country reports on terrorism 2011, uploaded by richard j. campbell

7/28/2019 Country Reports on Terrorism 2011, uploaded by Richard J. Campbell

1/279

5

Jfuotry Ripfrts foXirrfras` 2>55

Ludy 2>52

Yoatih Ztetis Hipertìot fg Zteti ûbdajetafoBurieu fg Jfuotirtirrfras`

Ridiesih Eprad 2>52

Jfuotry Ripfrts fo Xirrfras` 2>55as subàttih ao jf`pdaeoji watm Xatdi 22 fg tmi YoatihZtetis Jfhi, Zijtafo 2797g (tmi Ejt), wmajm riquaris tmi Hipertìot fg Zteti tf prfvahi tfJfokriss e gudd eoh jf`pditi eooued ripfrt fo tirrfras` gfr tmfsi jfuotrais eoh krfups ìitaoktmi jratirae fg tmi Ejt.


2/279

2

JFYOXRQ RI^FRXZ FO XIRRFRAZ@ 2>55

XEBDI FG JFOXIOXZ

Jmeptir 5. Ztretikaj Essissìot

Jmeptir 2. Jfuotry Ripfrts fo Xirrfras`

Egraje

Fvirvaiw, Xreos-Zemere Jfuotirtirrfras` êrtoirsmap, Xmi êrtoirsmap gfr Iest EgrajeoRikafoed Jfuotirtirrfras`, Burcaoe Gesf, Buruoha, Jmeh, Hi`fjretaj Ripubdaj fg tmiJfokf, Hlabfuta, Iratrie, Itmafpae, Cioye, @eda, @eurateoae, Oakir, Oakirae, Rweohe,Zfèdae, Zfutm Egraje, Zfutm Zuheo, Xeozeoae, Ykeohe

Iest Esae eoh êjagaj

Fvirvaiw, Jmaoe (aojduhaok Mfok Cfok eoh @ejeu), Aohfoisae, Hi`fjretaj îfpdis

Ripubdaj fg Cfrie, Ripubdaj fg Cfrie, @edeysae, ^madappaois, Zaokepfri, Xmeadeoh

Iurfpi

Fvirvaiw, Erìoae, Eustrae, Ezirbealeo, Bidkau`, Bfsoae eoh Mirzikfvaoe, Hioèrc,Greoji, Kifrkae, Kirèoy, Kriiji, Arideoh, Atedy, Cfsfvf, Xmi Oitmirdeohs, Ofrwey,Russae, Zirbae, Zpeao, Zwihio, Xurciy, Yoatih Caokhf`

@ahhdi Iest eoh Ofrtm Egraje

Fvirvaiw, Edkirae, Bemreao, Ikypt, Areq, Asreid (aojduhaok [ist Beoc eoh Keze), Lfrheo,Cuweat, Dibeofo, Dabye, @frfjjf, Fèo, Ueter, Zeuha Erebae, Xuoasae, Yoatih ErebIàretis, Qiìo

Zfutm eoh Jiotred Esae

Fvirvaiw, Egkmeoasteo, Beokdehism, Aohae, Cezecmsteo, Cyrkyzsteo, @edhavis, Oiped,êcasteo, Zra Deoce, Xelacasteo, Xurcìoasteo, Yzbicasteo

[istiro Miàspmiri

Fvirvaiw, Erkiotaoe, Bfdavae, Brezad, Jeoehe, Jmadi, Jfdf`bae, Ijuehfr, @ixajf,êoeè, êrekuey, îru, Wioizuide

Jmeptir :. Zteti Zpfosfrs fg Xirrfras` Fvirvaiw

Jube, Areo, Zuheo, Zyrae

Jmeptir 8. Xmi Kdfbed Jmeddioki fg Jmiàjed, Bafdfkajed, Rehafdfkajed, fr

Oujdier (JBRO) Xirrfras`

Jmeptir 9. Xirrfrast Zegi Mevios (Ypheti tf ;52> Ripfrt)

5. Xirrfrast Zegi Meviose. Ztretikais, Xejtajs, Xffds gfr Hasruptaok fr Idaàoetaok Zegi Mevios


3/279

:

b. Aotiroetafoed Jfoviotafos eoh ^rftfjfds @etrax2. Zuppfrt gfr êcasteo:. Jfddebfretafo watm Zeuha Erebae8. Ztrukkdi fg Ahies ao tmi Asdeàj [frdh9. Futriejm tmrfukm Gfriako Brfehjest @ihae

7.

Besaj Ihujetafo ao @usda` Jfuotrais

Jmeptir 7. Xirrfrast Frkeoazetafos

Ebu Oahed Frkeoazetafo (EOF)Ebu Zeyyeg Krfup (EZK)Ed-Eqse @ertyrs Brakehi (EE@B)Eoser ed-AsdeÈr`y fg AsdeÈsbet ed-EoserEu` Zmaoracyf (EY@)

Besqui Getmirdeoh eoh Dabirty (IXE)Jf`ùoast êrty fg ^madappaois/Oiw îfpdis Er`y (J^^/OÊ)Jfotaouaty Arasm Ripubdajeo Er`y (JARE)Keèe ed-Asdeàyye (AK)MeèsMerecet ud-Lameh-a-Asdeà (MYLA)Merecet ud-Lameh-a-Asdeà/Beokdehism (MYLA-B)Merecet ud-@ulemahiio (MY@)MazbeddemAohaeo @ulemihiio (A@)Asdeàj Lameh Yoafo (ALY)Asdeàj @fviìot fg Yzbicasteo (A@Y)Leasm-i-@fme`ìh (LI@)Lièem Asdeàye (LA)LuoheddemCemeoi JmeaCeteab MazbeddemCurhasteo [frcirs êrty (^CC)Desmcer i-XeyyabeDesmcer a LmeokvaDabiretafo Xakirs fg Xeàd Iide` (DXXI)Dabyeo Asdeàj Gakmtaok Krfup (DAGK)@frfjjeo Asdeàj Jf`beteot Krfup (KAJ@)@ulemehao-i Cmedq Frkeoazetafo (@IC)Oetafoed Dabiretafo Er`y (IDO)êdistaoi Asdeàj Lameh Zmeqeqa Gejtafo (ÂL)êdistaoi Dabiretafo Grfot Ebu Ebbes Gejtafo (^DG)^fpuder Grfot gfr tmi Dabiretafo fg êdistaoi (^GD^)^fpuder Grfot gfr tmi Dabiretafo fg êdistaoi-Kioired Jf`èoh (^GD^-KJ)Ed-Ueahe (EU)


4/279

8

Ed-Ueahe ao tmi Erebaeo îoaosude (EUE^)Ed-Ueahe ao Areq (EUA)Ed-Ueahe ao tmi Asdeàj @ekmrib (EUA@)Ried ARE (RARE)Rivfdutafoery Erìh Gfrjis fg Jfdf`bae (GERJ)

Rivfdutafoery Frkeoazetafo 5; Ofvi`bir (5;O)Rivfdutafoery îfpdis Dabiretafo êrty/Grfot (HMC^/J)Rivfdutafoery Ztrukkdi (RZ)Ed-Zmebeeb (EZ)Zmaoaok êtm (ZD)Ximrac-i Xedabeo êcasteo (XX^)Yoatih Zidg-Higiosi Gfrjis fg Jfdf`bae (EYJ)

Jmeptir ;. Dikasdetavi Riquariìots eoh Ciy Xir`s

OJXJ Ztetastajed Eooix

Zuppdiìot fo Xirrfras` Hietms, Aolurais, Cahoeppaoks fg ^raveti Y.Z. Jatazios


5/279

9

JME^XIR 5ZXREXIKAJ EZZIZZ@IOX

Xmi hietm fg Yseè bao Dehao, ed-Ueahes gfuohir eoh sfdi diehir gfr tmi pest 22 yiers,makmdakmtih e deohèrc yier ao tmi kdfbed iggfrt tf jfuotir tirrfras`. Ao ehhatafo tf biaok eo

ajfoaj diehir wmfsi pirsfoed stfry meh e prfgfuoh ettrejtafo gfr vafdiot ixtriàsts, bao Dehaowes edsf e praì ehvfjeti fg tmi krfups gfjus fo tmi Yoatih Ztetis es e tirrfrast terkit. Ivio aotmi yiers wmio mi meh tf daàt eoh èoeki mas jfotejts watm tmi rist fg tmi frkeoazetafo, at wesjdier grf` tmi trfvi fg aogfrètafo jfddijtih grf` tmi jf`pfuoh ao Ebbftebeh, êcasteo, tmet mirièaoih hiipdy aovfdvih ao harijtaok ats fpiretafos eoh sittaok ats stretiky.

Bao Dehao wes oft tmi fody tfp ed-Ueahe diehir wmf wes ri`fvih grf` tmi bettdigaidh ao 2>55.Ao Luoi, Adyes Cesmàra, foi fg tmi `fst jepebdi tirrfrast fpiretavis ao Zfutm Esae, wes caddih aoêcasteo. Edsf ao Luoi, Meruo Gezud, eo erjmatijt fg tmi 511= Y.Z. I`bessy bf`baoks ao Cioyeeoh Xeozeoae, eoh tmi gfri`fst ì`bir fg ed-Ueahe ao Iest Egraje, wes caddih ao Zfèdae by tmiXreosatafoed Gihired Kfviroìot. Ao Eukust, Etaye Ebhud Remèo, ed-Ueahes sijfoh-ao-

jf`èoh egtir bao Dehaos hietm eoh e sioafr fpiretafoed jf`èohir, wes caddih ao êcasteo. AoZipti`bir, Eower ed-Eudeqa, ed-Ueahe ao tmi Erebaeo îoaosudes jmaig fg ixtiroed fpiretafos,wes caddih ao Qiìo.

Xmi dfss fg bao Dehao eoh tmisi ftmir ciy fpiretavis puts tmi oitwfrc fo e petm fg hijdaoi tmetwadd bi haggajudt tf rivirsi. Xmisi sujjissis eri ettrabutebdi, ao derki pert, tf kdfbedjfuotirtirrfras` jffpiretafo, wmajm mes put jfosahirebdi prissuri fo tmi ed-Ueahe jfridiehirsmap ao êcasteo. But hispati bdfws ao wistiro êcasteo, ed-Ueahe, ats eggadaetis, eoh atsehmiriots rièao eheptebdi. Xmiy mevi smfwo risadaioji3 riteao tmi jepebadaty tf jfohujtrikafoed eoh treosoetafoed ettejcs3 eoh, tmus, jfostatuti eo iohuraok eoh sirafus tmriet tf furoetafoed sijuraty.

Es ed-Ueahes jfri mes kfttio wiecir, wi mevi siio tmi rasi fg eggadaetih krfups erfuoh tmiwfrdh. E`fok tmisi ed-Ueahe eggadaetis, ed-Ueahe ao tmi Erebaeo îoaosude (EUE^) riprisiotse pertajuderdy sirafus tmriet. Et yiers ioh, EUE^ meh tecio jfotrfd fg tirratfry ao sfutmiroQiìo eoh wes ixpdfataok uorist ao tmet jfuotry tf ehveoji pdfts ekeaost rikafoed eoh [istiroaotirists.

Ao tmi Zemid, ed-Ueahe ao tmi Asdeàj @ekmrib (EUA@), mastfrajeddy tmi wiecist fg tmi ed-Ueaheeggadaetis, sew ats jfggirs gaddih ao 2>55 watm cahoeppaok reosf`s e prejtaji tmet ftmir tirrfrastkrfups eri edsf usaok tf jfosahirebdi ehveoteki. Xmisi risfurjis, tfkitmir watm EUA@s iggfrtstf teci ehveoteki fg tmi aostebadaty ao Dabye eoh @eda, mevi reasih jfojiro ebfut tmas krfups

trelijtfry.

Ao tmi Mfro fg Egraje, ed-Zmebeeb pursuih e havirsi sit fg terkits, hi`fostretaok tmet at meh bftmtmi waddaokoiss eoh ebadaty tf jfohujt ettejcs futsahi fg Zfèdae. Ao edd, ed-Zmebeebs 2>55ettejcs risudtih ao tmi hietms fg `fri tmeo 5,>>> pifpdi. E`fok ats `fst hiehdy ettejcs wiri estraok fg erìh esseudts ao @ey tmet caddih fvir 52> pifpdi, e Luoi ettejc fo Egrajeo Yoafo@assafo ao Zfèdae piejiciipirs tmet caddih 5:, eoh eo Fjtfbir vimajdi-bfroi a`prfvasihixpdfsavi hivaji ettejc fo e kfviroìot jf`pfuoh ao @fkehasmu tmet caddih ebfut ;>. Ao


6/279

7

Zfèdae, mfwivir, ed-Zmebeeb mes biio wiecioih fvir tmi pest yier es e risudt fg tmi EgrajeoYoafo @assafo ao Zfèdae, eoh Cioyeo eoh Itmafpaeo àdatery fggiosavis tmet gfrjih tmi krfupsritriet grf` ciy dfjetafos aojduhaok @fkehasmu.

Ao ftmir eries tmet mevi biio jratajeddy a`pfrteot tmietirs fvir tmi dest hijehi, wi rijfkoazi e

pirsastiot tmriet. [atm tmi Yoatih Ztetis watmhrewed fg ats gaoed gfrjis grf` Areq, Areqa ZijuratyGfrjis mevi jfotaouih tf jfogrfot tmi ed-Ueahe eggadaeti tmiri, smfwaok substeotaed jepebadatyekeaost tmi krfup. Ed-Ueahe ao Areq (EUA) suggirih diehirsmap dfssis eoh jfotaouih tf gead tf`fbadazi e Zuooa jf`ùoaty tmet turoih hijasavidy ekeaost at egtir tmi jeroeki ao tmi privafushijehi. Mfwivir, EUA as risadaiot, es oftih by ats aotiràttiot makm-prfgadi ettejcs ao jfuotry,eoh dacidy tf jerry fut ehhatafoed ettejcs aotf tmi gfrisiiebdi guturi. Ao gejt, tfwerhs tmi ioh fg2>55, EUA wes bidaivih tf bi ixtiohaok ats riejm aotf Zyrae eoh siicaok tf ixpdfat tmi pfpuderuprasaok ekeaost tmi hajtetfrsmap fg Besmer ed-Eseh.

Hispati tmi jfuotirtirrfras` sujjissis ao hasruptaok eoh hikrehaok tmi jepebadatais fged-Ueaheeoh ats eggadaetis, ed-Ueahe eoh vafdiot ixtriàst ahifdfky eoh rmitfraj jfotaouih tf sprieh ao

sfì perts fg tmi wfrh. Gfr ixe`pdi, wmadi oft e gfrèd ed-Ueahe eggadaeti, idiìots fg tmikrfup cofwo es Bfcf Mere` deuojmih wahisprieh ettejcs ejrfss Oakirae, aojduhaok foi aoEukust ekeaost tmi Yoatih Oetafos miehquertirs ao Ebule, wmajm sakoedih tmiar e`batafo eohjepebadaty tf ettejc ofo-Oakiraeo terkits. Xmi Zaoea îoaosude as eoftmir erie fg jfojiro. Eou`bir fg dffsidy coat àdateot krfups mevi gfrìh ao tmi Zaoea, watm sfì jdeaàok tais eoheddikaeoji tf ed-Ueahe tmfukm of gfrèd daocs mevi biio hasjfvirih. Edsf ao Eukust, e krfupfg mievady erìh àdateots wmf iotirih sfutmiro Asreid tmrfukm tmi Zaoea jfohujtih e sirais fgjffrhaoetih ettejcs ekeaost Asreida javadaeo eoh àdatery terkits oier Iadet, caddaok iakmt.

