1135

INDEX

Abortifacient, abortifacientsaconite, 737barbados nut, 829blister beetles, 972blue cohosh, 395camphor, 407, 408cantharides, 974cantharidin, 974colocynth, 443common oleander, 847, 850dogbane, 849–850mistletoe, 794nutmeg, 67oduvan, 755pennyroyal, 563–565pine thistle, 515rue, 579slangkop, Burke’s, red, Transvaal,

857tansy, 614turpentine, 667yarrow, 624–625yellow bird-of-paradise, 749yellow oleander, 854yew, 899

Abrin, 729–731camphor

cinnamomin, 409ricin, 409, 723, 730

Absorption, xviialoe vera, 380amatoxin-containing mushrooms

amatoxin poisoning, 273–275, 279

aspartame, 24

Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances, by Donald G. Barceloux, MDCopyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

bees, wasps, and antsepinephrine, 963

blister beetlescantharidin, 974

buckeyeβ-escin, 884

calamusβ-asarone, 405

camphor, 409–411cascara, 416–417catechols, 682castor bean

ricin, 719, 721colchicine, 694–896, 698clostridium perfringens, 115comfrey and other pyrrolizidine-

containing plantspyrrolizidine alkaloids, 453

cyanogenic foodsamygdalin, 48cyanogenic glycosides, 45prunasin, 48

daffodils and other emetic bulbsgalanthamine, 704

dogbane family and cardenolidescommon oleander, 849yellow oleander, 855–856

domoic acid, 214ephedra alkaloids, 547erythrosine, 29garlic

S-allyl cysteine, 473gastrointestinal viruses

viral gastroenteritis, 205ginger, 485

ginkgo, 492ginseng, 500goldenseal

berberine, 506hawthorn, 512hypericum extract, 602–603inky cap and coprine toxicity

coprine, 295ethanol, 296

isoxazole-containing mushrooms and pantherina syndrome, 298–302

jequirity bean and abrin, 730–731

jellyfi sh, 1088Jimsonweed and other belladonna

alkaloids, 779, 781jin bu huan and

tetrahydropalmatine, 519kaffi r lily

lycorine, 711kava, 528Laetrile®, 763lavender, 534licorice

glycyrrhetinic acid, 540limonene, 639ma huang

ephedra alkaloids, 548ephedrine, 547, 549

mayapplepodophyllotoxin, 789

milk thistlesilibinin, 555

mistletoe, 793

COPYRIG

HTED M

ATERIAL

INDEX

1136

Absorption (cont’d)muscarine-containing mushrooms

and muscarine toxicity, 306mycotoxins

afl atoxin, 329ergot alkaloids, 336, 337fumonisin, 342ochratoxin, 345trichothecene compounds, 353

neem oil, 651nicotine, 811peppermint oil

menthol, 655protozoa and intestinal parasites

Cryptosporidium parvum, 194rhubarb

oxalate, 86salmonella, 143scombroid fi sh poisoning, 257scorpions, 916Shiga enterotoxins, 152snow drop

galantamine, 714solanine, 80Vibrio species, 168sassafras

safrole, 584saw palmetto

oral absorption, 588sea snakes, 1076senna

rhein anthrone, 593sennosides, 592, 593

skullcap, 597–598St. John’s wort, 602terrestrial snakes, 1035tree tobacco and other piperidine-

containing plantsanabasine, 812nicotine, 811

ultraviolet, 731, 823water hemlock and water dropwort,

823yarrow, 624yohimbe bark and yohimbine, 629

Acceptable daily intake (ADI)food additives and sensitivities,

23–25limonene, 639

Acetaldehyde,coprine-containing mushrooms, 295false morel, 287food additives, 25peppermint, 654purple conefl ower, 570

Achelase I and II, caterpillar venom, 991

Aconite, 736

Acorus calamus. See CalamusAcquired immunodefi ciency syndrome

(AIDS)Cryptosporidium parvum, 194Cyclospora cayetanensis, 195–196

cyclosporiasis, 195gastrointestinal viruses, 206human immunodefi ciency virus

(HIV), 78, 128, 144, 187, 191, 194–197, 206, 571, 602, 793, 910, 911, 981

non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 603

protease inhibitors, 473, 603suppression, 603

Salmonella, 146scabies mite, 910

Acromelalgia, 269Paxillus syndrome, 313–315

Acromelic acid A-E compounds, Paxillus syndrome, 313–315

Actaea racemosa. See Black cohoshAdult respiratory distress syndrome

(ARDS)ants, 961bees, 961colchicine-containing plants, 695–

696, 699hornets, 961Hymenoptera order, 961marine animals

palytoxin, 1098mycotoxins, 356peppermint oil, 655pine oil, 669toxic oil syndrome, 11turpentine oil, 669wasps, 961rattlesnake envenomation, 1031,

1034Afl atoxins, 327–332

cancer, 187, 331black pepper seed contaminant, 72food contaminant, 5microvesicular steatosis, 92

African blue lily, chemical composition and toxicity, 743–744

Airborne contact phytodermatitis, 685Akee fruit, 34–38Alfi meprase, copperhead snakes, 1042Alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA),

trichothecene mycotoxins, 354–355

Alkaloids. See also specifi c alkaloidsaconitum, 737–739black cohosh, 388–399blue cohosh, 394–396

Carolina jessamine, 841–842cat’s claw, 422–424death camas, 707–709ergot and related compounds,

332–340kaffi r lily, 710–711mescal beans, 733–734zephyr lily, 716–717

Allergic phytodermatitis, 678–679Allergic reactions

ant envenomation, 956, 958–959, 964, 1024

bee envenomation, 959, 961–962, 964, 1024

begonias, 748black locust

pollen, 881blister beetles

cantharidin, 974bugs

venom, 971burdock root, 401buttercup family, 691castor bean

dust, 722pulp, 719–720ricin

inhaled, 722cat’s claw

allergic interstitial nephritis, 424

centipede envenomation, 952chamomile tea, 427chaparral, 431–432chase tree, 436Clostridium botulinum

horse-derived antitoxin, 109clove

leaf oil, 440cinnamon oil, 42daffodils, 704dust mites, 355echinacea, 571–572eugenol, 440feverfew, 467–468fl y bites, 981fruit skin, 50garlic, 474ginkgo, 493–494grass pea, 64guar gum-containing products, 28hornet

vespid venom, 958horse chestnut

pollen, 884jequirity bean, 731jellyfi sh envenomation, 1089juniper, 523

INDEX

1137

lavender, 534limonene, 639Listeria monocytogenes

penicillin, 137lupine

seeds, 786milk thistle

extract, 556mosquito bites, 981mushrooms, 268

penicillin G, 279mycotoxins

airborne molds, 318, 320, 323antigen-specifi c IgA

concentrations, 358fungi, 324

damp environments, 355–356mold, 324, 326

nutmeg, 69peppermint

oil, 655philodendron, 771plant dermatitis, 677–679, 682, 684–

685, 687rosemary, 576rue

extract, 580saw palmetto

extract, 589Scheffl era species, 771scombroid fi sh, 258scorpion envenomation, 922sea urchin

spines, 1108senna, 594snake envenomation, 1059

antivenom, 1034–1038spider

antivenom, 930bites, 941

spongesDogger Bank itch, 1103

spurge family, 756dog’s mercury

pollen, 757St. John’s wort

hypericum extract, 604tansy, 615–616tea tree

oil, 661ticks, 912turpentine

oil, 669wandering Jew, 819wasp envenomation, 958, 1024

yellow jackets, 955yarrow, 624yew, 901

Allopathic medicine, senna, 591–592S-Allyl cysteine, garlic, 473Almonds

botanical description, 761Laetrile® extracts, 761–762poisonous parts, 762

Aloe vera, 370–380, 414Aloin, 378–380Alternaria species

in air, 320classifi cation and identifi cation,

320–324Amanita mushrooms

mycological identifi cation and classifi cation, 265–268

Pantherina syndrome, 298–302Paxillus syndrome, 312–315poisonous parts, 273–275silibinin as antidote, 554

Amanitinsamanita mushroom, 266–274

Amatoxinamatoxin-containing mushrooms,

265–284amatoxin poisoning, 268–280

Ambient airfungal spore concentrations,

321–324mycotoxins in, 319–320

Amebiasis, 191–192American short-tailed shrew, 1133American trypanosomiasis, kissing

bug, 971Amines, bee venom, 957–958α-Amino-5-methyl-3-

hydroxyisoxazolone-4-propionate (AMPA), domoic acid toxicity, 215

1-Aminocyclopropanol, coprine toxins, 295

β-Aminopropionitrile, osteolathyrism, 807–808

Amnesic shellfi sh poisoning and domoic acid, 212–217

Amphetamine derivatives, myristicin metabolites and, 68

Amphibians. See Frogs; Toads; specifi c species

Amygdalincyanogenic foods, 45–50fruit kernels, 45Laetrile® derivatives, 762

Anabaena species, neurotoxins, 184Anabasine, 810–813Analgesics, rattlesnake venom,

1039–1040Anaphylactoid reactions

ants, wasps, and bees, 961–963

fl y and mosquito bites, 981Latrodectus antivenom, 931rattlesnake venom, 1032

Anatoxin-a, cyanobacteria, 184Anemonin, physiochemical properties

and toxicity, 691–692Anethole, chemical structure, 608–609Angelica sinensis, 461–463Animals and animal products. See

also Insects; Reptilesafl atoxins, 327Bacillus cereus, 89Campylobacter jejuni, 94Clostridium botulinum, 104Clostridium perfringens, 114–115dog laurel toxicity and, 845–846Escherichia coli, 121food additives and sensitivities, 23fumonisins, 342–343gastrointestinal viruses, 204Giardia lamblia, 197–198grayanotoxins in, 871lantana toxicity in, 868Listeria monocytogenes, 133ochratoxins, 344–347oleander poisoning in, 849Salmonella in, 142Shiga enterotoxins, 151Staphylococcus aureus, 156–157Streptococcus species, 162tannins, 894–895tetrodotoxins in, 247–248Vibrio species, 167–168Yersinia enterocolitica, 175

Anisatin, chemical structure, 608–609Anthozoa, classifi cation and

characteristics, 1096–1098Anthranoid laxatives, cascara,

415–419Anthraquinone derivatives

cascara, 415–419mushrooms, 290–293rhubarb poisoning, 86

Antibiotics, food additives and sensitivities, 27–28

Anticholinergic signs,botulism, 106–107bulbs, 705burdock root, 401Datura species, 777–781Escherichia coli, 127European bittersweet, 804isoxazole-containing mushrooms,

301lupine, 786nutmeg, 68–69puffer fi sh, 249snowdrop, 712–714

INDEX

1138

Anticholinergic signs (cont’d)valerian, 620water hemlock, 824

Antidotesbelladonna alkaloid toxicity, 781ciguatoxins, 244colchicine toxicity, 699eugenol toxicity, 440–441nicotine toxicity, 813oleander toxicity, 853–854pennyroyal toxicity, 566ricin toxicity, 723–724

Antihistamineshymenoptera sensitivity reactions,

963–964toxicodendron dermatitis, 683

Antimicrobial agents, tea tree oil, 658–660

Antioxidantsfood additives and sensitivities,

25–26rosemary, 574–575

Antitoxins, botulism treatment, 108–109

Antivenin (Crotalidae) polyvalent rattlesnake antivenom, 1036–1038

Antivenomcobra, 1052Elapidae, Australia, 1057–1059jellyfi sh, 1090–1092

man-of-war, 1096Latrodectus envenomation, 930–931lionfi sh, 1119–1120Lonomia caterpillars, 993scorpionfi sh, 1119–1120scorpions, 915, 920–922snakes

