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COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT

Country: Sweden

Date: June 2006

ERAWATCH Network asbl: Project team: NIFU STEP, University of Sussex (SPRU),

Joanneum Research, Logotech, FhG-ISI

The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the individual authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of the European Commission.

ERAWATCH® is a registered Trade Mark.

Reproduction of content is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

© European Communities, 2007.

Website: http://cordis.europa.eu/erawatch/

Index

COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT - SWEDEN.....................................................................1

Main findings...............................................................................................................................1

Main R&D figures – Total R&D expenditure................................................................................3

Public R&D statistics...................................................................................................................4

GBAORD by socioeconomic objective ....................................................................................4

HERD by field of science.........................................................................................................5

Business ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD)...............................6

Bibliometrics................................................................................................................................9

Patents......................................................................................................................................11

Economic specialisation............................................................................................................12

Correlation analysis ..................................................................................................................15

Explanatory notes .....................................................................................................................19

ISIC v3 codes and sector description ....................................................................................19

How to read specialisation profile figures ..............................................................................20

Index of tables and figures

Table 1. R&D expenditure by sector of performance and source of funds .Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.................................................................................................3

Table 2. Correlation analysis. Specialisation indexes BERD, Value added, Employment, Exports and patents. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003........................................................15

Table 3: Specialisation Profile ......................................................................................................18

Figure 1. R&D expenditure by performing sector as per cent of GDP (left axis). GDP in million Euros (right axis). Sweden.1993-2003. ..........................................................................................3

Figure 2. GERD by type of research. Sweden................................................................................3

Figure 3. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBAORD) by socio-ecomomic objective. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. .............................................................4

Figure 4. Expenditure on R&D in the Higher Education Sector (HERD) by field of science. Sweden. 1993, 1999 and 2003. Per cent of total HERD and in million Euro. .................................5

Figure 5. Expenditure on R&D in the Government sector (GOVERD) by field of science. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 1993, 1998 and 2002. ...................................................................5

Figure 6. Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D by industrial sector. 31 sectors. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003............................................6

Figure 7. Shares of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) in the sector funded by government. 2003 last available year in OECD statistics...............................................7

Figure 8. Shares of total government funding of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) by industrial sectors. 2003 last available year in OECD statistics............................8

Figure 9. Number of publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. .............................................................................9

Figure 10. Shares of total publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. ..............................................................................................................................................9

Figure 11. Number of citations by scientific field. 25 scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Five years citation window. (i.e. citations to papers published in the period 1989-1991 and in the period 1997-1999 . ....................................10

Figure 12. Number of patents by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST. ..................................................................................................................................11

Figure 13. Shares of total patens by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST............11

Figure 14. Value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Million Euros. Current prices. ...........................................................12

Figure 15. Shares of total value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.........................................................................................................12

Figure 16. Employment by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds. ........................................................13

Figure 17. Shares of total employment by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds. ....................................................................................................13

Figure 18. Exports by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Thousand USD. Current prices. .......................................................14

Figure 19. Shares of total exports by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Thousand USD. Current prices.....................................................................................................14

Figure 20. BERD versus Value Added specialisation in the primary and secondary industrial sectors. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003..............................................................16

Figure 21. BERD versus Value added in services. Specialisation indexes. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003. .........................................................................................................16

Figure 22. BERD versus patents. Specialisation indexes. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003. ..................................................................................................................................17

Figure 23. BERD versus exports. Specialisation indexes. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003. ..................................................................................................................................17

ERAWATCH – R&D specialisation project / WP1 /Country Report

1

COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT - SWEDEN

MAIN FINDINGS The analysis shows that Sweden exhibits a visible pattern of specialisation, both in the manufacturing as well as in the services sector, with consistency between the various benchmarks. In the manufacturing sector such examples are the motor vehicles, instruments, electronic equipment, machinery and pharmaceuticals, while in the services sector the same pattern holds for community services, IT services and research and development.

