course curriculum for m. sc. bioresourcebiotechnology … · m. sc. bioresourcebiotechnology for...

1

Course Curriculum

for

M. Sc. BioresourceBiotechnology

for

2016, 2017 and 2018

2

Outline of the draft syllabus for M. Sc. Biotechnology

Semester I

Course Code Course Title Credits

BT 101 Plant Bioresources 02

BT 102 Animal Bioresources 02

BT 103 Cell Biology 04

BT 104 Biomolecules 04

BT 105 Microbiology 04

BT 106 Lab course I 04

BT 107 Lab course II 04

Semester II

BT 201 Molecular Biology 04

BT 202 Enzymology and Biochemical Techniques 04

BT 203 Genetics 04

BT 204 Bioinformatics and Biostatistics 02

BT 205 Bioenergetics and Metabolism 02

BT 206 Lab course I 04

BT 207 Lab course II 04

Semester III

BT 301 Bioresources: Assessment,

Characterization and Conservation

04

BT 302 Plant Biotechnology 02

BT 303 Animal Biotechnology 02

BT 304 Genetic Engineering 04

BT 305

BT 306

BT 307

Biology of the Immune System

Lab course I

Lab course II

04

04

04

Semester IV

BT 401 Industrial Biotechnology 02

BT 402 Genomics and Functional Genomics 04

BT 403 Journal Club 02

BT 404 Lab Course 04

BT 405 Dissertation 12

3

Semester – I

Course Scheme

For the years 2016, 2017, 2018

Laboratory Courses

BT 106 Lab Course based on BT 101, BT

102 & BT 103

04 06 50 50 100

BT 107 Lab Course based on BT 104 and

BT 105

04 06 50 50 100

Total 100 100 200

Grand Total = 400+200 = 600

SA – Sessional Assessment

UE – University Examination

Course

Code

Course Title Credits Scheme of Examination

Duration Marks

Hours SA UE Total

BT 101 Plant Bioresources 02 02 20 30 50

BT 102 Animal Bioresources 02 02 20 30 50

BT 103 Cell Biology 04 03 40 60 100

BT 104 Biomolecules 04 03 40 60 100

BT 105 Microbiology 04 03 40 60 100

Total 160 240 400

4

Semester I

Course Code: BT 101 Maximum Marks: 50

Course Title: Plant Bioresources Sessional Assessment: 20

Credits: 02 University Examinations: 30

Duration of Exam: 2 hours

Objectives:

This course has been designed with the objective to acquaint the students with plant bioresources,

their traditional and non-traditional uses, current status and recent developments in value

addition and future prospects.

Unit I: Plant resources - origin, domestication and improvement

1.1 Prehistoric plant human interactions; discovery of plant use to humans, hunter-gathering to

practice of agricultural plant exploitation, resurgence of interest in plant bioresources due to

plant explorations and ethnobotanical studies during 19th

and 20th

centuries.

1.2 Origin of cultivated plants: Vavilovian concept of Centres of origin of crop plants; Centres of

origin of maize, rice and wheat; concept of primary and secondary Centres of origin of crop

plants.

1.3 Domestication of crop plants; beginning of agriculture; dissemination and spread of

agriculture; domestication and evolution of crop plants.

1.4 Plant use improvement: development of improved agricultural crops through plant breeding;

evolution of high yielding crop varieties through genetic engineering; uses and production of

improved varieties in wheat, rice and maize.

Unit II: Plant resources in the service of mankind-traditional uses

2.1 Food supplements: Solanum tuberosum, Ipomoea batatas, Agaricus bisporus and Hippophae

rhamnoides (distribution, botany, classification, parts used and method of use, nutritive value);

spices and condiments: Crocus sativus, Piper nigrum, Zingiber officinale and Apium

graveolens (distribution, botany, classification, parts used and method of use).

2.2 Sources of beverages: non-alcoholic: Camellia sinensis (tea) and Coffea arabica (coffee);

alcoholic: Vitis vinifera (grapes) (distribution, botany, classification, parts used and method of

use).

2.3 Fodders, fibres and timbers: Fodders: Avena byzantina, Grewia optiva and Morus alba

(distribution, botany, classification and method of use); Fibers: Gossypium spp., Chorchorus

capsularis, Cocos nucifera, (distribution, botany, classification, part used and durability);

Timbers: Pinus roxburghii, Tectona grandis and Dalbergia sissoo (distribution, botany,

classification, wood structure and properties).

5

2.4 Dye-yielding plants: Definition; history and sources of natural dyes, commonly used dye

plants: Bixa orellana, Butea monosperma, Lawsonia inermis and Indigofera tinctoria; less

used colouring matter: balsam, marigold, and pomegranate (distribution, botany, part used and

commercial importance).

Unit III: Medicinal and other useful plants

3.1 Medicines: antioxidants (Ginkgo biloba, Camellia sinensis); adaptogens (Eleutherococcus

senticosus, Cordyceps sinensis); anodynes (Atropa belladona, Zingiber officinale); laxatives

(Aloe vera and Plantago ovata); nervines (Melissa officinalis, Avena sativa); aromatic oils

(Thymus serpyllum and Lavandula angustifolia); immunostimulants (Eupatorium perfoliatum,

Acanthopanax centicosus); anti-cancerous (Taxus baccata subsp. wallichiana, Podophyllum

hexandrum) (distribution, botany, classification, part used and method of use, and medicinal

value).

3.2 Bio-sweeteners (Stevia rebaudiana and Glycyrrhiza glabra); bio-flavors (Vanilla planifolida

and Fragaria virginiana); bio-alginates (Laminaria hyperboria, Ascophyllum nodusum); bio-

gums (Caesalpina spinosa, Trigonella foenum-graecum) (distribution, botany, classification,

part used and method of use, and efficacy).

3.3 Bio-cosmetics (Aloe vera, Crocus sativus and Santalum album); bio-preservatives (vinegar,

sugar) (distribution, botany, classification, part used and method of use; efficacy).

3.4 Current scenario and recent advancements in pharmaceutical and cosmoceutical industries.

Note for paper setter:

The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 6 questions of 01

mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20 words

or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 6 long answer type

questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit; each

question will carry 8 marks.

Books recommended:

1. Anonymous (1970-1988). The Wealth of India: Raw Materials, Vol. I-XI. CSIR, New Delhi.

(Reprinted 1984-1989).

2. Bioversity Internatioanl (2013) [online] Bioversity collecting mission database. Available

from http://www.bioversityinternational.org/collecting_missions.html Date accessed: 5 March

2013.

3. Guarino L, Ramanatha Rao V, Reid R, editors. (1995). Collecting plant genetic diversity:

Technical guidelines. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome, Italy.

Plant Production and Protection Division, FAO, Rome, Italy; World Conservation Union

(IUCN), Gland, Switzerland; CABI, Wallingford, UK. 748 pp. ISBN: 0-85198-964-0

4. Judd, W. S., Campbell, C. S., Kollogg, E. A., Stevens, P. F. and Donoghue, M. J. (2008). Plant

Systematic: Phylogenetic Approach. Sircuier Associates, Inc.

5. Sharma, O.P. (2001). Hill’s Economic Botany, Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Ltd.

6. Sharma, Ramniwas. (2006). Growth and Development of Agriculture. Biotech Book.

6

7. Singh, R.V. (1982). Fodder Trees of India, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

8. Thormann I, Gaisberger H, Mattei F, Snook L, Arnaud E. 2012. Digitization and online

availability of original collecting mission data to improve data quality and enhance the

conservation and use of plant genetic resources. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 59:5

635-644. DOI 10.1007/s10722-012-9804-z. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10722-

012-9804-z?null.

9. Vankar, S. P. (2006). Handbook on Natural Dyes for Industrial Applications (with Color

Photographs). National Institute of Industrial Research, Delhi.

10. Varnam, H. Alan and Suther Land, P. Jane (1994). Beverages (Technology, Chemistry and

Microbiology), Chapman and Hall.

7

Semester-I

Course code: BT 102 Maximum Marks: 50

Course title: Animal Bioresources Sessional Assessment: 20

Credits: 02 University Examination: 30


Objectives:

Since the dawn of civilization, humankind realized the importance of animals, domesticated them

and utilized their services in one way or the other. The present course is designed to acquaint

students with the biology of these animals, their management and judicious utilization based on

scientific principles.