Colubrid family, 1062coral snake, 1049–1051Crotalidae polyvalent immune

(Ovine) Fab antivenom, 1035–1036

rattlesnake, 1029, 1031–1043sea snake, 1076venom detection kit, 1056viper, 1013, 1018, 1020–1021, 1024

pit viper, 1044, 1046spiders, 930–934, 940stonefi sh, 1119–1120

Aortic aneurysms, neurolathyrism, 63–64

Aphanizomenon species, neurotoxins, 185

Apigeninbiapigenin

St. John’s wort, 601chamomile, 426–427

garlic, 472gingko tree, 490hawthorn, 511methyl apigenin

valerian, 618, 620passionfl ower, 559rosemary, 575–576skullcap, 597yarrow, 624

Apyrases, bugs, 971Arctigenin, burdock root, 400–401Arctium lappa. See Burdock rootArgemone oil, epidemic dropsy, 9–10Argiope genus (black-and-yellow

garden spider), 941Aristolochic acid, 382–385Armed (banana) spider, 931–932Arrhythmia. See dysrhythmiaArthritis

aconite, 737aloe vera, 378Aristolochia species, 383borage, 397–398cactus, 838cat’s claw, 421–422Campylobacter jejuni, 98–99catfi sh, 1123capsaicin, 72chaparral, 430cinnamon, 40colchicine, 694comfrey, 450Cyclospora, 196echinacea, 568, 571feverfew, 466freshwater fi sh, 1125germander, 478Giardia lamblia, 198ginger, 483gingko tree, 489licorice, 538moths and butterfl ies, 992mycotoxins, 326Salmonella, 144–146Sea urchins, 1108Shigella species, 152Streptococcus species, 164Yersinia enterocolitica, 176–177

β-Asarone, calamus sources, 403–404Ascospores, fungal genera and species,

320–324Aspartame, clinical response to, 24–25Aspergillus species

afl atoxins in, 328in air, 320food sources, 318–319ochratoxins, 343–347patulin, 347–348

Assassin bugbehavior, 970–971clinical response, 971geographic distribution, 970identifying characteristics, 969venom composition and apparatus,

971Asteraceae family

airborne contact dermatitis, 685allergic contact dermatitis,

678–679burdock root, 400camomile, 425coltsfoot, 446milk thistle, 553feverfew, 465, 467pine thistle, 514purple conefl ower, 568–569, 572sunfl ower, 449, 451tansy, 614–616white snakeroot, 826yarrow, 623–624

Asthma preparations, Datura plants, 778–781

Astroviruses, taxonomy and classifi cation, 203

Asymptomatic carriage, Salmonella poisoning, 145

δ-Atracotoxins, 932–934Atractaspididae. See also specifi c

speciesclassifi cation and characteristics,

1013–1014Atractyloside

diagnosis and treatment, 516historical background, 514physiochemical properties, 515source, 514–515

Atrax/Hadronyche species, 932–934Atraxotoxin, Australian funnel-web

spiders, 932–934Atropine

aconite poisoning, 740belladonna alkaloids, 781burdock root, 400–401ciguatera poisoning, 244chemical structure, 778colchicine, 696Datura species, 778–779death camas, 709deadly nightshade, 780frogs, 1002jin bu huan, 520muscarine poisoning, 306oleander poisoning, 850, 853–854pantherina syndrome, 301pokeweed, 802puffer fi sh poisoning, 250

INDEX

1139

Rhododendron species, mad honey, 872

scorpion envenomation, 921Solanum species, 804snowdrop, 713tree tobacco, 813Veratrum alkaloids, 816–817

Attachment-invasion locus (Ail) factor, Yersinia enterocolitica, 175–176

Australian funnel-web spiders, 932–934

Autumn crocus, colchicine, 693–700Ayurvedic medicine

calamus, 404senna, 591–594

Azadirachtinchemical composition, 649–650toxicity, 649–651

Azaspiracid poisoning, 218–221

Bacillus cereus, 89–95Bacteremia

Campylobacter jejuni, 96–99Salmonella poisoning, 141–144

Baicalein, chemical structure, 597–598

Balkan endemic nephropathy, ochratoxins, 345–347

Barbados nut, 829–830Barbaloin, chemical structure,

415–416Barbourin, pygmy rattlesnake, 1041Bark scorpion, classifi cation and

behavior, 914–915Basidiomycetes, amatoxin

identifi cation and classifi cation, 265

Basidiospores, fungal genera and species, 320–324

Batrachotoxin, Colombian poison-dart frog, 1000–1002

Beaded lizard, 1008–1011Bedbug, 969–972Bees, 956–965Begonia species, 747–748Behavior patterns

bark scorpion, 914–915bees, 956bugs, 970–971caterpillars, 990–991catfi sh, 1122centipedes, 951classifi cation and toxicity,

1128–1130Colorado River toad, 997cone shells, 1078fi re ants, 957

fi re corals, 1094fl eas, 976Gila monster and beaded lizard, 1009jellyfi sh, 1087–1088Latrodectus spiders, 928lice, 984lionfi sh, scorpionfi sh, and stonefi sh,

1117Loxosceles spiders, 936mosquitoes and fl ies, 980Portuguese man-of-war, 1095rattlesnakes, 1027–1028sea snakes, 1074–1075wasps and yellow jackets, 956–957weever fi sh, 1120

Belladonna alkaloids, 776–783Benzoic acid, food additives and

sensitivities, 26Berberine, chemical composition,

505–506Berne virus, animal sources for, 204Bilobalide, toxicokinetics, 491–492Biomarkers

aconite poisoning, 739–740afl atoxin, 331akee fruit, 37S-allyl mercapturic acid, 474amatoxin, 277anisatin/veranisatin, 609aristolochic acid, 385Bacillus cereus, 92brevetoxins, 229–230camphor toxicokinetics, 410–411Campylobacter jejuni, 99Clostridium botulinum, 108Clostridium perfringens, 117colchicine, 697–698cyanobacteria, 187–188cyanogenic glycosides, 50, 765diarrhetic shellfi sh poisoning, 224domoic acid, 216eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, 16ephedra alkaloids, 549epidemic dropsy, 13ergotism, 339Escherichia coli, 126eugenol, 440food additives and sensitivities,

29–30gastrointestinal viruses, 207ginkgotoxin, 493glycyrrhetinic acid, 542goldenseal, 507Listeria monocytogenes, 137nicotine, 812ochratoxins, 347oleander, 852–853puffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 250

rhubarb poisoning, 86–87ricin, 723Salmonella poisoning, 145scombrotoxins, 258–259Shigella toxins, 153Staphylococcus aureus, 159Streptococci, 164toxic oil syndrome, 10–11turpentine, 670valerian, 621Veratrum alkaloids, 816–817Vibrio species, 170Yersinia enterocolitica, 177yusho/yu-cheng diagnosis, 7–8

Biotransformation/eliminationafl atoxins, 329amygdalin toxicokinetics, 764baicalin, 598camphor toxicokinetics, 409cascara anthrones, 417–419colchicine, 695cyanogenic glycosides, 50ephedra alkaloids, 547–548ergot and related compounds, 337ginger compounds, 485ginkgotoxin, 492glycyrrhetinic acid, 541–542hypericum extract, 603kava lactones, 528limonene, 639–640nicotine, 811pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 453–454

Bisabolol, chamomile, 426–427Bitis venom, composition and toxicity,

1018–1020Black cherry

botanical description, 761poisonous parts, 762–763

Black cohosh, 388–393Black locust, botanical description and

toxicity, 881–882Black pepper

aspiration, 74chemical composition and

properties, 72Blister beetles, 972–975Blue cohosh, 394–396Blue-ringed octopus, 1081–1082β-Methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA),

cyanobacteria, 181cycad seed toxicity, 54–56

Body lice. See LiceBorago offi cinalis, 397–399Boraginaceae

borage, 450pyrrolizidine-containing plants,

449–451comfrey, 449–451

INDEX

1140

Botulinum toxins. See also Clostridium botulinum, 103–110

Boxwood, botanical description and toxicity, 832

Breda virus, animal sources for, 204Brevetoxins

amnesic shellfi sh, 213ciguatera fi sh, 240, 242ciguatoxins, moray eel, 1113neurotoxic shellfi sh poisoning,

227–230Bromocriptine, medicinal uses, 336Bronchiolitis obliterans, diacetyl

exposure, 26Brown recluse. See Loxosceles (brown

recluse) spiderBuckeye, botanical description and

toxicity, 883–884Buckthorn, 834–836Budd-Chiari syndrome, pyrrolizidine

alkaloids, 454Bufadienolide

digitalis toxins, 774oleander, 848–849toads, 997–1000Urginea sanguinea, 857–858

Bufalin, toxicokinetics, 998Bufotenin, toads, 997–999Bugs, 970–975. See also specifi c types

of bugsBuilding-related illness

mold growth and, 323–324trichothecene mycotoxins, 357

Bulbs, 703–706Buttercup family, 690–692colchicine-containing plants,

693–701contact dermatitis from, 684–685daffodils, 703–706death camas, 707–709kaffi r lily, 710–711narcissus, 703–706snowdrop, 712–714zephyr lily, 716–717

Burdock root, 400–402

Cactus, 837–840Cade oil, basic properties, 522–524

CadF cell surface protein, Campylobacter jejuni, 97–99

Calamine lotionfl ea bites, 977–978toxicodendron dermatitis, 683

Calamus, 403–406Calcium channelsciguatera poisoning, 240

cone shellsclinical drugs, 1078, 1080conotoxin, 1079–1080

cyanobacteria, 185fi re corals, 1094peppermint oil, 655red whelk, tetramine 254scorpion venom, 920snake venom, 1029spider venom, 932St. John’s wort, 603

Calcium oxalateagave plant, 752begonia, 747–758cactus, 838–839century plant, 751–752cranberry juice, 458–459Dieffenbachia species, 769–771mandrake, 778narcissus, 704oleander, 850plant

dermatitis, 678mineral, 838

rhubarb, 85–87senna, 592spinach, 85tulip, 684

Caliciviruses, taxonomy and classifi cation, 201

Camphor, 407–413Campylobacter jejuni, 96–102Cancer references

afl atoxin, 325, 331allium vegetables, 442aristolochic acid, 384–385Aristolochia species, 385bladder

saccharin, 25sodium cyclamate, 25

breastcopperhead venom, 1042mistletoe, 792paclitaxel, 901

carcinogenesis andafl atoxin, 325, 327, 329–331aristolochic acid, 384–385Aristolochia species, 385butylated hydroxyanisole, 26calamus, 403–405cascara, 418cinnamon, 42citronella oil, 633comfrey, 454cycad fl our, 55–56dihydrosafrole, 584eugenol, 440food additives, 23–27

fumonisin, 325, 343glycyrrhizic acid, 541licorice, 541limonene, 641ochratoxin, 325polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),

6pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 446, 452,

454,safrole, 462, 583–584sassafras, 583senna, 594tea tree oil, 661turpentine oil, 669

esophagealsafrole, 29

cinnamon, 29chaparral, 431–432colon

nitrates and nitrites, 27Color Additives Amendment

(1960), 22colorectal

pseudomelanosis coli, 418laxative abuse, 418senna, 594

coltsfoot, 447Food Additives Amendment (1958),

22garlic, 472gastric

chili pepper, 73nitrates and nitrites, 27

gyromitrin-containing mushrooms, 287

hepaticsafrole, 29

cinnamon, 29hepatitis B, 331

liverafl atoxin, 187, 331cyanobacteria, 187fumonisin, 343hepatitis B, 331safrole, 584

nitrates, 24oral

cinnamon-containing gum, 42nitrates and nitrites, 27

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 6renal

aristolochic acid, 384–385ochratoxins, 346

salmonellaantibiotics, 145

treatmentanguidine, 355Aristolochia species, 383

INDEX

1141

Barbados nut, root, 829cat’s claw bark, 421chaparral, 430

nordihydroguaiaretic acid, 429copperhead venom, 1042daphne, 843ginseng, 498goldenseal, 505IL-2 immunomodulation

chemotherapy, 158rhubarb, 84

Laetrile®, 760lavender, 534limonene, 637, 639–641mayapple, 788mistletoe, 792–793pokeweed, 800ricin, 721sassafras, 583skullcap, huang-qin, 596spurge family, 755squirting cucumber, 876Veratrum alkaloids, 815wisteria, 879yew, taxanes, 899, 901zephyr lily, 716

trichothecene mycotoxins, 354, 357–358

turpentine oil, 669urothelial

aristolochic acid, 384–385aristolochic acid-containing herbs,

346yu-cheng, 7

Cantharidin. See Blister beetles, 972–975

Capsaicin. See Pepper and capsaicin, 71–76

Capsid proteinsastroviruses, 203rotaviruses, 202–203

β-Carbolines, chemical composition, 559–560

Carboxyatractyloside, chemical composition, 515–516

Carcinogenesis. See Cancer referencesCardenolides

digitalis cross-reactivity, 774–775oleander, 848–849toads, 997–1000

Cardiac glycosidescommon oleander, 848–849diagnostic testing for, 850–852toads, 997–998yellow oleander, 854–856