However, this picture is not validated when we look at the various correlations between BERD, technological and economic specialisation (table 2), since the interlinkages hold only for a limited number of sectors. In some cases certain weak interlinkages emerge, as in the case of BERD (1993-95) and exports for both periods, or in the case of value added and employment for 1993-95 and exports during the 2001-03 period.

Swedish aggregate R&D intensity grew significantly over the 1993-2003 period. GERD as a percentage of GDP reached 4% during 2003, with BERD accounting for over 75% of total R&D expenditure in the country. HERD aslo exhibited strong growth over the same period, while GOVERD as a percentage of GDP remained constant with a marginal 0.1% share. Over the same period, it appears that the goverments share in financing research has been reduced, while the private sector and funding from abroad have increased their relative shares.

Priorities for GBAORD in Sweden show a pattern oriented toward social issues with strong specialisation also in General University Funds, Land Use, Defense and Agriculture. Within the higher education research system, medical sciences and engineering receive over 50% of total funding.

The public funding of BERD, is directed toward sectors in Sweden that exhibit strong or relatively strong specialisation, such as office machinary, research and various services sectors. The larger share of public funding however, was directed toward motor vehicles (35.4%) that lost in specialisation in BERD over the 1993-2003 period. What is notable in the case of Sweden is that public funding for BERD is dispersed at a relatively small number of sectors compared to other countries such as Germany and France.

In terms of scientific specialisation, as expressed by the number of publications, Sweden exhibits high specialisation in the fields of environment, and social sciences and in several medical fields such as immunology, pharmacology, neurosciences, clinical medicine, biology and biochemistry. This pattern is similar to the structure of the research system in HEI’s. In addition, by examining the specialisation profile of Sweden measured by citations, it appears that Sweden is highly specialised in the same scientific fields (Figure 11). This fact however is not surprising since the above fields are of high-priority in Sweden.

Despite this unique accord within the public research system, the high quality research and the performance in terms of patents and publications, Sweden does not escape completely from the European paradox and phases some difficulties in turning research results into commercial commodities or services.

Moreover, by examining table 3, Sweden appears to be gaining in specialisation in some fast growing sectors such as pharmaceuticals and IT services and in some medium to low growth sectors in manufacturing, such as office machinary and electronic equipment. At the same time,


2

when we look at the sectors that lose in specialisation the picture becomes more balanced since both fast growing and medium to low growth sectors, such as transportation services, wood and publishing and motor vehicles fall in this category.


3

MAIN R&D FIGURES – TOTAL R&D EXPENDITURE Figure 1. R&D expenditure by performing sector as per cent of GDP (left axis). GDP in million Euros (right axis). Sweden.1993-2003.

0.00.5

1.01.5

2.02.53.0

3.54.0

4.55.0

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20030

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

BERD GERD GOVERDHERD GDP growth Linear (BERD)Linear (GERD) Linear (GOVERD) Linear (HERD)

Source: OECD OFFBERD 2005

Table 1. R&D expenditure by sector of performance and source of funds .Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.

1993 2003 1993 2003 1993 2003 1993 2003 1993 2003Business 7.8 6.3 3208.9 6764.9 70.7 127.9 6.1 3287.4 6905.2Government 206.3 351.9 403.5 462.4 1163.5 1662.3 16.2 1773.3 2492.8Higher Education 0.5 0.0 0.0 24.6 38.8 0.0 25.1 38.8Non profit 0.3 3.1 0.1 14.1 98.4 383.0 36.2 16.7 135.0 416.9From Abroad 4.5 8.8 126.4 634.9 23.6 129.5 2.1 154.4 775.2Total 219.5 370.1 3738.9 7876.3 1380.8 2341.4 36.2 41.2 5375.3 10628.9Pre-EMU euro and EURO

BERD HERD Non profit TotalGOVERD

Source: OECD OFFBERD 2005

Figure 2. GERD by type of research. Sweden No data available Source: OECD OFFBERD 2005


4

PUBLIC R&D STATISTICS GBAORD by socioeconomic objective Figure 3. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBAORD) by socio-ecomomic objective. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 1993 and 2003.

