course coordinator - nptelnptel.ac.in/courses/108101092/antennas-course-outline-16aug2016.pdf ·...
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![Page 1: Course Coordinator - NPTELnptel.ac.in/courses/108101092/Antennas-Course-Outline-16Aug2016.pdf · C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory ... ZZ ZZ * x n V 1 R V1 * * ... Top View L W X Y x Rectangular](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5a88f2137f8b9ad30c8eb310/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Antennas
Course Coordinator:
Prof. Girish KumarElectrical Engineering Department, IIT Bombay
(022) 2576 7436
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Course Outline
Introduction to Antennas
Dipole, Monopole, Loop and Slot Antennas
Linear and Planar Arrays
Microstrip Antennas
Helical Antennas
Horn Antennas
Reflector Antennas
Yagi-Uda and Log-Periodic Antennas
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Reference Books
1. C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory – Analysis and Design, John
Wiley, 2005
2. J.D. Kraus and R.J. Marhefka, Antennas, McGraw Hill, 2003
3. G. Kumar and K.P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antennas,
Artech House, 2003
4. J.R. James and P.S. Hall, Handbook of Microstrip Antennas,
Peter Peregrinus, 1989
5. W.L. Stutzman and G.A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design,
John Wiley, 2012
6. R.C. Johnson, Antenna Engineering Handbook, McGraw
Hill,1993
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Antennas in Wireless Communication Systems
Modulating
Signal
Carrier
Signal
Modulator Amplifier
Impedance
Matching
Network
Transmitter
RF
Amplifier Mixer
IF Filter
and
Amplifier
Demod
ulator
Display
device/
speaker
LO
Receiver
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Antennas for Various Applications
MW Radio – Frequency: 530 to 1620 kHz (use
λ/4 monopole antenna)
Cell Phones – CDMA, GSM900, GSM1800,
3G, 4G, Wi-Fi/Bluetooth (use monopole,
normal mode helical, microstrip antenna, etc.)
Cell Towers (use monopole, dipole, microstrip
antenna arrays, etc.)
Satellite and Defense Communications (use
microstrip, horn, spiral, helical, reflector, Yagi-
Uda, log-periodic antennas, etc.)
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Antenna Radiation Pattern
Back Lobe
Minor Lobes
(HPBW)(FNBW)
y
x
Major Lobe
Side Lobe
z
Radiation Pattern:
Isotropic
Omni-directional
Directional
Polarization:
Linear (H or V)
Elliptical
Circular
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Antenna Fundamentals
41253
E H
D
Gain and Directivity of the Antenna
= 4πA / λ2 Gain = η D
0
0
A
A
Z Z
Z Z
max
min
1VVSWR
V 1
Reflection Coefficient and VSWR
Bandwidth of the Antenna: Frequency range over which
VSWR < 2 (corresponds to |Γ| = 1/3, Pr = 1/9 = 11.1%)
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Link Budget
Receiving antennaTransmitting antenna
r
Transmitter Receiver
Aet Aer
2
Watt4
r t t rP P G Gr
Friis Transmission Equation
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Dipole Antennas
Radiation Pattern of a Dipole Antenna
Chip
Dipole Antenna for RFID
Microstrip line fed
Dipole Antenna
Folded Broadband Dipole
Antenna for RF Harvesting
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Monopole Antennas
Short monopole
current
Quarter-wave
monopole current
Image
currents
h
Broadband Triangular
Monopole Antenna
used for RF Harvesting
from Cell Phone
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Loop Antennas
[C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory – Analysis and Design, John Wiley, 2005]
Small Circular Loop Antenna
equivalent to Magnetic Dipole Multi-turn Loop Antenna
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Slot Antennas
Centre-fed Slot Antenna Off-centre-fed Slot Antenna
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Linear and Planar Antenna Arrays
Planar Antenna Array
Linear Antenna Array
Type of element, amplitude and phase of each element,
spacing between the elements, and feed network determine
performance of the antenna array
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Microstrip Antennas (MSA)
Co-axial Feed
Side
Viewr
Ground Plane
h
Top
View
L
W X
Y
x
Rectangular Microstrip Antenna
on Finite Ground Plane
Microstrip Antennas:
Different Shapes
Broadband
Compact
Multi-band
Dual polarization
Circular Polarization
Linear and Planar Arrays
(series and parallel feeds)
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Microstrip Antenna – VSWR Plot
Bandwidth for
VSWR < 2 is from
1.76 to 1.855 GHz
(95 MHz)
% BW ~ 5%
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Microstrip Antenna – Radiation Pattern
Radiation Pattern
at 1.8 GHz
Front to Back Ratio
F/B = 15 dB
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Microstrip Antenna Array
16 x 16 MSA array
with feed network
at 35 GHz
Size: 10cm x 10 cm
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Space Fed MSA Array
Top View
Side View
Ground Plane
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Helical Antennas
AXIAL
MODE
CONICAL
MODE
NORMAL
MODE
C = πD << λ C = πD = λ C = πD = nλ
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Pyramidal and Conical Horn Antennas
Microstrip Antenna Integrated
with Conical Horn Antenna
Pyramidal Horn Antenna
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ApertureFeed
Reflector Antennas:
Planar
Corner
Parabolic
Higher gain but occupies
large space
Reflector Antennas
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Yagi – Uda Antennas
Fed DipoleReflector
Directors
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Log-Periodic Antenna
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CONCLUSIONS
Antenna technology is rapidly changing.
Requirement for innovative thinking to meet
the challenges – broad-band, multi-band,
compact, high efficiency, multi-polarization,
MIMO, smart antennas, etc.
Design is the most important thing.
Requires precision manufacturing.
Low cost without sacrifice in performance.