Cardiovascular system. See also Veno-occlusive disease

batrachotoxins, 1002

blue cohosh effects, 395–396cleistanthin, 757–758colchicine, 696–697digitalis, 774–775ergot alkaloid effects on, 338–341Gila monster venom, 1010jellyfi sh venom, 1089–1093jin bu huan, 519–520mycotoxins, 325oleander, 849–854, 856rattlesnake venom, 1030scorpion venom, 918–921taxine alkaloids, 900–902toad venom, 1000Veratrum alkaloid toxins, 817viper venoms, Middle and Near

East/African vipers, 1018–1020

Carolina jessamine, 841–842Cartilaginous fi sh, classifi cation and

toxicity, 1128–1130Cascara, 414–420Cascaroside, 415–419Cassava. See Cyanogenic foods, 44–53Casticin

chemical structure, 435medicinal uses, 434–435toxicity, 435–436

Castor bean, 718–726Catechols, toxicodendron dermatitis,

679–684Caterpillars. See Moths and

butterfl ies, 988–995Catfi sh, 1121–1124Cathartics (laxatives)

aloe vera, 379–380buckthorn, 834colocynth, 443–444cascara, 414–419colchicine, 696mayapple, 788pokeweed, 800rhubarb, 84senna, 591–594

Cat’s claw, 421–424Caulophyllum thalictroides. See Blue

cohoshCentipedes, 950–953Central nervous system (CNS)

amatoxins and, 270belladonna alkaloids, 779camphor toxicity, 409–410cicutoxin toxicity, 822–824colchicine, 697galanthamine/galantamine toxicity,

704–705jin bu huan toxicity, 519–520mycotoxins, 325

neurolathyrism in, 63–65Pantherina syndrome, 298–302podophyllotoxins, 790scorpion venom toxicity, 918–921star fruit intoxication, 612–613

Century plant, 751–753Cerastes venom, composition and

toxicity, 1018–1020Cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF), botulinum

toxins, 107Cereulide toxin, Bacillus cereus, 90–92α-Chaconine, solanine toxicity, 78–80Chagas’ disease, 971Chamomile, 425–428Chamonixin, Paxillus syndrome, 313Chan Su medicine, 997Chaparral, 429–433Chaste tree, 434–436Cheiracanthium (running or sac

spiders), 941–942Chelidonine, structure and properties,

874–875Chemotherapy, taxine alkaloids,

901–902Chiggers, classifi cation and toxins,

909–911Children, gastrointestinal viruses in,

205–206Chili peppers. See Pepper and

capsaicin, 71–76Chinaberry, botanical description and

toxicity, 886–887Chinese herbal medicine and

aristolochic acid, 382–386Chan Su, 997–1000clove, 437–441Datura plants, 778–781dong quai, 461–463ginger, 482–486ginkgo tree, 488–494ginseng, 497–501goldenseal, 505–507hawthorn, 510–513jin bu huan, 518–520jinyinhua, 863–864licorice, 538ma huang, 545–550star anise, 607–610Veratrum alkaloids, 815–817

Chirodropids (multitentacled box-jellyfi sh), 1090–1091

Chokecherrybotanical description, 761poisonous parts, 763

Cholera toxins, see Vibrio species, 167–173

Chrysaloin, chemical structure, 415–416

INDEX

1142

Cicutoxinphysiochemical properties, 822mechanism of toxicity, 822–824

Ciguatoxins. See also Ciguatera fi sh poisoning and ciguatoxins, 238–246

Moray eels, 1113Cinnamomin, 408–4091,8-Cineole, toxicokinetics, 646Cinnamomum camphora. See

CamphorCinnamon, 39–43Citreoviridin, cardiac/nervous system

damage, 325Citrinin, 332

renal toxicity, 325Citronella oil, 632–634Citrus oil, 635–643Cladosporium species

in air, 320classifi cation and identifi cation,

320–324Claviceps purpurea

ergot and related compounds, 332–333

sources, 335Cleistanthin. See Cleistanthin,

diterpene esters, and thespurge family, 754–759Clitocybe mushrooms

acromelalgia (erythromelalgia), 315classifi cation and identifi cation,

303–305poisonous parts, 305

Clostridium botulinum, 103–113Clostridium perfringens, 114–119Clove and eugenol, 437–442Cnidoblast, jellyfi sh venom, 1088–1089Coagulation and

amatoxin poisoning, 278, 280barbados nut, 829bees, wasps, and ants, 961, 964blister beetles, 974caterpillar venom, 993chinaberry, 887clove oil poisoning, 440colchicine poisoning, 697–698Colubridae venom, 1060–1062dong quai, 463Elapidae, Australia, 1054–1059Escherichia coli, 127

hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 124eugenol, 439garlic, 473germander, 480Gila monster, 1010ginger, 485gingko tree, 492

ginseng, 500gyromitrin poisoning, 288Loxosceles spider venom, 937–940mayapple, 791moths and butterfl ies, 991, 993mycotoxins, 325, 354pennyroyal oil, 565sea snakes, 1075spider bites, 933, 940terrestrial snakes

Australian elapid, 1056–1058Colubrids, 1059–1062pit viper venom

Asia, 1045–1046Central and South America,

1043–1044rattlesnake venom, 1030–1033,

1036–1041viper venom, 1014, 1018–1021

toxic oil syndrome, 11Cobras

Asia, 1052–1053Middle and Near East/Africa,

1051–1052Colitis, Entamoeba histolytica,

191–193Collagen tissue disease,

osteolathyrism, 807–808Colocynth, 443–445Colombian poison-dart frog,

1000–1002Colony-forming units (CFUs), fungal

spore concentrations, 321–324Colorado River toad, 996–1000Coloring agents, food additives and

sensitivities, 28–29Coltsfoot, 446–448Colubridae, 1059–1062

geographic distribution, 1059habitat/characteristics, 1059venom composition and apparatus,

1059–1062Comfrey. See Comfrey and other

pyrrolizidine-containing plants, 449–457

Complex muscle action potentials (CMAPs), puffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 248

Cone shells, 1078–1081Conium alkaloids. See Poison

hemlock, 796–799Conotoxins, cone shell venom,

1079–1081Contact dermatitis. See DermatitisConvulsions. See SeizuresCopperhead snakes, 1041–1042Coprine. See Inky cap and coprine

toxicity, 294–297

Coralsfi re corals, 1093–1094hard coral, 1097soft coral, 1097–1098

Coral snakesCentral and South America,

1050–1051North America, 1046–1050

Coronavirus, taxonomy and classifi cation, 202

Cortinarius mushroomsclassifi cation and identifi cation,

307–308nephrotoxicity, 308–310poisonous parts, 308

Cottonmouth snakes, 1042–1043Cowitch. See Cowitch and horse eye

bean, 727–728Cranberry, 458–460Crotalidae polyvalent immune

(Ovine) Fab, rattlesnake antivenom (CroFab™), 1034–1036

Crotalinae. See Pit vipersCryptosporidiosis, mechanisms,

diagnosis and treatment, 193–195

Cryptosporidium parvum, 193–195Cucurbitacins

Begonia species, 747–748chemical structure and toxicity,

876–877colocynth, 443–444squirting cucumber, 876–877

Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP), historical overview, 5

Cutaneous loxoscelism, 937–938Cyanobacteria, 181–199Cyanogenic foods, 44–53Cyanogenic plants, 760–767Cycad seeds, 54–58Cycasin, 47Cyclic AMP (cAMP), Vibrio species,

169Cyclospora cayetanensis, 195–197Cyclosporiasis, 195–197Cylindrospermopsin, cyanobacteria,

182–188Cytisine

Laburnum species, 889–890mescal beans, 733–734

Cytochrome P450 enzymes andafl atoxin biotransformation, 329aristolochic acid, 384–386cat’s claw, 423colchicine, 695–696cranberries, 459–460

INDEX

1143

eugenol, 439–440ginkgotoxin, 492–493limonene, 639nicotine and, 811pyrrolizidine alkaloid

biotransformation, 453–454valerian, 620

Cytokines, Staphylococcus aureus, 158

CytotoxicityLoxosceles spider venom, 936–939viper venoms, Middle and Near

East/African vipers, 1018–1020

Daffodils. See Narcissus bulbsDaphne, 843–844Datura. See Jimson weed and other

belladonna alkaloids, 776–783

Deadly nightshade. See DaturaDeath camas, 707–709Decontamination

aconite poisoning, 72Akee fruit, 37amatoxins, 276belladonna alkaloids, 781camphor, 411cicutoxin, 824ciguatoxins, 244colchicine, 699ergot, 340jellyfi sh, 1092nicotine, 812oleander, 853pennyroyal, 566podophyllotoxins, 790rhubarb poisoning, 89ricin, 723toxicodendron dermatitis, 683

Dehydration assessment, gastrointestinal viruses, 207

Dendrolimiasis, caterpillar venom, 992–993

Deoxynivalenol (DON), trichothecene, 349–358

Dermatitis. See also Skin effectscantharidin, 973–974caterpillar venom, 991–993century plant, 751–572daffodil bulbs, 704–705limonene, 639–641plant products, 677–687

airborne contact phytodermatitis, 685

allergic phytodermatitis, 678–679bulbs, 684–685irritant contact dermatitis, 677–678

phytophotodermatitis, 685–687toxicodendron dermatitis,

679–684trees, 685

sponge toxins, 1103spurge family toxins, 757–758tansy exposure, 615–616tea tree oil, 659–660Wisteria species, 879–880

Diabetes mellitus, germander, 477–479

Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS)clinical responses to, 355trichothecene, 349–358

Diacetyls, bronchiolitis obliterans, 26Diarrheal toxins

Bacillus cereus, 90–92Yersinia enterocolitica, 174–178

Dieffenbachia species, 768–772Difuranocoumarin derivatives,

afl atoxins, 327Digitalis. See Digitalis-containing

fl owers, 773–775common oleander, 848–854epidemic dropsy, 13Veratrum alkaloids, 817yellow oleander, 854–856yew, 900

Dihydroergotamine (DHE), medicinal uses, 335–336

Dihydroergotoxine mesylate, medicinal uses, 336

Dihydrosanguinarine, epidemic dropsy, 12

Dinofl agellatesciguatoxins, 238paralytic shellfi sh poisoning,

saxitoxins, 231–232Dinophysistoxins (DTX1/DTX2),

diarrhetic shellfi sh poisoning, 222–224

Dinophysis, diarrhetic shellfi sh poisoning, 222

Distribution half-lifebaicalin, 598camphor, 409colchicine compounds, 695ephedra alkaloids, 547ergot and related compounds, 337ginkgotoxin, 492

Diterpene compoundsesters, 754

spurge family, 755–756Aristolochia species, 384Atractylis species, 515chaste tree, 485germander, 479juniper oil

α-Pinene, 523lactones

ginger, 483gingko tree,

ginkgolides, 490rhododendron

grayanotoxin, 870rosemary, 575–576skullcap, 598yellow bird-of-paradise, 749yew

taxicins, 900Djenkol bean, 59–61Dogbane family, 847–860

common oleander, 847–854odollam tree, 857–858Urginea sanguinea, 857–858yellow oleander, 854–857

Dogfi sh, 1124Dog laurel, 845–846Domoic acid. See also Amnesic

shellfi sh poisoning and domoic acid, 212–217

Paxillus syndrome, 313–314Dong quai, 461–463Dracotoxin, weever fi sh, 1120–1121Drug interactions

amatoxins, 275colchicine, 695Echinacea species 571–572ephedra alkaloid, 548ergot, 337–338feverfew, 467ginger, 485ginkgotoxin, 492–493ginseng, 500–501kava lactone, 528licorice, 541limonene, 639passionfl ower extract, 560peppermint oil, 655–656saw palmetto, 588silibinin, 555–556skullcap, 598St. John’s wort, 603–604valerian, 620