Agriculture

Environment

Defence

GUF's

Non-oriented

Energy

Space

Earth

Industry

Land use

Social issues

Human health

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1001993 2003

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005, own calculations.


5

HERD by field of science Figure 4. Expenditure on R&D in the Higher Education Sector (HERD) by field of science. Sweden. 1993, 1999 and 2003. Per cent of total HERD and in million Euro.

225 387 457

287403 610

405 504 685

144 112 111

140 248 308

63 113 151

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1993 1999 2003 Natural sciences Engineering Medical sciences Agricultural sciences Social sciences Humanities

Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005.

Figure 5. Expenditure on R&D in the Government sector (GOVERD) by field of science. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 1993, 1998 and 2002.

Not available

Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005


6

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD) Figure 6. Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D by industrial sector. 31 sectors. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003.

IT services

Instruments

Mining

Water & electr.

Community serv.

Chemicals

Fabricated met

Office mach

Electrical mach.

Other Business act

Financ. interm

Furniture & rec

Transport

Electr. Equip

Machinery

Basic - met

Plastics

Non-met

Pharm

Wood & Publishing

Textiles

Food

Agriculture

R&D

Trade

Vehicles

-100 -50 0 50 100

1993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 20052005, ANBERD 2005, own calculations


7

Figure 7. Shares of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) in the sector funded by government. 2003 last available year in OECD statistics.

0.1%

0.1%

0.4%

0.5%

0.8%

0.9%

1.2%

2.6%

6.9%

8.6%

9.6%

11.3%

22.1%

54.9%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Hotels

Basic - met

Wood & Publishing

Chemicals

Plastics

Agriculture

Food

Construction

Office mach

Machinery

Vehicles

R&D

Business act & Real Estate

Community services.

Source:OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005, own calculations


8

Figure 8. Shares of total government funding of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) by industrial sectors. 2003 last available year in OECD statistics.

0.1%

0.1%

0.2%

0.3%

2.9%

3.3%

12.2%

15.6%

29.7%

35.4%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Food

Wood & Publishing

Chemicals

Water & electr

Business act & Real Estate

Community serv.

Machinery nec

R & D

Office machin.

Motor vehicles

Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005, own calculations


9

BIBLIOMETRICS Figure 9. Number of publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003.

Space Sc

Chemistry

Environment

Geosciences

Immunology

Neurosciences

Multdisciplinary

Biology & Biochemistry

Clinical Medicine

Economics

Engineering

Education

Materials Sc

Mathematics

Psychology

Agricultural Sc

Computer Science

Law

Mol Biology & Genetics

Microbiology

PhysicsPlant & Animals

Pharmacology

Social Sciences

-100 -50 0 50 100

1993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005, own calculations.

Figure 10. Shares of total publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Sweden. 1993 and 2003.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

Agr

icultu

ral S

c

Spa

ce S

c

Biology

& B

ioch

emistry

Che

mistry

Clin

ical M

edicine

Com

pute

r Scien

ce

Eco

nom

ics

Edu

catio

n

Eng

inee

ring

Env

ironm

ent

Geo

scienc

es

Imm

unolog

y

Law

Mol B

iology

& G

enet

ics

Micro

biolog

y

Mat

erials S

c

Mat

hem

atics

Neu

rosc

ienc

es

Multd

isciplinar

y

Phy

sics

Plant

& A

nim

als

Pha

rmac

olog

y

Psy

cholog

y

Soc

ial S

cien

ces

1993 2003

Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005.


10

Figure 11. Number of citations by scientific field. 25 scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Five years citation window. (i.e. citations to papers published in the period 1989-1991 and in the period 1997-1999 .

Space Sc

Pharmacology

Psychology

Microbiology

Social Sciences

Agricultural Sc

Chemistry

Biology & Biochemistry

Clinical Medicine

Economics Computer Science

Education

Engineering

EnvironmentGeosciences

Immunology

Plant & AnimalsPhysics

MultdisciplinaryNeurosciences

Mathematics

Materials Sc

Mol Biology & GeneticsLaw

-100 -50 0 50 100

1993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005, own calculations.


