country report · certification. throughout the production process, the manufacturer of each batch...
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COUNTRY
REPORT
APRIL 2016
Activities Related to Poplar and Willow
Cultivation and Utilization during the
Period 2012 - 2015
NATIONAL POPLAR AND WILLOW COMMISSION
Bucharest, Sector 2,
Petricani Street, No. 9A, Postal Code: 023841 Tel +4 021 317 10 05
Fax +4 021 316 84 28
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................. 1
Sectoral Legislation ................................................................................................... 1
Public Policies and Financing Instruments ............................................................... 2
II. TECHNICAL INFORMATION .............................................................................. 3
1. Identification, Registration and Varietal Control .................................................. 3
2. Production Systems and Cultivation ..................................................................... 4
3. Genetics, Conservation and Improvement .......................................................... 12
4. Forest Protection .................................................................................................. 13
5. Harvesting and Utilization................................................................................... 15
6. Environmental Applications ................................................................................ 16
III. GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................... 17
1. Administration and Operation of the National Poplar Commission or equivalent
Organization ............................................................................................................ 17
2. Literature ............................................................................................................. 18
3. Relations with other countries ............................................................................. 18
4. Innovations not included in other sections .......................................................... 18
IV. SUMMARY STATISTICS (Questionnaire) ......................................................... 19
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I. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
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I. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Sectoral Legislation
In Romania, the forestry sector is an extremely developed area of interest, with
economic, social and environmental implications. The surface of the national forest
fund as at 31/12/2014 covered an area of 6.54 million hectares, of which there were
6.38 million hectares actually occupied by forest, the difference being represented by
other uses (Source – National Institute of Statistics, http://www.insse.ro/).
Cultivation and utilisation of wood from poplar and willow species is subscribed to
the sectoral regulatory general framework. Management of areas comprised in the
national forest fund is based on laws, government decisions, orders of the appropriate
authority, instructions, technical recommendations etc., of which the most relevant are
the following:
a) Law no. 46/2008 – Forest Code – comprises basic regulations regarding the
management of the forest fund, forest planning, biodiversity conservation,
regeneration and care of forests, guarding and protection of the forest fund, fire
prevention and extinction, wood exploitation, scientific research, liabilities and
sanctions;
b) Law no. 107/2011 on the Marketing of forest reproductive materials;
c) Decision no. 924/2015 for the approval of the Regulation to capitalize wood mass
from the public property forest fund
d) Decision no. 470/2014 for the approval of Rules on the provenance, movement and
marketing of wood materials, at the regime of warehouse of wood materials and of
installations to process roundwood, as well as of measures to apply the (EU)
Regulation no. 995/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October
2010 laying down the obligations of operators who place timber and timber products
on the market.
e) Law no. 171/2010 on the Stabilisation and sanctioning of forest contraventions
f) Order 1.648/2000 on the approval of Technical rules regarding compositions,
layouts and forests regeneration technologies and afforestation of degraded lands.
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I. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
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g) Law no. 100/2010 on Afforestation of degraded lands
Public Policies and Financing Instruments
In addition to the existing legislative framework, the development of the forest sector
in Romania is based on a series of programmatic documents, with short, medium and
long-term impact, approved or being in different stages on the approval circuit. Some
of these documents are visionary documents, providing concrete objectives for the
forestry sector and measures to reach them, others are financing instruments
circumscribed to the set goals. Among the most important documents of this type, we
recall:
a) The National Forest Strategy – 2013 – 2022, a document being under public
debate, prior to the approval. The strategy comprises measures of the areas covered by
woods, without having a distinct component regarding the fast-growing species;
b) The National Rural Development Programme 2007 – 2014, a document that
provided by Measure 121 the possibility to finance some private projects for the
modernisation of agricultural farms, including “Investment for the establishment of
forestry species with short production cycle and vegetative regeneration, for the
production of renewable energy”, within the limit of EUR 700,000, with a share from
40% to 70% grant from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development.
c) The National Rural Development Programme 2014 – 2020, a document which
provides by Submeasure 8.1 - Afforestation and creation of wood areas the possibility
of private beneficiaries to obtain a grant for the afforestation of agricultural and non-
agricultural lands as premiums for the installation and maintenance of crops, as well
as a compensation of incomes that would have been obtained by the use of lands in
agriculture. The Submeasure provides the realisation of woods, but does not distinctly
consider the creation of woods from fast-growing species.
d) The program to improve environmental quality for the afforestation of
degraded lands, ecological restoration and sustainable management of forests
considered the financing of degraded lands afforestation projects, unfit for agricultural
uses, belonging to administrative-territorial units. There was no distinct component
for the financing of afforestation projects with fast-growing species.