Dye materials, tung oil, 663–664Dysrhythmia (Arrhythmia)

aconite, 738–740anticholinergic poisoning, 781colchicine, 696coprine toxicity, 296death camas, 709ephedra alkaloids, 548epinephrine, 963ergotamine, 240ethanol, 296frog poisoning, 1002

INDEX

1144

Dysrhythmia (Arrhythmia) (cont’d)funnel-web spider envenomation,

933goldenseal, 507hawthorn extract, 512jellyfi sh envenomation, 1090,

1092ma huang, 548mistletoe tea, 794oleander poisoning, 853, 856–857pokeweed poisoning, 817puffer fi sh ingestion, 250Rhododendron species,

grayanotoxins, 871–872scombroid fi sh poisoning, 257scorpion envenomation, 919shigellosis, 153spurge family (Cleistanthus

collinus), 757–758stingray envenomation, 1129stonefi sh envenomation, 1119toad venom, 999Veratrum alkaloids, 804Vibrio cholerae, 169–170water dropwort, 823water hemlock, 823yew berry ingestion, 901

E-cadherins, Listeria monocytogenes, 134–135

Encephalopathy, neem oil toxicity, 649–651

Echinacea species. See Purple conefl ower and other echinacea species, 568–573

Echis venom, composition and toxicity, 1018–1020

Eggplant. See Solanine toxicityEggs, Salmonella contamination,

142–143Elapidae

Asia, 1052–1053Australia, 1053–1059

geographical distribution, 1053–1054

habitats/characteristics, 1054venom composition and apparatus,

1054–1059Central and South America,

1050–1051Middle and Near East/Africa,

1051–1052North American coral snakes,

1046–1050geographic distribution,

1046–1048habitats and characteristics,

1048–1049

treatment, 1049–1050venom toxins and apparatus, 1049

Elderberry. See Cyanogenic plants and Laetrile®, 762–767

Eleostearic acid, chemical structure and toxicity, 664

Eliminationafl atoxins, 329–330amatoxins, 274baicalin, 598belladonna alkaloid toxins, 781camphor, 411cicutoxin, 824colchicine, 695ephedra alkaloids, 548ergot and related compounds, 337,

340ginkgotoxin, 492glycyrrhetinic acid, 541–542hypericum extract, 603kava lactones, 528limonene, 639nicotine, 812–813podophyllotoxins, 790rattlesnake venom, 1034

Emetic bulbs, 703–705Emetic syndrome

Bacillus cereus, 89–91Staphylococcus aureus, 158–159

Emulsifi ers, food additives and sensitivities, 28

Endotoxins, cyanobacteria, 183–188End-stage renal disease (ESRD),

enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), 124

Entamoeba histolytica, 191–193Enteric adenoviruses, taxonomy and

classifi cation, 203Enteric fever, Salmonella poisoning,

145Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli,

124–125Enterocolitis, Salmonella poisoning,

144Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC),

122–131Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC),

123–130Enteropathogenic E. coli, 123–131Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC),

123–131Environmental exposure

afl atoxins, 328Bacillus cereus, 89botulinum toxins, 103–105Campylobacter jejuni, 96Clostridium perfringens, 114cyanobacteria, 182–183

ergot and related compounds, 335Escherichia coli, 120food additives and sensitivities,

22–23fumonisins, 342gastrointestinal viruses, 204Listeria monocytogenes, 135ochratoxins, 344–345Shiga enterotoxins, 152–153Stachybotrys, 351–352Staphylococcus aureus, 156Streptococci, 162trichothecene mycotoxins, 352Vibrio species, 167Yersinia enterocolitica, 174

Eosinophilia, toxic oil syndrome, 11Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome,

13–16Ephedra alkaloids. See Ma Huang,

546–552Ephedrine, chemical structure,

637–639Epidemic dropsy, 11–13Epinephrine

chemical structure, 637–639hymenoptera sensitivity reactions,

963Eptifi batide, pygmy rattlesnake, 1041Ergometrine, historical overview, 333Ergotamines, 335–338Ergot and related compounds,

332–340interactions, 337–338

Ergotism, historical overview, 5, 332–333

Erucism, caterpillar venom, 992Erythromelalgia, Paxillus syndrome,

315Escherichia coli, 120–132

cranberries, 459–460β-Escin, buckeye, 883–884Estimated daily intake (EDI), food

additives and sensitivities, 23–24

Eucalyptus oil, 644–647Eugenol. See Clove and eugenol,

437–442European bittersweet, 803–805Exendins, composition, 1009Exfoliatins A/B, Staphylococcus

aureus, 156–159Eye irritation, sea cucumbers, 1109

Fabaceae familybird-of-paradise, 749black locust, 881cassava

cyanogenic glycosides, 44–45

INDEX

1145

cowitch, 727cyanogenic glycosides, 760golden chain tree, 889grass pea, 62horse eye bean, 727hound’s tongue, 450, 452jequirity bean, 729licorice, 537lupines, 784mescal bean, 733pea, 806–807phytophotodermatitis, 686pyrrolizidine-containing plants, 449senna, 591sweet pea, 806Texas mountain laurel, 733wisteria, 879

Falcarinol, 865False lupine. See Lupines and false

lupineFalse morels, gyromitrin, 283–286Ferulic acid, dong quai, 462–463Feverfew, 465–469

airborne contact dermatitis, 685Fibrolase, copperhead snakes, 1042Fire ants, 956–965Fire corals, 1093–1094Fireworms, 1109–1110First aid protocols

chirodropids, 1091coral snake venom, 1049–1050Elapidae, Australia, 1057Irukandji syndrome, 1091–1093lionfi sh, scorpionfi sh, and stonefi sh,

1119rattlesnake venom, 1033–1034scorpion bites, 921sea snake venom, 1076

Fish poisoning. See also Shellfi sh poisoning

bony fi sh, 1115–1125cartilaginous fi sh, 1128–1130catfi sh, 1121–1124ciguatoxins, 238–246dogfi sh, 1124ichthyotoxic acute renal failure, 1125lionfi sh, scorpionfi sh, and stonefi sh,

1115–1120porcupine fi sh, 1124–1125rabbitfi sh, 1124scombrotoxin, 256–260tetrodotoxin, puffer fi sh, 245–252toadfi sh, 1124weever fi sh, 1120–1121

Flagellar antigens, Listeria monocytogenes, 134

Flavonoid, fl avonoidsAllium species, 472

garlic, 472antioxidants, 511cranberry, 459glycosides, ginkgo tree, 489–491hawthorn, 511passionfl ower, 559–560yellow bird-of-paradise, 749–750

Flavonolignanschemical structure, 554–555milk thistle, 553–557

Fleas, 976–978Fly agaric mushrooms

classifi cation and identifi cation, 298–302

Pantherina syndrome, 298–302poisonous parts, 301–302

Flies. See Flies and mosquitoes, 979–982

Food additives and sensitivities, 22–33aloe vera, 378calamus, 403–404cinnamon, 40–42cyanogenic glycosides, 50

Food allergies, Paxillus syndrome, 312–315

Food contaminationafl atoxins, 328aristolochic acid, 385Bacillus cereus, 90botulinum toxins, 104, 106–107Campylobacter jejuni, 96Clostridium perfringens, 115cyanobacteria, 183ergot and related compounds, 335Escherichia coli, 121fumonisin toxins, 342gastrointestinal viruses, 204Giardia lamblia, 197–198historical overview, 5Listeria monocytogenes, 133–134mycotoxins, 318–319ochratoxins, 345Salmonella, 142Shiga enterotoxins, 151Staphylococcus aureus, 157Streptococci, 162–163trichothecene mycotoxins, 352–355Vibrio species, 168Yersinia enterocolitica, 175

Food processingazaspiracid poisoning and toxins,

218–219Bacillus cereus, 90botulinum toxins, 104Campylobacter jejuni, 97ciguatoxins, 239Clostridium perfringens, 115eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, 16

epidemic dropsy, 12Escherichia coli, 121–122gastrointestinal viruses, 204Listeria monocytogenes, 134paralytic shellfi sh poisoning,

saxitoxins, 232puffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 248Salmonella, 143scombrotoxin, 256–257Shiga enterotoxins, 151Staphylococcus aureus, 157Streptococci, 163tetramine, in red whelk, 253–254toxic oil syndrome, 9Yersinia enterocolitica, 175yusho/yu-cheng epidemiology

and, 6Food storage recommendations,

food additives and sensitivities, 27

Foreign body removalcactus spines, 839Gila monster/beaded lizards,

1010–1011ticks, 912

FoxA receptor, Yersinia enterocolitica, 176

Frangula purshiana. See CascaraFrogs, Colombian poison-dart frog,

1000–1002Fructans, burdock root, 400–401Fruit kernels. See Cyanogenic foods,

44–53Fumonisin, 341–343Fungal poisoning. See Mushrooms,

Mycotoxinscactus, 838–839

Fungal spore concentrations, sampling techniques, 321–324

Fusarium fungifood sources, 318–319Kashin-Beck disease, 326reproductive system toxicity, 326trichothecene toxins, 351zearalenone toxins, 357–358

F wave latenciespuffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 250saxitoxin-induced paralytic shellfi sh

poisoning, 235

Galanthamine/galantamine compounds

chemical structure, 704narcissus, 703–705snowdrop, 712–714

Galerina mushrooms, 267–271Gambierdiscus toxicus, ciguatoxins,

238–239

INDEX

1146

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)cycad fl our, 56ginkgo tree

ginkgotoxin, 491kavalactones, 526–527mushrooms

Pantherina syndrome, 298–302St. John’s wort, 601star fruit intoxication, 612–613tetramine

red whelk, 254valerian, 618

Garlicbotanical description, 470historical overview, 470

Gastrointestinal effectsamatoxins, 274–275barbados nuts, 830belladonna alkaloids, 780–781black cohosh, 391–392blister beetle, 974camphor, 409–410cascara anthrones, 417–419cicutoxin, 822–824ciguatoxins, 242colchicine, 696ergot and related compounds,

336–339ginkgotoxin, 493goldenseal, 507jequirity bean, 730–731mistletoe, 793–794mushroom ingestion, 288–291narcissus bulbs, 704–705nicotine, 811–812oleander, 856podophyllotoxins, 790pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 454red baneberry, 745–746ricin, 720–724spurge family, 757–758trichothecene mycotoxins,

354–355turpentine, 669zephyr lily, 716–717

Gastrointestinal viruses, 202–211Gelsemium sempervirens

botanical description, 841mechanism of toxicity, 841–842

Gelsemine, structure and toxicity, 841–842

Germander, 477–481Giardia lamblia, 197–198Gibberella species

fumonisins, 341–343trichothecene toxins, 351

Gila monster, 1008–1012Gilatoxin, composition, 1009

Ginger, 482–487gingerols, 483–486

Ginkgo tree, 488–496Ginseng, 497–503Ginsenoside compounds

chemical structure, 499–500toxicokinetics, 500–501

Glory lily, colchicine, 693–700Glucans, fungal growth and, 324Glucomannans, aloe vera, 378Glycoalkaloids

content, 805nightshade, 804solanine, 77–82structure, 78

Glycoproteins, black locust, 881–882Glycyrrhetinic acid, 540–541Glycyrrhizic acid

chemical composition, 538–539medicinal uses, 538physical properties, 539

Golden chain tree, 889–891Goldenseal, 504–509Gonionemus vertens, classifi cation and

characteristics, 1093Gonyautoxins

paralytic shellfi sh poisoning, 231–235

mechanism of toxicity, 233Granulomata, cactus spines, 839Grass pea. See Grass pea and

neurolathyrism, 62–66Grayanotoxin. See Rhododendrons

and grayanotoxins, 870–873Guar gum, food additives and

sensitivities, 28Gummiferin, chemical composition,

515–516Gyromitrin. See False morel and

gyromitrin poisoning, 285–289

Haitian solenodon, 1133Hallucinogenic compounds

belladonna alkaloids, 778–781calamus, 405century plant, 751–752ergot and related compounds,