Unit I Animal diversity and taxonomy

1.1 Diversity and classification of animals; need of classification, hierarchy of groups; five

kingdom system of classification.

1.2 Taxonomy: definition, history and importance, kinds of taxonomy (morphotaxonomy,

karyotaxonomy, cytotaxonomy and molecular taxonomy); phases of taxonomy.

1.3 Identification; identification by keys, types of keys, construction and use of keys; curating

(collection, killing, preservation and storage); concept of species and sub-species.

1.4 Zoological nomenclature (ICZN), principles of nomenclature, publication of scientific

names, typification and kinds of types, principle of priority.

Unit II Aquatic animals, insects and earth worms

2.1 Edible species of fishes; fish culture: sources of fish seed, types of culture practices,

selection of species.

2.2 Indian and exotic cultivable fish species; layout of a typical fish pond, types of fish ponds,

management techniques, control of aquatic weeds and predators; maturing, supplementary

and artificial feeding.

2.3 Edible species of aquatic invertebrates, prawn, lobster, mollusks and crabs; shell fish

prawn and pearl oyster farming.

2.4 Sericulture, apiculture, lac culture, vermiculture, milliculture; diseases associated with

various cultures, advances in insect-based industries in India.

Unit III Animal products and management

3.1 Pharmaceuticals from animals; (sea food): value addition and export, role of Marine

Product Export Development Authority (MPEDA) in promoting production and export of

marine products.

3.2 Meat, leather and wool industries and their production with special emphasis on their

export potential; poultry farming (chicken, duck and quail); commercial poultry breeds in

India, poultry diseases; egg industry (eggry) - present status in India.

3.3 Dairy farming in India: breeds of cattle and buffalo, role of assisted reproduction in breed

improvement, milk production and pasteurization techniques.

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3.4 Animal waste recycling: biogas and its production, types of biogas plants; slaughter house

wastes and their utilization; fish byproducts; fish meal- methods of processing and uses.

Note for the paper setter:






Books recommended:

1. Blackwelder. E. Richard. (1996): Taxonomy: A Text and Reference book, 3rd

Edition, Jhon

Wiley and Sons INC, NewYork, London, Sydney.

2. Jabde V. Pradip. (2005): Text book of Applied Zoology, 1st Edition, Discovery Publishing

House, New Delhi.

3. Malhotra P. (2008): Economic Zoology, 5th

Edition, Adhyayan Publishers, New Delhi.

4. Shukla G.S. and Upadhay (2001): Economic Zoology, 4th

Edition, Rastogi Publications,

Meerut.

9

Semester I


Course Title: Cell Biology Sessional Assessment: 40



Objectives:

The present course has been devised to familiarize students with the structural and functional

aspects of cell, the basic unit of life, and its different organelles. It will also give them an

understanding that the working of components of cells is fundamental to all biological sciences.

Unit I Structural organization of cells

1.1 Overview of the structure of cell, cell theory and biochemical composition of cytosol.

1.2 Study and observation of cells: preparation and staining of cell specimens, selective

staining of different components of cells.

1.3 Structure of prokcaryotic cells: E. coli as an example, size, shape and arrangement,

composition of prokaryotic cell wall.

1.4 Structure of Eucaryotic cells: plant and animal cell structure, size, shape and components.

Unit II Cell membrane: structure and functions

2.1 Membrane structure and assembly: fluid mosaic model; membrane proteins - integral,

peripheral and lipid anchored; membrane lipids - structure, micelles and vesicles.

2.2 Membrane dynamics: ordering of acyl group in bilayer; transbilayer movement of lipids -

catalysed and uncataysed movement, FRAP (florescence recovery after photobleaching) to

track lateral movement of lipids and proteins.

2.3 Membrane transport: passive mediated - ionophores, porins, aquaporins; active transport t-

Na+-K

+ ATPase pump, Ca

+2 ATPase pump, and ABC transporters.

2.4 Membrane potential: nerve transmission; action potential, resting potential and

neurotransmitters.

Unit III Structure of cellular organelles

3.1 Structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum; N-glycosylation of proteins, disulfide

bond formation, and golgi complex; glycosylation and transport of proteins.

3.2 Structure and functions of mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuoles, lysosomes and

microbodies.

3.3 Nucleus: nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear bodies - nucleolus, cajal

bodies and promyelocytic leukaemia bodies (PML bodies).

3.4 Cytoskeleton: structure, composition and functions of microtubules, microfilaments and

intermediate filaments (cilia and flagella).

UNIT IV Cell signaling

4.1 Overview of cell signaling, concept of signaling molecules and receptors, role of effector

proteins and secondary messengers in signaling.

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4.2 Structure of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), trimeric G-protein; classes and

functions.

4.3 Signaling pathway that regulate ion channels: Rhodopsin signaling pathway in Rod cells

of the eye.

4.4 Gene controlling signaling pathways: tyrosine kinase pathway and Ras/MAP kinase

pathway.

UNIT V Eukaryotic cell cycle

5.1 Cell cycle: overview, CDK-cyclin dependent control of cell cycle, regulation of CDKs by

different proteins (kinases, phosphatases, inhibitory proteins and ubiquitin-protein ligases).

5.2 Events of interphase, entry in to M phase of cell cycle: stages of mitosis, chromosome

segregation and exit of mitosis, stages of meiosis (generalized idea) and cytokinesis.

5.3 Cell cycle regulation (surveillance): the DNA damage checkpoints and their role in

regulation of cell cycle.

5.4 Cellular death and its regulation: apoptosis; extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.







Books recommended:

1. Albert B, Bray D, Raff M, Roberts K and Watson JD. (2004). Molecular Biology of the

Cell. Garland Publishing Inc., New York. 6th

Ed.

2. Cooper, G. M. and Hausman R.E. (2006). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. ASM Press,

Washington DC. 4th

Ed.

3. Karp, G. (2007). Cell and Molecular Biology. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 5th

Ed.

4. Kleinsmith L. J. and Kish V. M. (1995). Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology. Harper

Collins College Publishers, New York, USA. 2nd

Ed.

5. Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky Sl, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D and Darnell J. (2004).

Molecular Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman and Company, 5th

Ed.

11

Semester I


Course Title: Biomolecules Sessional Assessment: 60



Objectives:

The course is designed to make students understand the structure, importance and regulation of

various biomolecules involved in sustenance and perpetuation of living organisms.

Unit I Molecular design of life and foundations of biochemistry

1.1 Water: structure and properties, ion product, dipolar structure and dielectric constant.

1.2 Concentration of solution: molarity, normality, molallity and strength.

1.3 Chemical foundations of biology: pH, pK, acids, bases, buffers - composition, prepration,

Henderson-Hasselbalch, buffer capacity and strength.

1.4 Classes of organic compounds and functional groups - atomic and molecular dimensions,

space filling and ball and stick models.

Unit II Protein functions and structure

2.1 Amino acids: structure, classification, chemical reactions and physical properties.

2.2 Proteins: general structure, characteristics of peptide bond, Ramachandran map.

2.3 Hierarchy in protein structure: primary, secondary, super secondary, tertiary and

quaternary

structures, Chou and Fasman algorithm.

2.4 Protein folding: Anfinsen’s experiment, Levinthal paradox, chaperons, protein

sequencing (N-terminal sequencing, C-terminal sequencing, Edmann degradation).

Unit III Carbohydrates

3.1 Carbohydrates: classification, basic chemical structure, monosaccharides – aldoses and

ketoses, linkages in sucrose, lactose and maltose.

3.2 Configuration and conformation of monosaccharides (pyranose and furanose, chair and

boat), stereoisomerism, anomers, epimers and mutarotation.

3.3 Polysaccharides, structural polysaccharides - cellulose and chitin; storage

polysaccharides - starch and glycogen, glycoproteins; N- and O-glycosylation.

3.4 Glycosaminoglycans, mucopolysaccharides, hyaluronic acid, chondriotin sulphate,

keratan sulphate and dermatan sulfate.