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II. TECHNICAL INFORMATION
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II. TECHNICAL INFORMATION
1. Identification, Registration and Varietal Control
Providing identification, registration and varietal control is under the incidence of Law
107/2011 on the production, sale and import of forest reproductive materials.
According to these laws, the National Catalogue of Basic Materials is annually
approved, on categories, species and regions of origin and comprises the description
details and the number/unique identification code of each source unit. The basic
material is included in the National Catalogue of Basic Materials, for each source-
unit only one number/code being assigned.
The identity of forest reproductive materials is provided by the Identity certificate
which is a form with a special regime containing security elements, is multiplied by
the care of the authority and is made available to the persons authorised with
certification. Throughout the production process, the manufacturer of each batch of
forest reproductive material is obliged to ensure its identity and identification by
drawings, as the case may be, plates, signs, labels.
The list of cultivars / clones of poplar currently admitted in the crop in Romania, are
presented in the table below:
Table no. 1
Crt. no. Cultivar/Clone Country of origin Year of admission in
crop
1 Robusta RO-16 Romania 1961
2 Robusta RO-118 Romania 1961
3 Marilandica RO-26 Romania 1961
4 Regenerata Celei Romania 1961
5 I-214 Italy 1963
6 Sacrau 79 Austria 1972
7 I-154 Italy 1976
8 I 45/51 Italy 1976
9 I 69/55 (Lux) Italy 1976
10 Triplo Italy 1993
11 Toropogritzki Ukraine 1993
12 Turcoaia Romania 2003
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In what concerns willows, the selected clones admitted in production were obtained in
Romania at the Bucharest Forest Research and Management Institute and have the
following identification codes:
- Salix alba L. ‘RO-201’, ‘RO-202’, ‘RO-204’, ‘RO-326’, ’RO-334’, ‘RO-346’, ‘RO-
892’;
- S. alba x S. fragilis ‘RO-921’;
- S. fragilis x S. matsudana ‘RO-1077’, ‘RO-1082’.
At the International Poplar Commission three cultivars of poplar from Romania are
registered, respectively Populus x canadensis ‘Oltenița’, ‘Argeș’, and ‘Celei’.
In the table below is presented the basic materials for producing the forest reproductive
materials (table no. 2)
Table no. 2
Crt.
no. Species
Basic material (ha)
Selected Qualified Total
1 Populus alba L. 94.00 94.00
2 Populus nigra L. 18.95 18.95
3 Populus ssp. 44.61 44.61
4 Salix ssp. 9.54 9.54
Total 112.95 54.15 167.10
During the period 2012 - 2015 no proposals were made for the registration of new
cultivars of poplars or willows.
2. Production Systems and Cultivation
In Romania, the crop of poplars and willows is generally practiced on lands located in
the interior river valleys and in the Danube meadow and Danube Delta. These areas
of crop largely represent the natural area of indigenous poplars and willows. After
1965 and until 1989, there was a genetically ameliorated poplars and willows
extension policy, most of the natural stands being replaced by plantations with clones
of high productivity. Today, most of the area occupied by poplars and willows is
composed of artificial woods, planted, managed in the forest regime, fulfilling various
functions of wood mass production or protection. Small areas, with stands of
indigenous poplars and willows are managed in the coppice regime, with natural
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regeneration. The crop of poplars and willows is realised in agreement with the
technical rules and recommendations, periodically updated with the result of
researches in the field.
(a) Forest nurseries
In the case of stands created artificially, seedlings and long cuttings are used as forest
reproductive materials. They are produced in forest nurseries from selected or
qualified basic material.
Forest seedlings grown from seed. Reproduction materials – seedlings for indigenous
poplars species (P. nigra L., P. alba L.) are produced in nurseries by seeding. Seeds
are harvested from seed reserves recorded in the National Catalogue of basic materials
for the production of reproduction forest materials, being a material from the
“selected” category and is sown in forest nurseries. Forest seedlings are obtained with
the age 1 to 2 years, 1st or 2nd quality, which are later permanently replanted in the
ground to create future stands.