11

PATENTS Figure 12. Number of patents by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST.

Wood & Publishing

Petroleum

Pharm

Fabricated met

Office mach

Instruments

Vehicles

Transport Equip.

Furniture

Basic - met

Electr. Equip

Food

Textiles

Chemicals

Plastics

Non-met

Machinery

Electrical mach.

-100 -50 0 50 1001993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: European Patent Office 2005, own calculations.

Figure 13. Shares of total patens by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST.

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

Food

Text

iles

Woo

d &

Pub

lishi

ng

Pet

role

um

Che

mic

als

Pha

rm

Pla

stic

s

Non

-met

Bas

ic -

met

Fabr

icat

ed m

et

Mac

hine

ry

Offi

ce m

ach

Ele

ctric

al m

ach.

Ele

ctr.

Equ

ip

Inst

rum

ents

Veh

icle

s

Tran

spor

t Equ

ip.

Furn

iture

1993 2003

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: European Patent Office 2005, own calculations.


12

ECONOMIC SPECIALISATION Figure 14. Value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Million Euros. Current prices.

Mining

Wood & Publishing

Hotels

ChemicalsPharm

Air

Water & electr.Construction

Financ. interm

Fabricated met

Furniture & recTransport nec

Agriculture

FoodTextiles

Petroleum

PlasticsNon-met

Basic - met

MachineryOffice mach

Electrical mach.

Electr. Equip

Vehicles

Instruments

Ships

Transport Telecom

Real estate

IT servicesR&D

Other Business actCommunity

services.

Trade

-100 -50 0 50 100

1993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD, STAN 2005, own calculations.

Figure 15. Shares of total value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Agr

icul

ture

Min

ing

Food

Text

iles

Woo

d &

Pub

lishi

ng

Pet

role

um

Che

mic

als

Pha

rm

Pla

stic

s

Non

-met

Bas

ic -

met

Fabr

icat

ed m

et

Mac

hine

ry

Offi

ce m

ach

Ele

ctric

al m

ach.

Ele

ctr.

Equ

ip

Inst

rum

ents

Veh

icle

s

Shi

ps Air

Tran

spor

t nec

Furn

iture

& re

c

Wat

er &

ele

ctr.

Con

stru

ctio

n

Trad

e

Hot

els

Tran

spor

t

Tele

com

Fina

nc. i

nter

m

Rea

l est

ate

IT s

ervi

ces

R&

D

Oth

er B

usin

ess

act

Com

mun

ity

1993 2003

Source: OECD, STAN, 2005.


13

Figure 16. Employment by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds.

Agriculture

PharmPlastics

Machinery

Transport nec

Hotels

Basic - metNon-met

Food

Office mach

Electr. Equip

Vehicles

Water & electr.

Telecom

R&D

Mining

TextilesWood & Publishing

Petroleum

Community services.Other Business act

IT servicesReal estate

Financ. interm

Transport

TradeConstruction

Furniture & rec

AirShips

Instruments

Electrical mach.

Fabricated met

Chemicals

-100 -50 0 50 100

1993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD, STAN, 2005, own calculations.

Figure 17. Shares of total employment by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Agr

icul

ture

Min

ing

Food

Text

iles

Woo

d &

Pub

lishi

ngP

etro

leum

Che

mic

als

Pha

rmP

last

ics

Non

-met

Bas

ic -

met

Fabr

icat

ed m

etM

achi

nery

Offi

ce m

ach

Ele

ctric

al m

ach.

Ele

ctr.

Equ

ipIn

stru

men

ts

Veh

icle

sS

hips Air

Tran

spor

t nec

Furn

iture

& re

cW

ater

& e

lect

r.C

onst

ruct

ion

Trad

eH

otel

sTr

ansp

ort

Tele

com

Fina

nc. i

nter

m

Rea

l est

ate

IT s

ervi

ces

R&

DO

ther

Bus

ines

s ac

tC

omm

unity

ser

vice

s.