332–333mescal beans, 733–734myristicin and, 68–69Pantherina syndrome, 298–302

Hard coral, classifi cation and characteristics, 1097

Harmala alkaloids, passionfl ower, 560

Harvest mites, classifi cation and toxins, 909–911

Hawthorn, 510–512Head lice. See LiceHealth surveillance, ochratoxins, 347Helothermine, composition, 1009Helvellic acid, gyromitrin toxins,

283–286Hemlock. See Poison hemlock; Water

hemlockHemolysins

hemolysin BL (HBL), Bacillus cereus, 91–92

Listeria monocytogenes, 135Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

abnormalities, 126–127enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC),

123–125Shigella toxins, 151–152treatment, 127–128

Henbane. See Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane)

Hepatic aminotransferase, yusho/yu-cheng diagnosis, 8

Hepatotoxicity (hepatitis, hepatotoxin)

afl atoxin exposure, 330–331amatoxins, 272–274, 277–278black cohosh, 391–392cascara, 417–419chaparral, 431chaparral leaf, 479clove, 439comfrey, 449–455cyanobacteria, 181–186, 183–186Echinacea species, 571gentian, 479hops, 479jin bu huan, 518–520kavalactones, 527–529mistletoe, 479mycotoxins, 325pennyroyal, 566–567pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing

herbs, 479ricin, 723senna fruit extracts, 479skullcap, 479, 598tetrahydropalmatine, 518–520valerian, 479

Histaminesbee venom, 957–958scombrotoxin, 254–257

Holly, 861–862Honeysuckle, 863–864Hornets. See VespidsHorse eye bean, chemical structure

and toxicity, 727–728Hot fl ashes, treatment of

black cohosh extract, 391

INDEX

1147

Human botulism immune globulin (BabyBIG), 109

Human immunodefi ciency virus. See AIDS

Hyacinth bulbs, contact dermatitis from, 684

Hyaluronidase, bee venom, 957–958Hydrangea

botanical description, 761principal toxins, 762

Hydrastine, chemical structure, 505–506

Hydrazine compounds, gyromitrin, 284–286

Hydroids. See also specifi c speciesclassifi cation and characteristics,

1093–1096Hydroxyaloin, aloe vera, 378Hydroxyanthraquinone compounds,

rhubarb, 85Hydroxynitrile compounds,

cyanogenic plants, 763Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane), toxins

in, 779Hyperbilirubinemia

amatoxin-containing mushrooms, 278

castor beans, 721chaparral, 432colchicine-containing plants, 698germander, 480goldenseal, 507–508kava, 529pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 455spurge family, 757Water hemlock and water dropwort,

823Hyperforin, 603–604Hypericin, 603–604Hypericum extract

chemical composition, 601–602mechanism of action, 602medicinal uses, 600–601

Hyperkalemiabees, 961digitalis poisoning, 775

foxglove, 774hornets, 961mushrooms

amatoxin-containing, 279rhabdomyolysis, 314

odollam tree, 857oleander, 849–850, 852–854, 856pine thistle, atractyloside, 516rattlesnake envenomation, 1039,

1056rue, 581sea snake envenomation, 1075–1076

scorpion envenomation, 920spider envenomation, 940star fruit, 612toad

soap, 999venom, 999–1000

wasps, 961Hypernatremia

Bacillus cereus, 92Campylobacter jejuni, 99Clostridium botulinum, 108Clostridium perfringens, 117Escherichia coli, 126Listeria monocytogenes, 137pine thistle, atractyloside, 516Shiga enterotoxins, 153Staphylococcus aureus, 159Vibrio cholerae, 170Yersinia enterocolitica, 177

HyponatremiaBacillus cereus, 92Campylobacter jejuni, 99Clostridium botulinum, 108Clostridium perfringens, 117Colchicine poisoning, 698Escherichia coli, 126Listeria monocytogenes, 137oleander, 853–854pine thistle, atractyloside, 516scorpion envenomation, 920Shiga enterotoxins, 153Staphylococcus aureus, 159Vibrio cholerae, 170Yersinia enterocolitica, 177

Hyperoxaluria, rhubarb poisoning, 87Hypersensitivity reactions. See also

Anaphylactoid reactionsallergic phytodermatitis, 678–679ants, wasps, and bees, 957–965azadirachtin, 649–650begonia compounds, 748black locust toxins, 881–882bugs, 971jellyfi sh venom, 1089–1093mycotoxin-induced pneumonitis,

324–326neurolathyrism, 62rattlesnake antivenom, 1035–1038ricin/castor beans, 722tea tree oil, 659–660ticks, 912toxicodendron dermatitis, 679–684yarrow, 624–625

Hypertriglyceridemia, toxic oil syndrome, 11

Hypocalcemiaargemone oil, epidemic dropsy, 13colchicine poisoning, 698

beaded lizard envenomation, 1010dieffenbachia, oxalate-containing

plants, 771Gila monster envenomation, 1010mushrooms, orellanine-containing,

310rhubarb, 86

calcium oxalate, 86oxalate poisoning, 87

scorpion envenomation, 920sea snake envenomation, 1075–1076spurge family, 756–758toad venom, 999

Hypofi brinogenemia, rattlesnake venom, 1030

Hypoglycemia, Akee fruit, 37Hypoglycin A.

akee fruit, 35biomarkers, 37

HypokalemiaAkee fruit, Jamaican vomiting

sickness, 37Bacillus cereus, 92cascara, 417, 419cleistanthin, 757–758Campylobacter jejuni, 99Clostridium botulinum, 108Clostridium perfringens, 117colchicine, 698Escherichia coli, 126licorice, 539–542Listeria monocytogenes, 137Monkshood, aconite poisoning, 740mushrooms, gastroenteritis

producing, 292senna, 593–594Shiga enterotoxins, 153Staphylococcus aureus, 159Vibrio cholerae, 169–170Yersinia enterocolitica, 177

Hyposensitization, toxicodendron dermatitis, 683–684

Hypotensioncyanogenic compound ingestion, 49,

51cycad seed ingestion, 56food contamination

Staphylococcus aureus, 158Streptococcus species, 163

mushroom ingestionCoprinus mushroom, 296muscarine-containing mushrooms,

306Paxillus syndrome, 313, 315

seafood poisoningciguatera, 213, 238–245mussels, 216paralytic shellfi sh, 233–235

INDEX

1148

Hypotension (cont’d)puffer fi sh, 213, 249–250scombroid fi sh, 213, 257–258

solanine poisoning, 80

Ibotenic acidPantherina syndrome, 298–302mechanism of toxicity, 300

Ichthyotoxic acute renal failure, 1125Illudin S, mushrooms, 285–288Immune system, mycotoxins, 325Immunoassays, oleander toxicity

diagnosis, 850–853Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies,

Yersinia enterocolitica, 177Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies

food additives and sensitivities, 27mycotoxins and, 324–326

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, Yersinia enterocolitica, 177

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, Yersinia enterocolitica, 177

Immunosuppressed patients, gastrointestinal viruses in, 205

Immunotherapy, hymenoptera sensitivity reactions, 965

Impilabotanical description, 514diagnosis and treatment, 516exposure sources, 514–515historical background, 514physiochemical properties, 515

Infant botulismdose response, 106–107mechanism of toxicity, 105–106treatment, 108–109

Infectious diseases, mycotoxins and, 324–326

Ingestion, turpentine toxicity, 668–669

Inhalationblack pepper, 74botulism, 108chili peppers, 74ricin/castor beans, 721–722turpentine toxicity, 668–669

Inky cap mushroomclassifi cation and identifi cation, 294poisonous parts, 295

Inocybe mushroomsclassifi cation and identifi cation,

303–306poisonous parts, 305

Insects, mites and ticks, 909–912Intercellular spread protein (IcsA),

Shigella toxicity mechanisms, 152

Internalin, Listeria monocytogenes toxicity, 134

Intestinal parasitesCryptosporidium parvum, 193–

195Cyclospora cayetanensis, 195–197Entamoeba histolytica and

amebiasis, 191–193Giardia lamblia, 197–198

Invasion plasmid antigen complex, Shigella toxicity mechanisms, 151

Involution, Paxillus syndrome, 313Ion channels, scorpion venom and,

916Irukandji syndrome, toxicity and

treatment, 1090–1093Ischemia

caterpillar venom, 991centipede envenomation, 952Clostridium perfringens, 116colchicine, 696cone shell envenomation, 1080epinephrine, 963gingko tree, 488–489jellyfi sh envenomation, 1096ma huang, 547, 549mycotoxins

ergot alkaloid, 336–340puffer fi sh, 250scombroid fi sh, 258scorpion venom, 916, 919snake venom, 1030–1031

antivenom, 1037spider venom, 936, 938–939, 941yew, taxine poisoning, 901yohimbine, 629

Isoergine, ergot and related compounds, 332–333

Isofl avonoids, Wisteria species, 879–880

Isoquinoline alkaloids, goldenseal, 505–506

Isoxazole toxins, Pantherina syndrome and, 298–302

Itai-itai, historical overview, 5Ivy, botanical classifi cation and

toxicity, 865

Jamaican vomiting sickness, 32–35Jatropha curcas, 829–830Jellyfi sh, 1085–1096Jequirity bean, 729–731Jimsonweed, 777–781Jin bu huan, 518–520Jinyinhua, structure and toxicity,

863–864Juniper oil, 522–524

Kaffi r lily, 710–711Karaka nut, botanical description and

toxicity, 892–893Karakin toxin, exposure and

toxicokinetics, 892–893Kashin-Beck disease, mycotoxins,

326Kava, 525–529KcpA protein, Shigella toxins, 151Keratoconjunctivitis, blister beetle

toxins, 974Ketones, camphor, 408–409Kidney dysfunction. See Renal

dysfunctionKissing bug, 969–971Kraits, Asia, 1052–1053

Laburnum species, botanical description and toxicity, 889–890

Lactone glycosides, cleistanthin, 756–757

Laetrile®

clinical response and treatment, 764–765

historical overview, 760sources, 761–762mechanism of toxicity, 763–764

Lancefi eld Group A, Streptococci toxins, 163

Lantadene, 867–868Lantana

botanical description, 867physiochemical properties, 867mechanism of toxicity, 868

Larrea tridentata. See ChaparralLatent period, amatoxins, 276Latex compounds, Jatropha curcas,

829–830Latrodectism, 929–931Latrodectus spiders, 926–931

antivenom, 930–931behavior, 928classifi cation and characteristics,

926–927clinical response, 929–930geographic distribution, 927–928supplemental care, 931mechanism of toxicity, 929venom composition and apparatus,

928–929Latrotoxins, 929–931Lavender, 532–535Laxatives. See CatharticsLepidoptera. See Moths and

butterfl iesLepidopterism, caterpillar venom,

992

INDEX

1149

Lepiota mushroomsmycological identifi cation and

classifi cation, 268–269poisonous parts, 273

Leptosphaeria sacchari, onyalai, 325Leukocidins, Streptococci toxins, 163Lice, 983–986Licorice, 537–541Lignans, burdock root, 400–401Ligustilide, dong quai, 462–463Lima beans, 47Limonene. See Citrus oil and

limonene, 635–643Linalool, chemical structure, 533–534Linalyl acetate, chemical structure,

533–534Linamarin, cassava, 47–48Linoleic acids, borage, 397–398Linolenic acids, borage, 397–398Lionfi sh, 1117–1120Lipidosterolic extract, chemical

structure, 587–588Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), Streptococci

toxins, 163Listeria monocytogenes 131–135Listeriolysin, Listeria monocytogenes,

133–135Listeriosis, 133–136Liver abscess, Entamoeba histolytica,

191–193Liver disease, milk thistle for

treatment of, 553–557Liver toxicity. See HepatotoxicityLizards. See Beaded lizard; Gila

monster“Locked-in” syndrome, puffer fi sh

tetrodotoxin, 245Locus of enterocyte effacement

(LEE), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), 122

Loxosceles (brown recluse) spiders, 934–940

Loxosceles arizonica, 936Loxosceles laeta, 935–936Loxosceles reclusa, 935Loxosceles rufescens, 936