Fig. 1 – White poplar seeding (P. alba L.) in the nursery (Pepiniera Rachelu, DS Tulcea)
According to STAS SR 9503 – Poplar and willow seedlings and cuttings, the
dimensional characteristics of forest seedlings are the following:
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Table no. 3
Species
Age
(years)
Minimum diameter to 5 cm
above the collar (mm)
1st quality 2nd quality
Populus alba L.; Populus nigra L.
Populus x canescens Sm
1/1; 2/2 7 5
2/2; 2/3 20 12
Forest seedlings obtained from cuttings. Reproduction materials – seedlings for hybrid
poplars and willow species (P. x canadensis Moench, P. x interamericana Brockh,
Salix alba L.) are produced in nurseries by propagation cuttings. Cuttings are
harvested from mother plant crops recorded in the National Catalogue of basic
materials for the production of reproduction forest materials, being a material from
the “qualified” category. Forest seedlings are obtained with the age of 1 and 2 years,
1st and 2nd quality, used for the creation of forest crops.
Fig. 2 – Euramerican poplar propagation cuttings (P. x canadensis Moench) in the nursery
(Pepiniera Rachelu, DS Tulcea)
According to STAS SR 9503 – Seedlings and long cuttings of poplar and willow, the
dimensional characteristics of forest seedlings are the following:
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Table no. 4
Species
Age
(years)
Minimum diameter to 5 cm
above the collar (mm)
1st quality 2nd quality
Populus x canadensis Moench,
Populus x interamericana Brockh,
Populus deltoides Marsh
1/1; 2/2 18 12
2/2; 2/3 35 25
Populus nigra L.
Populus nigra var Italica Du Roi
Populus nigra L. Thevestina Bean
Populus trichocarpa Torr et Grey
1/1; 2/2 14 8
2/2; 2/3 18 12
Salix alba L. 1/1; 2/2 15 10
2/2; 2/3 22 15
In recent years, drip irrigations and mulching foils are used in nurseries, which offers
some technological and economic advantages: better survival percentages, seedlings
with richer roots, good control of soil water, effective weed control etc.
Poplar and willow cuttings. To create plantations, apart from seedlings, poplar and
willow long cuttings are also used, forest materials produced in nurseries in specialised
forest crops.
Fig. 3 – Specialised crop for the production of long cuttings (Pepiniera Pardina, DS Tulcea)
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According to STAS SR 9503 – Poplar and willow seedlings and long cuttings, the
dimensional characteristics of long cuttings are the following:
Table no. 5
Species Category Age
(years)
Size
Length (cm)
Minimum
diameter at
the thin end
(mm)
Populus x canadensis Moench,
Populus x interamericana
Brockh,
Populus deltoides Marsh
Short
cuttings
1…2 60…70 20
Long
cuttings
1…2 400…600 *)
Salix alba L. Short
cuttings
1…3 70…100 20
Long
cuttings
2…3 200…400 30
*) Poplar cuttings have the minimum diameter at the thick end of 35 cm and the upper part
at the terminal bud
(b) Plantations
The largest part of the areas occupied by poplars and willows in Romania is created
artificially, by plantations.
Choosing cultivars/clones. The clones used for the establishment of crops are from
those admitted for production in Romania, and choosing them is carried out depending
on the social-economic objectives of the future stand, the priority function to fulfil,
production goals, stationary characteristics and species ecology. For example, if a
stand will be created for economic objectives, with a priority function to produce a
wood mass, with a goal to produce veneer wood, then lands with best suitability for
poplars, clone I-214 will be chosen. For choosing cultivars/clones, there are especially
issued rules and technical recommendations.
Type of plants. In what concerns choosing the forest reproductive material
(seedlings/cuttings), there are no rules that impose a certain type. However, the use of
seedlings is widely performed, long cuttings being used on lands where groundwater
is at a greater depth and in areas where flood waters may reach above seedlings size.