1993 2003

Source: OECD, STAN, 2005.


14

Figure 18. Exports by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Thousand USD. Current prices.

PlasticsNon-met

Instruments

AirTransport nec

Agriculture

MiningFood

Textiles

Wood & Publishing

PetroleumChemicals

Pharm

Basic - metFabricated met

Office mach

Machinery

Electrical mach.Electr. Equip

Vehicles

Ships

Furniture

-100 -50 0 50 100

1993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: UNIDO, INDSTAT4 2005, ISIC Rev3 and COMTRADE 2005, own calculations.

Figure 19. Shares of total exports by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Thousand USD. Current prices.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Agr

icul

ture

Min

ing

Food

Text

iles

Woo

d &

Pub

lishi

ng

Pet

role

um

Che

mic

als

Pha

rm

Pla

stic

s

Non

-met

Bas

ic -

met

Fabr

icat

ed m

et

Mac

hine

ry

Offi

ce m

ach

Ele

ctric

al m

ach.

Ele

ctr.

Equ

ip

Inst

rum

ents

Veh

icle

s

Shi

ps Air

Tran

spor

t nec

Furn

iture

1993 2003

Source: UNIDO, INDSTAT4 2005, ISIC Rev3 and COMTRADE 2005, own calculations.


15

CORRELATION ANALYSIS Table 2. Correlation analysis. Specialisation indexes BERD, Value added, Employment, Exports and patents. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Correlations

SE_BERD9395

SE_BERD0103

SE_PAT9395

SE_PAT0103

SE_VA9395

SE_VA0103

SE_EMP9395

SE_EMP0103

SE_EXP9395

SE_EXP0103

SE_BERD9395 Pearson Correlation 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .

SE_BERD0103 Pearson Correlation .614** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .

SE_PAT9395 Pearson Correlation .726** .586* 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .017 .

SE_PAT0103 Pearson Correlation .688** .598* .895** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .003 .014 .000 .

SE_VA9395 Pearson Correlation .493* .443* .614** .672** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .010 .024 .009 .003 .

SE_VA0103 Pearson Correlation .414* .421* .456 .529* .805** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .036 .032 .066 .029 .000 .

SE_EMP9395 Pearson Correlation .456* .592** .602* .714** .767** .707** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .019 .001 .011 .001 .000 .000 .

SE_EMP0103 Pearson Correlation .445* .553** .525* .638** .797** .744** .955** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .023 .003 .031 .006 .000 .000 .000 .

SE_EXP9395 Pearson Correlation .649** .586* .354 .330 .514* .345 .521* .584** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .004 .011 .163 .196 .014 .116 .013 .004 .

SE_EXP0103 Pearson Correlation .686** .534* .484* .403 .616** .518* .669** .749** .846** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .002 .022 .049 .109 .002 .014 .001 .000 .000 .

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).


16

Figure 20. BERD versus Value Added specialisation in the primary and secondary industrial sectors. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003.

PlasticsFood

Furniture & rec

Agriculture

Fabricated met

Electrical mach

Chemicals

Non-met

TextilesMining

Instruments

Machinery

Electr Equipment

Office mach

VehiclesBasic-met

Wood & Publishing

Pharm

-100

-50

0

50

100

-100 -50 0 50 100

Value added

BERD

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Own calculations

Figure 21. BERD versus Value added in services. Specialisation indexes. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003.

R & DTrade

Financial interm

Community services

Other Business act

Water & electr.

Transport IT services

-100

-50

0

50

100

-100 -50 0 50 100

Value added

BERD



17

Figure 22. BERD versus patents. Specialisation indexes. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003.