12

Unit Ӏ V Lipids and Vitamins

4.1 Lipids: classification of lipids; oils, fats and waxes; occurrence and properties of fatty

acids, esters of fatty acids; phosopholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, cerebrosides and

gangliosides.

4.2 Lipoproteins: steroids, cholesterol, sterols, relation to vitamin D and steroid hormones.

4.3 Eicosanoids, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, prostacyclins, thrombaxanes, DAG and

ceramide.

4.4 Vitamins and Co-enzymes: classification, water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, dietary

requirements, deficiency conditions, coenzyme forms.

Unit V Nucleic acids and Porphyrins

5.1 Nucleic acids: purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides, unusual bases; structure

of DNA and RNA.

5.2 Supercoiling of DNA: negative and positive, steam loop structure,

palindromic sequences; DNA protein interaction; zinc finger, leucinc zipper, helix-turn-

helix, motifs.

5.3 Porphyrins and porphyrin ring system: chlorophyll, haemoglobin and myoglobin.

5.4 Secondary metabolites: phytochemicals; isoprenoids, polyphenols and flavonoids.


The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 10 questions of

01 mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20

words or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 10 long answer

type questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit;

each question will carry 10 marks.

Books recommended:

1. Cox Michael M. and Nelson. D. L. (2008): Principles of Biochemistry, 5th

Edition. W. H.

Freeman and Company, New York.

2. Heldt Hans-Walter and Piechulla Birgit (2010): Plant Biochemistry, 4th

Edition. Academic

Press.

3. Plummer, T. David. (2004): An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 4th

Edition. Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

4. Stryer. L. (2005): Biochemistry, 6th

Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.

5. Voet. Donald, Voet Judith., W. Pratt. Charlotte. (2008): Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 3rd

Edition. John Wiley, New York.

6. Wilson K., and J. Walker, (2010): Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and

Molecular Biology Techniques, 7th

Edition. Cambridge Univ. Press.

http://www.amazon.com/Plant-Biochemistry-ebook/dp/B004FV4RS6/ref=sr_1_84?ie=UTF8&qid=1328332614&sr=8-84

13

Semester I


Course Title: Microbiology Sessional Assessment: 40



Objectives:

Microbes comprise the largest group of living organisms which contribute to human welfare in

more than one way. The course is designed to highlight important aspects of their life cycle and

how understanding their genetics has revolutionized understanding of many biological processes.

The course will also acquaint students how genetic manipulation of microbes has lead to the

development of many important products utilized for human welfare.

Unit I Classification and structure of microbes

1.1 The history and scope of microbiology; microorganisms and disease transmission; three

domain system of classification.

1.2 Major characteristics used in microbial taxonomy (numerical and molecular); current methods

of microbial identification; cultivation and enumeration of microbes from environment.

1.3 Structural distinctions: ultrastructure of bacteria, algae and protozoa.

1.4 Microscopy: Principle and working of Bright field, Phase contrast and Electron microscopy;

specimen preparation.

Unit II Microbial physiology

2.1 Microbial growth; dynamics of growth and growth curves; growth factors and nutrition;

isolation of pure cultures; biofilms.

2.2 Microbial nutrition: principles of microbial nutrition, uptake of nutrients by the cell; culture

media.

2.3 Hydrocarbon transformation: chemolithotrophy, hydrogen ion and nitrite oxidizing bacteria.

2.4 Control of microorganisms; pattern of microbial death; physical methods of control;

chemical agents of control; conditions influencing effectiveness of antimicrobial agents.

Unit III Microbial genetics and reproduction

3.1 Microbial reproduction: different methods of microbial reproduction.

3.2 Modes of gene transfer in bacteria: transformation, transduction and conjugation.

3.3 Genetic system of yeast; Neurospora – tetrad analysis and selection of recombinants based on

spore arrangements.

3.4 Plasmids: types, plasmid replication and incompatibility, their copy number control through

anti-sense RNA, plasmid addiction, properties of naturally occurring plasmids; antibiotic

resistance.

14

Unit IV Viruses, virioids and prions

4.1 General properties and structure of viruses; principles of virus taxonomy.

4.2 Viruses that affect humans, animals and plants; isolation, cultivation and identification

of viruses, (growing in bacteria, living animals, embryonated eggs, cell cultures).

4.3 Viral multiplication: lytic and lysogenic life cycle.

4.4 Virioids and prions: general properties, diseases caused by virioids and prions.

Unit V Medical microbiology

5.1 Bacterial diseases: Host-parasite relationship, epidemiology, pathogenesis.

5.2 Infectious disease transmission; respiratory infections caused by bacteria: tuberculosis.

5.3 Viral diseases: epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment (H1N1, Polio, Rabies,

Hepatitis, AIDS, Dengue fever and Chikungunya).

5.4 Fungal diseases: infections caused by yeast; Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans;

diagnosis of infectious diseases; molecular detection and identification using variants of PCR.







Books Recommended.

1. Prescott, Harley and Klein's (2013). Microbiology, 6th edition. The McGraw−Hill Publishing

Co Ltd.

2. Pommerville, J. C. (2012). Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology. Jones and Bartlett

Publishers, Boston.

3. Schlegel, H.G. (2012). General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press.

4. Pelczer, M. J., Chan, E. C. S., Kries, N. R. (2008). A text book of microbiology, 5th

edition.

Tata McGraw Hill publishing Co Ltd.

5. Maloy, S.R., Cronan Jr, J.E. and Freifelder, D (2006). Microbial Genetics. Narosa Publishing

House.

6. Atlas R.M. (1998). Microbiology, Fundamentals and applications 2nd

Edition, Milan

Publishing Co.

7. Holt J.S. Kreig N.R., Sneath P.H.A and Williams S.T (1994). Bergey‟ s Manual of Systemic

Bacteriology 9th

Edition. William and Wilkins, Baltimore.

8. Brock T.D. and Madigan M.T (1992). Biology of Microorganisms 6th

Edition. Prentice Hall,

Eagle wood cliffs.

9. Alexander M (1977). Introduction to soil microbiology. John Wiley and Sons Inc.N.Y.

15

Semester-I


Course Title: Lab courses on Plant and University Examination: 50

Animal Bioresources and Cell Biology Sessional Assessment: 50

1. Exploration, collection, identification of a few economically important plant and animal

taxa.

Honey bee, Earthworm, Withania somnifera, Abelmoschus spp., Phyllanthus emblica.

Lessons: Herbarium preparation; writing of field notes, use of Flora, Exploration, Stress on invariability of

species which is the reason for its use as the basic unit of classification. Plant and animal classification

based on invariability of species.

2. Introduction to intraspecific variability against the back drop of the concept of invariability

of a species: maize, beans, brinjal, dogs, poultry. Use live material, photographs.

Lessons: Cryptic variation exists within species. This variation is disregarded till reproductive isolation

does not set in. Reproductive isolation is the basis of organic evolution (material from the Pir Panjal

biodiversity Park).

3. Variability beyond the level of species

(i) Intra-generic variation. Solanum spp., Capsicum spp., Allium spp., Apis spp.

(ii) Intra-familial variability. Solanaceae, Poaceae.

Lesson: Quantum of variability determines phylogenetic distance and vice-versa.

4. Collect, describe, identify and classify wild bioresources, including wild relatives of crop

plants and look for similarities and differences with the cultivated relatives.

Wild relatives of: Pear, Amla, Olive, Okra, Fig., Grape and Rice.

Lessons:

i. Cultivated plants and domesticated animals are gifts of incessant human selection and

agronomic practices.

ii. Wild relatives are reservoirs of genes and genotypes that may be useful for improvement

of cultivated plants.

iii. Discuss examples of improvement of cultivated plants through transfer of genes from wild

relatives through classical breeding and genetic engineering.

5. Variability introduced in cultivated plants and animals through (tailoring) to suit human

fancy, taste and need, through classical methods of plant improvement-selection,

hybridization: rose, dog, apple, mango, rice, maize, seedless guava and grapes.

6. Tailoring of plant and animal bioresources through biotechnology interventions -

photograph of GM plants and animals like Bt cotton, Flavr savr tomato, Golden rice,

Noori.