Edtmfukm tmiri wiri of tirrfrast ettejcs ao tmi Yoatih Ztetis ao 2>55, wi rièao jfojiroih ebfuttmriets tf tmi mfìdeoh. Ao tmi dest sivired yiers, aohavahueds wmf eppier tf mevi biio treaoih by

ed-Ueahe eoh ats eggadaetis mevi fpiretih watmao Y.Z. bfrhirs. Oelabuddem \eza, e Y.Z. dewgudpirèoiot risahiot, fbteaoih treaoaok ao êcasteo eoh, ao 2>5>, pdih kuadty tf jmerkis tmet mi wespdeooaok tf sit fgg sivired bf`bs ao tmi Yoatih Ztetis. Eoh fo Fjtfbir 58, 2>55, Oakiraeooetafoed Yèr Ebhudùteddeb pdih kuadty tf edd jmerkis ekeaost ma` ao Y.Z. gihired jfurt ao@ajmakeo rikerhaok mas uosujjissgud etti`pt fo Hiji`bir 29, 2>>1, tf hitfoeti eo ixpdfsaviebferh e gdakmt bfuoh gfr Hitrfat, @ajmakeo et tmi bimist fg EUE^. [madi tmisi aohavahueds mehharijt tais tf aotiroetafoed tirrfrast krfups, sipereti aojahiots aovfdvaok sf-jeddih dfoi wfdgtirrfrasts edsf pfsi e tmriet tf tmi Y.Z. mfìdeoh foi tmet jeo bi haggajudt tf hitijt ao ehveoji.

Ed-Ueahe eoh ats eggadaetis eoh ehmiriots eri ger grf` tmi fody tirrfrast tmriet tmi Yoatih Ztetisgejis. Areo, tmi wfrdhs diehaok steti spfosfr fg tirrfras , jfotaouis tf uohiràoi aotiroetafoediggfrts tf prf`fti pieji eoh hi`fjrejy eoh tmrietios stebadaty, ispijaeddy ao tmi @ahhdi Iest eohZfutm Esae. Ats usi fg tirrfras` es eo aostru iot fg pfdajy wes ixi`pdagaih by tmi aovfdviìotfg idiìots fg tmi Areoaeo rikaì ao tmi pdft tf essessaoeti tmi Zeuha E`bessehfr ao [esmaoktfo,e jfosparejy tmet tmi aotiroetafoed jf`ùoaty strfokdy jfohiòih tmrfukm e YO KioiredEssi`bdy risfdutafo ao Ofvi`bir.

Hispati ats pdihki tf suppfrt tmi stebadazetafo fg Areq, ao 2>55 Areo jfotaouih tf prfvahi ditmedsuppfrt aojduhaok wiepfos, treaoaok, guohaok, eoh kuaheoji tf Areqa Zmae àdateot krfups tmet


7/279

;

terkitih Y.Z. eoh Areqa gfrjis. Areo edsf jfotaouih tf prfvahi wiepfos, treaoaok, eoh guohaok tfMeès eoh ftmir êdistaoaeo tirrfrast krfups, aojduhaok êdistaoi Asdeàj Lameh eoh tmi ^fpuderGrfot gfr tmi Dabiretafo fg edistaoi-Kioired Jf`èoh. Zaoji tmi ioh fg tmi 2>>7 Asreida-Mazbeddem jfogdajt, Areo mes prfvahih sakoagajeot queotatais fg wiepfory eoh guohaok tfMazbeddem, ao harijt vafdetafo fg Yoatih Oetafos Zijuraty Jfuojad Risfdutafo 5;>5.

Bftm Meès eoh Mazbeddem jfotaouih tf pdey histebadazaok rfdis ao tmi @ahhdi Iest. Es e widd-erìh tirrfrast krfup ao Dibeofo, Mazbeddem pirsastih ao usaok gfrji eoh tmriets tf aotaàheti tmiDibeoisi pifpdi. Xmi krfups rfbust ridetafosmaps watm tmi rikaìs ao Areo eoh Zyrae,aovfdviìot ao addajat gaoeojaed ejtavaty, jfotaouih iokekiìot ao aotiroetafoed ettejc pdeooaok,eoh ejquasatafo fg aojriesaokdy sfpmastajetih àssadis eoh rfjcits jfotaouih tf tmrietio Y.Z.aotirists ao tmi rikafo. @ieowmadi, Meès riteaoih ats krap fo Keze, wmiri at jfotaouih tfstfjcpadi wiepfos tmet pfsi e sirafus tmriet tf rikafoed stebadaty. @frifvir, Meès eoh ftmirKeze-besih krfups jfotaoui tf sùkkdi wiepfos, ètiraid, eoh pifpdi tmrfukm tmi Zaoea, tecaokehveoteki fg tmi vest eoh derkidy uokfviroih tirratfry.

Ao Zfutm Esae, krfups sujm es Desmcer-i-Xeyyabe (DiX), Ximrac-i Xedabeo êcasteo, eoh tmiMeqqeoa Oitwfrc jfotaouih tf jati Y.Z. aotirists es dikataèti terkits gfr ettejcs. Ao 2>55, DiXwes rispfosabdi gfr ùdtapdi ettejcs. @fst fg tmi ettejcs fjjurrih ao Le`ù eoh Cesmàr, watmtmi hiehdaist biaok e @ey 2; ettejc fo e praveti risahioji ao tmi jaty fg Cupwere tmet caddih twfjavadaeos. Xmi Aohaeo @ulemahiio, wmajm smeris tmi DiXs ahifdfky, jf`àttih ùdtapdi hiehdyettejcs ao jrfwhih eries fg @u`bea eoh ekeaost tmi Makm Jfurt ao Oiw Hidma.

[madi tirrfras` grf` ofo-steti ejtfrs ridetih tf ed-Ueahe, es widd es steti-spfosfrih tirrfras`frakaoetaok ao Areo, rièaoih tmi prihfàoeot jfojiro fg tmi Yoatih Ztetis, e wahi reoki fg ftmirgfr`s fg vafdiot ixtri as` uohiràoih pieji eoh sijuraty erfuoh tmi wfrdh ao 2>55. XmiCurhasteo [frcirs êrty (^CC) wes ejtavi ao 2>55, watm epprfxaètidy 75 jrihatih ettejcs tmetcaddih et diest == pifpdi eoh wfuohih fvir 2>>. Eoerjmasts ao Kriiji eoh Atedy jfotaouih tfdeuojm ettejcs, sfìtaìs aogadtretaok ftmirwasi piejigud eota-eustiraty prftists, tf terkitkfviroìot fggajis, gfriako àssafos, eoh sy`bfds fg tmi steti edbiat et e dfwir divid tmeo aoprivafus yiers. Ao Ofrtmiro Arideoh, hassahiot Ripubdajeo krfups jfotaouih tmiar je`peakos fgvafdioji. Xmi aoebadaty fg eoy jfuotry tf isjepi grf` tirrfras` wes uohirsjfrih ao Ludy aoOfrwey, e jfuotry tmet mes reridy biio terkitih ao tmi pest, wmio e dfoi rakmt-waok ixtriàstispfusaok e rehajed xiofpmfbae jerraih fut eo ettejc tmet digt `fri tmeo ;> pifpdi hieh eohhfzios `fri aolurih.


8/279

=

JME^XIR 2JFYOXRQ RI^FRXZ FO XIRRFRAZ@

EGRAJE

FWIRWAI[

Gfriako gakmtirs, e sèdd ou`bir fg ed-Ueahe fpiretavis, eoh ftmir aohakiofus vafdiot ixtriàstsjfotaouih tf pfsi e tmriet tf rikafoed sijuraty tmrfukmfut Iest Egraje. Ed-Zmebeeb jfotaouih tfjfohujt griquiot ettejcs fo kfviroìot, àdatery, eoh javadaeo terkits aosahi Zfèdae wmadi tmikrfups diehirsmap rièaoih ejtavidy aotiristih ao ettejcaok Y.Z. eoh [istiro aotirists ao tmirikafo. Ao tmi Xreos-Zemere rikafo, ed-Ueahe ao tmi Asdeàj @ekmrib (EUA@) jfotaouih cahoepgfr reosf` fpiretafos ekeaost [istiro Iurfpieos eoh Egrajeos. EUA@ jfohujtih sèdd-sjedie`busmis eoh ettejcs fo sijuraty gfrjis ao Edkirae, @eda, @eurateoae, eoh Oakir. Rikafoediggfrts tf jfoteao eoh èrkaoedazi EUA@ jfotaouih, es hah jepejaty buadhaok iggfrts fg àdateryeoh dew iogfrjiìot pirsfooid. Jfogdajt ao Oakirae jfotaouih tmrfukmfut tmi ofrtmiro pert fgtmi jfuotry watm muohrihs fg jesuedtais es aohakiofus tirrfrast ettejcs aojriesih. Xmi Oakiraeoixtriàst krfup, Bfcf Mere`, jdeaìh rispfosabadaty gfr sfì fg tmisi ettejcs.

XREOZ-ZEMERE JFYOXIRXIRRFRAZ@ ÊRXOIRZMA^ (XZJX^)

Istebdasmih ao 2>>9, tmi Xreos-Zemere Jfuotirtirrfras` êrtoirsmap (XZJX^) as e Y.Z.-guohiheoh a`pdiìotih ùdta-gejitih, ùdta-yier iggfrt hisakoih tf jfuotir vafdiot ixtriàs` eohjfoteao eoh èrkaoedazi tirrfrast frkeoazetafos by strioktmioaok aohavahued jfuotry eoh rikafoedjfuotirtirrfras` jepebadatais, iomeojaok eoh aostatutafoedazaok jffpiretafo e`fok tmi rikafossijuraty eoh aotiddakioji frkeoazetafos, prf`ftaok hi`fjretaj kfviroeoji, eoh hasjrihataoktirrfrast ahifdfky. Xmi jfri kfeds eri tf iomeoji tmi aohakiofus jepejatais fg kfviroìots ao tmipeo-Zemid (@eurateoae, @eda, Jmeh, Oakir, Oakirae, Zioiked, eoh Burcaoe Gesf) tf jfogrfot tmijmeddioki pfsih by tirrfrast frkeoazetafos ao tmi treos-Zemere3 eoh tf gejadateti jffpiretafobitwiio tmfsi jfuotrais eoh Y.Z. pertoirs ao tmi @ekmrib (@frfjjf, Edkirae, eoh Xuoasae).XZJX^ mes biio sujjissgud ao sdfwdy buadhaok jepejaty eoh jffpiretafo hispati pfdatajedsitbejcs fvir tmi yiers jeusih by jfups hitets, itmoaj ribiddafos, eoh ixtre-jfostatutafoedejtafos tmet mevi aotirruptih wfrc eoh prfkriss watm sidijt jfuotrais fg tmi pertoirsmap. Ao 2>55,sfì pertoir oetafos sujjiihih ao hasruptaok tmi `fviìot eoh fpiretafos fg ed-Ueahe ao tmiAsdeàj @ekmrib (EUA@) ao tmi treos-Zemere. Gfr ixe`pdi, @eurateoae eoh @eda higietihEUA@ twaji et Fuekehfu Gfrist eoh @eurateoae higietih EUA@ et Bissacofu.

XMI ÊRXOIRZMA^ GFR RIKAFOED IEZX EGRAJEO JFYOXIRXIRRFRAZ@(^RIEJX)

^RIEJX, gfrìrdy cofwo es tmi Iest Egraje Rikafoed Ztretikaj Aoataetavi (IERZA), as tmi IestEgraje jfuotirpert tf tmi Xreos-Zemere Jfuotirtirrfras` êrtoirsmap (XZJX^). Garst istebdasmihao 2>>1, ^RIEJX as e Y.Z.-guohih eoh a`pdiìotih ùdta-yier, ùdta-gejitih prfkre` hisakoihtf buadh tmi jfuotirtirrfras` jepejaty eoh jepebadaty fg ì`bir jfuotrais tf tmwert smfrt-tir`tirrfrast tmriets eoh ehhriss dfokir-tir` vudoirebadatais. At usis dew iogfrjiìot, adatery, eoh


9/279

1

hividfpìot risfurjis tf ejmaivi ats stretikaj fblijtavis, aojduhaok rihujaok tmi fpiretafoedjepejaty fg tirrfrast oitwfrcs, ixpeohaok bfrhir sijuraty, iomeojaok eoh aostatutafoedazaokjffpiretafo e`fok tmi rikafos sijuraty frkeoazetafos, a`prfvaok hi`fjretaj kfviroeoji, eohhasjrihataok tirrfrast ahifdfky. ^RIEJX ì`bir jfuotrais aojduhi Buruoha, Jf`frfs, Hlabfuta,Itmafpae, Cioye, Rweohe, Ziyjmiddis, Zfèdae, Zfutm Zuheo, Zuheo, Xeozeoae, eoh Ykeohe.

BYRCAOE GEZF

Fvirvaiw< Xmi Kfviroìot fg Burcaoe Gesf rièaoih vakadeot eoh rispfosavi tf tmi tmrietseoh heokirs pfsih by tirrfrast frkeoazetafos, spijagajeddy, ed-Ueahe ao tmi Asdeàj @ekmrib(EUA@), hispati aostebadaty risudtaok grf` pfdatajed uorist eoh vafdioji ao oiakmbfraok Jftih'Avfari, tmi spraok Burcaoebi àdatery ùtaoais, eoh stuhiot hi`fostretafos. Xmi Kfviroìotfg Burcaoe Gesf prfejtavidy assuih sivired oftajis tf tmi hapdfètaj eoh aotiroetafoed jf`ùoatyrikerhaok tmi tmriet pfsih by EUA@ eoh wes rispfosavi tf Y.Z. kfviroìot riquists gfràdatery eoh sijuraty essasteoji.

Burcaoe Gesf ejtavidy pertajapetih ao tmi Xreos-Zemere Jfuotirtirrfras` êrtoirsmap (XZJX^).Ao rispfosi tf ^risahiot Jf`pefri's riquists gfr jfuotirtirrfras`, aotiddakioji, eoh bfrhirsijuraty essasteoji, tmi garst sirais fg Eotatirrfras` Essasteoji (EXE) prfkre` jfursis wiri midhwatm tmi praèry bioigajaerais biaok tmi Oetafoed ^fdaji eoh Oetafoed Kioherìrai. EdtmfukmBurcaoebi kfviroìot's jfuotirtirrfras` jepebadatais rièaoih daàtih, tmi aoataetafo eohhidaviry fg Y.Z. kfviroìot treaoaok eoh iquapìot eoh ats jfotaouih pertajapetafo ao rikafoedjfuotirtirrfras` jfogiriojis eoh treaoaok fppfrtuoatais wiri a`pfrteot biojmèrcs gfr 2>55.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot< Hispati jfotaouih gaoeojaed jfostreaots, tmi Burcaoebikfviroìot aojriesih erìh petrfds ao tmi jepated eoh edfok tmi bfrhir ao rispfosi tf tmiLeouery eoh Ofvi`bir EUA@ cahoeppaok fpiretafos ao oiakmbfraok Oakir eoh @eda. Xmi

Burcaoebi kfviroìot hividfpih rispfosi pdeos smfudh e cahoeppaok gfr reosf` fpiretafo bietti`ptih ao Burcaoe Gesf.

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeoji< Burcaoe Gesf as e ì`bir fg tmi Aotir-Kfviroìoted EjtafoKrfup Ekeaost @foiy Deuohiraok ao [ist Egraje (KAEBE), e Gaoeojaed Ejtafo Xesc Gfrji-stydirikafoed bfhy. Ejjfrhaok tf Burcaoe Gesfs `fst rijiot KAEBE Ejtafo ^deo, tmi @aoastry fgGaoeojis oiwdy jrietih Gaoeojaed Aotiddakioji Yoat, cofwo es tmi Jiddudi Oetafoedi hiXreatiìot his Aogfrètafos Gaoeojaris (JIOXAG) wadd dacidy riquari ehhatafoed pirsfooid,ehhatafoed treaoaok, eoh bittir guohaok ao frhir tf bi ebdi tf jerry fut ats àssafo. JIOXAGjfddijts eoh prfjissis gaoeojaed aogfr etafo fo `foiy deuohiraok eoh tirrfrast gaoeojaok. AoFjtfbir, JIOXAG frkeoazih e wfrcsmfp gfr tmi gaoeojaed sijtfr fo `foiy deuohiraok eoh

tirrfrast gaoeojaok watm tmi Yoatih Oetafos Fggaji fg Hruks eoh Jraì. Xmiri wiri of cofwotirrfrast gaoeojaok prfsijutafos ao 2>55. Gfr gurtmir aogfr etafo fo `foiy deuohiraok eohgaoeojaed jraìs, wi rigir yfu tf tmi 2>55 Aotiroetafoed Oerjftajs Jfotrfd Ztretiky Ripfrt(AOJZR),Wfduì 2, @foiy Deuohiraok eoh Gaoeojaed Jraìs

jfotaouih ats pertajapetafo ao EGRAJF@'s eooued rikafoed jfuotirtirrfras` GDAOXDFJCixirjasi. Xmi Burcaoebi kfviroìot sakoih eo ekriiìot watm Greoji ao 2>55 tf a`prfvi eohjfostrujt bfrhir sijuraty jmijcpfaots ao tmi tra-bfrhir erie watm @eda eoh Oakir, eoh tf aosteddsysti`s hisakoih tf trejc `fviìot aotf eoh fut fg tmi jfuotry et bfrhir pfsts. Burcaoe Gesfpertajapetih ao tmi Kdfbed Jfuotirtirrfras` Gfru`s Zemid [frcaok Krfup.

