(Corporate) (Corporate) EEnvironmental nvironmental MManagement anagement SSystemsystems

(EMS)(EMS)

“Business of tomorrowis not only about products or productivity it is more about the way how business is done … »

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Agenda

1. Sustainable indicator systems

2. Management systems

3. Characteristics of an EMS, e.g. • ISO 14001• EMAS

4. Requirements for an EMS in a company

5. Example: Life Cycle Assessment

6. Assignment: Ecological Footprint

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1. Sustainable indicator systems

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1. Sustainable indicator systems

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• Develop written environmental policy

• Baseline resource use and waste

• Determine significant aspects and impacts

• Set action plans for priority aspects

• General environmental awareness training

• Control legal and other requirements

1. Sustainable indicator systems

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• Environmental Aspect• Element of an organisation’s activities, products or services that can interact with and impact the environment

• Environmental Criteria• Surroundings in which an organisation interacts, including air, water, land, natural resources, biodiversity (flora & fauna), human health and their interrelation

• Environmental Impact• Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organisation’s activities, products or services

1. Sustainable indicator systems

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• Six Step Environmental Management Plan:

1. Create an Environmental Policy Statement

2. Determine Environmental Priorities

3. Define Actions to Address Priorities

4. Implement the Plan

5. Measure Effectiveness

6. Review

• This will put your mind on a path to sustainability and continuous environmental improvement

1. Sustainable indicator systems

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1. Sustainable indicator systems

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1. Sustainable indicator systems

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• A management system means what the organisation has to manage concerning its processes or activities in order that

• its products or services meet the organisation’s objectives, such as• satisfying the customer's requirements, • complying to regulations or • meeting environmental objectives

2. Management system

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• ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 are among ISO's most well known standards ever.

• They are implemented by more than a million organisations in 175 countries.

• ISO 9001 helps organisations to implement quality management.

• ISO 14001 helps organisations to implement environmental management.

2. Management systems (e.g.)

Quality Management and Environmental Management

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• ISO 9001 is for quality management. • Quality refers to all those features of a

product (or service) which are required by the customer.

• Quality management means what the organisation does to • ensure that its products or services satisfy the

customer's quality requirements and• comply with any regulations applicable to

those products or services.

2. Management system

Quality Management and Environmental Management

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www.iso.orgwww.iso.org

2. Management systems

ISO 9001 Quality Management (development 2003-2007)

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• ISO 14001 is for environmental management. This means what the organisation does to:• minimize harmful effects on the

environment caused by its activities, • to conform to applicable regulatory

requirements, and to• achieve continual improvement of its

environmental performance.

Environmental Management

2. Management systems

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• ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 are generic standards.

• Generic means that the same standards can be applied: • to any organisation, large or small, whatever

its product or service is,• in any sector of activity, and• whether it is a business enterprise, a public

administration or a government department.

2. Management system

Quality Management and Environmental Management

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3. Characteristics of an EMS3. Characteristics of an EMS

CONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENT

ENVIRONMENTALPOLICY

4.2

ENVIRONMENTALPOLICY

4.2

PLANNING4.3

PLANNING4.3

IMPLEMENTATIONOPERATION

4.4

IMPLEMENTATIONOPERATION

4.4

VERIFICATIONCORRECTIVE ACTION

4.5

VERIFICATIONCORRECTIVE ACTION

4.5

MANAGEMENT REVIEW

4.6

MANAGEMENT REVIEW

4.6

ISO 14001SYSTEMIC REQUIREMENTS

4.1

ISO 14001SYSTEMIC REQUIREMENTS

4.1

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ISO 14001+

• Most widely recognised and adopted standard

• > 130,000 organisations certified worldwide

• Well established, good reputation

• Internationally recognised

• Can take a long time to implement – especially within large complex organisations

• Can be costly to implement – tools and consultancy

See additionally: http://www.praxiom.com/iso-14001.htm17

EMASEMAS+

• Eco-Management Audit Scheme

• Participation started in 1995

• EMAS Regulation was adopted by the EU Council in 2001.