Lupaninephysiochemical properties, 785toxicokinetics, 786–787

Lupines and false lupine, 784–787Lycorine

kaffi r lily, 710–711zephyr lily, 716–717

Lycosa (wolf spider), 942Lyme disease, classifi cation and

pathology, 912Lyngbyatoxin A, cyanobacteria, 183,

185–186

Mace, botanical characteristics, 68–69

Ma huang, 545–550Malathion, lice treatments, 986Mammals

platypus, 1132–1133shrews, 1133

Mandragora offi cinarum (mandrake), 779–780

Margosa oil, 648–651Marine invertebrates. See specifi c

speciesMassasauga snake, 1040–1041Matricin, chamomile, 426–427Matsutake mushrooms, Paxillus

syndrome, 312–315Mayapple, 788–790Medical sources, botulinum toxins,

102Medicinal uses and. See also specifi c

plants and herbsAfrican blue lily, 743–744aloe vera, 378–380aristolochic acid, 383azadirachtin, 649–650black cohosh, 389–392borage, 397–398calamus, 404camphor, 408cantharidin, 972–974cascara, 414–415cat’s claw, 421–422chamomile, 426chaparral, 430–431chaste tree, 434citronella oil, 633–634citrus oil, 636–637, 639clove, 438colchicine, 694–695Colorado River toad, 997comfrey, 452–453cucurbitacins, 747–748cytisine, 889–890Datura plants, 778–781digitalis, 773–775echinacea, 569–570ephedra alkaloids, 545–550ergot and related compounds,

335–336eucalyptus oil, 644–646feverfew, 465–466galanthamine/galantamine, 704–705garlic, 471germander, 479ginger, 483ginkgo tree, 489, 491–492ginseng, 498goldenseal, 505

hawthorn, 510–511kava, 526–528lavender, 532–533licorice, 538milk thistle, 553–554mistletoe, 792–794neem/margosa oil, 886–887passion fl ower, 559pennyroyal, 564peppermint oil, 654phytolaccine, 801–802rosemary, 574–575rue, 579–580sassafras, 582–584saw palmetto, 586–587senna, 591–594skullcap, 596–597Solanum species, 804–805squirting cucumber, 876–877star anise, 607–610tansy, 614–615taxine alkaloids, 900–902tea tree oil, 658–660tung oil, 663–664valerian, 618, 620–621Veratrum alkaloids, 815–817yarrow, 623–624yohimbe bark/yohimbine, 627–628

Meliatoxins, botanical descriptions and toxicity, 886–887

Menthol compoundschemical composition, 654–655toxicokinetics, 655

Mescal bean, 733–734Methylazoxymethanol (MAM), cycad

seeds, 55–56Methylergonovine

medicinal uses, 336parenteral toxicity, 338

N-Methyl-N-formyl hydrazine (MFH), gyromitrin, 286–287

Methysergide, dose-response data, 336Mezerein, 843–844Microcystin toxins

cyanobacteria, 181–188in humans, 188in water, 187

Microcystis aeruginosa, 183, 186Milk sickness, white snakeroot

toxicity, 827Milk thistle

botanical description, 553clinical response, 557historical background, 553medicinal uses, 553–554physiochemical properties, 554–555toxicokinetics, 555–556

Millepora species, 1093–1094

INDEX

1150

Mistletoe, 792–794Mites, classifi cation and toxins,

909–911Mojave rattlesnake

antivenom, 1036–1037characteristics, 1026–1027

Molds. See MycotoxinsMonkshood, 736–739Monomethylhydrazine (MMH),

gyromitrin, 286Monosialosyl ganglioside (GM-1),

Vibrio species, 168Monosodium glutamate (MSG),

clinical response, 24Moray eel, 1112–1113Mortality

amatoxins, 276ants, wasps, and bees, 961snakebites, global distribution, 1015toxic oil syndrome, 9

Mosquitoes, 979–981Moths and butterfl ies, 988–993M proteins, Streptococci toxins, 163Multisystem failure

ants, wasps, and bees, 961–962colchicine, 696–700

Muscarine, 305–306Muscimol

Pantherina syndrome, 298–302mechanism of toxicity, 300

Musculoskeletal system, mycotoxins, 326

Mushrooms. See also specifi c mushroom species

amatoxins, 265–284Amanita species, isoxazole, 298–302ascomycetes, gyromitrin poisoning,

285–289clinical classifi cation, 268gastroenteritis-producing species,

290–293identifi cation of, 265–267muscarine-containing, 303–306orellanine-containing, 307–311Paxillus syndrome, 312–316specimen collection, 266spore identifi cation, 266–268structure, 266

Mu Tong, 382–384Mycetism/mycetismus, clinical

classifi cation, 268Mycophenolic acid, hematological and

immune system damage, 325Mycotoxic porcine nephropathy,

ochratoxins, 345–346Mycotoxins

afl atoxins, 327–332basic properties, 318

citrinin, 332classifi cation and identifi cation,

317–324ambient air sources, 319–320basic properties, 318colony-forming units, 320–321food sources, 318–319fungal spore concentrations,

321–323genera and species, 320–324occurrence, 318–320water damage and mold growth,

323–324ergot and related compounds,

333–340fumonisin, 341–343fungal genera and species, 320–

324historical overview, 317mold-related complaints, 326–327occurrence, 318ochratoxins, 343–347patulin, 347–348rubratoxins, 348target organs, 324–326trichothecenes, 348–358

alimentary toxic aleukia, 354–355building-related illness, 357carcinogenesis, 357–358clinical response, 354–358diacetoxyscirpenol, 355food-related illnesses, 354histology and pathology, 354pulmonary hemorrhage, 356–357scabby grain toxicosis, 355stachybotryotoxicosis, 356Stachybotrys mycotoxicoses,

355–357zearalenone, 358–359

Myotoxins, Paxillus syndrome, 313Myristicin, toxic characteristics, 68

Narcissus, 703–705Necine compounds, pyrrolizidine

alkaloids, 452Neem oil 648–650Nematocysts, jellyfi sh venom,

1088–1089Neoarctin, burdock root, 400–401Neoclerodane diterpenoids,

germander, 479–480Neocycasin, 45Neonatal listeriosis, clinical response,

133–134Nephrotoxicity (Renal dysfunction,

Kidney dysfunction/failure)afl atoxin, 329–330amatoxins, 271–272

aristolochic acid, 382–386Asian viper venom, 1021colchicine, 697djenkol beans, 59–60epidemic dropsy, 11ichthyotoxic acute renal failure,

1125mycotoxins, 325ochratoxins, 345–347orellanine, 307–310Paxillus syndrome, 313–315pennyroyal, 566–567pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 453–455rattlesnake venom, 1030star fruit, 612–613

Neuramidase, cholera toxins, 168–169Neurodegenerative diseases

cyanobacteria, 181cycad seed toxicity, 54

Neurolathyrism, 62–66Neuromuscular complications, toxic

oil syndrome, 10Neurotoxicity (Neurotoxin)

armed (banana) spiders, 931–932Australian funnel-web spiders,

932–934batrachotoxins, 1002blue-ringed octopus, 1081–1082botulinum, 105–106brevetoxins, shellfi sh poisoning, 229buckthorn, 834–835ciguatoxins, 240–241cone shell venom, 1079–1080coral snake venom, 1049cyanobacteria, 181–189Elapidae, Australia, 1054–1059ergot and related compounds,

337–338European viper venom, 1015–1018Latrodectus spiders, 929–931nicotine, 811–812osteolathyrism, 806–808Pantherina syndrome, psychoactive

mushrooms, 298–302Paxillus syndrome, 313–315pediculicides, 985–986puffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 248–250rattlesnake venom, 1029scorpion venom, 916–918sea snake venom, 1075sea urchins, 1107–1108Theridiidae spiders, 930

Newts. See Salamanders and newtsNicotine

chemical structure and toxicity, 889–890

clinical response, 811–812dose response, 811

INDEX

1151

toxicokinetics, 810–811treatment, 812–813

Nitrates/nitrites, food additives and sensitivities, 27

Nit removal, lice treatment, 9863-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA),

cardiac/nervous system damage, 325

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor agonist

cone shell, 1079cycad seed toxicity, 54domoic acid toxicity, 215

Nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), Bacillus cereus, 91–92

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), chaparral, 429–432

Noroviruses, 201–203Norwegian scabies, chiggers and

harvest mites, 910–911Nutmeg, 65–67

Oaks, botanical description and toxicity, 894–895

Occupational exposure, chili peppers, 74

Ochratoxins, 343–347Octopus. See Blue-ringed

octopusOdollam tree, toxins in, 857Okadaic acid, diarrhetic shellfi sh

poisoning, 220–222Oleander

common oleander, 847–854yellow oleander, 854–857

Oleic acids, borage, 398Oleoresin compounds

capsicum, 72urushiol compounds, 681–684

OmpR-envZ, Shigella toxins, 151Onion and garlic, contact dermatitis

from, 684–685Onyalai, thrombocytopenic purpura,

325Open reading frames (ORFs)

astroviruses, 203caliciviruses, 203

Ophthalmia nodosa, caterpillar venom, 992

Orellanine, 308–310Orellanus syndrome, nephrotoxicity,

307–310Organic anion-transporting

polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3), amatoxins, 274

Organosulfur compounds, garlic, 470–471

Ornithogalum species, 850

Oroxylin, chemical structure, 597–598

OsmZ proteins, Shigella toxins, 151Osteolathyrism, botanical description

and toxicity, 806–808Oxalate-containing plants, 768–770Oxalic acid, structure and properties,

85–86Oxalosis, 843-N-Oxalyl-l-2,3-diaminopropanoic

acid (β-ODAP), neurolathyrism, 63

Paint materialstung oil, 663–664turpentine, 666–667

Palytoxin, soft corals, 1097–1098Panaxadiols/panaxatriols, chemical

structure, 499–500Pancreatitis, scorpion venom toxicity,

918Pancytopenia, mycotoxins, 325Pantherina syndrome, isoxazole

toxins, 298–302Paralytic shellfi sh poisoning,

saxitoxins, 231–237Paratyphoid, Salmonella poisoning,

145Parenteral toxicity

ergot compounds, 338ricin/castor beans, 721–722

Passionfl ower, 558–562Pasteurella multocida, afl atoxin and,

330Patulin toxins, 347–348Paxillus syndrome

clinical response, 314–315diagnostic testing and treatment,

315mushroom identifi cation, 312–313principal toxins, 313–314

PCDDs, yusho/yu-cheng, 6, 8PEB1 cell surface protein,

Campylobacter jejuni, 97Pederin, physiochemical properties,

973–974Pediculicide, lice treatments, 985–986Penicillin G, amatoxin therapy, 279Penicillium

in air, 320citrinin, 332classifi cation and identifi cation,

320–324food sources, 318–319mycophenolic acid, 325ochratoxins, 343–347patulin, 347–348rubratoxins, 348

Pennyroyal, 563–5672,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran

(PnCDF), yusho/yu-cheng diagnosis, 8

Pepper, 69–73Peppermint oil, 653–655Pepper tree, botanical description and

toxicity, 897–898Peptides, rattlesnake venom,

1028–1029Peripheral neuropathy, toxic oil

syndrome, 10Permethrin, lice treatments, 986Peruvoside, physiochemical properties,

854–855Peucetia viridans (green lynx spider),

942P-glycoprotein, hawthorn toxins,

512–513Phallotoxins, Amanita mushrooms,

268–271Phenethylamine derivatives, ephedra

alkaloids, 547–550Phenolic compounds

black cohosh, 389–392oaks, 894–895solanine toxicity, 79

Phenylketonuria (PKU), food additives and sensitivities, 24–30

Phidippus (black jumping spiders), 942–943

Phoneutria spiders, 931–932Phospholipases

Bacillus cereus, 91, 115–116beaded lizard, 1009bee venom, 957–958, 965catfi sh, 1122Clostridium perfringens, 114–116Gila monster, 1009Listeria monocytogenes, 134–136pepper tree, 897scorpion venom, 916sea snakes, 1075snake venom, 1015, 1020, 1028–

1030, 1043, 1053–1055, 1060spider venom, 936–937starfi sh, 1105wasps and hornets, 958

Physostigmine, belladonna alkaloid toxicity and, 781

Phytolaccine, 800–802Phytophotodermatitis, 685–687Picobirnavirus

HIV infection and, 206taxonomy and classifi cation, 203

Pine oil, 666–669Pine thistle, 514–516

INDEX

1152

Piperine, toxin structure and properties, 72

Pit vipers. See also Viperidae (vipers)