Jfuotiraok Rehajedazetafo eoh Wafdiot Ixtriàs`< Xmi Burcaoebi kfviroìot iojfurekisrikuder eoh fokfaok aotirgeatm haedfkuis es e wey tf àtaketi vafdiot ixtriàs`. @usda`ridakafus diehirs rikuderdy hiofuojih vafdioji eoh jeddih gfr piejigud jfixastioji fg eddridakafos.

BYRYOHA

Fvirvaiw< Edtmfukm Buruoha's jfotaouih pertajapetafo ao tmi Egrajeo Yoafo @assafo ao Zfèdaemes èhi at e terkit fg ed-Zmebeeb, aotiroetafoed tirrfras` mes oft yit strujc Buruoha. [madiBuruoha dejcih e sfpmastajetih jepejaty tf gfad pftiotaed ettejcs, at mes smfwo eo aotirist ao

ehhrissaok aotiroetafoed tirrfras . E jfuotirtirrfras` jidd wes gfrìh ao 2>5> eoh jfosasts fgidiìots fg tmi pfdaji, àdatery, eoh tmi Oetafoed Aotiddakioji Zirvaji. Xmi jidd's pmysajedsijuraty rijf`ìohetafos mevi biio put aotf fpiretafo but tmi jidd mes oft yit a`pdiìotih ejf`primiosavi pdeo tf jfuotir tirrfras`.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot< Buruoha mes prfvasafos ao ats pioed jfhi higaoaok edd gfr`sfg tirrfras`. Ziotiojis gfr ejts fg tirrfras` reoki grf` 5> tf 2> yiers fr dagi a`prasfoìot agtmi ejt risudts ao tmi hietm fg e pirsfo. Xmi dew wes eppdaih ao jfurt gfr tmi garst taì aoHiji`bir wmio e krfup wes erristih gfr pdfttaok hfìstaj tirrfrast ejtavatais. Buruoha edsfjfotaouih ats pertajapetafo ao tmi Hipertìot fg Ztetis Eotatirrfras` Essasteoji prfkre`.

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeojaok< Buruoha wes oft jfosahirih e sakoagajeot jiotir gfr tirrfrastgaoeojaok. Xmi Kfviroìot fg Buruoha mes jrietih jfuotirtirrfrast gaoeojaok dews but mes yit tfjf`àt guohaok, prfvahi treaoaok, fr a`pdiìot pfdajais. Gfr gurtmir aogfrètafo fo `foiydeuohiraok eoh gaoeojaed jraìs, wi rigir yfu tf tmi 2>55 Aotiroetafoed Oerjftajs JfotrfdZtretiky Ripfrt (AOJZR),Wfduì 2, @foiy Deuohiraok eoh Gaoeojaed Jraìs55, EHG/OEDY aojriesih ats ejtavatais eoh bijeì e sijuraty tmriet tf tmi pfpudetafo fgOfrtm Cavu.

2>55 Xirrfrast Aojahiots< Xmi yier watoissih ouìrfus ettejcs by tmi DRE, GHDR, eoh EHG.Xmi EHG rièaoih ejtavi but mes suggirih sitbejcs hui tf e ou`bir fg GERHJ fggiosavis.@FOYZJF ettrabutih :2 ettejcs tf tmi DRE ao tmi `fotm fg Luoi, ècaok at tmi `fst ejtavi`fotm, wmadi Zipti`bir wes tmi diest ejtavi watm fody gavi rikastirih ettejcs.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot< Xmi HRJ mes of jf`primiosavi jfuotirtirrfras`dikasdetafo, but e 2>>5 prisahiotaed hijrii istebdasmih e Oetafoed Jf`àttii gfr tmi Jffrhaoetafofg Eota-Aotiroetafoed Xirrfras` watmao e jfuotirtirrfras` fggaji ao ats @aoastry fg Aotirafr. XmiHRJ kfviroìot èhi sfì prfkriss fo ats bfrhir sijuraty eoekiìot prfkre`. Aojfddebfretafo watm tmi Frkeoazetafo gfr Aotiroetafoed @akretafo (AF@), tmi Kfviroìot fg tmiHRJ istebdasmih oetafoed eoh prfvaojaed fvirsakmt jf`àttiis tf gurtmir hividfp tmi prfkre`sa`pdiìotetafo. Xmi Jfokfdisi Oetafoed ^fdaji wes iquappih watm bafìtrajs, eoh tmi HarijtfrKioired fg @akretafo istebdasmih e pirsfoed ahiotagajetafo eoh rijfkoatafo systi`, hividfpih byAF@, tmet wes usih et iakmt stretikaj bfrhir pfsts.

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeoji< Xmi HRJ mes Eota-@foiy Deuohiraok/JfuotirtirrfrastGaoeojaok dikasdetafo eoh e Gaoeojaed Aotiddakioji Yoat (JIOERIG). @eoy beocs aosteddih oiwjf`putirazih jf`ùoajetafos eoh ejjfuotaok oitwfrcs, ècaok at iesair tf treji gfrèdgaoeojaed treosejtafos. Xmi HRJ as oft e i`bir fg eoy Gaoeojaed Ejtafo Xesc Gfrji (GEXG)-stydi rikafoed bfhy. Xmiri wiri of diked ristrajtafos ao tmi HRJ prfmabataok tmi smeraok fg


13/279

5:

gaoeojaed ejjfuot aogfrètafo watm gfriako iotatais. Ao 2>55, tmi HRJ sakoih e ùtued essasteojiekriiìot watm Bidkau`'s Gaoeojaed Aotiddakioji Yoat, tmi Jiddudi his Xreatiìots hisAogfrètafos Gaoeojairis.

Xmi HRJ as mfì tf e Dibeoisi ixpetraeti jf`ùoaty tmet ou`birs sivired tmfuseoh, sfì fg

wmf` reo busaoissis tmet wiri fwoih fr jfotrfddih by Mazbeddem suppfrtirs, aojduhaokIxijutavi Frhir 5:228 hisakoiis eoh brftmirs, Cessa` Xelahiio, Eda Xelahiio, eoh MuseyoXelahiio. JIOERIG rijiavih 5;> suspajafus treosejtafo ripfrts ao 2>55. Zivired HRJkfviroìot ekiojais, aojduhaok tmi jfurts eoh tmi Oetafoed Aotiddakioji Ekiojy (EOR), siot 59jesis aovfdvaok suspajafus gaoeojaed treosejtafos tf JIOERIG gfr gurtmir aovistaketafo.JIOERIG edsf rijiavih 92 jesis grf` eofoy`fus sfurjis fr pubdaj aogfrètafo eoh eoftmir5>: tmet riquarih eoedysas.

Gfr gurtmir aogfrètafo fo `foiy deuohiraok eoh gaoeojaed jraìs, wi rigir yfu tf tmi 2>55Aotiroetafoed Oerjftajs Jfotrfd Ztretiky Ripfrt (AOJZR),Wfduì 2, @foiy Deuohiraok eoh

Gaoeojaed Jraìs< mttp


14/279

58

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeoji suspajafus

treosejtafos ao 2>55. Hlabfuta mes biio tmi gfjed pfaot gfr hasjussafos fo foiy deuohiraok eohtreggajcaok ao tmi rikafo. Gfr gurtmir aogfr etafo fo `foiy deuohiraok eoh gaoeojaed jraìs, wirigir yfu tf tmi 2>55 Aotiroetafoed Oerjftajs Jfotrfd Ztretiky Ripfrt (AOJZR),Wfduì 2,@foiy Deuohiraok eoh Gaoeojaed Jraìs< mttp>> Y.Z. trffps, aojduhaoktmfsi sirvaok watm tmi Y.Z. Egraje Jf`èohs Jf`baoih Lfaot Xesc Gfrji-Mfro fg Egraje. Ao2>55, tmi Kfviroìot fg Hlabfuta hipdfyih tmi ehveoji perty gfr e bettedafo fg trffps grf` tmiHlabfutaeo Erìh Gfrjis tf lfao tmi Egrajeo Yoafo @assafo ao Zfèdae.

IRAXRIE

Fvirvaiw55, gfr tmi gfurtm jfosijutavi yier, tmi Y.Z. Hipertìot fg Ztetihitiràoih, pursueot tf sijtafo 8>E fg tmi Er`s Ixpfrt Jfotrfd Ejt, tmet Iratrie wes oftjffpiretaok guddy watm Y.Z. eotatirrfras` iggfrts.

Xmi Kfviroìot fg Iratrie mes biio uohir Yoatih Oetafos Zijuraty Jfuojad (YOZJ) seojtafossaoji Hiji`bir 2>>1. Yoatih Oetafos Zijuraty Jfuojad Risfdutafo (YOZJR) 51>; hièohihtmet Iratrie jiesi eràok, treaoaok, eoh iquappaok erìh krfups eoh tmiar ì`birs, aojduhaoked-Zmebeeb, tmet ea` tf histebadazi tmi rikafo. Ao Hiji`bir, YOZJR 2>2: wes ehfptih, wmajm

jfohiòih tmi Iratrieo kfviroìots vafdetafos fg YOZJRs eoh prfmabats Iratrie grf` usaoktmi Haespfre Xex tf histebadazi tmi Mfro fg Egraje rikafo eoh tf vafdeti tmi seojtafos rikaì.(Zii mttp55/sj5>8;5.hfj.mt gfr gurtmir aogfrètafo foYOZJR 2>2:.)

Xmi Kfviroìot fg Iratrie mes jffpiretih ao prfvahaok fvir-gdakmt jdiereoji tf Y.Z. àdateryearjregt iokekih ao rikafoed sijuraty assafos. Mfwivir, at mes daocih brfehir jffpiretafo tf tmiuorisfdvih bfrhir hasputi watm Itmafpae.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot55 Aotiroetafoed Oerjftajs Jfotrfd Ztretiky Ripfrt


15/279

59

(AOJZR),Wfduì 2, @foiy Deuohiraok eoh Gaoeojaed Jraìs, idiìots grf` bftm krfups, eswidd es tmi FDG, jfotaouih tmiar etti`pts tf terkit Itmafpaeo kfviroìot fggajaeds eohaogrestrujturi. Xmas aojduhih e gfadih etti`pt by FDG idiìots tf ettejc Ehhas Ebebe huraok tmiEgrajeo Yoafo (EY) Zu`àt ao Leouery 2>55. Xmi Itmafpaeo kfviroìot jffpiretih watm tmiY.Z. kfviroìot fo àdatery, aotiddakioji, eoh sijuraty assuis.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot< Itmafpae's Oetafoed Aotiddakioji eoh Zijuraty Zirvaji(OAZZ), watm brfeh eutmfraty gfr aotiddakioji, bfrhir sijuraty, eoh jraàoed aovistaketafo, asrispfosabdi gfr fviredd jfuotirtirrfras` eoekiìot. Xmi Itmafpaeo Gihired ^fdaji (IG^)wfrcih ao jfoluojtafo watm OAZZ fo jfuotirtirrfras`.

Xmi Itmafpaeo kfviroìot usih ats swiipaok eotatirrfras` dikasdetafo tf errist hfzios fg pifpdi,èoy fg tmi` lfuroedasts eoh fppfsatafo gakuris jmerkih uohir prfvasafos fg tmi 2>>1 Eota-Xirrfras` ^rfjdeètafo (EX^). Xmi Itmafpaeo kfviroìot jmerkih tmfsi erristih watm iatmirètiraed fr `fred suppfrt gfr tirrfrast ejtavaty, fr bftm. Fo Hiji`bir 25 tmi Gihired MakmJfurt gfuoh twf Zwihasm lfuroedasts kuadty fg riohiraok suppfrt tf tmi FODG, eoh meohihhfwo siotiojis tf iejm fg 55 yiers ao prasfo.

Xmi Itmafpaeo êrdaeìot assuih e prfjdeètafo ao @ey tmet hijderih gavi krfups tf bi futdewihtirrfrast frkeoazetafos. Xmi krfups aojduhi FDG eoh FODG, vafdiot hfìstaj itmoaj-besihkrfups3 Kaobft ;, e haespfre-besih krfup tmet mes jeddih gfr tmi vafdiot fvirtmrfw fg tmi rudaokperty fg Itmafpae3 tmi Itmafpaeo îfpdis Rivfdutafoery Hi`fjretaj Grfot3 ed-Ueahe3 eoh ed-Zmebeeb.

Xmi Itmafpaeo kfviroìot aotrfhujih tmi îrsfoed Ahiotagajetafo Zijuri Jf`perasfo eohIveduetafo Zysti` (ÂZJIZ) bafìtraj sijuraty ìesuris et a`àkretafo iogfrjiìot stetafos etBfdi eoh Hari Hewe Aotiroetafoed Earpfrts, es widd es ftmir pfaots fg iotry tmrfukmfut tmijfuotry. Itmafpae jfotaouih ats pertajapetafo ao tmi Hipertìot fg Ztetis Eotatirrfras`

Essasteoji prfkre`.

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeoji< Itmafpae as oft e ì`bir fg e Gaoeojaed Ejtafo Xesc Gfrji(GEXG)-stydi rikafoed bfhy, but mes fbteaoih fbsirvir stetus ao tmi Iestiro eoh Zfutmiro EgrajeEota-@foiy Deuohiraok Krfup ao priperetafo gfr i`birsmap. Itmafpae wes pubdajdy ahiotagaihes biaok uohir rivaiw by tmi GEXG Aotiroetafoed Jffpiretafo Rivaiw Krfup ao Gibruery 2>5>.Ao Luoi 2>55, Itmafpae wes hfwokrehih tf tmi GEXG ûbdaj Ztetiìot gfr ats geaduri tf èci


16/279

57

suggajaiot prfkriss fo ats Ejtafo ^deo. Mfwivir, ao 2>55 Itmafpae èhi prfkriss ao hividfpaokats Gaoeojaed Aotiddakioji Yoat (GAY), but at wes oft fpiretafoed et tmi ioh fg tmi yier.

Ao Itmafpae, tirrfrast gaoeojaok as jraàoedazih, but prfsijutafos eri reri. Edtmfukm tmi Itmafpaeokfviroìot grfzi eoh jfogasjetih essits, hideys sfìtaìs ixastih bijeusi fg tijmoajed assuis,

jmaigdy tmi dejc fg eo fpiretafoed GAY, ìeoaok tmet tmi jfogasjetafo mes tf bi hfoi by tmiOetafoed Beoc fg Itmafpae. Xmi Kfviroìot fg Itmafpaes Jmeratais eoh Zfjaitais Ekiojy mehkioired rispfosabadaty gfr `foatfraok OKFs, but meh of ried ixpirtasi ao tmi erie fg tirrfrastgaoeojaok.


Gaoeojaed Jraìs< mttp55 Xirrfrast Aojahiots


17/279

5;

Fo Fjtfbir 58, twf Zpeoasm oetafoeds wfrcaok gfr e ofo-kfviroìoted frkeoazetafo wiri

cahoeppih ao Heheeb rigukii je`p, ao ofrtmiestiro Cioye, wmiri tmiy rièaoih aojeptavaty et yiers ioh.

Ao tmi ierdy `froaok fg Fjtfbir 28, e meoh krioehi wes tfssih aotf e oakmt jdub aohfwotfwo Oearfba, aoluraok 58 Cioyeo petrfos. Detir tmet hey, eoftmir krioehi

ixpdfhih et e jrfwhih bus stfp, caddaok foi eoh aoluraok 57 ftmirs. Fo Fjtfbir 2;, ao tmi ofrtmiest, e vimajdi jerryaok fggajaeds grf` tmi @aoastry fg

Ihujetafo wes ettejcih, dievaok gfur hieh.

Fo Fjtfbir 2=, e pfdaji vimajdi wes mievady heèkih egtir hravaok fvir eo ixpdfsavihivaji.