• about 4.500 participating Europe wide (June 2010)

• Compatible with ISO 14001 but more stringent and

prescriptive,

e.g public reporting, the demonstration of legal compliance

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EMAS goes further than ISO 14001

ISO/EN ISO 14001(2004)

+ Public Reporting

+ Legal Compliance

+ EmployeesParticipation

+ Performance improvement

EMAS

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Management review

EMAS is a systematic approach

Environmental policy

Planification

Implementation

Monitoring and measurement

Continuous improvement

Initial env.

review

PLAN

DO

CHECK

ACT

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EMAS in EuropeEMAS in Europe

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EMAS in Germany andEMAS in Germany andthe Netherlandsthe Netherlands

Total number

of records

• Austria

• Belgium

• Germany

• France

• Italy

• Netherlands

• Slovakia

• Spain

……

• Total

Country Number

of sites

• 616

• 445

• 1.887

• 34

• 1.460

• 5

• 6

• 1.527

……

• 7.738

Number of

Organisations

• 250

• 60

• 1.395

• 34

• 1.035

• 5

• 5

• 1.217

……

• 4513

EMAS in different sectors (Germany)

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ISO 14001 vs. EMAS+

ISO 14001 EMAS

Performance improvement required periodically – no defined frequency.

Annual performance improvement required.

An initial environmental review is recommended, but is not a requirement.

An obligatory initial environmental review is required when the organisation initially sets out its environmental status.

Only a commitment to comply with applicable legal requirements. There is no compliance audit.

Obligation to demonstrate full legal compliance, which is confirmed with a compliance audit.

No open communication with the public regarding the progress and results of the EMS.

Public Environmental Statements are annually produced for the public to access.

Involvement of employees is not required. Active involvement of employees and their representatives is required throughout.

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Baseline or Initial Environmental Review

Identify scope of the review: • Entire organisation or just parts• Activities/operations you can control and those that you can influenceIdentify which key activities cause environmental impact:• Waste production• Energy use• Production itself• Procurement• Water use• Grounds Maintenance • Transport• ConstructionIdentify significant areas for review e.g.• Estates• Production • Procurement

4. EMS Requirements for a company

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Baseline or Initial Environmental Review – e.g. Waste

• Produce a checklist for an initial environmental review of Waste Management and Electricity

• Identify key roles, responsibilities and competence – Managers, Operational Staff, Contractors

• Review history of the site - Audits, Incidents, Complaints,

• Identify activities that Legislation will apply to.

• Identify current practices and procedures

Remember: This is a initial or baseline review so don’t loose yourself in too much details!

4. EMS Requirements for a company

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Aspects and Impacts

Activity Aspects Impacts

Disposal of general waste

Use of natural resources, emissions to air, releases to land, use of land space.

Depletion of natural resources, climate change, local public nuisance, contamination and depletion of land.

(Use of electricity Use of natural resources, emissions to air

Depletion of natural resources, climate change)

Complete the aspects and impacts on the template register

4. EMS Requirements for a company

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Criteria Severity Score

Legislation or regulation Legislation/regulation applied 5

Level of associated impact

High – Of importance locally and/or nationally

5

Low – not considered of significant importance locally and/or nationally

2

Stakeholder concern High – stakeholder concern evident

5

Low stake holder concern not evident

2

“Significant aspect” = score 4-5You may want to add in more complex criteria and ‘medium‘ levels (2-3)

Suggested Scoring Matrix

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4. EMS Requirements for a company

The Environmental Policy

Your Policy will: • Be informed by your baseline audit and aspects and impacts analysis• Form a framework for setting objectives and targetsYour policy must:• Be relevant to the nature, scale and activities of the organisation• Undergo senior management consultation and endorsement• Include key commitments – Legal compliance, Continual Improvement, Pollution Prevention• Be regularly reviewed and publically availableAlso consider that the best Policies: • Are short and clear (one-page document)• Make meaningful, easily understood commitments• Written using clear, direct language that is accessible to a wide variety of audiences.• Make a statement of overall responsibility and ownership

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4. EMS Requirements for a company

Examples (be concrete)

Objective Target Indicator

(To ensure legal compliance

To achieve 100% legal compliance by 2011

Number of identified legal non-compliances)

To reduce waste going to landfill

Increase recycling rate to 50% by 2011

1) Tonnes of waste going to landfill2) Tonnes of waste recycled

(To reduce energy consumption

10% reduction in energy consumption by 2011

KWh of electricity)

... ... ...