Asia, 1044–1046Central and South America,

1043–1044classifi cation and characteristics,

1021–1025copperhead species, 1041–1042cottonmouth, 1042–1043North America, 1021–1043pygmy rattlesnake and massasauga,

1040–1041scientifi c and common names,

1021–1024true rattlesnake, 1025–1040

behavior and senses, 1027–1028clinical response, 1030–1032diagnostic testing, 1032–1033geographic distribution, 1026species differences, 1026–1027treatment, 1033–1040venom composition and apparatus,

1028–1029Platypus, 1132–1133Podophyllotoxins

clinical response, 790–791toxicokinetics, 789–790

Poison hemlock, 796–798Poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac,

toxicodendron dermatitis, 679–684

Pokeweed, 800–802Polyacetylene, ivy and falcarinol, 865Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

biomarkers, 7–8dose response, 6–7food processing, 6yusho epidemiology, 6

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)

biomarkers, 7–8dose response, 6–7food processing, 6yu-cheng epidemiology, 6

Polychlorinated quaterphenyls (PCQs), yusho/yu-cheng, 6–7

Polymers, aloe vera, 378Polypeptides, rattlesnake venom,

1028–1029Polyphenolic compounds

red baneberry, 745–746rosemary, 575–576

Polysialogangliosides (GD1b/GT1b), botulinum toxins, 106

Porcupine fi sh, 1124–1125

Portuguese man-of-warclassifi cation and characteristics,

1094–1095clinical response and treatment,

1096geographic distribution and

behavior, 1095venom composition and apparatus,

1095Potassium channels, scorpion venom

and, 916–918Potatoes, 75–80Pregnancy

amatoxin toxicokinetics in, 275–276

camphor toxicokinetics, 410ciguatoxin sequelae in, 243hymenoptera-related anaphylaxis,

962podophyllotoxins and, 790St. John’s wort and, 604

Preservatives, clinical response to, 26–27

Prevention, hymenoptera sensitivity reactions, 964–965

Prickly pear cactus, as food source, 838

Procyanidins, hawthorn, 511–513Propionic acid, food additives and

sensitivities, 27Prorocentrum species, diarrhetic

shellfi sh poisoning, 213, 222–223

Protein phosphatases, cantharidin inhibition, 973–974

Protein synthesis, amatoxin mechanisms and, 274

Protoanemonin, 690–692Protoperidinium crassipes, azaspiracid

poisoning, 218–220Protozoa

Cryptosporidium parvum, 193–195Cyclospora cayetanensis, 195–197Entamoeba histolytica and

amebiasis, 191–193Giardia lamblia, 197–198

Psilocybe mushrooms, 308Psychoactive mushrooms, Pantherina

syndrome, 298–302Pubic lice. See LicePuffer fi sh and tetrodotoxin, 247–249Pulegone

chemical structure, 564diagnosis and treatment, 566–567mechanism of toxicity, 565–566

Pulmonary edemaclove toxicity, 439toxic oil syndrome, 10

Pulmonary hemorrhage, trichothecene mycotoxins, 356–357

Pulque, century plant, 751–752Purple cornfl ower, 568–572Pygmy rattlesnake, 1040–1041Pyrethrins, lice treatments, 986Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

borage oil, 398,chaparral, 431chemical structure, 451–452coltsfoot, 446–447comfrey, 449–455Echinacea species, 571hepatitis, 431, 479hepatotoxicity, 479plants, containing, 449–455tansy ragwort, 614

Quinovic acid glycosides, cat’s claw, 422–424

Rabbitfi sh, 1124Ranunculin, physiochemical

properties and toxicity, 691–692

Rapeseed oil, eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, 14

Ratfi sh, classifi cation and toxicity, 1130

Rattlesnake (true rattlesnake), 1025–1040. See also Pygmy rattlesnake

behavior and senses, 1027–1028characteristics, 1026–1027clinical response, 1030–1032diagnostic testing, 1032–1033geographic distribution, 1026species differences, 1026–1027treatment, 1033–1040venom composition and apparatus,

1028–1029Reactive arthritis, Salmonella

poisoning, 144Red baneberry, chemical composition

and toxicity, 745–746Red tides, saxitoxins, paralytic

shellfi sh poisoning, 231–236Red whelk, tetramine, 253–255Refractory hypotension, hymenoptera

sensitivity reactions, 963Regulatory guidelines

aloe vera, 378aristolochic acid, 383borage, 398calamus, 404cascara, 415chamomile, 426chaparral, 430

INDEX

1153

chaste tree, 434cinnamon, 40citronella oil, 633citrus oil, 637clove, 438cranberries, 459dong quai, 462echinacea, 570ephedra alkaloids, 546feverfew, 466garlic, 471ginger, 483ginkgo tree, 489ginseng, 498–499goldenseal, 505hawthorn, 511hypericum extract, 601juniper oil, 523kava, 526lavender, 533medicinal uses, 659passion fl ower, 559passionfl ower extract, 559peppermint oil, 654rue, 580saw palmetto, 586–587senna, 592–594silymarin, 554star anise, 608teucrin A, 478valerian, 618yarrow, 624yohimbe bark/yohimbine, 628

Reiter’s syndrome, Salmonella poisoning, 142

Respiratory dysfunction. See also Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); Pulmonary edema; Pulmonary hemorrhage

blue-ringed octopus venom, 1081–1082

brevetoxins, 229clove toxicity, 439echinacea, 570jellyfi sh venom, 1089–1093mycotoxins, 326peppermint oil toxicity, 655–656rattlesnake venom, 1030–1031scorpion venom toxicity, 919–921turpentine toxicity, 669

Reye’s syndromeafl atoxin exposure and, 330–331neem oil toxicity, 649–651pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 454

Rhabdomyolysisamatoxin-containing mushrooms,

269

Bacillus cereus, 92bees, wasps, and ants, 959, 961–962,

964belladonna alkaloids, 781centipedes, 952colchicine-containing plants, 696,

698gyromitrin-containing mushrooms,

287licorice, 541Paxillus and other mushroom

syndromes, 314–315poison hemlock, 798ricin, 723–724sea snakes, 1075–1076scorpions, 920soft coral, palytoxin poisoning,

1098spiders, 933terrestrial snakes, 1017, 1021, 1033,

1038–1039, 1041, 1044, 1046, 1050, 1054, 1056–1057

water hemlock and water dropwort, 823

Rhamnus species, cascara and, 414Rhinitis, tansy exposure, 615–616Rhododendrons, 870–872Rhubarb, 82–85Ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP),

camphor, 408Rice oil disease. See Yusho (rice oil

disease)Ricin. See Castor bean and ricin,

718–726Robinetin, structure and toxicity,

881–882Rosemary, 574–576Rotaviruses, 202–207Rubratoxins, 348Rue, 579–581Russell’s viper, venom composition

and apparatus, 1020–1021

Saccharin, clinical response, 25Safrole

chemical structure, 583food additives and sensitivities, 29mechanism of toxicity, 583–584

Seizures (convulsions)Aconitum species, aconite

poisoning, 739akee fruit, Jamaican vomiting

sicknesss, 36angel’s trumpet fl ower/tea ingestion,

779bee envenomation, 961borage oil ingestion, 398botulism, 107

camphor poisoning, 407, 409–411Carolina jessamine ingestion,

841chinaberry fruit, 886ciguatera fi sh poisoning, 242clove oil ingestion, 439colchicine-containing plant

ingestion, 697contaminated mussels, 216coral snake envenomation, 1049cyanogenic

foods, 51plants, 765

ephedra alkaloids, 548–549ma huang, 548

ergot alkaloids, 338–339Escherichia coli infection, 124eucalyptus oil ingestion, 646fi re ant stings, 962food additives

aspartame, 24fungus, 317germander, 478gingko seed consumption,

491–494golden chain tree seeds, 889goldenseal, 507horse chestnut ingestion, 884jequirity bean ingestion, 731Jerusalem cherry ingestion, 804jimsonweed intoxication, 780–781karaka nut ingestion, 892–893lice infestation

treatment, 985Listeria monocytogenes infection,

135Laetrile®, 763man-of-war sting, 1096mushroom poisoning, 269–270, 286–

288, 331–332mayapple ingestion, 790neem oil ingestion, 649–651nicotine ingestion, 811–813oxalate-containing plants, 86pennyroyal, 563–566pine thistle ingestion, 516poison hemlock, 798pokeweed leaf tea, 801puffer-fi sh poisoning, 250Rhododendron species, mad honey

ingestion, 871St. John’s wort, 603–604Salmonella infection, 145scabies infestation

treatment, 911scorpion envenomation, 918–919,

921Shigella infections, 152

INDEX

1154

Seizures (convulsions) (cont’d)shrew venom, 1133snake envenomation, 1031, 1056solanine poisoning, 80spider envenomation, 929, 939star anise tea, 608–610star fruit ingestion, 612stingray envenomation, 1129stonefi sh envenomation, 1119tansy oil ingestion, 616toad poisoning, 999treatment

colocynth, 443valerian, 618

turpentine ingestion, 668–670Veratrum intoxication, 817Vibrio cholerae infection, 169water hemlock/dropwort ingestion,

823–824white snakeroot, milk sickness,

827yew seed ingestion, 899

Shockaconite poisoning, 739anaphylactic

bee stings, 960–961burdock, 401snake envenomation

epinephrine, 1037vasopressors, 963yew needles, 901

bee stings, 959epinephrine, 963

camphor poisoning, 411cardiogenic

colchicine-containing plants, 697–699

oleander poisoning, 850, 852, 856scombroid fi sh poisoning, 258scorpion envenomation, 919–921yew leave ingestion, 901

ciguatera fi sh poisoning, 242Coprinus atramentarius mushroom

ingestion, 296electric

ciguatera fi sh poisoning, 243snake envenomation, 1033spider envenomation, 940

horse chestnut, 884hypovolemic

castor beans, 721Laetrile®, 763mistletoe tea, 794mushroom syndromes, 314pennyroyal oil, 565puffer fi sh poisoning, 250

burdock, 401scorpion envenomation, 918

septicricin, 722

snake envenomation, 1016–1017, 1034, 1056

star fruit, 612toxic shock syndrome

foodborne infections, 164Staphylococcus aureus, 156, 158

Vibrio species, 169St. Anthony’s Fire, ergot and related

compounds, 332–333St. John’s wort, 600–604Salamanders and newts

geographic distribution, 1003identifying characteristics,

1002–1003venom composition and apparatus,

1003–1005Salmonella, 141–149

garlic, 474Moray eel consumption, 1113

Salt, Clostridium perfringens inhibition, 115

Sambunigrin, physiochemical properties, 762

Sanguinarine, epidemic dropsy, 11–13Saponins

buckeye, 883–884Wisteria species, 879–880

Sapovirus, taxonomy and classifi cation, 203

Sassafras, 582–584Satratoxin, trichothecene toxins,

349–353Saw palmetto, 586–589Saxitoxin/neosaxitoxin

blue-ringed octopus, 1081–1082cyanobacteria, 186paralytic shellfi sh poisoning,

229–233Scabies, chiggers and harvest mites,

910–911Scabby grain toxicosis, trichothecene

mycotoxins, 355Scalded skin syndrome,

Staphylococcus aureus, 156Scheffl era species, calcium oxalates in,

769–771Scillaren A, chemical structure and

toxicity, 857–858Scombrotoxin, 254–257Scopolamine

chemical structure, 778toxicokinetics, 779–781

Scorpionfi sh, 1116–1120Scorpions, 914–924Sea anemones, classifi cation and

characteristics, 1096–1097

Sea cucumbers, identifying characteristics and toxins, 1109

Sea snakes, 1074–1076Sea urchins, 1106–1108Sedatives, skullcap, 596–598Senkirkine, coltsfoot, 446–447Senna, 591–594Sennosides, chemical structure,

592–594Sensory nerve action potentials

(SNAPs), puffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 250

Sepsis, colchicine, 694–700Serotype B-E Clostridial perfringens,

115Serum sickness

bees, wasps, and ants, 959, 961Latrodectus, 931scorpions, 921terrestrial snakes, 935, 1036, 1038,