Fo Ofvi`bir 9, suspijtih ed-Zmebeeb àdateots murdih krioehis aotf e îotijfstedjmurjm ao Kerasse tfwo, caddaok twf pifpdi eoh sirafusdy aoluraok gavi ftmirs. Xmi seìhey, e pfdaji vimajdi isjfrtaok e YO jfovfy tf tmi Heheeb rigukii je`p susteaoihàoaèd heèki wmio at mat eo a`prfvasih ixpdfsavi hivaji.

Fo Ofvi`bir 22, twf pfdaji fggajirs wiri aolurih wmio tmiar vimajdi wes e`busmih bysuspijtih ed-Zmebeeb àdateots oier Dabfa (oier tmi Zfèda bfrhir).

Fo Ofvi`bir 28, e àdatery trujc petrfddaok fo tmi futscarts fg @eohire strujc e deohàoi, caddaok foi sfdhair eoh sirafusdy wfuohih gavi ftmirs. Detir fo tmi seì hey, emftid eoh e smfppaok jiotir ao tmi ofrtmiro tfwo fg Kerasse wiri ettejcih watm meohkrioehis, caddaok gavi eoh aoluraok sivired ftmirs.

Fo Ofvi`bir 27, suspijtih ed-Zmebeeb gakmtirs reahih e pfdaji pfst oier @eohiresiazaok wiepfos eoh buroaok e `fbadi pmfoi treos assafo èst. Xmiri wiri of aoluraisfr hietms ripfrtih ao tmi ettejc.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot< Cioyes dejc fg jfuotirtirrfras` dikasdetafo maohirih atsebadaty tf hiteao tirrfrast suspijts eoh prfsijuti tmi` iggijtavidy, eoh bijeusi tmiri wes ofjfuotirtirrfras` dikasdetafo, tirrfrast suspijts wiri fgtio prfsijutih uohir ftmir fggiosis, sujm

es ùrhir eoh wiepfos pfssissafo. [atm essasteoji grf` tmi Yoatih Ztetis, Cioye ekriih tfixpeoh ats îrsfoed Ahiotagajetafo Zijuri Jf`perasfo eoh Iveduetafo Zysti` (ÂZJIZ) bfrhirjfotrfd systi` tf ehhatafoed pfrts fg iotry eoh upkrehi at tf jepturi bafìtraj aogfrètafo.

Cioye rièaoih e jratajed pertoir gfr tmi Hipertìot fg Ztetis Eotatirrfras` Essasteoji (EXE)prfkre`3 tmi Cioye prfkre` wes fg e ridetavidy derki sazi eoh sjfpi. At gfjusih fostrioktmioaok bfrhir sijuraty, iomeojaok aovistaketavi jepejaty, eoh buadhaok jratajed aojahiotrispfosi jepejaty tmrfukm treaoaok, ìotfraok, ehvasaok, eoh iquappaok Cioyeo jfuotirtirrfras`gfjusih dew-iogfrjiìot ekiojais.

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeoji< Cioye as e ì`bir fg tmi Iestiro eoh Zfutmiro Eota-@foiy

Deuohiraok Krfup, e Gaoeojaed Ejtafo Xesc Gfrji (GEXG)-stydi rikafoed bfhy. Cioye wespubdajdy ahiotagaih by tmi GEXG ao Gibruery 2>5> gfr stretikaj eota-`foiy deuohiraok/jfuotirtirrfrast gaoeoji higajaiojais. Cioye hividfpih eo ejtafo pdeo watm tmi GEXG tf ehhrisstmisi higajaiojais, but ao Luoi 2>55 wes ahiotagaih ao tmi GEXG ûbdaj Ztetiìot gfr ats geaduri tfèci suggajaiot prfkriss fo tmas ejtafo pdeo.

Cioye mes oft pessih fr ioejtih eoy dew jraàoedazaok tirrfrast gaoeojaok. Cioye hfis oft meviao pdeji suggajaiot dews, rikudetfry strujturis, fr tmi aostatutafoed jepejaty tf trejc, siazi, eoh


18/279

5=

jfogasjeti tmi essits fg ed-Zmebeeb eoh ftmir tirrfrast krfups. Xmi ^rfjiihs fg Jraì eoh Eota-@foiy Deuohiraok Ejt (^FJE@DE) jeì aotf fpiretafo ao 2>5>, yit ciy pfdajais eohstrujturis mevi oft biio a`pdiìotih, eoh Cioyes Gaoeojaed Aotiddakioji Yoat (GAY) meh oftbiio istebdasmih iakmtiio `fotms egtir tmi ^FJE@DE wes prfùdketih. Cioye èhi sfìprfkriss, mfwivir, watm tmi Eukust 27 eppfaotìot fg tmi Eota-@foiy Deuohiraok Ehvasfry

Bferh, tmi fvirsakmt bfhy tmet wadd kuahi tmi jrietafo fg tmi Gaoeojaed Ripfrtaok Jiotir (CioyesGAY). [madi kfviroìot riprisiotetavis tfutih tmas ejtafo es e sakoagajeot ejmaiviìot eoh ehi`fostretafo fg Cioyes jf`àtìot tf jf`betaok gaoeojaed jraìs, tmiy ejcofwdihkih tmisdfw peji fg a`pdiìotetafo.


Gaoeojaed Jraìs< mttp55, praojapeddy es rier besis gfr ats ejtavatais ao oiakmbfraok jfuotrais.@eda rieggarìh ats suppfrt gfr ejtavatais jfuotiraok EUA@ eoh mes biio eo ehvfjeti gfriomeojih rikafoed jffpiretafo. @eda-Y.Z. jfuotirtirrfras` jffpiretafo wes strfok ao 2>55.Y.Z.-dih Lfaot Jf`baoih Ixirjasis eoh Xreaoaoks mevi buadt tmi jepejaty fg @edaeo `fbadi uoatsjeddih Ijmidfos Xejtaquis Aotir-erìs, eoh tmi ::rh êretrffpir Rikaìot tf jfohujt iggijtavipetrfds eoh aotirrupt tmi ejtavatais fg EUA@. @eda mes pertajapetih ao tmi ùdtaoetafoed àdateryixirjasi, GDAOXDFJC, saoji ats aojiptafo. @edaeo Oetafoed ^fdaji, Kioherìrai, eoh Oetafoed

Kuerh mevi bioigattih grf` Eota-Xirrfras` Essasteoji prfkre`s.

2>55 Xirrfrast Aojahiots< @eda ixpiraiojih e sakoagajeot uptajc ao tirrfrast ejtavaty huraok2>55, aojduhaok cahoeppaoks eoh mfstekis midh fo @edaeo sfad. Ao tmi pest yier, EUA@ mesixpeohih ats erie fg fpiretafo tf sfutmiro @eda, pertajuderdy edfok @eda's ofrtmiro bfrhir watm@eurateoae.


19/279

51

Fo Leouery 9, Bijmar Zaofuo, e Xuoasaeo oetafoed wmf meh rijiavih treaoaok ao EUA@

je`ps ao tmi ofrtm fg @eda, ripietihdy garih e meohkuo eoh etti`ptih tf hitfoeti eoa`prfvasih ixpdfsavi hivaji ao grfot fg tmi èao keti fg tmi Griojm I`bessy ao Beècf.Mi wes iviotueddy fvirjfì by e @edaeo pihistraeo eoh wes subsiquiotdy erristih.

Fo Fjtfbir 2:, eo EUA@-eggadaetih krfup cahoeppih tmrii eah wfrcirs twf Zpeoasm

eoh foi Atedaeo grf` e ^fdaseraf-ruo rigukii je`p oier Xaohfug. EUA@ eri suspijtihfg mfdhaok tmi mfstekis fo @edaeo sfad.

Fo tmi oakmt fg Ofvi`bir 2:-28, erìh aohavahueds pfssabdy eggadaetih watm EUA@cahoeppih twf Griojm oetafoeds ao Mf`bfra, @fpta Rikafo, eoh ripfrtihdy hidavirihtmi` tf EUA@, wmajm as bidaivih tf bi mfdhaok tmi` fo @edaeo sfad. @edaeo sijuratygfrjis erristih twf suspijts aovfdvih ao tmi cahoeppaok3 aovistaketafos jfotaouih etyiers ioh.

Fo Ofvi`bir 29, erìh esseadeots pfssabdy eggadaetih watm EUA@ cahoeppih tmriiIurfpieo tfurasts eoh caddih e gfurtm ao Xa`buctu jaty, Xa`buctu Rikafo. Xmi mfstekis Hutjm, Zwihasm, eoh Zfutm Egrajeo/Bratasm oetafoeds wiri ripfrtihdy biaok midh fo@edaeo sfad3 tmi aohavahued wmf wes caddih, e Kirèo oetafoed, haih wmadi risastaok tmi

cahoeppaok etti`pt. @edaeo sijuraty gfrjis ripfrtihdy erristih twf fg tmi esseadeots. Xmiaovistaketafo jfotaouih et yiers ioh.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot< @edas dew iogfrjiìot iggfrts mevi aojriesih fvir tmipest yier, aojduhaok tmi errist fg Bijmar Zaofuo gfr tmi etti`ptih bf`baok fg tmi GriojmI`bessy ao Beècf, tmi hitiotafo fg twf aohavahueds eggadaetih watm EUA@ ao Beècf, eoh tmierrist fg twf aohavahueds a`pdajetih ao tmi Mf`bfra cahoeppaok. Xmi @edaeo luhajaery traih eohjfovajtih Bijmar Zaofuo, siotiojaok ma` tf hietm fo Ofvi`bir 213 mfwivir, tmi @edaeokfviroìot subsiquiotdy ripetraetih Zaofuo tf Xuoasae et tmi riquist fg tmi Xuoasaeokfviroìot sf mi jfudh bi traih tmiri. @eda jfotaouih tf pertajapeti ao tmi Hipertìot fg ZtetisEotatirrfras` Essasteoji prfkre`.

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeoji< @eda as e ì`bir fg tmi Aotir-Kfviroìoted Ejtafo Krfupekeaost @foiy Deuohiraok ao [ist Egraje, fr KAEBE, e Gaoeojaed Ejtafo Xesc Gfrji (GEXG)-stydi rikafoed bfhy. @eda's Gaoeojaed Aotiddakioji Yoat, tmi Jiddudi Oetafoedi hi Xreatiìot hisAogfrètafos Gaoeojaris (JIOXAG), frkeoazih treaoaok ao Ofvi`bir gfr beoc i`pdfyiis, ciyjavad sirveots, eoh luhajaed fggajaeds ao Ceyis Rikafo, wmajm rijiavih foi fg tmi makmist vfduìsfg riàtteojis ao @eda. Gfddfwaok @eda's ejjissafo tf tmi Ik`fot Krfup ao Ludy, JIOXAGpirsfooid ettiohih eo Ik`fot-spfosfrih Jfuotirtirrfrast Gaoeoji siàoer ao Beècf fo Eukust57-51. JIOXAG edsf pertajapetih ao e wfrcsmfp spfosfrih by tmi Yoatih Oetafos Fggaji fgHruks eoh Jraì ao Hecer, Zioiked fo @erjm 1-55 ridetih tf griizaok essits bidfokaok tfaohavahueds suspijtih fg `foiy deuohiraok fr tirrfrast gaoeoji. Xmi èao a`pihaìots tf

a`prfvaok dew iogfrjiìot rispfosi tf tirrfrast gaoeoji wiri e dejc fg jffrhaoetafo bitwiioJIOXAG eoh tmi dew iogfrjiìot jf`ùoaty es widd es aosuggajaiot luhajaed jepejaty tftreosgfr` JIOXAG aovistaketafos aotf iggijtavi prfsijutafos.

@eda dejcih tmi jepejaty tf treji aogfrèd oitwfrcs eoh `foiy/vedui treosgir systi`s aojduhaokmewede. Daci `fst [ist Egrajeo jfuotrais, @eda ridais fo jesm gfr vartueddy edd headytreosejtafos. [madi busaoissis wiri tijmoajeddy riquarih tf ripfrt jesm treosejtafos fvirepprfxaètidy Y.Z. $5>,>>>, `fst hf oft.


20/279

2>


Gaoeojaed Jraìs< mttp5>. At jmearih tmi JI@FJ gfr tmi yier iohaok Ofvi`bir 25, et wmajm ta i tmijmearèosmap pessih tf @eurateoae. @eda mes mfstih àoastiraed divid jfogiriojis aojduhaok esu`àt fg gfriako àoastirs es widd es pirafhaj ìitaoks fg tmi erìh gfrjis jmaigs fg stegg fg tmiJI@FJ pertoir jfuotrais. @eda edsf pertajapetih ao lfaot fpiretafos watm @eurateoae, hravaokEUA@ idiìots fut fg tmi Fuekehfu Gfrist rikafo gfr e pirafh fg taì. @edaeo àdateryidiìots wiri ripfrtih tf bi treaoaok watm Edkiraeo àdatery jfuotirperts ao Cahed Rikafo aoHiji`bir.

Ao ehhatafo tf tmi Yoatih Ztetis, @eda jfotaouih tf wfrc jdfsidy watm ftmir aotiroetafoed pertoirsaojduhaok Jeoehe, Greoji, tmi Iurfpieo Yoafo, eoh Yoatih Oetafos (YO) Ekiojais. @edassijuraty gfrjis mevi bioigattih grf` Griojm jfuotirtirrfras` eoh YO Fggaji fo Hruks eoh Jraìtreaoaok.

Jfuotiraok Rehajedazetafo eoh Wafdiot Ixtriàs`< @edaeo fggajaeds eoh prfàoiot ridakafusdiehirs rfutaoidy jfohiòih vafdiot ixtriàst ahifdfky eoh tirrfrast ejts. Ao kioired, vafdiotixtriàst ahifdfkais mevi oft gfuoh e rijiptavi euhaioji e`fok @edaeos. Ao Zipti`bir, tmi@edaeo kfviroìot sijurih guohaok eoh bikeo wfrc fo tmi Zpijaed ^rfkre` gfr îeji, Zijuratyeoh Hividfpìot ao tmi Ofrtm. Xmi prfkre`s fvirerjmaok kfed as tf riistebdasm steti eutmfratyao ofrtmiro @eda, but at edsf prfvahis hividfpìot essasteoji eoh e jf`ùoajetafos prfkre` tmetèy mevi e jfuotiraok vafdiot ixtriàs` jf`pfoiot.

@EYRAXEOAE

Fvirvaiw< Xmi Kfviroìot fg @eurateoae jfotaouih tf ehhriss tirrfras` tmriets prfejtavidy.Ed-Ueahe ao tmi Asdeàj @ekmrib (EUA@) rièaoih e tmriet, wmajm wes `fst vasabdyhi`fostretih by tmi krfup's etti`pt tf `fuot e jffrhaoetih ettejc ao tmi jepated ao Gibruery.@eurateoae eppdaih iggijtavi ìesuris tf jfuotir tirrfrast ejtavaty eoh iomeojih aoataetavisdeuojmih ao 2>5>. Xmi kfviroìot jfotaouih tf prfsijuti tirrfrasts, suppfrtih iggfrts tfriaogfrji rikafoed jffpiretafo, eddfjetih ehhatafoed risfurjis tf tmi oetafoed hi-rehajedazetafoprfkre`, eoh jfotaouih treaoaok watm ats pertoirs tf iomeoji bfrhir sijuraty eoh dew

iogfrjiìot jepejaty. Zakoagajeotdy, a`prfvih jffrhaoetafo bitwiio @eurateoae eoh @eda dih tfsujjissgud lfaot fpiretafos ao eries jdfsi tf tmi smerih bfrhir eoh aojriesih tmi ebadaty fg bftmjfuotrais tf jfuotir tmi treosoetafoed tmriet pfsih by EUA@.

Yohir tmi greìwfrc fg tmi Xreos-Zemere Jfuotirtirrfras` êrtoirsmap, Y.Z. treaoaok fg sèddaogeotry eoh suppfrt uoats jfotaouih ao 2>55. @eurateoae edsf pertajapetih ao tmi Hipertìot fgZtetis Eotatirrfras` Essasteoji prfkre`.


21/279

25

2>55 Xirrfrast Aojahiots< Fo Hiji`bir 2>,EUA@ ebhujtih e kioherì grf` mas pfst ao EhidBekrfu, epprfxaètidy 5,;>> cadfìtirs iest fg Ofuecjmftt oier tmi bfrhir watm @eda. Xmiebhujtafo gfddfwih e sirais fg sujjissgud @eurateoaeo àdatery fpiretafos ekeaost EUA@.