16

7. Aquatic bioresources: Lotus, Water chestnut, Euryale ferox, Typha spp., Nymphaea spp.,

Fish, Prawn, Crab, Turtle, Marine algae, Corals, Pearls, Ducks.

8. Subterranean bioresources: potatoes, sweet potato, Tapioca sp., Zingiber sp., Dioscorea

sp., Curcuma sp., Groundnut, Acorus sp., Earthworm.

9. Terrestrial Bioresources: Trees: fruits: Rosaceous, Non- rosaceous.

10. Important characters- Timbers: hard and soft woods, fuels, medicine, fodder, foliage:

silkworm, food, Rubber; Shrubs: food, fodder, medicinal, fruits, fibres, dyes; Herbs: food,

fodder, medicinal, fruits, fibres, dyes.

11. Bioresources used to produce multiple products through processing: Maize- maize floor,

Popcorn, Cakes; Soyabean; Potato; Camelia sp.; Wheat; Linum sp. and Silk.

12. Lab demonstration of light and fluorescence microscopic techniques.

13. *Study the process of somatic cell division in root tips of Allium sativum (garlic) / Allium

cepa (onion) /Allium tuberosum.

14. *Study the structure of somatic chromosomes of Allium cepa/ Vicea faba, describe the

salient features of the karyotype and preparation of ideogram.

15. *Study meiotic behaviour of chromosomes in Phlox drumondii, Allium sp. or Eremurus

persicus.

16. Study the structure of salivary gland chromosomes of Chironomus.

17. Lab demonstration of microtomy technique; prepare plant and animal tissues for

microtomy, cut sections using microtome and stain them.

18. Isolate chloroplasts from leaf tissues of spinach; study the variation in chloroplast shape in

spinach, Ulothrix and Spirogyra.

19. Study the diversity in cell structure in a given sample of plant and animal tissue.(onion

peel, pulp of banana, xylem cells, liver of sheep)

20. Demonstration of cytoplasmic movement in staminal hairs of Tradescantia.

21. Culture bacteria from a given soil/water sample; raising pure bacterial culture.

22. Culture and study the structure of various types of fungi ( Rhizopus, Mucor and

Aspergillus)

23. Study transport across the semi permeable membrane by using potato osmoscope

24. Study the structure of prokaryotic cell - Escherichia coli.

25. Detect protein and fat bodies in Solanum tuberosum and Phaseolus vulgaris by using

histochemical techniques.

26. Demonstration of variability in starch grains.

*Depending upon the availability, only one material will be given.

17

Semester-I


Course Title: Lab courses on Biomolecules and University Examination: 50

Microbiology Sessional Assessment: 50

1. Biochemical calculation and reagent preparation.

2. Estimation of pH using pH meter.

3. Colorimetric determination of pKa.

4. Amino acid titration.

5. Study reactions of amino acids, sugars and lipids.

Tests for sugars.

Molish’s test, Fehling’s test, Seliwanoff’s test, Nylander’s test, Barrfoed’s test

Tests for amino acids:

Ninhydrin test, Xanthoproteic test, Morner’s test, Lead sulphide test, Hopkin’s test

Test for lipids:

solubility test, Emulsification test, Saponification test, Unsaturation test

6. Quantification of proteins from hen’s eggs and sugars from potato.

7. Analysis of oils – iodine number, saponification value and acid number.

8. Use of spectroflurophotometer.

9. Undertake separation techniques - Centrifugation, Chromatography (TLC and paper

chromatography).

10. Sterilization of glass and plasticware and culture media by dry and hot air and steam.

11. Preparation of liquid and solid media for microbial culture (nutrient agar, potato dextrose

agar, Luria Broth, glucose broth, agar slants, and agar deep tubes).

12. Handling micropipettes; preparation of reagents, maintaining pH.

13. To calibrate ocular micrometer for different objectives (5X, 20X, high power, oil

immersion) of a microscope.

14. Bacterial count through plate count or serial dilution agar plate technique.

15. Bacterial and fungal staining using gram stain, cotton blue and acid fast stains.

16. Isolation of rhizobia from root nodules of leguminous plants and one non leguminous

plants.

17. To prepare pure culture of microbes by streak plate, pour plate and broth culture methods.

18. Identification and isolation of amylase producing bacteria by amylase production test.

18

Semester – II

Course Scheme

For the years 2016, 2017, 2018

Laboratory Courses

BT 206 Lab Course based on BT 201

and BT 202

04 06 50 50 100

BT 207 Lab Course based on BT 203,

BT 204 and BT 205

04 06 50 50 100

Total 100 100 200

Grand Total= 400+200=600



Course

Code


Duration Marks

Hours SA UE Total

BT 201 Molecular Biology 04 03 40 60 100

BT 202 Enzymology and Biochemical

Techniques

04 03 40 60 100

BT 203 Genetics 04 03 40 60 100

BT 204 Bioinformatics and Biostatistics 02 02 20 30 50

BT 205 Bioenergetics and Metabolism 02 02 20 30 50

Total 160 240 400

19

Semester II


Course Title: Molecular Biology Sessional Assessment: 40



Objectives:

The course has been devised to familiarize students with Molecular Biology which chiefly deals

with interactions among various systems of a cell, including those between DNA, RNA and

proteins and learning how these are regulated.

Unit I Nucleic acid structure and functions

1.1 Nucleic acids as information macromolecules, chemical and molecular structure of nucleic

acids, types of DNA and RNA, Satellite, Repetitive and Unique DNA.

1.2 Denaturation and Renaturation: hyper and hypo-chromic effect, Denaturation curve, Tm,

analysis of denaturation curve.

1.3 DNA supercoiling; underwinding of DNA, linking number of DNA, role of

topoisomerases in changing the linking number of DNA.

1.4 Fundamental organizational units of chromatin: nucleosomes- structure and higher level of

organization.

Unit II DNA replication

2.1 Need for replication of DNA, semi-conservative, bidirectional and semi- discontinuous

DNA replication.

2.2 Mechanism of DNA replication; enzymes and accessory proteins required in DNA

replication of E .coli chromosome.

2.3 Replication of phage DNA and extrachromosomal DNA.

2.4 Replication of DNA in eukaryotes; enzymes and accessory proteins involved, control of

replication.

Unit III DNA repair and recombination

3.1 DNA repair mechanism; mismatch repair, base excision, nucleotide excision and direct

repair.

3.2 Recombination: homologous recombination; Holiday junction; Proteins involved in

recombination.

3.3 Site specific recombination; Cre-lox recombination.

3.4 Mobile DNA; essential parts, insertional sequences, complex transposons, composite

transposons.

20

Unit IV Transcription

4.1 Transcription in prokaryotes; factors involved in transcription, mechanism (initiation,

elongation and termination), antibiotic inhibitors of transcription in prokaryotes.

4.2 Operon concept; lactose and tryptophan operons, bacteriophage lambda as an example of

transcriptional riboswitches.

4.3 Transcription in eukaryotes; general and specific transcription factors, mechanism,

enhancers and silencers and DNA binding motifs, antibiotic inhibitors of transcription in

eukaryotes.

4.4 Post-transcriptional modifications in eukaryotes: 5' capping and polyadenylation, splicing;

spliceosome machinery, alternate splicing, exon shuffling and RNA editing, post-

transcriptional gene control

Unit V Translation

5.1 Genetic code- concept, degeneracy, triplet nature, deviation from universality and Wobble

hypothesis.

5.2 Translation in prokaryotes; mechanism of initiation, elongation and termination,

importance of co-transcriptional translation in prokaryotes.

5.3 Translation in eukaryotes; mechanism of initiation, elongation and termination, inhibitors

of translation; antibiotics and toxins.

5.4 Post-translational modification of proteins; chemical modification and proteolytic

cleavage, ubiquitin mediated protein degradation.

Note for Paper Setter:






Books recommended

1. Albert, B., Bray, D., Raff, M., Roberts, K and Watson, J. D. (2004). Molecular Biology of

the Cell, Garland Publishing Inc., New York. 6th

Ed.

2. Benjamin, Lewin, Krebs, J. E., Goldstein, E., and Kilpatrick (2009) Lewin’s Gene X, ST

Jones and Bartlett publishers Ltd USA.

