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2. The Best Form of AthleticDevelopment for ChildrenEmma Friend 3. Childrens Reasons for Participating inSport To have fun To improve skills To be with friends To be part of a team To experience excitement To receive rewards To win To become physically fit (Wankel & Kreisel, 1985) 4. Ct - Developmental Model of Sports ParticipationEarly specialisationEarly diversification1. The 1. The Sampling years specialising/investment years 2. The Specialising years3. The investment years 5. 6-12yrsSampling Years High levels of deliberate play Low levels of deliberate practice Participation in many sports Often backyard sport Relaxed rules 6. Ct - Developmental Model ofSports ParticipationEarly specialisationEarly diversification1. The specialising years 1. The Sampling years2a. The recreational years2. The investment years2b. The Specialising years3. The investment years 7. 12+ yrs Recreational Years Athlete decides not to pursue sport to an elite levels and instead participates at a recreational level Still low levels of deliberate practice But includes age-appropriate competition 8. 13-15yrsSpecialising Years Fewer sports Less deliberate play More deliberate practice High emphasis on skill development 9. 16+ yrs Investment Years Specialise on one distinct sport High emphasis on performance Sports and skill specific training 10. Balyi - Long Term Athlete DevelopmentEarly Specialisation Model Late Specialisation Model1. Training to train 1. Fundamentals2. Training to complete2. Learning to train3. Training to win 3. Training to train 4. Training to complete4. Retirement/Retainment 5. Training to win 6. Retirement/Retainment 11. Boys: 6-9yrsGirls: 5-8yrsFUNdamentals Participation in many sports Fundamental skills and capabilities taught through fun games an activities 12. Boys: 9-12yrsGirls: 8-11yrs Learning to Train Introduction of general sports skills Develop knowledge of sports related areas such as warm-up and hydration. Emphasis still largely on enjoyment 13. Boys: 12-16yrsGirls: 11-15yrs Training to Train Overall development of athletes physical capabilities Strong emphasis on sports specific skills More competition specific training Greater emphasis on competition 14. Boys: 16-18yrsGirls: 15-17yrs Training to Compete Performance the key Technical and tactical skills Strong emphasis on competition More attention played to other aspects of the sport 15. Boys: 18+ yrsGirls: 17+ yrs Training to Win Performance major emphasis Peaking for major competitions Majority of training competition focused 16. Retirement/Retainment Retaining athletes to be involved in sportthrough coaching, officiating oradministration. 17. How much Sports SpecificTraining is Enough? 18. The Effects of Specialisation on Athletic Development 19. Physiological Perspective for EliteSuccessLate Specialisation Increase in strength Increase in speed and agility Improved cardiovascular endurance Improved gross motor coordination andbalance 20. Physiological Perspective Cont.Early Specialisation Increase risk of over training Increase risk of over use injuries Over training may cause problems togrowth, stunted growth, and problems withepithseal growth plates 21. Psychological PerspectiveLate Specialisation Development of game sense Development of automatic decision making Fosters positive peer relationships Development of life skills Helps develop multiple coping strategiesneeded in different sports 22. Psychological PerspectiveEarly Specialisation Decrease intrinsic motivation Increase risk of dropout Increase risk of athletic burnout 23. International AthletesPast research has found majority of elite athleteparticipated in a vary of sports through childhood 24. Summary Reasons for participation Ct - Developmental Model of SportsParticipation Balyi Long Term Athlete Development Model Physiological Perspective Psychological Perspective 25. ConclusionAccording to the research we have viewed late specialisation appears to be more beneficial to athletic development from a physiological and psychological perceptive. 26. References Bailey, R., Collins, D., Ford, P., Macnamara, ., Toms, M. & Pearce G.(2010). Participant development in sport: An academic review. Pg101. Baker, J. (2003). Early specialisation in youth sport: a requirement for adultexpertise? High Ability Studies. 14(1) Baker, J., Cobley, S. & Fraser-Thomas J. (2009). What do we know aboutearly sport specialization? Not much. High Ability Studies. 20(1):77-90. Baker, J., Cote, J. & Abernethy, B. (2003) Sport-specific practice and thedevelopment of expert decision-making in team ball sports. Journal ofApplied Sports Psychology. 15(1):12-25. Callender, S. (2010). The early specialisation of youths in sport. AthleticTraining & Sports Health Care: The Journal for the Practicing Clinician. 2(6):255-258. Cote, J., Lidor, R. & Hackfort D. (2009). ISSP position stand: to sample or tospecialise? Seven postulates about youth sport activities that lead tocontinued participation and elite performance. International Journal ofSports and Exercise Psychology. 7(1):11-18. 27. References Continued Fransen, J., Pion, J., Vandendriessche, J., Vandorpe, B., Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M. &Philippaerts, R. (2012). Differences in physical fitness and gross motor coordinationin boys aged 6-12 years specializing in one verses sampling more than one sport.Journal of Sports Sciences. 30(4):379-387. Stanlan, T. K., Babkes, M. I... & Scanlan, L. A, (2005), Participation in sport; Adevelopmental glimpse at emotion. InJ. L. Mahoncy, R. W. Larson. &J.S, t*:cles(ls.). Organized activities as contexts nf dn-elupmetit (pp. 275-.10). Mahwah, NJ:Uiwc-rcnce Erlb.iums, Inc., Publishers. Wankel, L. M. & Kreisel, P. S. J. (1985). Factors underlying enjoyment of youthsports: Sport and age group comparisons . Journal of Sports Psychology. 7:51-64. Wiersma, L. (2000). Risks and benefits of youth sport specialisation: perspectivesand recommendations. Pediatric Exercise Science. 12(1):13-22. Yoo, |. (2001) Cjping Protile of Korean Competitive Athletes. International Journalof Sport of Sport Psychology. 32 (2)0-03. 28. Picture ReferencesAll images were sourced via creative commonsPictures on title page Golf Thursdays by chispita_666 Sunny Saturday at the Park by chispita_666 Where Amazing Happens by Silhouettes by Tezza #