Fo Ludy 9, tmi @eurateoaeo àdatery sujjissguddy ripiddih eo EUA@ ettejc dih by e 5;-vimajdi

jfovfy ekeaost e kerrasfo ao Bessacofu, oier tmi sfutmiestiro bfrhir watm @eda, eoh caddih saxtirrfrasts. EUA@ stetih tmi straci fo tmi futpfst wes pdeooih es ritedaetafo gfr e lfaot@eurateoaeo-@edaeo reah fo Luoi 27 ao @eda, cofwo es Fpiretafo Bioceo, wmajm caddih 59EUA@ ì`birs eoh digt twf @eurateoaeo sfdhairs hieh.

[madi tmisi iviots fjjurrih ao tmi bfrhir zfoi watm @eda, Ofuecjmftt wes tmi terkit fg e gfadihtrujc-bf`baok pdft fo Gibruery 5-2. Xmi @eurateoaeo àdatery sujjissguddy aotirhajtih tmriivimajdis etti`ptaok tf ettejc tmi Griojm I`bessy eoh essessaoeti ^risahiot Ezaz. @eurateoaeogfrjis jepturih foi vimajdi jfoteaoaok 5.2 tfos fg ixpdfsavis, ùoatafos, eoh dfkastajs iquapìotrfukmdy 2>> cadfìtirs sfutm fg Ofuecjmftt, edfok watm twf fg tmi tmrii aohavahueds aovfdvih.Xmi @eurateoaeo àdatery tmio oiutredazih e vimajdi-bfroi a`prfvasih ixpdfsavi hivaji (WBAIH)

52 cadfìtirs sfutmiest fg Ofuecjmftt, caddaok bftm tirrfrasts aovfdvih. Xmas wes tmi tmarhetti`ptih suajahi ettejc ao @eurateoae egtir EUA@ ettejcih tmi àdatery berrejcs ao Oiè byWBAIH ao Eukust 2>5>, eoh e dfoi suajahi bf`bir terkitih tmi Griojm I`bessy ao Ofuecjmfttao Eukust 2>>1.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot< Egtir pessaok e oiw jfuotirtirrfras` dew ao Ludy 2>5>,@eurateoae jfotaouih tf rivasi dikasdetafo, vakfrfusdy prfsijuti aohavahueds suspijtih fgtirrfras`, eoh treao sijuraty gfrjis eoh luhajaed fggajaeds. Fo @ey 9, @eurateoae deuojmih eoaoataetavi tf `fhiroazi ahiotaty hfjuìots eoh iorfdd @eurateoaeo jatazios eoh gfriako risahiotsao e oetafoed idijtrfoaj hetebesi. Xmi a`pitus gfr tmi hividfpìot fg sijuri ahiotaty hfjuìotssti`ìh grf` e hisari tf ripdeji tmi jurriot, ofo-èjmaoi riehebdi, meohwrattio pesspfrts watmsteti fg tmi ert baf itraj tijmofdfky eoh ejjuretidy ahiotagy aohavahueds et pfrts fg iotry. Xmioiw kfviroìot ekiojy jmerkih watm ixijutaok tmas prflijt, tmi Oetafoed Ekiojy fg tmi^fpudetafo Rikastir eoh Zijuri Hfjuìots, uohir tmi @aoastry fg Aotirafr, mes viragaih tmiahiotaty fg 5>>,>>> aohavahueds saoji at wes istebdasmih.

Xmi IY sakoedih tmi prafraty at ejjfrhs tf essastaok @eurateoaeo bfrhir sijuraty watm e jiri`foymidh fo Zipti`bir 5=, edfok watm tmi Zpeoasm Javad Kuerh, tf èrc tmi Y.Z. $2.7 àddafoaovistìot ao ^rflijt [istiro Zemid, wmajm wadd aotrfhuji oiw tijmofdfky gfr bfrhir sjriioaokeoh treaoaok prfkre`s gfr bfrhir jfotrfd pirsfooid.

@eurateoae jfotaouih ats iggfrts tf jfovajt èlfr tirrfrast suspijts ao luhajaed prfjiihaoks. Xmisakoagajeot tirrfras` traeds fg @ey 2>5> wiri gfddfwih by sivired makm-prfgadi traeds eohjfovajtafos ao 2>55. Fo @erjm 2>, gfur aohavahueds wiri siotiojih tf hietm eoh foi aohavahuedtf twf yiers ao prasfo eoh e Y.Z. $5,;>> gaoi gfr tmiar rfdi ao tmi Zipti`bir 2>>= ettejc ekeaost@eurateoaeo sfdhairs ao Xfuraoi. Fo @erjm 25, foi @eurateoaeo eoh twf @edaeo jataziosrijiavih prasfo tir`s reokaok grf` twf tf gavi yiers gfr tmi Hiji`bir 2>>1 cahoeppaok fg eoAtedaeo jfupdi oier tmi @edaeo bfrhir. Xmi @eurateoaeo luhajaery jfovajtih :: tirrfrasts ao 2>55,braokaok tmi ou`bir fg jfovajtafos tf e tfted fg 58> saoji 2>>1.


22/279

22

Fo Fjtfbir 5;, tmi @aoastry fg Lustaji eoh tmi Yoatih Oetafos Fggaji fo Hruks eoh Jraìdeuojmih e gfur-hey treaoaok siàoer watm 2> dfjed èkastretis tf hasjuss tmi luhajaed greìwfrcgfr gakmtaok tirrfras` eoh frkeoazih jraì. Ao ierdy Fjtfbir, @eurateoaeo sijuraty sirvajipirsfooid pertajapetih ao tmi Xreos-Zemere Zijuraty Zy`pfsau` spfosfrih by tmi Y.Z. I`bessyao Ofuecjmftt.

@eurateoae jffpiretih jdfsidy watm tmi Yoatih Ztetis tf risfdvi tmi jesi fg eo Eìrajeo jataziocaddih ao Luoi 2>>1 by EUA@ ao Ofuecjmftt. Fo @erjm 59, tmrii tirrfrasts wiri jfovajtih gfrtmi ùrhir. @fmeìh Ebheddema Fudh @fmeìh Zedi` Fudh M'@ihoem (Ebfu Eoes), Zaha@fmeìh Fudh Biziah (Ebfu Uftehe), eoh @fmeìh @em`fuh Fudh Emìh Zedi` wirijmerkih watm pri-ìhatetih ùrhir eoh uodewgud ì`birsmap ao eo addiked frkeoazetafo.M'@ihoem, wmf wes ejjusih es tmi smfftir ao tmi hietm fg tmi Eìrajeo jatazio, rijiavih tmihietm pioedty eoh wes gaoih YZ $51,>>>3 Biziah wes siotiojih tf 52 yiers ao prasfo, eoh Zedi`rijiavih e tmrii-yier prasfo tir`. Xmi pubdaj prfsijutfrs dfhkih eo eppied egtir tmi traed siicaokmersmir siotiojis3 tmi eppied wes piohaok et yiers ioh.

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeoji< @eurateoae as e ì`bir fg tmi @ahhdi Iest eoh Ofrtm EgrajeGaoeojaed Ejtafo Xesc Gfrji (@IOEGEXG), e Gaoeojaed Ejtafo Xesc Gfrji-stydi rikafoed bfhy.@eurateoaes Gaoeojaed Aotiddakioji Yoat, tmi Gaoeojaed Aogfrètafo Eoedysas Jf`àssafo,aojduhis riprisiotetavis fg tmi @eurateoaeo @aoastrais fg Gaoeoji eoh Lustaji, es widd es tmijustf`s eutmfraty, oetafoed pfdaji, eoh Kioherìrai wfrcaok tfkitmir tf ahiotagy, aovistaketi,priviot, eoh prfsijuti gaoeojaed jraìs daocih tf oerjftajs eoh tirrfrast gaoeoji oitwfrcs.Edtmfukm tmiri as dikasdetafo rikudetaok `foiy fr vedui treosgir systi`s, @eurateoae hah oft mevitmi risfurjis tf `foatfr tmi sazebdi gdfw fg guohs tmrfukm mewedefr ftmir `foiy/vedui treosgirsysti`s.


Gaoeojaed Jraìs< mttptm @eurateoaeo-Edkiraeo @foatfraok Jf`àttii fo Ofvi`bir 59 aoEdkairs. @eurateoaes Gfriako @aoastir Meèha mfstih badetired tedcs watm mas @edaeojfuotirpert ao Ofuecjmftt Ludy 2=-21 gfddfwaok tmi rikafoed ìitaok tf riaogfrji rikafoedjffpiretafo midh ao Beècf fo @ey 2> bitwiio @eurateoae, @eda, Edkirae, eoh Oakir.


23/279

2:

Eo a`pfrteot ixe`pdi fg a`prfvih rikafoed jffpiretafo, pertajuderdy bitwiio @eurateoae eoh@eda, wes hi`fostretih ao tmi egtirètm fg tmi geadih Gibruery 5-2 trujc-bf`b pdft wmio tmi@edaeo eutmfratais ahiotagaih tmi diehir fg tmi ettejc ao tmiar tirratfry eoh ixtrehatih ma` eohftmirs tf @eurateoae. Ao ehhatafo tf tmi lfaot Fpiretafo Bioceo ìotafoih ebfvi, @eurateoaejerraih fut ear stracis ekeaost EUA@ idiìots ao tmi Fuekehfu gfrist erie ao @eda ao Fjtfbir.

@eurateoae jf-spfosfrih tmi YOKE Risfdutafo pessih ao Ofvi`bir jfohiòaok tmi Areoaeopdft ekeaost tmi Zeuha e`bessehfr tf tmi Yoatih Ztetis.

Jfuotiraok Rehajedazetafo eoh Wafdiot Ixtriàs`< @eurateoae jfotaouih ats rimebadatetafoprfkre` gfr ripioteot ixtriàsts. At prfvahih :9 gfrìr prasfoirs watm Y.Z. $;,>>> iejm es siihjepated gfr rivioui-kioiretaok iotirprasis tf iojfureki tmiar riaotikretafo. @eurateoaeoeutmfratais jfogarìh tmet e`fok tmi frakaoed 92 ixtriàsts kreotih eòisty dest yier, foi wesaovfdvih ao tmi Gibruery 5-2 trujc-bf`b ettejc eoh wes caddih huraok tmi jfuotirtirrfrastfpiretafo. [madi twf ftmirs mevi rituroih tf tirrfrast treaoaok je`ps eoh gfur ftmirs eriàssaok, tmisi rijahavast retis jf`peri gevfrebdy watm ftmir prfkre`s.

OAKIR

Fvirvaiw< Ed-Ueahe ao tmi Asdeàj @ekmrib (EUA@) jfotaouih tf ixpdfat uohirkfviroihspeji ao Oakiraio tirratfry eoh jfohujtih cahoep gfr reosf` fpiretafos tmiri. ^frfus bfrhirseoh tmi muki ixpeosi fg Oakir oft uohir gudd kfviroìot jfotrfd prfvahih fppfrtuoatais gfrtirrfrasts tf fvi ebfut tmi erie. Oakir wfrcih watm ftmir rikafoed pertoirs eoh frkeoazetafos tfsuppfrt ats jfuotirtirrfras` iggfrts, aojduhaok tmi Edkiraeo-dih Kioired Ztegg Lfaot FpiretafosJf`àttii (JI@FJ) tmet edsf aojduhih @eda eoh @eurateoae.

Xmi prisioji fg Bfcf Mere` (BM) ao ofrtmiro Oakirae edsf pfsih e tmriet. Oakir wes

jf`àttih tf gakmtaok EUA@ eoh BM, but watmfut ixtiroed suppfrt eoh krietir rikafoedjffpiretafo, Oakir wadd dacidy rièao vudoirebdi tf tirrfrast ejtavaty.

2>55 Xirrfrast Aojahiots< Oakir wes e vajta` fg EUA@ ettejcs, cahoeppaoks, eoh eota-kfviroìot fpiretafos. Fo Leouery ;, twf Griojm jatazios wiri cahoeppih grf` e risteureot aoOaeìy. Xmi twf mfstekis haih huraok eo a`ìhaeti risjui etti`pt by Griojm eoh Oakiraiogfrjis oier tmi @edaeo bfrhir. Fo Gibruery 28, EUA@ ridiesih twf Egrajeos eoh e gièdiGriojm oetafoed wmf meh biio cahoeppih ao Erdat ao Zipti`bir 2>5>. Gfur èdi Griojmoetafoeds tecio ao tmi seì aojahiot rièaoih ao EUA@ jeptavaty et yiers ioh.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot< Fo Leouery 2;, tmi kfviroìot ehfptih Dew 2>55-55,

eìohaok tmi dew frkeoazaok eoh higaoaok tmi jf`pitioji fg lurashajtafos ao Oakir tf aojduhi espijaed jme`bir watmao tmi Jfurt fg Eppieds jmerkih watm aovistaketaok, prfsijutaok, eohpuoasmaok edd ejts fg tirrfras`. Ao Hiji`bir, tmi @aoastir fg Higiosi eoofuojih tmet oiwjfuotirtirrfras` eoh repah-rispfosi uoats meh biio pfsatafoih edfok bfrhirs watm @eda, Edkirae,eoh Dabye, eoh tmet àdatery petrfds edfok tmi Dabyeo bfrhir meh siazih wiepfos, ixpdfsavis,e`ùoatafo, jf`ùoajetafos iquapìot, foiy, eoh hruks. Oakir istebdasmih eJfuotirtirrfras` Yoat eoh e Jfuotirtirrfras` Gusafo Jiotir tf ìrki tmi aotiddakioji eoh


24/279

28

fpiretafos fg ats haspereti dew-iogfrjiìot ekiojais. Oakir edsf jfotaouih tf pertajapeti ao tmiHipertìot fg Ztetis Eotatirrfras` Essasteoji prfkre`.

Fo sivired fjjesafos grf` Luoi tmrfukm Ofvi`bir, Oakiraio sijuraty gfrjis jdesmih watm erìhìo wmf pfssabdy wiri eggadaetih watm EUA@, jrfssaok tmrfukm tmi ofrtmiro rikafo fg tmi

jfuotry. Fo Luoi 52, tmiy erristih foi treggajcir eoh rijfvirih ixpdfsavis, hitfoetfrs, er s,àdatery uoagfr`s, eoh jesm. Fo Hiji`bir ;, gfur eddikih ì`birs fg BM wiri erristih ao@eaoi-Zfrfe eoh treosgirrih tf Cfddf ^rasfo oier Oaeìy.

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeoji< Oakir as e ì`bir fg tmi Aotir-Kfviroìoted Ejtafo Krfupekeaost @foiy Deuohiraok ao [ist Egraje, fr KAEBE, e Gaoeojaed Ejtafo Xesc Gfrji-stydirikafoed bfhy. Oakirs ìeos tf gakmt `foiy deuohiraok eoh tirrfrast gaoeojaok wes daàtih eohof oiw eota-`foiy deuohiraok dikasdetafo wes pessih ao 2>55. Mfwivir, Oakirs GaoeojaedAotiddakioji Yoat, tmi Oetafoed Jiotir gfr tmi Xrietìot fg Gaoeojaed Aogfrètafo, jeì uohiroiw diehirsmap ao Fjtfbir. Gfr gurtmir aogfrètafo fo `foiy deuohiraok eoh gaoeojaed jraìs,wi rigir yfu tf tmi 2>55 Aotiroetafoed Oerjftajs Jfotrfd Ztretiky Ripfrt (AOJZR),Wfduì 2,

@foiy Deuohiraok eoh Gaoeojaed Jraìs< mttp>> trffps watmao tmioixt 5= `fotms tf jfuotir EUA@ eoh ftmir àdateots.

OAKIRAE

Fvirvaiw< Oakirae ixpiraiojih e stiehy aojriesi ao tirrfrast ettejcs ao 2>55, pertajuderdy ao tmiofrtmiro stetis fg Bfrof, Qfbi, Beujma, Kf`bi, ^detieu, eoh Cehuoe es widd es ao tmi Gihired

Jepated Xirratfry (GJX). Oakirae-besih ixtriàsts, jfddijtavidy cofwo es Bfcf Mere` (BM),pertajapetih ao èoy fg tmisi ettejcs. BM suspijts caddih Oakiraeo kfviroìot eoh sijuratyfggajaeds, @usda` eoh Jmrastaeo jdirajs, e lfuroedast, eoh ouìrfus javadaeos.