3. Brown, T.A (2000). Molecular Biology. Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd., Oxford.

4. Burton E. Tropp & David Freifelder (2012). Molecular Biology, 4th

edition, Jones and

Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi

5. David P. Clark & Nanette J. Pazdernik (2013). Molecular Biology. Elsevier Academic

Press, UK. 2nd

Ed.

6. Friefelder, D. (1990). Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing House, Delhi. 2nd Ed.

21

7. James, D. Watson, Baker and Bell. (2013): Molecular Biology of the Gene, Cold Spring

Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. 7th Ed.

8. Karp, G. (2007). Cell and Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons Inc. 5th

Ed.

9. Kornberg, A. and Baker, A.T. (1992). DNA Replication, W.H. Freeman & Company.

2nd

Ed.

10. Krebs E, J., Goldstein S, E., Kilpatrick T. S. (2011). Lewin’s Gens X, Jones and Bartlett

publishers, Inc.

11. Krebs E, J., Goldstein S, E., Kilpatrick T. S. (2013). Lewins Gene XI, Jones and Bartlett

publishers, Inc.

12. Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Bretscher, Ploegh, Amon, Scott (2013). Molecular cell

Biology, W. H. Freeman; 7th

Ed.

22


Course Title: Enzymology and Biochemical Sessional Assessment: 40

Techniques University Examination: 60

Credits: 04 Duration of Exam: 3 hours

Objectives:

The course has two components; the first three Units deal with enzymes, their kinetics,

physiological role, catalytic mechanisms and their vast application. The last two aim at

familiarizing students with the structure and functions of the important chemical components of

the cell and relate their structure with their functioning.

Unit I Introduction to enzymes

1.1 Enzymes: definition, brief history and properties; enzymes as catalysts.

1.2 Nomenclature and classification of enzymes; need for classification, Enzyme

Commission’s system of classification, six main classes of enzymes.

1.3 Co-factors, coenzyme, catalytic power, specificity, ribozymes, abzymes.

1.4 Factors affecting enzyme activity; pH, temperature, substrate and enzyme concentration.

Unit II Enzyme kinetics

2.1 Reaction kinetics: chemical kinetics- Michaelis-Menten equation using steady state

kinetics, significance of-Kcat, Km and Kcat/Km.

2.2 Enzyme inhibition: competitive, noncompetitive, uncompetitive and mixed inhibitions

2.3 Bi substrate reactions: ordered, random, sequential and ping-pong reactions.

2.4 Allostery of enzyme action: Cooperativity, Hill equation, MWC model, KNF model.

Unit III Enzyme catalysis

3.1 Mapping of active site; Affinity labeling and chemical modification methods of active

site determination.

3.2 Mechanism of catalysis; acid-base catalysis, electrostatic catalysis, covalent catalysis.

3.3 Mechanism of enzyme action using chymotrypsin and ribonuclease.

3.4 Multi-enzyme complex: fatty acid synthase, allosteric regulation of aspartate

transcarbamylase.

Unit IV Applications of enzymology

4.1 Isoenzymes- application and significance, isoenzyme in liver and heart diseases.

4.2 Clinical aspects of enzymology; enzymes in liver and heart disease.

4.3 Enzyme-technology; immobilization of enzymes, properties and application of

immobilized enzymes.

23

4.4 Enzymes for industry; production and purification of enzymes on industrial scale,

applications of enzymes in food industry.

Unit V Biochemical techniques

5.1 Cell fractionation techniques: Cell lysis, homogenization, extraction, salting in, salting

out, dialysis and ultra filtration

5.2 Chromatographic techniques: Principles and applications of paper, TLC, adsorption, gel

filtration, ion exchange, affinity and HPLC.

5.3 Electrophoresis of proteins- Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing,

pulsed field electrophoresis

5.4 Ultra centrifugation and Spectroscopy: Differential and density gradient centrifugation;

spectroscopy: principle, instrumentation and applications of visible and ultraviolet

spectroscopy.







Books recommended:

1. Price & Stevens (1999). Fundamentals of Enzymology

2. Palmer, T. (2001). Enzyme; Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Clinical Chemistry. Horwood

Ltd.

3. Branden, C. and Tooze, J. (1999). Introduction to Protein Structure. Garland Publishing

New York.

4. Creighton, T.E. (2000).Protein Structure and Molecular Properties.WH Freeman and

company.

5. Friefilder, D. (1987). Essentials of Molecular Biology. Jones and Bartlett Publications.

6. Lewin, B. (2000). Genes VIII. Oxford University Press.

7. Tanford, C. (1961). Physical Chemistry of Macromalocules. John Wiley and Sons.

8. Wilson, K and Walker, J. (2011). Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and

Molecular biology. Cambridge University press.

24

Semester II


Course Title: Genetics Sessional Assessment: 40



Objectives:

The course has been devised to familiarize students with Genetics which deals with inheritance of

characters from one generation to another. Chromosomes, which act as hereditary vehicles, how

these are changed both structurally and numerically their interaction and disease diagnostics will

be dealt in this course.

Unit I Introduction to Genetics

1.1 Basic Mechanisms of inheritance: Mendel's Laws of Inheritance, extensions to

Mendelism- dominance, co-dominance and incomplete dominance.

1.2 Alleles & Gene Interactions: Multiple alleles, pleiotropic effects, partial penetrance &

variable expressivity, lethal alleles.

1.3 Linkage and Recombination: Recombination as the basis of gene mapping, linkage

mapping, tetrad analysis.

1.4 Extra-nuclear Inheritance: cytoplasmic inheritance and maternal effects.

Unit II Human Genetics

2.1 Pedigrees: gathering family history, pedigree symbols, construction of pedigrees,

presentation of molecular genetic data in pedigrees.

2.2 Autosomal inheritance: dominant, recessive, consanguinity and its effects.

2.3 Sex-linked inheritance, sex-limited and sex-influenced traits, genomic imprinting.

2.4 Genetic disorders caused by a single gene: Tay-Sachs disease, haemophilia, cystic

fibrosis, muscular dystrophy.

Unit III: Mutation and its effects

3.1 Mutations: causes, detection and application of mutations.

3.2 Mutant types: lethal, conditional, spontaneous verses induced mutations.

3.3 Phenotypic effects of mutations, somatic vs germinal mutations, suppressor mutations,

biochemical loss and gain of function.

3.4 Molecular basis of mutations: radiation and chemical induced mutations and their

effects.

25

Unit IV Structural and numerical changes of chromosomes

4.1 Deficiencies, duplications, inversions and translocations: origin, identification and uses.

4.2 Chromosome aberrations and evolution: primary, secondary and tertiary trisomics.

4.3 Polyploidy and its genetic implications, applications of polyploidy.

4.4 Induced polyploidy, polyploidy in plants, chromosome doubling in somatic and germ

cells, experimental production of polyploids.

Unit V Genetic Counseling

5.1 Historical overview of genetic counseling, models of eugenics.

5.2

Components of genetic counseling: Information gathering and construction of pedigrees,

past medical history, social and family history.

5.3

Patterns of inheritance, risk assessment and counseling in common Mendelian and

multifactorial syndromes.

5.4 Pre-

implantation, pre-natal, peri-natal, adult (for late on-set diseases) screening of genetic

diseases.







Books recommended:

1. Gardner, Simmons, Snustad (2006). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley & Sons 8th

ED.

2. Krebs E, J., Goldstein S, E., Kilpatrick T. S. (2011). Lewin’s Gens X, Jones and Bartlett

publishers, Inc.

3. Krebs E, J., Goldstein S, E., Kilpatrick T. S. (2013). Lewins Gene XI, Jones and Bartlett

publishers, Inc.

4. Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Bretscher, Ploegh, Amon, Scott (2013). Molecular cell Biology,

W. H. Freeman; 7th

Ed.

5. Gardner A, Howell R.T and Davies T. (2008). Human genetics, Published by Vinod Vasishtha

for Viva Books private limited.

6. Alan G. Atherly, Jack. R, Girton, Jhon. F, Mc Donald. The science of Genetics. Sounders

college publishers.

