

37

Functions of the Cerebral Lobes

38

Sensory Areas(post-central sulcus)

• Cutaneous sensory area• Parietal lobe• Interprets sensations on skin

• Visual area• Occipital lobe• Interprets vision

• Auditory area• Temporal lobe• Interprets hearing

• Sensory area for taste• Near base of the central sulcus

• Sensory area for smell• Arises from centers deep within the cerebrum


Frontal eye field

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Cerebellum

Brainstem


Lateral sulcus

Auditory area




Visual area

Temporal lobe




Front lobe

39

Association Areas

• What are association areas?•What is the basic function of each?


Frontal eye field

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Cerebellum

Brainstem


Lateral sulcus

Auditory area




Visual area

Temporal lobe




Front lobe

40

Association Areas

• Frontal lobe association areas• Concentrating• Planning• Complex problem solving

• Parietal lobe association areas• Understanding speech• Choosing words to express thought

• Temporal lobe association areas• Interpret complex sensory experiences • Store memories of visual scenes, music, and complex patterns

• Occipital lobe association areas• Analyze and combine visual images with other sensory experiences

41

Hemisphere Dominance

•What is the dominant hemisphere in most humans?•What does the dominant and dominant sides of the brain control?

42

Memory

• What is the basic differences between short and long term memory?

43

Brainstem

Know the three structure of the brainstem and the functions that make them unique.


Spinal cord

Thalamus

HypothalamusDiencephalon

Pons

Midbrain

Corpuscallosum

Corporaquadrigemina

Cerebralaqueduct

Reticularformation

Medullaoblongata

44

Types of Sleep

• What are the major differences between the two types of sleep?

45

Cerebellum

• What is the cerebellum?•What are its major functions?


Thalamus

Superior peduncle

Middle peduncleInferior peduncle

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

Corpus callosum

Longitudinalfissure

46

Major Parts of the Brain

47

Cranial NervesCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Olfactory bulb

Hypoglossal (XII)

Optic tract

Olfactory tract

Olfactory (I)

Optic (II)

Oculomotor (III)

Abducens (VI)

Facial (VII)

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Accessory (XI)

Trochlear (IV)

Trigeminal (V)

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Vagus (X)

48

Functions of Cranial Nerves

49

Sympathetic Division

• Fight or Flight

50

Parasympathetic Division

• Rest and Digest

copyright © the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.. chapter 10 and 11 nervous system test preparation

Documents

mcgrawhill companies

postsynaptic neuron

basic structure

basic functions

types of neuroglial

motor neurons

certain neurons

myelinated neuron