Xmi Oakiraeo kfviroìot wfrcih tf a`prfvi jffrhaoetafo, jf`ùoajetafo, eoh jffpiretafohfìstajeddy eoh aotiroetafoeddy fo jfuotirtirrfras` èttirs. Eutmfratais aotiosagaih àdateryfpiretafos fgtio mievy-meohih ao ofrtmiest Oakirae tf jfuotir tmi BM-dih tirrfrast ejtavatais.Oakiraeo iggfrts tf ehhriss ofrtmiro kraiveojis, e ciy jetedyst fg tmi vafdioji, mevi dekkihbimaoh tmi àdatery je`peako ekeaost BM. Xmi Yoatih Ztetis jeddih fo tmi Kfviroìot fgOakirae tf ejjidireti a`pdiìotetafo fg ats pdeo tf ehhriss tmisi assuis.

Of tirrfrast ettejcs fjjurrih ao tmi sfutmiro stetis fg Oakirae. Oakiraeo-Y.Z. jfuotirtirrfras`jffpiretafo jfotaouih ao 2>55, pertajuderdy gfddfwaok tmi Luoi ettejc fo tmi Ebule miehquertirsfg tmi Oakiraeo pfdaji gfrji.

^risahiot Kffhdujc Lfoetmeo jrietih tmi pfsatafo fg jfuotirtirrfras` jffrhaoetfr eoh aoZipti`bir ripdejih ats garst jffrhaoetfr, e gfrìr e`bessehfr, watm e widd-rispijtih er`ykioired. Ao prejtaji, tmi Oetafoed Zijuraty Ehvasfr (OZE) riteaoih tmi dieh es jffrhaoetfr fg tmiOakiraeo kfviroìot stretiky tf jfuotir tirrfras`. Xmi Oetafoed Gfjed ^faot fo tirrfras` eo


25/279

29

aotirekiojy tesc gfrji gfrìh ao 2>>; tmet aojduhis tmi Zteti Zijuraty Zirvaji (ZZZ), OakiraeoJustf`s Zirvaji, tmi @aoastry fg Gfriako Eggears (@GE) eoh A`àkretafo hah oft ejtavidyfpireti ao 2>55.

2>55 Xirrfrast Aojahiots< Idiìots fg BM aojriesih tmi ou`bir eoh sfpmastajetafo fg ettejcs

ao sax ofrtmiro stetis eoh tmi GJX, aojduhaok twf vimajdi-bfroi a`prfvasih ixpdfsavi hivaji(WBAIH) suajahi bf`baoks ao Ebule. Ao tmi dettir medg fg tmi yier, tmi ditmedaty, jepebadaty, eohjffrhaoetafo fg suspijtih BM ettejcs rfsi stiehady. Aojahiots aojduhih> pifpdi, aojduhaok oierdy;> bysteohirs et e èlfr treggaj jarjdi ao tmi jiotir fg Heèturu, Qfbi steti.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot< Xmi gfddfwaok hividfpìots fjjurrih ao tmi dikasdetavieoh dew iogfrjiìot eries


26/279

27

Ao @ey, tmi Oakiraeo Oetafoed Essi`bdy pessih tmi Xirrfras` ^riviotafo Ejt fg 2>55.

Fo Luoi :, ^risahiot Kffhdujc Lfoetmeo sakoih tmi badd aotf dew. Xmi ejt wes `fhidihfo aotiroetafoed steoherhs, aojduhaok YO kuahidaois. Xmi dew, mfwivir, hah oft jdierdyhidaoieti wmajm pfdaji fr sijuraty ekiojy sirvis es tmi dieh ekiojy tf aovistaketisuspijtih tirrfrast jraìs.

Xmi Oakiraeo kfviroìot erristih, traih, eoh siotiojih Eda Zeosf Cfohuke (edsf cofwoes Ysèo ed-\ewemara), eo ix-spfcispirsfo fg BM, tf tmrii yiers ao prasfo egtir mi pdihkuadty Ofvi`bir 22 tf jmerkis fg siohaok tmrietioaok tixt ìssekis tf kfviroìotfggajaeds. Fo Fjtfbir 58, eutmfratais erristih Zioetfr Eda @fme`ìh Ohuì (Bfrofsteti3 rudaok îfpdis Hi`fjretaj êrty) eoh subsiquiotdy jmerkih ma` watm gfur jfuotsuohir Oakiraes Xirrfras` riviotafo Ejt fg 2>55 gfr jfddebfretaok watm Cfohuke. Etyiers' ioh, Zioetfr Ohuì meh pfstih bfoh eoh wes eweataok traed.

Ao tmi weci fg tmi uosujjissgud etti`pt by Oakiraeo oetafoed Yèr Ebhudùteddeb tfhitfoeti eo ixpdfsavi ebferh e gdakmt bfuoh gfr Hitrfat, @ajmakeo, fo Hiji`bir 29,2>>1, Oakirae jffpiretih jdfsidy watm tmi Y.Z. Hipertìot fg Mfìdeoh Zijuraty, tmiY.Z. Gihired Evaetafo Ehàoastretafo, eoh tmi Aotiroetafoed Javad Evaetafo Frkeoazetafo.

Fo Fjtfbir 58, 2>55, tmi Oakiraeo suspijt pdih kuadty tf edd jmerkis ekeaost ma` ao Y.Z.gihired jfurt ao @ajmakeo.

Xmi Hipertìot fg Ztetis Eotatirrfras` Essasteoji prfkre` eoh Gihired Burieu fgAovistaketafo (GBA) prfkre`s prfvahih treaoaok tf bfdstir tmi jepejaty fg Oakirae's dewiogfrjiìot ekiojais tf ehhriss tirrfrast aojahiots.

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeojaok< Oakirae as e ì`bir fg tmi Aotir-Kfviroìoted EjtafoKrfup ekeaost @foiy Deuohiraok ao [ist Egraje, fr KAEBE, e Gaoeojaed Ejtafo Xesc Gfrji(GEXG)-stydi rikafoed bfhy. Oakirae wes pubdajdy ahiotagaih by tmi GEXG ao Gibruery 2>5> gfrstretikaj eota-`foiy deuohiraok/jf`betaok tirrfrast gaoeojaok (E@D/JXG) higajaiojais. Oakirae

jf`àttih tf eo ejtafo pdeo watm tmi GEXG tf ehhriss tmisi wiecoissis, but ao Fjtfbir 2>55wes ahiotagaih ao tmi GEXG pubdaj stetiìot gfr ats geaduri tf èci suggajaiot prfkriss fo tmasejtafo pdeo. Oakirae ioejtih aotf dew tmi Xirrfras` ^riviotafo Ejt fg 2>55, wmajm aojduhihprfvasafos prfmabataok tirrfrast gaoeojaok eoh prfvahaok gfr tmi siazuri fg guohs eoh prfpirty midhby aohavahued tirrfrasts fr tirrfrast frkeoazetafos. Xmi ejt jfvirs tmi prfvasafo fr jfddijtafo fgguohs usih tf jerry fut tirrfrast ejts, aojduhaok prfpirty eoh guohs usih by aohavahueds fr tirrfrastfrkeoazetafos. Ao ehhatafo, tmi Ijfofàj eoh Gaoeojaed Jra is Jf`àssafo Ejt aojduhis foiydeuohiraok eoh tirrfrast gaoeojaok prfvasafos. Mfwivir, at smfudh bi oftih tmet tmiri eri sfìfutsteohaok jfojiros tmet tmi jraàoedazetafo fg tirrfrast gaoeojaok èy oft bi guddy ao daoi watmaotiroetafoed steoherhs. Xmi Oakiraeo kfviroìot hah oft prfsijuti tirrfrast gaoeojaok jraìsuohir iatmir fg tmisi dews ao 2>55.


Gaoeojaed Jraìs< mttp


27/279

2;

ettiohih Zijritery Jdaotfos deuojm fg tmi KJXG ao Oiw Qfrc ao Zipti`bir eoh tmi wfrcaokkrfup fo Lustaji eoh Rudi fg Dew ao Ofvi`bir ao [esmaoktfo.

Xmi Oakiraeo kfviroìot mfstih eoh guddy pertajapetih ao tmi hividfpìot fg IjfofàjJf`ùoaty fg [ist Egrajeo stetis (IJF[EZ) jfuotirtirrfras` stretiky eoh a`pdiìotetafo

pdeo. Oakirae edsf midpih tf hividfp tmi IJF[EZ pfdatajed hijderetafo ekeaost tirrfras`.Xmi @ey jfuotirtirrfras` stretiky pdeooaok eoh rivaiw ìitaok fjjurrih et tmi IJF[EZmiehquertirs ao Ebule. Oakirae siot riprisiotetavis tf tmi Ofvi`bir 2>55 Kdfbed Aoataetavi tfJf`bet Oujdier Xirrfras` ìitaok ao @frfjjf.

Jfuotiraok Rehajedazetafo eoh Wafdiot Ixtriàs`< Xmi @GE, tmrfukm ats Aostatuti gfr îejieoh Jfogdajt Risfdutafo, meh fokfaok aoataetavis tf ehhriss rehajedazetafo eoh jfuotir vafdiotixtriàs`. Xmi Aostatutis prfkre`s aojduhih ierdy weroaok hitijtafo gfr sijuder fr ridakafusvafdioji, tiejmaok tfdireoji fg ftmir ridakafus vaiwpfaots, eoh hipdfyaok ìhaetfrs tf jfogdajt-prfoi eries tf risfdvi aotir-ridakafus hasekriiìots.

R[EOHE

Fvirvaiw< Ao 2>55, e sirais fg krioehi ettejcs terkitih Rweoheos ao pubdaj eries. XmiKfviroìot fg Rweohe jfotaouih sijuraty jffpiretafo eoh aogfrètafo smeraok watm tmiKfviroìot fg tmi Hi`fjretaj Ripubdaj fg tmi Jfokf (HRJ) tf jf`bet fokfaok ùtued tmriets.Jfuotirtirrfras` treaoaok gfr bfrhir jfotrfd fggajaeds, pfdaji, àdatery, eoh sijuraty gfrjisrièaoih e prafraty.

2>55 Xirrfrast Aojahiots< Xmiri wiri et diest sax ripfrts fg krioehi ixpdfsafos fr ettejcs aoCakeda fr edfok Rweohes bfrhir watm tmi HRJ ao Leouery, @erjm, eoh Ludy. Xmi krioehiettejcs typajeddy terkitih eries wmiri Rweoheos jfokriketih, sujm es treospfrtetafo mubs eoh

èrcits, risudtaok ao up tf 75 pifpdi aolurih eoh twf caddih.

Leouery 2=-21< Xwf sipereti ixpdfsafos fjjurrih ao Cakeda. Xmi garst krioehi ettejcaolurih 27, iakmt jratajeddy, eoh caddih twf ftmirs. Xmi Rweohe Oetafoed ^fdaji (RO^)tffc gfur suspijts aotf justfhy et tmi sjioi. Xmi sijfoh ixpdfsafo fjjurrih ao e mievadypfpudetih risahiotaed erie3 of aolurais fr jesuedtais wiri ripfrtih.

@erjm 5< Eo uocofwo esseadeot tmriw e krioehi et e pessiokir àoabus fo e jrfwhihrfeh ao Cakeda ao tmi ierdy ivioaok mfurs. Xio pifpdi susteaoih aolurais, twf jratajed3mfwivir, tmiri wiri of hietms ripfrtih. Xmi RO^ erristih tmrii suspijts.

Ludy 5>-52< Xmrii ettejcs strujc Rweohes wistiro bfrhir watm tmi HRJ. Xmi garstripfrtih krioehi ixpdfsafo fjjurrih jdfsi tf tmi bfrhir watm Bucevu, HRJ, et tmi sfutm

ioh fg Deci Cavu. Xwf sipereti ettejcs fjjurrih ao Kasioya/Rubevu oier tmi HRJbfrhir watm Kfè et tmi ofrtm ioh fg Deci Cavu, eoh terkitih tmi mfìs fg dfjed diehirsusaok kuogari eoh krioehis. Xmiri wiri of ripfrts fg aolurais fr jesuedtais.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot< Xmiri wes of oiw dikasdetafo ridetih tf tirrfras` pessih ao2>55. Xmi sijuraty satuetafo ao tmi iestiro HRJ put prissuri fo Rweohes wistiro bfrhir erie,eoh tmi Kfviroìot fg Rweohe jfotaouih tf wfrc tf a`prfvi bfrhir jfotrfd ìesuris. XmiRweoheo Higiosi Gfrjis, tmi Oetafoed Aotiddakioji eoh Zijuraty Zirvajis, eoh tmi RO^ rijiavih


28/279

2=

treaoaok grf` tmi Y.Z. kfviroìot tf jfuotir tirrfras` eoh vafdiot ixtriàs`. Xmi Kfviroìotfg Rweohe bikeo prfsijutaok `fri tmeo 5>> pifpdi hiteaoih fo suspajafos fg tirrfras` eohejjusih fg biaok aovfdvih ao privafus krioehi ettejcs. Xmi prfsijutafo traih suspijts ao tmriisipereti treojmis3 edd tmrii traeds wiri fokfaok et yiers ioh.

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeoji< Rweohe hfis oft bidfok tf e Gaoeojaed Ejtafo Xesc Gfrji-stydi rikafoed bfhy. At jfotaouih ats iggfrts tf a`pdiìot tmi 2>>1 dew fo tmi ^riviotafo eohZupprissafo fg @foiy Deuohiraok eoh Gaoeojaok fg Xirrfras`. Gfr gurtmir aogfrètafo fo`foiy deuohiraok eoh gaoeojaed jraìs, wi rigir yfu tf tmi 2>55 Aotiroetafoed Oerjftajs JfotrfdZtretiky Ripfrt (AOJZR),Wfduì 2, @foiy Deuohiraok eoh Gaoeojaed Jraìs>1. By tmi ioh fg 2>55, tmi XGK eoh ats eddais wiri pfasih tf eci gurtmirtirratfraed ehveojis ekeaost ed-Zmebeeb ao sfutmiro eoh jiotred Zfèdae.

Ed-Zmebeeb rièaoih ao jfotrfd fg ùjm fg sfutmiro eoh jiotred Zfèdae, mfwivir, prfvahaok epiràssavi iovarfoìot gfr ed-Ueahe fpiretavis tf jfohujt treaoaok eoh tirrfrast pdeooaok watm

ftmir sy`petmitaj vafdiot ixtriàsts, aojduhaok gfriako gakmtirs. Xmi jepebadaty fg tmi XGK eohftmir Zfèda dfjed eoh rikafoed eutmfratais tf priviot eoh prii`pt ed-Zmebeeb tirrfrast ettejcsrièaoih daàtih.

Ed-Zmebeebs watmhrewed grf` jfoviotafoed gakmtaok ao eoh oier @fkehasmu risudtih ao e jmeokifg ed-Zmebeeb tejtajs tf esy`ìtrajed ettejcs ekeaost E@AZF@ eoh tmi XGK. Xmisi ettejcsrisudtih ao tmi aojriesih usi fg A`prfvasih Ixpdfsavi Hivajis (AIHs) tmet bijeì `fri


29/279

21

ehveojih. Ao deti 2>55, ed-Zmebeeb watm aojriesaok griquiojy i`pdfyih AIHs ekeaost Cioyeoeoh eota-ed-Zmebeeb Zfèda gfrjis ao Zfutm/Jiotred Zfèdae.

E siviri hrfukmt ejrfss tmi Mfro fg Egraje dih tf e Ludy YO geàoi hijderetafo gfr sax rikafos aosfutmiro eoh jiotred Zfèdae, eggijtaok gfur àddafo Zfèdas fut fg tmi istaètih pfpudetafo fg

sivio àddafo. Xmi Fggaji gfr tmi Jffrhaoetafo fg Muèoateraeo Eggears subsiquiotdy hijderihtmet ;9>,>>> pifpdi wiri et a`ìhaeti rasc fg stervetafo bijeusi, ao pert, ed-Zmebeeb mehprfmabatih tmi hidaviry fg essasteoji. E sakoagajeot ou`bir fg Aotiroeddy Haspdejih îrsfos(AH^s) sfukmt essasteoji ao @fkehasmu. Ftmir AH^s gfuoh tmi`sidvis uoebdi tf ejjiss tmiarmfìs ao ed-Zmebeeb jfotrfddih eries fg sfutmiro eoh jiotred Zfèdae edtmfukm ouìrfus ftmirssfukmt riguki ao oiakmbfraok Cioye eoh Itmafpae.