7. Beighton, Peter and Greta Beighton. The person behind the syndrome. (1997). London, New

York, Springer

8. Klug, W.S.,Cummings. (2003). Concepts of genetics, 7th Edn. Pearson Education.

9. Dale, J.W. (1994). Molecular Genetics of bacteria, John Wiley & Sons.

10. Streips and Yasbin. (2001). Modern microbial Genetics. Niley Ltd.

https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Gardner%22

https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Simmons%22

https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Snustad%22

26

11. John Ringo (2004). Fundamental Genetics. Cambridge University Press.

Semester II

Course Code: MB-204 Maximum Marks: 50

Course Title: Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Sessional Assessment: 20



Objectives:

Mathematics and statistics are making greater inroads into biology and it is, therefore, necessary

to provide sound foundation to students in this area in which they can build later. The course has

been framed with that objective in mind.

Unit I Biological databases

1.1 Bioinformatics: Concept and applications.

1.2 Biological databases: Types of biological databases, data representation and storage,

information retrieval from biological databases.

1.3 Nucleotide Sequence databases: NCBI, EMBL, DDBJ, and ESTs.

1.4 Protein sequence databases: Swiss Port, PIR, SCOP and CATH.

Unit II Sequence analysis and Phylogeny

2.1 Sequence Alignments: introduction and significance; Pairwise sequence alignment;

Scoring matrices: PAM and BLOSUM; Global and Local Sequence alignment; FASTA

and BLAST.

2.2 Multiple Sequence alignment: introduction; databases of multiple sequence alignment;

pfam, Smart, conserved domain databases and Prints.

2.3 Phylogeny: introduction, phenotypic and molecular phylogeny; representation of

molecular phylogeny.

2.4 Tree building methods; types of trees; phylogenetic softwares.

Unit: III Basics of biostatistics

3.1 Statistics: definition, history, applications and limitations; concept of Biometry, population

and sample.

3.2 Data collection and tabulation, primary and secondary data, methods of collecting primary

data, sources of secondary data, editing of primary and secondary data, rule of tabulation,

parts and types of tables and role of tabulation of data.

3.3 Frequency distribution: classification of data, histogram, frequency polygon, cumulative

frequency curves, designs and limitations of graph.

27

3.4 Measures of central tendency: arithmetic mean, median, mode; measures of dispersion:

standard deviation, standard error and coefficient of variation, tests of significance: t-test, F-

test and X2 test and Correlation (types, methods; Karl Pearson’s coefficient) and regression

(linear) analysis and their uses, ANOVA.







Books recommended

1. Gupta, S.P. (2005). Statistical Methods, Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi.

2. Gupta, C.B. and Gupta, V. (2005). An Introduction to Statistical Methods, Vikas

Publishing House Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.

3. Gun, A.M., Gupta, M.K. and Dasgupta, B (2005). Fundamentals of Statistics, The World

Press Pvt. Ltd, Kolkata.

4. Sinha, P.K. and Sinha, P. (2005). Computer Fundamentals, BPB Publication.

5. Rajaraman, V. (2004). Fundamentals of Computers, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi.

6. Stephen A. Krawetz and David D. Womble (2010). Introduction to Bioinformatics.

Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey

7. Zhumar Ghosh and Bibekanand Mallick (2008). Bioinformatics Principles and

Applications. Oxford University Press.

28

Semester II

Course Code: MB-205 Maximum Marks: 50

Course Title: Bioenergetics and Metabolism Sessional Assessment: 20



Objectives:

The course is designed to make students learn and appreciate the importance, mechanism and

regulation of various chemical reactions taking place in living systems.

Unit I Carbohydrate metabolism

1.1 Principles of bioenergetics: Energy transformation, laws of thermodynamics, spontaneity of a

process, life and thermodynamics.

1.2 Carbohydrate metabolism: aerobic and anaerobic pathways, glycolysis, citric acid cycle,

oxidative Phosphorylation and electron transport chain.

1.3 Alternate pathways of glucose metabolism-pentose phosphate pathway, glyoxalate cycle, and

glucuronic acid cycle.

1.4 Gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and breakdown.

Unit II Lipid metabolism

2.1 Oxidation of lipids: beta oxidation, oxidation of unsaturated and odd chain fatty acids and

formation of ketone bodies.

2.2 Biosynthesis of fatty acids: carbon sources, acetyl CoA carboxylase and reactions of fatty acid

synthase complex, synthesis of odd chain and unsaturated fatty acids.

2.3 Lipoproteins: Low density lipoproteins (LDL), Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), High

density lipoproteins (HDL) and Chylomicrons.

2.4 Biosynthetic pathway of cholesterol.

Unit III Nitrogen metabolism

3.1 Oxidative degradation of amino acids: transamination , oxidative deamination, urea cycle and

ammonia excretion.

3.2 Biosynthesis of essential (leucine, isoleucine and valine) and non-essential (alanine,

asparagine and glutamine) amino acids.

3.3 Regulation of amino acid biosynthesis, genetic defects in amino acid metabolism.

3.4 Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, regulation of nucleotide synthesis,

Nitrogen fixation: nitrogenase system and nitrate reductase.


29






Books recommended:

1. Cox Michael M. and Nelson. D. L. (2008): Principles of Biochemistry, W. H. Freeman and

Company, New York, 5th

Ed.

2. Heldt Hans-Walter and Piechulla Birgit (2010): Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press. 4th

Ed.

3. Plummer, T. David,. (2004): An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Co. 4th

Ed.

4. Stryer. L. (2005): Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 6th

Ed.

5. Voet. Donald, Voet Judith., W. Pratt. Charlotte. (2008): Fundamentals of Biochemistry, John

Wiley, New York, 3rd

Ed.

6. Wilson K., and J. Walker, (2010): Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular

Biology Techniques, Cambridge Univ. Press. 7th

Ed.

http://www.amazon.com/Plant-Biochemistry-ebook/dp/B004FV4RS6/ref=sr_1_84?ie=UTF8&qid=1328332614&sr=8-84