1040, 1050Sesquiterpene compounds

citronella oil, 633coltsfoot, 446–447mushrooms, 290tansy, 615–616valerian, 618–619

Sexual stimulantscantharidin, 972–974toad venom, 997–999

Shake lotions, Toxicodendron dermatitis, 683

Sheng Ma, 389Shigella species (Shiga enterotoxins),

150–155enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and,

120–121Shogaol compounds

chemical composition, 483–484toxicity, 485–486

Shrews, 1133Sicarius species (six-eyed crab

spiders), 943Silibinin

amatoxin therapy, 279toxicokinetics, 555–556

Silicristin, chemical structure, 554–555

Silymarin complexamatoxin therapy, 279chemical structure, 554–555milk thistle, 553–557

Skeletal deformities, neurolathyrism, 63

Skin and. See also DermatitisAfrican blue lily, 743–744blister beetle toxins, 974

INDEX

1155

caterpillar venom, 991–993catfi sh toxins, 1122–1123chaparral toxicity, 431–432chiggers and harvest mites, 909–911chili peppers, 73–74fi re corals, 1094fl ea bites, 977–978Gila monster/beaded lizard venom,

1010hard corals, 1097hymenoptera sensitivity reactions,

961–965Latrodectus spider toxins, 929–931Loxosceles spider venom, 936–940plant dermatitis, 677–687podophyllotoxins, 790–791rattlesnake venom, 1029–1031sponge toxins, 1103starfi sh toxins, 1106trichothecene mycotoxins, 325–326turpentine toxicity, 669

Skullcap, 596–598Snakes. See also specifi c species

classifi cation, 1013sea snakes, 1074–1076terrestrial

Atractaspididae, 1013–1014Colubridae, 1059–1062Crotalinae, 1021–1046Elapidae, 1046–1059Viperidae, 1014–1021

Snowberry, botanical description and toxicity, 874–875

Sodium channelsarmed (banana) spider toxins,

931–932batrachotoxin mechanisms, 1002ciguatoxin mechanisms in, 240puffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 248–249saxitoxin-induced paralytic shellfi sh

poisoning, 234scorpion venom and, 916–918Urginea sanguinea toxicity, 857–858

Sodium cyclamate, clinical response, 25

Soft coral, classifi cation and characteristics, 1097–1098

Soft tissue infection. See also Tissue damage

rattlesnake venom, 1029–1030Salmonella poisoning, 145

Solanine toxicity, 75–80Solanum species, botanical description

and toxicity, 803–805Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive

factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex, botulinum toxins, 106

Somatic antigens, Listeria monocytogenes, 134

Sorghum, toxic parts of, 47Sparteine

physiochemical properties, 785toxicokinetics, 786–787

Sphingomyelinase D, Loxosceles spider venom, 936–937

SpidersArgiope species, 941armed (banana) spider, 931–932Australian funnel-web spiders,

932–934Cheiracanthium species, 941–942Latrodectus species, 926–931Loxosceles (brown recluse),

934–940Lycosa (wolf spider), 942necrotizing arachnidism, 941overview, 925Peucetia viridans (green lynx), 942Phidippus (black jumping spiders),

942–943Sicarius (species), 943Tegenaria agrestis (hobo spider),

943Theridiidae species, 930

Sponges, 1102–1103Spore concentrations, mycotoxin

measurements, 322–324Sporidesmin, liver toxicity, 325Squirting cucumber, botanical

description and toxicity, 876–877

Stabilizers, food additives and sensitivities, 28

Stachybotryotoxicosis, historical overview, 349

Stachybotrys fungirespiratory tract, 326, 356–357

Stachybotrys mycotoxicoses, 355–356Stachybotryotoxicosis

clinical effects, 356hematological and immune system,

325Staphylococcus aureus, 154–157Star anise, 607–610Starfi sh, 1105–1106Star fruit, 611–613Sterigmatocystin, afl atoxins, 327Steroids

rattlesnake venom, 1040toxicodendron dermatitis, 683

Stingray, classifi cation and toxicity, 1128–1130

Stonefi sh, 1115–1120Streptococcus, 160–163

Streptolysins, Streptococci toxins, 163

Sugarcane poisoning, cardiac/nervous system damage, 325

Sulfi tes, food additives and sensitivities, 26–27

Superantigens, Staphylococcus aureus, 158

Sweet peas, botanical description and toxicity, 806–808

Sweet potatoes. See Solanine toxicitySynaptosomal-associated protein

(SNAP-25), botulinum toxins, 106

Synaptotagmins I and II, botulinum toxins, 106

Synephrine, chemical structure, 637–639

Syntaxin, botulinum toxins, 106

Tanninsoaks, 894–895yellow bird-of-paradise, 749–750

Tansy, 614–616Tarantula

ophthalmia nodosa, 992Taste enhancers, 24–25Taxifolin, chemical structure,

554–555Taxine alkaloids

chemical structure, 900–901clinical response, 901–902toxicity, 901–902

Tazettine, chemical structure and toxicity, 716–717

Tea tree oil, 658–660Tegenaria agrestis (hobo spider), 943Terpene trilactone compounds, ginkgo

tree, 489–491Terpenoid compounds

calamus, 404mushrooms, 290turpentine, 666–670yellow bird-of-paradise, 749–750

Terpinen-4-ollavender, 533tea tree oil, 659–660

Tetrahydropalmatine, 518–520Tetramine. See Red whelk and

tetramine, 253–255Tetrodotoxin. See Puffer fi sh

poisoning and tetrodotoxin, 247–252

blue-ringed octopus, 1081–1082poison frogs, 1001–1002salamanders and newts, 1004–1005

Teucrin Achemical structure, 478–479toxicity mechanisms, 478–479

Theridiidae spiders, 930

INDEX

1156

Thermostable direct hemolysin, Vibrio toxins, 169

Thevetia cardenolidesphysiochemical properties, 854–855mechanism of toxicity, 855–856

Thrombocytopenia, rattlesnake venom, 1030

Thrombocytopenic purpura, onyalai, 325

Thromboembolism, toxic oil syndrome, 10

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

abnormalities, 124–125enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC),

124treatment, 127–128

Thujone, chemistry and toxicity, 615–616

Tick paralysis, 912Ticks, classifi cation and toxins,

911–912Toadfi sh, 1124Toads, Colorado River toad, 996–1000Tomatidine, solanine toxicity, 79Tomatoes, 77–83Torovirus

animal sources for, 204taxonomy and classifi cation, 202

Toxicodendron dermatitispoison ivy, oak, and sumac, 679–684trees as source of, 685

Toxic oil syndrome, 6–9Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1),

Staphylococcus aureus, 156–158

Toxi-Epi study, toxic oil syndrome, 9Transplantation, amatoxin therapy,

275Tree tobacco, 809–813Tremetone, 826–827Trichoderma species, mycotoxins, 319Tricholoma mushroom, Paxillus

syndrome, 312–315Trichothecenes, 348–358

alimentary toxic aleukia, 354–355building-related illness, 357carcinogenesis, 357–358clinical response, 354–358diacetoxyscirpenol, 355diagnosis and treatment, 358dose response, 353exposure sources, 351–353food-related illnesses, 354histology and pathology, 354historical overview, 348–349pulmonary hemorrhage, 356–357scabby grain toxicosis, 355

stachybotryotoxicosis, 356Stachybotrys mycotoxicoses,

355–357structure and physiochemical

properties, 349–351toxicokinetics, 353–354

Trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), calamus, 405

Triterpenesblack cohosh, 389–392blue cohosh, 395cat’s claw, 422–424pepper tree, 897–898

Trombiculidae, classifi cation and toxins, 909–911

Tropane alkaloids, Hyoscyamus niger, 779

Trophozoitesamebiasis, 191–192Giardia lamblia, 197–198

Tropical ataxic polyneuropathy, cyanogenic glycosides, 47–48

l-tryptophan, eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, 14–16

Tulip bulbs, contact dermatitis from, 684

Tung oil, 663–664Turkey X disease, afl atoxins, 327Turpentine, 666–670Tussilagone, coltsfoot, 447Type A Clostridia enterotoxin, 115Type-III secretion system (TTSS),

enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), 122

Typhoid, Salmonella poisoning, 145

Uncaria tomentosa. See Cat’s clawUpper respiratory tract infections

(URI), echinacea, 570Urginea sanguinea, 857–858Urinary tract abnormalities

cranberries, 458–460djenkol bean poisoning, 60saw palmetto, 586–588

Urushiolsdecontamination and treatment,

683ginkgo tree, 493toxicodendron dermatitis, 679–684

Valencene, chemical structure, 637–639

Valerenic acids, 618–619Valerian, 617–620V-antigen, Yersinia enterocolitica, 176Venom composition and apparatus

bees, 957–958bugs, 971

caterpillars, 991catfi sh, 1122centipedes, 951–952cobras and kraits, 1052–1053Colombian poison-dart frog, 1001cone shells, 1079–1080copperhead snakes, 1042Elapidae, Australia, 1054–1059fi re ants, 958Gila monster and beaded lizard,

1009–1010jellyfi sh, 1088–1089Latrodectus spiders, 928lionfi sh, scorpionfi sh, and stonefi sh,

1117–1118Loxosceles spiders, 936–937mosquitoes and fl ies, 980pit vipers

Asia, 1045–1046Central and South America,

1043–1044Portuguese man-of-war, 1095pygmy and massasauga rattlesnakes,

1041rattlesnakes, 1028–1029

grading system for, 1032salamanders and newts, 1003–1005scorpions, 916sea snakes, 1075sea urchins, 1107–1108stingray, 1129–1130toads, 997–998vipers

Asian vipers, 1020–1021European, 1015–1018Middle and Near East/African

vipers, 1018–1020wasps and hornets, 958weever fi sh, 1120–1121winged hymenoptera, 958–959

Veno-occlusive disease, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 453–455

Veranisatin A, chemical structure, 608–609

Veratridine, physiochemical properties and toxicity, 816–817

Veratrum alkaloids, 707–709, 815—817

Vesicle-associated membrane protein complexes (VAMP/synaptobrevin II), botulinum toxins, 105–106

Vespids (wasps), 956–965Vibrio species, 167–169Vicianin, physiochemical properties,

762Viperidae (vipers). See also Pit vipers

Asia, 1020–1021

INDEX

1157

classifi cation and characteristics, 1014

European, 1014–1018geographic distribution, 1014–1015Middle and Near East/Africa,

1018–1020venom composition and apparatus

Asian vipers, 1020–1021European, 1015–1018Middle and Near East/African

vipers, 1018–1020Virotoxins, Amanita mushrooms,

272–273Viscerocutaneous loxoscelism,

938–939Viscotoxins, mistletoe, 793–794Vitamin K, pyrrolizidine alkaloid

toxicity, 455

Wandering jew, botanical description and principal toxins, 819–820

Wasps (vespids), 956–965Water contamination

cyanobacteria, 181–188

noroviruses, 203–204Vibrio species, 167–170

Water-damaged building, mold growth and, 323–324

Water dropwort and water hemlock, 821–824

Water moccasins, 1042–1043Weever fi sh, 1120–1121Western Diamondback rattlesnake,

characteristics, 1026–1027

Western Pacifi c amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinsonism-dementia complex

cyanogenic glycosides, 54cycad seed toxicity, 54–58

Wheel bug, 969–971White snakeroot, 826–827Widow spiders. See Latrodectus

spidersWieland-Meixner test, amatoxin

analysis, 277Wisteria species, botanical description

and toxicity, 879–880

Wogonin, chemical structure, 597–598Wolf spider. See Lycosa (wolf spider)

Yarrow, 623–625Yellow bird-of-paradise, botanical

description and principal toxins, 749–750

Yersinia enterocolitica, 172–176Yew, 899–901Yohimbe bark/yohimbine 627–630Yop effectors, Yersinia enterocolitica,

174ystA gene, Yersinia enterocolitica, 174Yst enterotoxin, Yersinia

enterocolitica, 176Yu-cheng, 3–6Yusho (rice oil disease), 3–6

Zearalenonereproductive system, 326structure and effects of, 358–359

Zephyr lily, 716–717Zoanthids, palytoxin, 1097–1098Zoonoses, Giardia lamblia, 197–198