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Source: R. E. Ricklefs’ Economy of Nature

5. Life Cycle Assessment

A simple overview of a complex process … everything is connected

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Learning Objectives

1. Get acquainted with LCA

2. Understand how to conceptually apply the main steps of LCA

3. Understand some of the difficulties and/or limitations of each LCA step

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Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)

LCA is a method that considers energy and raw material consumption,

different types of emissions and other important factors related to a specific

product’s entire life cycle from an environmental point of view.

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LCA Brief History

•Started in the early 1970s to investigate energy requirements of different processes

•Emissions and raw materials were considered later

•Numerous variants of LCA “methods” were developed and/or investigated initially

•A widely accepted series of guidelines and definitions was published by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)

•Today ISO 14040-14044 is considered the LCA standard

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LCA Main Steps

Step 1: Goal Definition & Scope (ISO 14040)

Step 2: Inventory Analysis (ISO 14041)

Step 3: Impact Assessment (ISO 14042)

Step 4: Improvement Assessment / Interpretation (ISO 14043)

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Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

5. Life Cycle Assessment5. Life Cycle Assessment

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MaterialProcessing

DisposalMaterial

Demanufacture

ProductManufacture

Distribution

ProductDemanufacture

Use &Service

Mining /Extraction

Environment:air, sea, land

ProductTakeback

Recycling/ Reuse

Remanufacture

Demanufacture

Raw materialgeneration

Energy recovery

MaterialProcessing

DisposalMaterial

Demanufacture

ProductManufacture

Distribution

ProductDemanufacture

Use &Service

Mining /Extraction

Environment:air, sea, land

ProductTakeback

Recycling/ Reuse

Remanufacture

Demanufacture

Raw materialgeneration

Energy recovery

Life Cycle Stages

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5. Life Cycle Assessment

The more processes, the more complex …

Raw Materials

Raw Materials

Raw Materials

Manufacturing Process

Energy Water

Solid Waste Liquid Waste

Gas Waste

Manufacturing Process

EnergyWater

Solid WasteLiquid Waste

Gas Waste

Manufacturing Process

Energy Water

Solid Waste

Liquid Waste

Gas Waste

Manufacturing Process

Energy Water

Solid WasteLiquid Waste

Gas Waste

End Product

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5. Life Cycle Assessment

…and more! Everything is changing5. Life Cycle Assessment5. Life Cycle Assessment

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5. Life Cycle Assessment Framework ISO 1404x

Interpretation(ISO 14043)

Goal and Scope Definition (ISO 14040)

Inventory Analysis

(ISO 14041)

Impact Assessment (ISO 14042)

Improvement Assessment /

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Source: http://home.howstuffworks.com/coffee-maker.htm

Example: Coffee Maker

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MaterialProcessing

DisposalMaterial

Demanufacture

ProductManufacture

Distribution

ProductDemanufacture

Use &Service

Mining /Extraction

Environment:air, sea, land

ProductTakeback

Recycling/ Reuse

Remanufacture

Demanufacture

Raw materialgeneration

Energy recovery

MaterialProcessing

DisposalMaterial

Demanufacture

ProductManufacture

Distribution

ProductDemanufacture

Use &Service

Mining /Extraction

Environment:air, sea, land

ProductTakeback

Recycling/ Reuse

Remanufacture

Demanufacture

Raw materialgeneration

Energy recovery

Step 1: Goal Definition & Scope

•Establish purpose & goal

•Define decision criteria, function & functional unit

•Define system boundaries

•Life cycle stages (top right)•Time•Place (down right: world/country etc.)

•Determine required data quality / sources

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Step 1: Coffee Maker

•Purpose of LCA?Determine how to improve the environmental performance of a coffee maker

•Decision criteria?Total energy consumed, equivalent CO2 produced, eco-indicator 99 score

•Function of a coffee maker? •Functional units?

•Cups of coffee poured, Time coffee is warmed•System boundaries?

•Five years of use, Europe, production, use & end-of-life stages

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Difficulties & Limitations of Step 1

•How do you compare different products that provide similar functions or services?

•How do you compare similar products that provide multiple functions or services?

•How do you define more abstract functional units such as entertainment from toys or higher self-respect?