Non metallic min

Textiles

Food

Chemicals

Plastics

Fabricated metals

Electr machinery

Instruments

Machinery nec

Motor vehicles

Pharmaceuticals

Basic metals

Electr Equipment Wood & Publishing

Office machinery

-100

-50

0

50

100

-100 -50 0 50 100

BERD

Patents


Figure 23. BERD versus exports. Specialisation indexes. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003.

Textiles

Food MiningAgriculture

Chemicals

Wood & Publishing

Electr equipmentBasic - met

Pharm

Motor Vehicles

Office machinery

Machinery

InstrumentsFabricated met

Electr machinery

Plastics

Non -met

-100

-50

0

50

100

-100 -50 0 50 100

BERD

Exports



18

Table 3: Specialisation Profile

Red numbers: Decrease specialisation from specialised to non specialised

Blue numbers: Increase specialisation from non specialised to specialised

Fast growing sectors >4.9%

Medium-Low growth sectors =<4.9%

Declining sectors <0

Areas of specialisation

Increase Specialisation

Stable Specialisation

Losing Specialisation







Specialisation BERD 50-52; 2423

60-63; 65-67; 73; 74 27; 30;32

01-05; 20-22; 34

Specialisation Patents

2423

32 27

20-22;

26;28;29;

33; 34

Specialisation Value Added

2423; 72 75-99

60-63; 70-71

352+359

20-22;28; 29

34 27;40-41 353;32;33

Specialisation Employment

2423;352+359;

72;

60-63;70-71;

75-99

27;29;32;33;

34;40-41; 64 36-37 20-22; 30; 353

Specialisation Exports

23;2423 29;33;34

10-14;20-22;

27;28;32


19

EXPLANATORY NOTES ISIC v3 codes and sector description Agriculture 01-05 Mining 10-14 Food 15-16 Textiles 17-19 Wood & Publishing 20-22 Petroleum 23 Chemicals excluding pharmaceuticals 24ex2423 Pharmaceuticals 2423 Plastics 25 Non-metal minerals 26 Basic metals 27 Fabricated metals 28 Machinery nec 29 Office machinery 30 Electrical mach. 31 Electronic equip. 32 Instruments 33 Motor vehicles 34 Ships 351 Air 353 Transport nec 352+359 Furniture & recycling 36-37 Water & electr. 40-41 Construction 45 Trade 50-52 Hotels 55 Transport 60-63 Telecoms 64 Financial intermediation 65-67 IT services 72 R & D 73 Other Business activities 74 Community services 75-99


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How to read specialisation profile figures Plotting specialisation indexes against each other is a method for visualising differences in specialisation patterns. The most interesting analytical dimension in this report is comparing business enterprise intramural R&D expenditure specialisation patterns with specialisation patterns in value added, employment, exports and technological specialisation (patents). The result of the plots is four distinct specialisation quadrants showing:

1. Sectors with neither specialisation in BERD nor in the other analytical dimension (lower left quadrant)

2. Sectors with a specialisation in BERD and in the other analytical dimension (upper right quadrant)

3. Sectors with a specialisation in BERD but none in the other analytical dimension (lower right quadrant)

4. Sectors that display a specialisation in the other analytical dimension but not in BERD (upper left quadrant)

If there is a good match between BERD and, say, value added specialisation patterns we expect to find all sectors either in the lower left or in the upper right quadrant. Sectors in the upper left or in the lower right of the graphs indicate anomalies, that is, specialisation in one dimension and non-specialisation in the other. If there are many sectors in these quadrants the graph indicates lack of correlation between BERD and, say, economic specialisation.

BERD and Value Added specialisation – an example

Sectors with aspecialisation in BERD

but not in VA

Sectors with bothBERD and VAspecialisation

Sectors with aspecialisation in VA

but not in BERD

Sectors with nospecialisation in BERD

and VA

BERD

Valu

e Ad

ded 100

100

-100

-100

-50

-50 50

50

Strengthening the strengths?

Efforts concentrated in niches?Opportunities for catching up?

Vulnerable competitiveposition?

Neglected sectors?Further decline in the future?

country specialisation report - europa · 2020. 3. 12. · country specialisation report country:...

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