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Spacing and layout of plantation. Planting spacing are chosen depending on the
production goal. Thus, crops intended for the production of small size assortment
(cellulose, plywood etc.) are established at smaller schemes (4 m x 4 m, 5 m x 4 m, 5
m x 5 m), while for obtaining veneer assortments, increasingly large schemes are used
(6 m x 6 m, 7 m x 7 m, 8 m x 8 m). The planting layout is most often a rectangle.
Planting technology. Planting seedlings is often carried out in holes of 60 cm in depth
and diameter, mechanically executed, and cuttings are planted in holes of 120…150
cm depth and 15…20 cm in diameter. Prior to this, the land is covered with land
preparation works (destruction of stumps, scarification, ploughing, disking).
Tending of young plantations. Starting from the first year, plantations maintenance
works are executed. They can be 2-4 every year, for 5 years. They are mechanically
executed by disking in two perpendicular directions and manually around seedlings.
Fig. 4 – Willow and poplar plantation in the Danube meadow (mechanically executed holes, sizes of
60 cm in diameter and of 60 cm in depth, scheme 5 m x 4 m, rectangle layout) – OS Măcin, DS
Tulcea
Tending operations. Starting from the second crop year, in plantations, artificial
pruning works are performed of up to 1/3 from the size of seedlings. After the age of
8 years, pruning is performed up to 2/5 in height, avoiding cutting branches with the
thickness greater than 5 cm. At the age of 10 – 12 years, thinning works are carried
out, usually schematic, extracting approximately 33% from the number of trees.
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Fig. 5 – Plantation of Polulus x canadensis at the age of 6 years, OS Măcin, DS Tulcea
Management of poplars and willows forests. Natural stand and forest plantations with
poplar and willow are subject to forest management plan and silvic regime, regardless
of the owner. Rotation vary in relation with the species, production class and goals
aimed.
Table no. 6
Species
Production class/Assortments
I/II III/IV V
Timber Veneer Timber Stationery
paste
Populus alba L. 94,00 94,00
Populus nigra L. 18,95 18,95
For the estimation of the standing volume and dimensional sorting of the poplar and
willow wooden material, cubing and sorting tables are available for Populus tremula,
P. alba, P. nigra, P. x canadensis (global), P. x canadensis ’Robusta RO-16’, ’I-214’
and ’Sacrau 79’. Also, cubing and sorting materials are available for Salix alba (from
natural regenerations, from plantations and from willow sprouts/sprouts).
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(c) Natural woods
The area of natural woods has been reduced greatly during the last decades of the past
century, when clones of hybrid black poplars were promoted and willow selected from
the natural range of natural poplar and willow water meadows.
During the last period, there is a major concern for the identification and conservation
of these natural woods, for different purposes: conservation of forest genetic resources,
biodiversity conservation, creation of seed reserves, protection of banks and hydraulic
works, landscape conservation, conservation of virgin and quasi-virgin forests.
Therefore, they are assigned with priority with protection functions. The management
regime of these woods is the coppice regime, with low regeneration cutting (simple
coppice system) in the case of white poplar, black poplar and grey poplar and stands,
mixed or with cutting from the pollarding (pollarding system) in the case of willow
stands.
Fig. 6 – Black poplar and white poplar natural stand (OS Tulcea, DS Tulcea)
(d) Agroforestry crops and trees outside the forest
In Romania, agroforestry crops are not regulated by rules or technical instructions, and
practices of this type are isolated and on insignificant areas.
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Hybrid black poplars were used extensively for alignments along communication
routes (roads, railways etc.), but a large part of them was exploited without being
replaced.
Poplars and willows could play an important part in the creation of future shelterbelts
for agricultural fields and communication routes, Romania having in the project stage
the realisation of a national shelterbelts system.
3. Genetics, Conservation and Improvement
Conservation. In Romania, concrete actions as regard identification, delimitation and
description of forest genetic resources have undertaken after 1990, within the Forest
Research and Management Institute, when Romania signed the Convention on the
Forests Protection in Europe (Strasbourg, 1990).
The work methodology was developed by Enescu (1993) and was aligned with the
recommendations of the Follow up Committee for implementation of Resolution 2 of
the Convention. The action began in 1993 and was finished in 1996 when was made
the first database and was elaborated the first national catalogue of forest genetic
resources. The national catalogue was revised in 2012 (Pârnuță et al., 2012) and
totalize 19889.6 ha, of which 57.2 ha of Populus alba and 22.9 ha of Populus nigra
respectively (table no. 7).