•Where do you stop drawing the bounds to your system?

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Step 2: Inventory Analysis

1. Make a process tree or flow chart classifying events in a product’s life cycle

2. Determine all mass and energy inputs and outputs

3. Collect relevant data!4. Make assumptions for missing data5. Establish (correct) material and energy

balance(s) for each stage and event

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Single Stage or Unit Operation

Energy

Waste

Primary Product

Product Material Inputs (including reuse & recycle from another stage)

Reuse/ Recycle

Reuse/ Recycle

Useful Co-productFugitive & Untreated Waste

Process Materials, Reagents, Solvents & Catalysts (including reuse & recycle from another stage)

Source: EPA Life-Cycle Design Guidance Manual, EPA Report no. EPA/600/R-92/226, p. 104.

Step 2: Inventory Analysis (cont.)

Input/output diagram for single stage or unit operation

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Understand the product components & materials first

Top (internal) View

Heater View

Rested (bottom) View

Bottom (internal) ViewTotal View

Source: http://home.howstuffworks.com/coffee-maker.htm

Step 2: Coffee Maker

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Simplified process tree for coffee maker

Source: http://www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf

Step 2: Coffee Maker (cont.)

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Lifecycle inventory for coffee maker

Boxes for packagingare not included in assessment/inventory

Boxes for packagingare not included in assessment/inventory

Source: http://www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf

Step 2: Coffee Maker (cont.)

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Difficulties & Limitations of Step 2

•Finding data is hard and usually very time- consuming

•Published data on material loads exists, but is often inconsistent and/or not directly applicable

•Obtained data is usually discrete, static and linear (makes many simplifying assumptions)

•Mistakes are easily made in quantification•Mass and energy balances may not be correct•Results can be generalized improperly

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Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Load

greenhouse effect

ozone layer depletion

eutrophication

depletion of abiotic resources

(summer) smog

acidification

copper

CO2

CFC

SO2

NOx

phosphorous

volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

heavy metals

PCB

pesticides

styrene eco-toxicity

depletion of biotic resources

human toxicity

odour

Scalar IndicatorScalar Indicator

Step 3: Impact Analysis

1. Define impact categories2. Determine which loads affect different impact categories3. Assign indicators to impact categories4. Weigh importance of each category

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Which is better?...

Step 3: Paper or Plastic?

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Source: http://www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf

Step 3: Coffee Maker

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Difficulties & Limitations of Step 3

• Subjective, subjective, subjective!Impact categories chosenIndicators chosen for impact categoriesHow metrics / load affect impact indicatorsWeightings used for impact categories

• Where are the impacts occurring?U.S., Europe, Brazil?

• Is there damage already in the area being impacted?• How much can that area take before it breaks down? Or can it handle it without any problems?• How are managers and engineers supposed to know the effects of every load on the different impacts?

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Step 4: Improvement Analysis

1. Identify areas & opportunities for

improvement

2. Evaluate with respect to the original goal

definition

3. Target lifecycle areas/processes/events

with large impacts• Large amounts with low hazard• Small amounts with high hazard

4. Ask yourself:What are the resources required and risks involved?

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How to improve coffee maker? Where should we focus?

Source: http://www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf

Step 4: Coffee Maker

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Table Source & Figures from 1st Slide: Ashby and coauthors, 2004, “The CES Eco-Selector – background reading”, 2nd edition, University of Cambridge and Granta Design, pp. 1-32.

General Comments / Discussion

•A domestic coffee maker is a simple productHow would it be different from a commercial coffee maker (e.g. Starbucks)?

• It is fairly representative of appliances - main impact is use phase

What other products is their main impact in the use phase?

• Which products is their main impact the production or disposal phase?

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Summary

• Focus should be on the product’s

entire lifecycle, not the product itself• We saw the main steps of LCA (ISO

14040-14043) • We saw the limitations & difficulties of

each step of LCA• While LCA has various limitations, its

underlying philosophy is right on

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6. Assignment: Ecological Footprint Assignment: Ecological Footprint

Assignments for week 9:(Introduction ecological footprint)

please read the document on PB Worksand make the 2 assignments: • fill in your own ecological footprint • answer a few questions relating to this

method. bring the results in class

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