30

Semester-II


Course Title: Lab course on Molecular Biology and University Examination: 50

Enzymology Sessional Assessment: 50

1. Isolation of plant, animal and bacterial genomic DNA (Brassica sp., humans, E. coli)

2. Isolation of RNA from the leaves of Catharanthus roseus, Valleriana wallichii and

Brassica sp. By using Trizol method

3. Isolation of plasmid DNA from E. coli.

4. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA

5. Restriction digestion of Total genomic DNA

6. Preparation of Competent Bacterial cells.

7. Preparation of restriction maps from gel pictures.

8. Elution of target DNA fragments from Agarose gel.

9. Demonstration of Southern Blotting technique.

10. Calculation of TM of the given sequences of DNA.

11. Estimation of proteins by Lowery’s method.

12. Estimation of proteins by Biuretic method.

13. Separation of amino acids by Paper Chromatography.

14. Separation of crude (total) proteins by PAGE in Beans.

15. Assay of acid phosphatase from potato

16. Assay of succinate dehydrogenase from the liver

17. Effect of pH and temperature on enzyme activity

31

Semester-II


Course Title: Lab course on Genetics, Bioinformatics University Examination: 50

& Bioenergetics Sessional Assessment: 50

1. Mounting of polytene chromosomes

2. Mounting of Barr bodies

3. Study of Karyotyping in onion, humans (normal and abnormal)

4. Study of mutation in E.coli by UV light

5. Demonstration of multiple allele by blood group in humans

6. Mounting of imaginal discs of Drosophila

7. Study of Drosophila mutant type

8. Problems on (a) law of segregation (b) Independent assortment (c) Sex linked inheritance

(d) population genetics

9. Retrieval of protein and nucleotide sequences from suitable databanks

10. Similarity searches using BLAST

11. Online tools for PCR primer generation and restriction analysis

12. Visualization of genome maps-usage of Mapviewer from NCBI resource

13. Study particular gene using TAIR databas

14. Study alignment of DNA and protein sequences by using bioinformatics tools.

15. Study phylogenetic analysis by using NTSYs

16. Construct dendogram of available data (protein and DNA sequences) using cladistic

methods

17. Construct dendogram of available data (protein and DNA sequences) using distance

methods

18. Calculate central tendencies: mean, median and mode from the data provided.

19. Draw frequency distribution curve and frequency polygons from the data provided.

20. Calculate Standard Deviation and Standard Error from given data.

21. Subject the available data to χ2 analysis and compare the mean values by applying t-test.

22. Estimation of glucose.

23. Estimation of urea.

24. Nitrogen estimation from animal tissue.

25. Cholesterol estimation.

26. Isolation and estimation of starch from potato using Iodine test.

32

27. Isolation of glycogen from animal tissue.

28. Protein profiling by PAGE and SDS PAGE

Semester – III

Course Scheme

For the years 2016, 2017, 2018

Laboratory Courses

BT 306 Lab Course based on BT 301,

BT 302 & BT 303

04 06 50 50 100

BT 307 Lab Course based on BT 304

and BT 305

04 06 50 50 100

Total 100 100 200




Course

Code


Duration Marks

Hours SA UE Total

BT 301 Bioresources: Assessment,

Characterization

and Conservation

04 03 40 60 100

BT 302 Plant Biotechnology 02 02 20 30 50

BT 303 Animal Biotechnology 02 02 20 30 50

BT 304 Genetic Engineering 04 03 40 60 100

BT 305 Biology of Immune System 04 03 40 60 100

Total 160 240 400

33

Semester – III


Course Title: Bioresources: Assessment, Characterization Sessional Assessment: 40

and Conservation University Examination: 60

Credits: 04 Duration of Exam: 3 hours

Objectives:

Bioresources are being over exploited to meet market demand, resulting in threatening their

existence. The present course aims at introducing students to approaches for documentation of

biodiversity, nature and magnitude of threat to bioresources and imparting them knowledge about

their conservation.

Unit I Survey and documentation of biodiversity and bioresources

1.1 Biodiversity and bioresources: concept and scope; evolution of biodiversity, factors

promoting biodiversity; scales of biodiversity - genetic, species and ecosystem diversity;

traditional approaches to measuring biodiversity.

1.2 Modern approaches to measuring organismal diversity: species richness, species evenness;

measurement of biodiversity at spatial (landscape) level (alpha, beta and gamma diversity);

Shannon-Wiener Index and Simpson Index.

1.3 Geographical Information System (GIS): introduction, scope, history, components, functions,

advantages and limitations.

1.4 Application of remote sensing technology for bioresources’ management, land cover and

land use, forestry, agriculture and wildlife.

2 Unit II Loss of bioresources

2.1 Estimates of biodiversity loss; means of biodiversity loss - species extinction, genetic

erosion; loss of ecosystem diversity.

2.2 Causes of biodiversity loss: habitat destruction, unsustainable exploitation, biological

invasion, environmental pollution and poverty.

2.3 Species threat status: IUCN threat categories and criteria; concept of rarity; RED

Data Books; Biodiversity hotspots (general account); effect of climate change on

biodiversity.

34

2.4 Biopiracy: introduction, factors and reasons thereof, biopiracy- vis – a – vis IPR regime;

steps to check biopiracy - vigil, applicability of modern technologies in checking

biopiracy.

Unit III Conservation of bioresources

3.1 Why conserve bioresources; global measures for conserving bioresources: international

conservation organizations (FAO, UNESCO, IUCN, WWF, UNEP, Biodiversity

International, WCMC); multilateral treaties (Ramsar Convention, WHC, CITES, CBD).

3.2 Biological Diversity Act 2002 and Biological Diversity Rules 2004, Wild Life (protection)

Amendment Act 1991, Forest Act 1980, Bioresources Act, National Bioresource

Development Board, Indian Bioresource Information Network; National Biodiversity

Authority (2004); National Biodiversity Action Plan (2008), State Biodiversity Boards.

3.3 IPRs and Biological Resources, Development in the Life Sciences Trade Industry and the

WTO - TRIPS Agreement, patents and other IPRs, Implication of IPRS to Biological

Resources.

3.4 PVPFRA, Plant Breeder’s rights, Farmer’s rights, Tribunal rights, Traditional Resource

rights, Variety registration.

Unit IV Conservation strategies

4.1 In situ conservation sites: Protected areas - Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Wildlife

Sanctuaries. In situ conservation of aquatic ecosystems: lakes, wetlands, mangroves,

coral reefs, pond reservoirs.

4.2 Ex situ conservation sites: Botanical Gardens and Arboreta, Field gene banks, Seed

banks, Reserve Forests, Sacred groves; Zoological parks, zoos and aquaria, role of

Animal Breeding Centres in conservation; Community conservation.

4.3 In vitro conservation and cryopreservation: principles, infrastructure and experimental

protocols for in vitro conservation and cryopreservation of cells, tissues and organs;

advantages and disadvantages; in vitro and cryobanks; DNA and genomic resources

banks, conservation in permofrost conditions.

4.4 Gene banks: IBPGR, Indian gene banks for plant, animal, fish, microbial and insect

genetic resources; NBPGR, National Genetic Resources Advisory Council.

Unit V Molecular characterization of bioresources

5.1 Molecular markers - definition, properties, classification, importance and scope.

35

5.2 Molecular marker techniques: RAPD, SSR, ISSR, SSAP and AFLP, Expressed Sequence

Tags, and their utility; merits and demerits of different molecular marker techniques.

5.3 Proteins, isozymes and allozymes as markers, their significance in characterization;

methods of isozyme and allozyme analysis.

5.4 Biotechnology and its role in biodiversity conservation; software for molecular

characterization and diversity analysis; role of taxonomy in assessment, conservation and

sustainable use of biodiversity.







Books recommended:

1. Bhojwani, S. S. (1990). Plant Tissue Culture: Applications and Limitations, Elsevier,

Amsterdam.

2. K. V. Krishnamurthy (2003). Textbook of Biodiversity, Illustrated reprint, Science

Publishers.

3. Correa, Carlos M. (2000).Intellectual Property Rights, the WTO and Developing

Countries: the TRIPS Agreement and Policy Options. Zed Books, New York.

4. DNA finger printing in plants, principles, Methods & Application by Kurt Weising , Hilde

Nybom, Markus Pfenninger, Kirsten Wolff, Gunter Kahl, 2nd

edition, Publisher: Taylor &

Francis group.

5. Engelmann F. 2004. Plant cryopreservation: Progress and prospects. In vitro Cellular and

Developmental Biology plant 40:427-433.

6. Engels JMM, Visser L, editors. 2003. A guide to effective management of germplasm

collections. IPGRI Handbooks for Genebanks No. 6. IPGRI, Rome, Italy. Available

in English (1.4 MB) and Spanish (1.5 MB).

7. FAO/IPGRI. 1994. Genebank standards. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations, Rome and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available

in English, Spanish, French and Arabic.

8. Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J. (1998). Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and

Applications of Recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.

9. Groom, M.J., Meffe, G.K. and Carroll, C.R. (2006). Principles of Conservation Biology.

Sircuier Associates, Inc.

10. Holdgate MW (1986). Summary and Conclusions: Characteristics and Consequences of

Biological Invasions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royle Society, London.

11. Narayan, P.S. (2001). Intellectual Property Law in India, Gogia Law Agency, Hyderabad.

12. Nordgen. (2008). Agreement between (depositor) and the Royal Norwegian Ministry of

Agriculture and Food concerning the deposit of seeds in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault.

The Svalbard Gloal Seed Vault. The Nordic Genetic Resource Centre,

ALNARP.Availablefrom:http://www.nordgen.org/sgsv/scope/sgsv/files/SGSV_Deposit_A

greement.pdf.

http://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22K+V+Krishnamurthy%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=10

http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/images/file/learning_space/genebankmanual6.pdf

http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/images/file/learning_space/genebankmanual6_spa.pdf

http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/images/file/learning_space/genebank_standards.pdf

http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/images/file/learning_space/genebank_standards_spa.pdf

http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/images/file/learning_space/genebank_standards_fra.pdf

http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/images/file/learning_space/genebank_standards_ara.pdf

http://www.nordgen.org/sgsv/scope/sgsv/files/SGSV_Deposit_Agreement.pdf

http://www.nordgen.org/sgsv/scope/sgsv/files/SGSV_Deposit_Agreement.pdf

36

13. Reed BM, Engelmann F, Dulloo ME, Engels JMM. 2004. Technical guidelines for the

management of field and in vitro germplasm collections. IPGRI Handbooks for genebanks

No. 7. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.