It was aimed the conservation of forest genetic resources for the main forest species
with considering both the inter and intrapopulational genetic diversity as fundamental
components of biodiversity. It took into consideration the conservation of the most
valuable populations, both natural or artificial.
A FGR consists of a nucleus, which constitutes proper resource with a minimum area
of 10 hectares and a buffer zone that surrounds the nucleus and serves as insulation
and protects it. Poplars forest genetics resources are presented in the table below.
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Table no. 7
Species
RFG conserved
on-site
RGF conserved
off-site Total
S
nucleus
(ha)
S total
(ha)
S
nucleus
(ha)
S total
(ha)
S
nucleus
(ha)
S total
(ha)
Populus alba L. 31.69 41.50 13.70 15.70 45.39 57.20
Populus nigra L. 13.96 22.90 0.0 0.0 13.96 22.90
Improvement. In 2014, within the Project EW13/14: “Testing of poplar clones from
EU member states for the use in short rotation coppice”, coordinated by ASP
Teisendorf, there were established two trials with 21 new clones of poplars. The
research institutes, the owners of the deliverable clones, are from following countries:
Belgium, Italy, Germany, Czech Republic and Hungary. One experiment was
established in the delta of Danube (Nufăru) and the other in steppe site conditions
(Baragan).
Results after the second growing season highlighted a high variability among tested
clones for growth traits, bud flushing and survival in both experimental trials. In each
experiment there are clones which exhibit exceptional growth performances and
exceed the control clone (I214) with values between 18% to 33% at Baragan, and 19%
to 58 % at Nufaru.
Results recommend the use of clones in other site conditions, than those known so far
for the poplars culture in Romania. Also, the most valuable clones could be designated
as tested sources and certificated for producing the forest reproductive materials.
4. Forest Protection
During the reporting period, poplars and willows stands were affected by some
harmful factors (biotic and abiotic), the most relevant of which are described below:
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(a) Biotic factors
Pests. Among the pests with a major impact on the health status and productivity of
poplar and willow forests, the most important are the defoliating insects Lymantria
dispar, Nycteola asiatica, Pygaera anastomosis, Melasoma populi, Hyphantria cunea.
The largest areas were infected annually by the pest Lymantria dispar, the evolution
of areas being presented in the table below.
Table no. 8
Year Pest
Area (ha)
Total With a very
high intensity
2012
Lymantria dispar
2,760 50
2013 5,151 1,950
2014 5,617 3,074
2015 1,045 545
Total 14,573 5,619
For areas with a high intensity, steps to apply the fighting treatments were taken. In
2012, terrestrial treatments with viral products were applied, in 2013 and 2014
chemical treatments were applied with the Dimilin 48 SC product, as well as
treatments with viral preparations. In 2015, treatments with biodegraded preparations,
viral (Inf-ld) and mycotic preparations were exclusively applied.
Among wood pests, during the reporting period, infestations with Saperda populnea,
Saperda carcharias, Paranthrene tabaniformis, Agrilus suvorovi populneus, Aegeria
apiformis were recorded on reduced areas.
For the prevention of losses at economic level, treatments with synthesis pyrethroids
with a very good efficiency were applied from the ground.
Diseases. Among the diseases that affected poplar and willow forests, those caused by
leaf parasites are to be mentioned (Melampsora alli-populina, Melampsora larici-
populina, Marssonina brunnea), but the level of affectation was a very low one, rarely
medium or high. These diseases did not cause significant losses. Pseudomonas
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syringae f. populea was signalled as a pathogenic agent at the level of young
plantations and of mature stands.
To mitigate the damage caused by diseases, preventive steps to promote in crop
resistant clones were taken (black poplar, I-214) or curative, to eliminate affected trees
by tending operations, to eliminate affected branches, trees etc.
(b) Abiotic factors
Among the most common abiotic factors which affect poplar and willows stand,
prolonged floods can be mentioned, which may affect plantations and even the stand,
excessive drought in the case of plantations and stands that do not benefit from the
intake of flood waters, breakages and windfalls or windbreakages of seedlings strains
during the frost periods of flood waters. The affectation of plantations and stands by
abiotic factors was recorded on relatively low areas, without significant consequences
at economic level. Preventive measures in this case aimed only at silvicultural
measures (choosing more resistant clones, executing silvic works during optimal
periods etc.).