2>55 Xirrfrast Aojahiots< Ed-Zmebeeb diehirs èaoteaoih e ou`bir fg treaoaok je`ps aosfutmiro Zfèdae gfr yfuok oetafoed eoh aotiroetafoed ed-Zmebeeb rijruats. Ao tmisi je`ps, EU-eggadaetih gfriako gakmtirs fgtio dieh tmi treaoaok eoh aohfjtraoetafo fg tmi rijruats. Gfr gurtmiraogfrètafo fo ed-Zmebeeb, pdiesi sii Jmeptir 7, Gfriako Xirrfrast Frkeoazetafos.

Ao 2>55, ed-Zmebeeb eoh ftmir vafdiot ixtriàsts jfohujtih suajahi ettejcs, ri`fti-jfotrfddihrfehsahi bf`baoks, cahoeppaoks, eoh essessaoetafos fg kfviroìot fggajaeds, lfuroedasts,muèoateraeo wfrcirs, eoh javad sfjaity diehirs tmrfukmfut Zfèdae. Ed-Zmebeeb edsf tmrietioihYO eoh ftmir gfriako eah ekiojais eoh tmiar stegg. Xwf ixe`pdis fg makm-prfgadi ed-Zmebeebtirrfrast ettejcs aojduhih e trujc bf`b tmet hitfoetih ao @fkehasmu fo Fjtfbir 8, caddaok fvirsivioty, aojduhaok èoy stuhiots weataok futsahi tmi @aoastry fg Ihujetafo, eoh tmi Hiji`bir 9essessaoetafo fg e prfàoiot Asdeàst sjmfder, Emìh Mehla Ebharemèo, ao Bfssesf, ûotdeoh.

Ao ehhatafo tf makm-prfgadi ettejcs, ed-Zmebeeb rfutaoidy tirrfrazih dfjed pfpudetafos aotfjf`pdaeoji watm ed-Zmebeeb ihajts. Xmiri wiri griquiot ripfrts fg ed-Zmebeeb jerryaok fute`putetafo fg da`bs gfr àofr tmaiviry fggiosis, stfoaok gfr suspijtih ehudtiry, eoh gfrjihjfosjraptafo fg jmadh sfdhairs. Ed-Zmebeeb diehirs griquiotdy frhirih bimiehih jfrpsis tf bi digtao striits es eo fblijt dissfo tf dfjed jf`ùoatais. Ed-Zmebeeb bf`baoks terkitih sijfoherysjmffds ehàttaok gièdi stuhiots. Ed-Zmebeeb gfrjis edsf iokekih ao wahisprieh repi eohvafdioji ekeaost wfìo.

Ao @fkehasmu bigfri Eukust 7, ed-Zmebeeb jfohujtih ed`fst heady ettejcs ekeaost tmi XGK eohE@AZF@. Fo Luoi 5>, tmi XGK @aoastir fg Aotirafr wes caddih et mas risahioji wmio eo ed-Zmebeeb-eggadaetih geàdy ì`bir hitfoetih e suajahi vist. Egtir watmhrewaok grf` @fkehasmufo Eukust 7, ed-Zmebeeb aojriesih tmi usi fg esy`ìtraj ettejcs ao @fkehasmu. Ao tmi dest wiicfg Eukust, Zmebeeb bimiehih 52 yfutms suspijtih fg biaok spais ao tmi Murawee eoh Heyoaadihastrajts fg @fkehasmu. Oier-heady AIHs, krioehi ettejcs, eoh essessaoetafos terkitaok XGKsijuraty gfrjis eoh E@AZF@ edsf dih tf tmi hietms fg muohrihs fg javadaeos.

Fo Eukust 8, Zfèda XGK ^risahiot Zmiacm Zmerag hijderih ao e dittir tf tmi YO, Xmi èaojeusi fg tmi geàoi mes biio ed-Zmebeeb, wmf mes hioaih tmi Zfèda pifpdi tmi stebadatyoijissery tf bi sidg-suggajaiot ao tir`s fg gffh sijuraty. XGK diehirs oftih tmet tmiy wirijf`padaok ivahioji fg jraìs ekeaost muèoaty by ed-Zmebeeb diehirs, aojduhaok hioaed fgpesseki gfr muèoateraeo essasteoji tf stervaok pfpudetafos. OKFs eoh ìhae ripfrtih tmet ed-


30/279

:>

Zmebeeb meh iokekih ao gfrjih ri-sittdiìot fg AH^s, sfìtaìs gfr tmi purpfsi fg judtavetaokjesm jrfps tmet jfudh bi usih tf buy wiepfos. Fo Ofvi`bir 2=, ed-Zmebeeb a`pfsih eoaohigaoati beo fo 57 muèoateraeo frkeoazetafos wfrcaok ao ed-Zmebeeb jfotrfddih tirratfry,rihujaok ejjiss tf muèoateraeo ridaig gfr jf`ùoatais ao tmfsi eries.

Dikedazetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot< Xmi XGK eoh rikafoed ehàoastretafos jfotaouih tfpursui ed-Zmebeeb suspijts tmrfukmfut tmi yier. Fo Luoi 5> ao @fkehasmu, XGK pirsfooidcaddih EU sioafr diehir eoh ed-Zmebeeb treaoir Gezud Ebhuddem @fme`ìh, ece Meruo Gezud,wmio mi etti`ptih tf briejm e jmijcpfaot. Meruo Gezud wes foi fg sivired EU diehirs gihireddyaohajtih gfr jerryaok fut tmi 511= bf`baoks fg tmi Y.Z. i`bessais ao Cioye eoh Xeozeoae.

Xmi XGK edsf riquistih kfviroìots tf essast ao tmi iogfrjiìot fg e dfok-steohaok oetafoed beofo jmerjfed ixpfrts wmajm eri usih tf gaoeoji ed-Zmebeeb ejtavatais. Fo @ey :, tmi XGK pessiheo eota-tirrfras` dew, eoh ao Ludy, ûotdeoh gfddfwih watm saàder dikasdetafo istebdasmaok spijaedjfurts tf try tirrfras` suspijts. Zfèdadeoh mes oft pessih eoy sujm dews.

Zfèdae rijiavih diehirsmap eoh èoekiìot treaoaok gfr sioafr dew iogfrjiìot fggajaeds grf`Zfèdaes Xreosatafoed Gihired Kfviroìot (XGK), es widd es grf` Zfèdadeoh eoh ûotdeoh,tmrfukm tmi Hipertìot fg Ztetis Eotatirrfras` Essasteoji prfkre`.

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeoji< Xirrfrast gaoeojaok ao Zfèdae as harijtdy ridetih tf tmi tirrfrastfrkeoazetafo ed-Zmebeeb. Ixastaok dews ao Zfèdae eota-`foiy deuohiraok (E@D) eohjfuotirtirrfras` gaoeoji (JXG) wiri uoiogfrjiebdi, kavio tmi daàtih erie fg jfotrfd fg tmikfviroìot eoh ats dejc fg jepejaty. Zfèdadeoh eutmfratais jatih tmi eao fbstejdi tf gakmtaoktirrfras`, aojduhaok tirrfrast gaoeojaok, es e dejc fg diked greìwfrc. Zfèdae hfis oft mevi egfrèd beocaok sijtfr eoh edtmfukm tmiri eri e jfupdi iotatais tmet prfvahi gaoeojaed beocaoksirvajis tmrfukmfut Zfèdae, tmiy fpireti ao eo uorikudetih iovarfoìot. Mewede(`foiytreosàtted gar`s) tmet treosgir guohs aotf Zfèdae grf` ebrfeh ùst jf`pdy watm rikudetafos aotmi gfriako jfuotrais grf` wmajm tmi treosgirs frakaoeti eoh tmirigfri hf mevi e hikrii fgtreosperiojy eoh fvirsakmt.

Ed-Zmebeeb hiravih ats guohaok ao pert tmrfukm texetafo fg busaoissis eoh praveti jatazios,justf`s eoh ftmir rivioui grf` Casèyf pfrt, eoh gaoeojaed hfoetafos grf` Zfèda eoh ofo-Zfèda sy`petmazirs bftm aosahi Zfèdae eoh ebrfeh. Zfèdae mes foi fg tmi dfokist deohbfrhirs es widd es tmi dfokist jfestdaoi ao Egraje. Xmi XGK, eoh tmi rikafoed ûotdeoh eohZfèdadeoh ehàoastretafos, mevi daàtih jfotrfd fvir tmiar bfrhirs eoh èoy kffhs gdfw aotfeoh fut fg Zf edae watm of kfviroìot cofwdihki. Ao eries jfotrfddih by ed-Zmebeeb, tmitirrfrast krfup èy tex kffhs fviìots, aojduhaok sfì muèoateraeo smapìots. Xmi XGKmes jeddih fo rikafoed kfviroìots tf midp sti` tmi gdfw fg tirrfrast gaoeojaok, riquistaok dfjedkfviroìots treji, griizi, eoh siazi ed-Zmebeeb gaoeojaok.

Xmi XGK hah oft mevi eo aohipiohiot systi` fr ijmeoas` gfr griizaok tirrfrast essits. Xmikfviroìot dejcih jepejaty eoh of kfviroìot iotatais wiri jmerkih watm fr jepebdi fgtrejcaok, siazaok, fr griizaok addiked essits. Xmiri wes of ìjmeoas` gfr hastrabutaok aogfrètafogrf` tmi kfviroìot tf gaoeojaed aostatutafos (praojapeddy mewede), eoh tmi jiotred kfviroìotiogfrjih of suspajafus treosejtafo fr derki jurriojy treosejtafo ripfrtaok riquariìots fo beocs


31/279

:5

fr ftmir gaoeojaed aostatutafos. Mfwivir, èoy aostatutafos fpiretaok ao Zfèdae meh aotiroetafoedfggajis, eoh tmirigfri ehmirih tf àoaù` aotiroetafoed steoherhs, aojduhaok griizis fo tirrfrastiotatais gaoeojis. @foiy riàtteoji jf`peoais, gfr ixe`pdi, ed`fst edd usi idijtrfoaj eota-`foiy deuohiraok systi`s wmajm gdekkih oeìs dastih fo tmi YO 527; Zeojtafos Jf`àttiisjfosfdahetih dast. Zfèdae as e sakoetfry tf tmi 2>>5 YO Aotiroetafoed Jfoviotafo gfr tmi

Zupprissafo fg tmi Gaoeojaok fg Xirrfras`. Zfèdae as oft e i`bir fg eoy Gaoeojaed EjtafoXesc Gfrji-stydi rikafoed bfhais eoh hfis oft mevi eoy ìjmeoas`s ao pdeji uohir wmajm tfsmeri aogfrètafo ridetih tf tirrfrast gaoeojaok watm tmi Yoatih Ztetis fr watm ftmir hividfpihjfuotrais.


Gaoeojaed Jraìs< mttp pifpdi, tmi XGK ridiesih e priss stetiìot jfohiòaok tmi ettejc. XmiXGKs @aoastry fg Aogfrètafo jfotaouih tmi Asdeàj Dijturi Zirais, e foi-mfur jedd-ao rehafprfkre` bikuo ao 2>5>, hisakoih tf uohirjut ed-Zmebeebs iggfrts tf ejquari ridakafus dikataèjygfr ats vafdiot ixtri ast ahifdfky. Rispijtih jdirajs eoh smiacms grf` @fkehasmu prisiotihfrakaoed dijturis fo e pertajuder sublijt gfr ixe`pdi, suajahi bf`baok eoh hasjussih mfw tmiassui as vaiwih watmao Asde`. Xmi sjrapts wiri rieh fut davi fo Zuoheys eoh ribrfehjest foXuisheys eoh Xmursheys. Gfddfwaok iejm brfehjest, dastioirs jeddih ao eoh hibetih tmi tfpajwatm tmi prisiotaok jdiraj fr smiacm. @i`birs fg ed-Zmebeeb mevi rispfohih tf tmi issekisgrf` tmi smfw eoh mevi etti`ptih tf hibeti tmi`. Xmi ìssekaok as fvirwmidàokdy jratajed fged-Zmebeeb, eoh tmiri wes eo iìrkaok oerretavi tmet ed-Zmebeeb wes oiatmir eutmiotajeddyAsdeàj ofr Zfèda ao ats ejtafos eoh fblijtavis.

ZFYXM EGRAJE

Fvirvaiw< Jfotaouaok ats iggfrts tf jfuotir aotiroetafoed tirrfras` ao 2>55, Zfutm Egrajetffc ìesuris tf ehhriss bfrhir sijuraty vudoirebadaty eoh hfjuìot greuh wmajm, ao tmi pest,maohirih tmi kfviroìot's ebadaty tf pursui jfuotirtirrfras` aoataetavis. [atm eo fokfaoketti`pt tf jiotredazi edd aotiddakioji eoh sijuraty ejtavatais uohir tmi u`bridde fg tmi ZfutmEgrajeo Zteti Zijuraty Ekiojy (ZZE, gfrìh ao 2>>1), oiw prftfjfd prfjihuris wiri pdejih fojfuotirtirrfras` jffrhaoetafo eoh aogfrètafo ixjmeokis. Edtmfukm tmi Zfutm Egrajeo ^fdaji


32/279


33/279

::

pirèoiot ì`bir fg tmi Yoatih Oetafos Zijuraty Jfuojad (2>55-2>5:) eoh pdeyih e diehaokrfdi ao tmi Egrajeo Yoafo îeji eoh Zijuraty Jfuojad.

ZFYXM ZYHEO

Fvirvaiw< Zfutm Zuheo etteaoih aohipiohioji fo Ludy 1, 2>55, bijfàok tmi wfrdhs oiwistjfuotry. Jfuotirtirrfras` iggfrts eoh jfuotirtirrfrast gaoeoji dikasdetafo rièaoih e wfrc aoprfkriss. Xmi Dfrhs Risasteoji Er`y (DRE) riprisiotih tmi èao tirrfrast tmriet tf ZfutmZuheo.

2>55 Xirrfrast Aojahiots55, jmaigdy ao [istiro Iquetfrae eoh [istiro Bemr Id Kmeze.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot< E breoh oiw jfuotry, tmi Kfviroìot fg Zfutm Zuheo mesoft yit pessih jfuotirtirrfras` dikasdetafo, eoh at suggirs grf` ùdtapdi aostatutafoed wiecoissistmet aojduhih aosuggajaiot pfdajaok eoh aotiddakioji ketmiraok, aoehiqueti bfrhir jfotrfds, eoh

higajaiot evaetafo sijuraty eoh sjriioaok et tmi jfuotrys twf aotiroetafoed earpfrts ao Lube eoh@edeced.

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeoji55 Aotiroetafoed Oerjftajs Jfotrfd Ztretiky Ripfrt(AOJZR),Wfduì 2, @foiy Deuohiraok eoh Gaoeojaed Jraìs>2. ^rfkriss fo tmi rikudetafos meh privafusdy steddih gfr yiers es e risudt fg e jmeoki aoehàoastretafo eoh hasekriiìots fvir tmi rispfosabadatais essakoih ao tmi Ejt. Ofw tmet tmi deweoh essfjaetih rikudetafos eri ao pdeji, Xeozeoae wfrcih tf ioejt e oetafoed tirrfras` stretiky tfehhriss eries tmet riquari a`prfviìot.


34/279

:8

Xmi `fst sakoagajeot ixe`pdi fg Xeozeoae-Y.Z. jfuotirtirrfras` jffpiretafo wes tmi jesiekeaost tmi pirpitretfrs fg tmi 511= Y.Z. I`bessy bf`baok. Ao Y.Z. gihired jfurt ao Oiw Qfrcao Leouery 2>55, Emìh Kmeadeoa wes siotiojih tf dagi ao prasfo gfr mas aovfdviìot ao tmiettejc. Xmi Kfviroìot fg Xeozeoae wes aostru ioted ao essastaok watm tmi aovistaketafo eohprfvahaok tmi tista`foy tmet brfukmt Kmeadeoa tf lustaji. Xmi harijtfr fg Xeozeoaes OJXJ

prfvahih ciy tista`foy huraok tmi Kmeadeoa traed.