5. Harvesting and Utilization
(a) Harvesting poplars and willows
During the reporting period, technologies regarding harvesting, collection and
transport of poplar and willows woods was not substantially modified. As methods of
operation, the tree length system is used, some machines being replaced with more
modern ones, with high productivity, more reduced and environmentally-friendly
consumption of fuels and lubricants.
In Romania, harvesting and collection of the wood mass is regulated by technical
instructions with regard to the deadlines, modalities and periods of collection, removal
and transport of the wooden material. The maximum area on which clear cuttings are
allowed is of 3 hectares, and starting with 2015 in enclosed area, the maximum area
was modified to 5 ha (Law 133/2015).
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(b) The use of poplar and willow wood for various wood products
Poplar and willow wood is increasingly sought in the last period. After a period of
decrease of the interest in small poplar and willow wood following dissolution of many
processing capabilities in Romania, in recent years, a demand increase is felt.
Particularly from poplar wood, the entire range of wood products is manufactured,
with the most diverse uses: veneer, saw timber for the furniture industry, plywood,
fibreboards, MDF, OSB, packaging etc., the willow having however fewer industrial
uses following the lower technological characteristics of poplars.
(c) Use of poplar and willow wood as a source of bioenergy
There are investors increasingly interested in the alternative of energy production, but
until now, there are no data regarding the establishment of poplar or willow crops for
this purpose or regarding the development of capacities for energy production.
6. Environmental Applications
Poplars and willows were used in the past on a large scale for the creation of
shelterbelts for the protection of communication ways. The use of poplars and willows
was utilised in projects to improve degraded lands together with other forest species
that best served to the environmental objective, without being a preference for the
promotion of poplar and willow species.
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III. GENERAL INFORMATION
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III. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Administration and Operation of the National Poplar Commission
or equivalent Organization
The National Poplar and Willow Commission (CNPS) from Romania is operating
within the National Forest Administration (Regia Națională a Pădurilor – Romsilva),
the state-owned forests administrator, as an advisory body.
The CNPS componence was not modified since 2009, having the following structure:
Executive Office – 7 members,
President: Gheorghe NICHIFOREL
Vice-president: Mihai FILAT
Secretary: Bogdan POPA
Working groups:
(1) Genetics, improvement and conservation 5 members
(2) Crop technologies 5 members
(3) Fighting diseases and pests 5 members
(4) Wood exploitation and use 5 members
(5) Applications in environmental protection 5 members
Contact:
Address: Bucharest, Petricani Street, No. 9A, Sector 2, Postal Code 023841
Tel: +40 21 317 10 05
Fax: +4 021 316 84 28
E-mail: [email protected]
The CNPS activity was quite reduced in the last period following the various
modifications that occurred in its structure. Among the difficulties encountered,
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III. GENERAL INFORMATION
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primarily, there are the financial ones, the commission not having allocated a
functioning budget of its own.
2. Literature
Without relevant data.
3. Relations with other countries
A reference project on the line of poplar cultivation is the one regarding the Testing of
poplar clones from EU member states for the use in short rotation coppice, (EW 13/14)
being under the coordination of ASP Teisenndorf, having as a national partner the
National Institute for Forest Research and Development ”Marin Drăcea” (former
ICAS).
With regard to the species conservation activities, within the project Inventorying and
mapping the areas with black poplar specimens from the Danube Delta Biosphere
Reserve, identification, characterisation and mapping activities for black poplar
specimens were carried out. The project was implemented by the Danube Delta
Biosphere Reserve Administration and was financed by the South East Europe
Transnational Cooperation Programme 2007-2013 (SEE Programme 2007-2013),
being part of the DANUBEPARKS STEP 2.0 - Anchoring the Danube River Network
of Protected Areas as Platform for Preservation of Danube Heritage, Package 4,
activities 4.1. regarding the inventory and mapping of black poplar populations
(Populus nigra L.) from the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve.
4. Innovations not included in other sections
Without relevant data.
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IV. SUMMARY STATISTICS (QUESTIONNAIRE)
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IV. SUMMARY STATISTICS (Questionnaire)