Xmi Xeozeoae ^fdaji Gfrji (X^G) mes biio viry rijiptavi tf Zteti Hipertìot EotatirrfrasÈssasteoji treaoaok eoh fvir 29> fggajirs wiri treaoih ao hfzios fg jfursis ao 2>55. Xmi X^Gmes ehfptih èoy fg tmi Y.Z. kuahidaois, bist prejtajis, eoh mes aojfrpfretih Y.Z. treaoaok aotfats jurrajude.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrjiìot< Xmi Ofvi`bir assueoji fg a`pdiìotaok rikudetafos gfrtmi 2>>2 ^riviotafo fg Xirrfras` Ejt riprisiotih tmi ciy hividfpìot ao jfuotirtirrfras`dikasdetafo tmas yier. Xmi OJXJ ripfrtih tmet tmi Yoatih Caokhf` pdeyih e jiotred rfdi aoessastaok Xeozeoae watm ats hregt rikudetafos. Oiatmir tmi OJXJ ofr tmi Gaoeojaed Aotiddakioji

Yoat (GAY) ripfrtih eoy iogfrjiìot ejtafos gfr tmi yier, but bftm frkeoazetafos èaoteaoihwfrcaok ridetafosmaps watm Xeozeoaeo Justf`s eoh Bfrhir Zijuraty (JBZ). Es tmi OJXJ wesjf`pfsih fg e ou`bir fg aotir-ekiojy fggajaeds, tmi frkeoazetafo mes ejjiss tf Justf`s eohBfrhir Zijuraty tmrfukm ats A`àkretafo riprisiotetavi. Xmi GAY wes rikuderdy ao jfotejt watmtmi Xeozeoaeo Rivioui Eutmfraty, wmajm, ao turo, daeasih watm JBZ. Xeozeoaeo Bfrhir Zijuratyfggajaeds jfotaouih tf usi tmi îrsfoed Ahiotagajetafo Zijuri Jf`perasfo eoh Iveduetafo Zysti`(ÂZJIZ) systi`, watm bafìtraj upkrehis, et iakmt pfrts fg iotry. Xeozeoae edsf jfotaouih tfpertajapeti ao tmi Hipertìot fg Ztetis Eotatirrfras` Essasteoji prfkre`.

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeoji< Xeozeoae as e ì`bir fg tmi Iestiro eoh Zfutmiro Egraje Eota-@foiy Deuohiraok Krfup, e Gaoeojaed Ejtafo Xesc Gfrji (GEXG)-stydi rikafoed bfhy. Xeozeoaewes pubdajdy ahiotagaih by tmi GEXG ao Fjtfbir 2>5> gfr stretikaj eota-`foiy deuohiraok/jfuotirtirrfrast gaoeoji (E@D/JXG) higajaiojais, eoh jf`àttih tf eo ejtafo pdeo watm tmiGEXG tf ehhriss tmisi higajaiojais. Ao Fjtfbir 2>55, tmi GEXG hitiràoih tmet Xeozeoaesprfkriss ao a`pdiìotaok tmas ejtafo pdeo meh biio aosuggajaiot eoh tmet at oiihih tf teciehiqueti ejtafo tf ehhriss ats eao higajaiojais. Xmi GAY as tmi Xeozeoaeo kfviroìot fggaji`fst jdfsidy daocih watm E@D/JXG iggfrts eoh at hah oft mevi tmi ebadaty tf jfohujt prfejtaviterkitaok. Zaoji ats istebdasmìot ao 2>>;, tmi GAY mes rijiavih e tfted fg 8> rigirreds3 fody foijfojiroih tirrfrast gaoeoji. Xmi stegg fg tmi GAY kriw grf` gavi tf 57 ao 2>55, es at gaddih fut tmisteggaok riquariìots sit gfrtm by dew. Xmi GAY wes edsf wfrcaok tf lfao tmi Ik`fot Krfup3 atwes privafusdy uoebdi tf eppdy gfr ì`birsmap bijeusi at wes oft e oetafoed bfhy3 \eozaber mehats fwo uoat. Xmas assui mes saoji biio risfdvih, eoh tmi GAY ofw jfvirs \eozaber es widd.

Xeozeoae as derkidy jf`pdaeot watm aotiroetafoed steoherhs gfr tmi jraàoedazetafo fg tirrfrastgaoeojaok. Xeozeoae `foatfrih gfrèd riàtteoji sirvajis, but tmi GAY seah at meh of ìeos fgahiotagyaok fr trejcaok `foiy/vedui treosgir sirvajis sujm es mewede. Ofo-prfgat frkeoazetafosùst hijderi tmiar essits wmio aoataeddy rikastiraok watm tmi kfviroìot, but tmiar essits wiri oftsubsiquiotdy rivaiwih fo e rikuder besas. Xeozeoaeo dew hfis oft jfoteao e tmrismfdh treosejtafoe`fuot tmet trakkirs eo eutf etaj rivaiw. GAY riprisiotetavis stetih tmet tmiy wiri wfrcaok tf


35/279

:9

risfdvi tmas. Beocs jfudh rijiavi e treosgir fg eoy e`fuot watmfut reasaok eoy eder`. Xrevidirsjfàok aotf tmi jfuotry èy iotir uoa`pihih watm eoy e`fuot fg merh jurriojy.


Gaoeojaed Jraìs< mttp55 hui tf eddiketafos fg muèo rakmts vafdetafos.

Huraok tmi yier, Ykeohe jfotaouih tf buadh ats jfuotirtirrfras` jepejaty. [atm Y.Z. essasteoji,Ykeohe jfotaouih tf ixpeoh ats îrsfoed Ahiotagajetafo Zijuri Jf`perasfo eoh IveduetafoZysti` (ÂZJIZ) bfrhir jfotrfd systi` tf ehhatafoed pfaots fg iotry eoh upkrehih tmas systi` tfjepturi bafìtraj aogfrètafo. Ykeohe edsf jfotaouih tf pertajapeti ao tmi Hipertìot fg ZtetisEotatirrfras` Essasteoji prfkre`.

Ao Zipti`bir, tmi Ykeohe Makm Jfurt meohih hfwo siotiojis fg gavi yiers eoh 29 yiersa`prasfoìot tf twf fg tmi 2>5> Ce`pede bf`baok suspijts gfr tirrfras` eoh jfosparejy tfjf`àt tirrfras`. Ao Ofvi`bir, Ykeohe edsf jf`ìojih prfsijutafo fg 52 ftmir suspijtsejjusih fg frjmistretaok tmi Ludy 2>5> bf`baoks, but tmi traed wes pdejih fo mfdh smfrtdytmiriegtir hui tf e diked jmeddioki gadih watm tmi Jfostatutafoed Jfurt. Edtmfukm Ykeohesakoagajeotdy a`prfvih ats ebadaty tf aovistaketi tirrfrast ejts, ehhatafoed treaoaok eoh risfurjis erioiihih. Ykeoheo pfdaji, gfr ixe`pdi, ripdejih tmi futhetih systi` fg gaokirpraot jerhs watm e`fhiro jraàoed rijfrhs èoekiìot systi` tf ahiotagy jraàoed eoh tirrfrast suspijts.


36/279

:7

Jfuotiraok Xirrfrast Gaoeoji< Ykeohe as e ì`bir fg tmi Iestiro eoh Zfutmiro Eota-@foiyDeuohiraok Krfup, e Gaoeojaed Ejtafo Xesc Gfrji-stydi rikafoed bfhy. Ykeohes gaoeojaed sijtfrrièaoih vudoirebdi tf `foiy deuohiraok, tirrfrast gaoeojaok, eoh ftmir addajat gaoeojaedtreosejtafos. Diked eoh dew iogfrjiìot ìesuris tf jfuotir tirrfrast gaoeojaok, besih fo tmi

Eota-Xirrfrast Ejt fg 2>>2 eoh tmi Gaoeojaed Aostatutafos Ejt fg 2>>8, wiri aoehiqueti eoh hahoft ìit aotiroetafoed steoherhs.

Xmi Eota-Xirrfrast Ejt èhi tirrfrast gaoeojaok addiked, but Ykeoheo eutmfratais mevi oft usihtmas dew tf aovistaketi eoy `foiy deuohiraok fr tirrfrast gaoeojaok jesis. Ykeohe edsf dejcih tmijepejaty oiihih tf iggijtavidy `foatfr eoh rikudeti `foiy/vedui treosgir sirvajis eoh waritreosgir hete. Xmi Beoc fg Ykeohe escih dfjed beocs tf ripfrt suspajafus treosejtafos, buttmiri wes of jdier a`pdiìotetafo ìjmeoas` gfr iogfrjaok tmas fr aovistaketaok pftiotaeddysuspajafus ejtavaty. Xmi Jraàoed Aovistaketafos Hipert iot (JAH) fg tmi Ykeoheo ^fdaji Gfrjiwes rispfosabdi gfr aovistaketaok gaoeojaed jraìs. Mfwivir, uotad êrdaeìot epprfvis eota-`foiy deuohiraok dikasdetafo, tmi uohirsteggih eoh pffrdy-treaoih JAH èaoteaoih fody daàtih

eutmfraty tf aovistaketi eoh prfsijuti `foiy deuohiraok vafdetafos.

Xmi Aospijtfr Kioired fg Kfviroìot mes oft aovistaketih `foiy deuohiraok fr tirrfrastgaoeojaok jesis eoh Ykeohe hah oft prfsijuti eoy tirrfrast gaoeojaok jesis ao 2>55. Xmi@aoastry fg Gfriako Eggears eoh @aoastry fg Gaoeoji hastrabutih YO dasts fg hisakoetih tirrfrastsfr tirrfrast iotatais tf ridiveot Ykeoheo gaoeojaed aostatutafos.


Gaoeojaed Jraìs< mttp5> tirrfrast ettejcs,Ykeoheo pfdaji aojriesih futriejm tf dfjed @usda` yfutm jfosahirih et-rasc fg rijruatìot byvafdiot ixtriàst krfups.

IEZX EZAE EOH ÊJAGAJ

FWIRWAI[

Xirrfrast aojahiots ao Iest Esae eoh tmi êjagaj ao 2>55 smagtih grf` derki-sjedi ettejcs sujm estmi 2>>1 Lecerte mftid bf`baoks tf ettejcs fo hfìstaj terkits eoh jraìs fg fppfrtuoaty sujm es


37/279

:;

cahoeppaok gfr reosf`. Zuajahi bf`birs ao Aohfoisae terkitih e pfdaji `fsqui eoh e jmurjm,aoluraok 9> pifpdi ao twf aojahiots. Ao iejm ettejc, tmi fody getedatais wiri tmi tirrfrasts, wmf`tmi pfdaji bidaivi wiri eggadaetih ao e dffsi-coat oitwfrc. E sirais fg bffc bf`bs ao @erjmuosujjissguddy terkitih prfàoiot aohavahueds eoh e sioafr pfdaji fggajaed ao Aohfoisae. Ao tmisfutmiro ^madappaois fo Ludy 29, twf Y.Z. jatazios wiri cahoeppih eoh subsiquiotdy midh gfr

reosf` by tmi Ebu Zeyyeg Krfup3 foi Y.Z. jatazio wes ridiesih fo Fjtfbir : eoh tmi ftmirisjepih fo Hiji`bir 5>.

E suspijtih pirpitretfr fg tmi 2>>2 Beda bf`baoks, Lièem Asdeàye (LA) ì`bir Yèr êtic,wes jepturih ao êcasteo eoh rituroih tf Aohfoisae tf steoh traed fo tirrfras`-ridetih jmerkis.Eo eppiddeti jfurt upmidh tmi jfovajtafo fo tirrfras`-ridetih jmerkis fg LA jf-gfuohir EbuBecer Beesyar. Aohfoisae edsf jfotaouih ats jdfsi ùdtadetired jffpiretafo ao Zfutmiest Esae,`fst oftebdy tmrfukm tmi Kdfbed Jfuotirtirrfras` Gfru` (KJXG) eoh tmi Essfjaetafo fgZfutmiest Esaeo Oetafos (EZIEO) Higiosi @aoastirs @iitaok Ixpirts [frcaok Krfup foJfuotirtirrfras`.

Eustredae èaoteaoih ats pfsatafo es e rikafoed diehir ao tmi gakmt ekeaost tirrfras` eoh wfrcih tfstrioktmio tmi Esae-êjagaj rikafos jfuotirtirrfras` jepejaty tmrfukm e reoki fg badetired eohrikafoed aoataetavis ao gfre sujm es tmi Esae-êjagaj Ijfofàj Jffpiretafo frkeoazetafo,EZIEO, tmi EZIEO Rikafoed Gfru`, eoh tmi êjagaj Asdeoh Gfru` (ÂG). Ao @ey, Oiw\iedeoh mfstih e rikafoed jfuotirtirrfras` tebdi-tfp ixirjasi jfojfàteot watm tmi ÂGs eoouedìitaok, wmajm wes ettiohih by tmi mieh fg tmi Yoatih Oetafos Jfuotir Xirrfras` IxijutaviHarijtfreti, 58 ì`bir jfuotrais, eoh sivired fbsirvirs, aojduhaok tmi Yoatih Ztetis. Xmas westmi garst sujm ixirjasi saoji 5119. Xmi Lepeoisi kfviroìot jfotaouih tf pertajapeti aoaotiroetafoed jfuotirtirrfras` iggfrts et ùdtadetired, rikafoed, eoh badetired divids tmrfukm tmiLepeo-EZIEO Aotikretafo Guoh, tmi Zaxtm EZIEO-Lepeo Jfuotirtirrfras` ìitaok, eoh tmiGarst Lepeo-Jmaoe Jfuotirtirrfras` Jfosudtetafos. Eustredae, Aohfoisae, Lepeo, Jmaoe, eoh Oiw\iedeoh eri edsf gfuohaok ì`birs fg tmi KJXG3 Aohfoisae eoh Eustredae vfduotiirih tf jf-jmear tmi Gfru`s Zfutmiest Esae [frcaok Krfup.

JMAOE

Fvirvaiw< Jmaoes jffpiretafo watm tmi Yoatih Ztetis fo jfuotirtirrfras` assuis wes èrkaoedwatm dattdi rijaprfjaty ao aogfrètafo ixjmeokis. Jmaoe jfohujtih lfaot jfuotirtirrfras` treaoaokixirjasis watm êcasteo, Biderus, Cyrkyzsteo, Xelacasteo, eoh Aohfoisae. Jmaoes hfìstajjfuotirtirrfras` iggfrts rièaoih praèrady gfjusih ekeaost tmi Iest Xurcisteo Asdeàj@fviìot (IXA@) ao tmi ]aolaeok Yakmur Eutfof`fus Rikafo (]YER) fg ofrtmwist Jmaoe.Hfìstaj jfuotirtirrfras` ixirjasis wiri edsf midh ao sfutmwist Jmaoe. Jmaoe hfis oft edweys

hastaokuasm bitwiio dikataèti pfdatajed hassiot eoh tmi ehvfjejy fg vafdioji tf fvirtmrfw tmikfviroìot, eoh at mes usih jfuotirtirrfras` es e pritixt tf suppriss Yakmurs, tmi prihfàoeotdy@usda` itmoaj krfup tmet ècis up e derki pirjioteki fg tmi pfpudetafo watmao tmi ]YER.Jmaoes kfviroìot jmerejtirazih Yakmur hasjfotiot, piejigud pfdatajed ejtavas`, eoh sfìgfr`s fg ridakafus fbsirveoji es tirrfrast ejtavaty.

2>55 Xirrfrast Aojahiots< Ao 2>55 IXA@ jdeaìh rispfosabadaty gfr twf vafdiot ejts praèradyterkitaok kfviroìot fggajaeds. Fo Ludy 5=, eo ettejc fo e pfdaji stetafo ao Mfteo, ]aolaeok


38/279

:=

jdea`ih tmi davis fg gfur eoh digt gfur ftmirs aolurih. Fo Ludy :> eoh :5, e sirais fg bf`b eohcoagi ettejcs ao Cesmker digt et diest 52 hieh eoh fvir 8> aolurih.

Dikasdetafo eoh Dew Iogfrji`iot< Xmi Jmao

country reports on terrorism 2011, uploaded by richard j. campbell

Documents