14. Reed BM, Paynter C, Bartlett B. 2002. Shipping procedures for plant tissue cultures.

USDA-ARS

NCGR.Availablefrom: http://www.arsgrin.gov/cor/presentations/shipping2001/sld001.htm

l. Date accessed: 26 March 2010.

15. Ruane J, Sonnino A. 2006. The role of biotechnology in exploring and protecting

agricultural genetic resources. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,

Rome.

16. Razdan, M.K. (1993). An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture, Oxford and IBH.

17. Singh, J. S., Singh, S. P. and Gupta, S. R. (2006). Ecology Environment and Resource

Conservation, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi.

18. Wadehra, B.L. (2000). Law Relating to Patents, Trade Marks, Copyright Designs &

Geographical Indications, Universal Law Publishing.

19. Williamson, M. (1996). Biological Invasion, Chapman and Hall, London.

20. Winnaker, E.L. (1987). From Genes to Clones: Introduction to Gene Technology. VCH,

Germany.

21. Judd, W. S and. Campbell, C. S,. Kellogg, E. A Stevens, F.and. Donoghue, M. J. ((2007).

Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc, USA

22. Karp, A., Isaac, P. G and Ingram, D. S. (1998). Molecular Tools for Screening

Biodiversity. Chapman and Hall, Madras

http://www.arsgrin.gov/cor/presentations/shipping2001/sld001.htm

http://www.arsgrin.gov/cor/presentations/shipping2001/sld001.htm

37

Semester – III


Course Title: Plant Biotechnology Sessional Assessment: 20



Objectives:

Human population is increasing at fast rate. The resources required to sustain the ever increasing

population are not increasing at the same pace. Conventional methods for plant improvement are

not able to deliver fully. Therefore, to adopt high throughput technologies is need of the hour.

Manipulation of genome by incorporating desirable genes is the option available. This course is

intended to give some idea to students how plant bioresources can be increased in quantity and

improved in quality through biotechnology.

Unit I Plant tissue culture and plant transformation techniques

1.1 Plant tissue culture- history; totipotency of plant cells; Principles for aseptic culture

techniques, culture media, plant growth regulators.

1.2 Plant regeneration: somatic embryogenesis, importance of haploid production through pollen

culture and triploid production through endosperm culture in crop improvement

1.3 In vitro pollination; wide hybridization; somatic cell hybridization (hybrids and cybrids);

embryo culture; Synthetic seeds and their importance

1.4 Methods of gene transfer- Agrobacterium mediated particle bombardment and electroporation.

Unit II Plant biotechnology for abiotic and biotic stress resistance

2.1 Plant biotechnology for enhancing cold and heat stress tolerance; secondary effects of abiotic

stress – production of ROS; genes involved in scavenging of ROS.

2.2 Plant biotechnology in enhancing drought and salt stress tolerance.

2.3 Plant biotechnology for enhancing resistance against fungal pathogens; anti microbial

proteins.

2.4 Plant biotechnology to enhance viral resistance- pathogen derived resistance; coat protein,

antisense, SiRNA and ribozyme approaches to enhance resistance for extending shelf life of

fruits and flowers (ACC synthase gene and polygalactoronase)

Unit III Plant biotechnology for improving crop yield and quality (value addition)

38

3.1 Plant biotechnology in improving fruit ripening and enhancing photosynthesis

3.2 Golden rice- nutritionally improved rice through biotechnology; transgenic sweet potato.

3.3Modification of taste and appearance- Sweetness, Starch and preventing

discloration

3.4 Bioplastics- biodegradable plastic from plants through biotechnological intervention.







Books recommended:

1. Bhojwani, S. S. (1990). Plant Tissue Culture: Applications and Limitations, Elsevier,

Amsterdam.

2. Brown, T. A (2007). Genomes. BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd.

3. Clark, D. P (2005). Molecular Biology: Understanding the Genetic Revolution. Academic

press.

4. Malacinski, G. M (2006). Essentials of Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing House. (4th

edition).

5. Primrose, S. B and Twyman, R. M (2007). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics.

Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.

6. Singh, B. D. (2007). Biotechnology: Expanding Horizons. Kalyani Publishers.

7. Slater, A., Scott, N and Fowler, M (2003). Plant Biotechnology: The Genetic Manipulation

of Plants. Oxford University Press.

8. Bernard R. Glick, Jack J. Pasternak, Cheryl L. Pattten. (2010). Molecular Biotechnology:

Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. ISBN: 1555816126, 9781555816124.

ASM press. 4th

Ed.

9. H. S. Chawla (2013) Introduction to Plant Biotechnology Science Publishers, Recent

Edition.

https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22H.+S.+Chawla%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8

39

Semester III


Course Title: Animal Biotechnology Sessional Assessment: 20



Objectives:

Human population is increasing at fast rate. The resources required to sustain the ever increasing

population are not increasing at the same pace. Conventional methods for animal improvement

are not able to deliver fully. Therefore, to adopt high throughput technologies is need of the hour.

Manipulation of genome by incorporating desirable genes is the option available. This course is

intended to give some idea to students how animal bioresources can be increased and improved

qualitatively through biotechnological interventions.

Unit I Animal cell culture and scaling up

1.1 Primary and established cell line cultures; equipments and materials for cell culture.

1.2 Cell culture-suspension cultures, culture media, natural and artificial media, initiation of

cell cultures, evolution of continuous cell lines.

1.3 Measurement of viability and cytotoxicity of cultured cells.

1.4 Scaling up of animal cell cultures and their applications..

Unit II Animal tissue culture and hybridoma technology

2.1 Organ culture- techniques, advantages, limitations and applications.

2.2 Stem cell lines: origin and types; stem cell therapy and its applications

2.3 Somatic cell fusion, techniques and importance.

2.4 Hybridoma technology and its importance in medicine, cell cloning and manipulation and

cell synchronization.

Unit III Animal cell culture products and transfection techniques

3.1 Cell culture products: viral vaccines, interferons, recombinant proteins, hybrid antibodies.

3.2 In-vitro fertilization in humans, embryo transfer in cattle, applications of embryo transfer

technology, (the story of Noori)

3.3 Transfection methods- Ca phosphate precipitation, DEAE-Dextran mediated transfection,

lipofection, fusion with bacterial protoplasts, electroporation; targeted gene transfer- gene

disruption and gene replacement.

40

3.4 Production of transgenic animals with special reference to transgenic mice, cow and sheep;

identification and transfer of genes influencing milk quality and disease resistance;

production of pharmaceuticals







Books recommended:


Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. ASM press. 4th

Ed.

2. Brown, T. A (2007). Genomes. BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd.

3. Clark, D. P (2005). Molecular Biology: Understanding the Genetic Revolution. Academic

press.

4. Das, H. K (2010). Textbook of Biotechnology. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.

5. Freshney, R. I (2010). Culture of Animal Cells. John Wiley and Sons Inc.

6. Malacinski, G. M (2006). Essentials of Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing House. 4th

Ed.

7. Primrose, S. B and Twyman, R. M (2007). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics.

Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.

8. Singh, B. D. (2007). Biotechnology: Expanding Horizons. Kalyani Publishers.

9. Ralf Portner (2007). Animal Cell Biotechnology, Methods and Protocols, 2nd

Edition,

Humana Press.

41

Objectives:

Genetic engineering concerns manipulation of genetic material for improvement and amelioration

of all kinds of bioresources. This course will help students to learn the science and basic

techniques of genetic manipulation and educate them with the scope of the technology.

Unit I Genetic engineering-I

1.1 Definition, brief history and scope of genetic engineering; milestones in development of

genetic engineering as technology.

1.2 Molecular tools employed in genetic engineering: restriction enzymes-types, nomenclature

and cleavage patterns; concept of linkers and adapters, ligases-types and nature of action.

1.3 Cloning Vectors for prokaryotes: properties of an ideal vector, plasmid vectors- pBR322

vectors, pUC8 vectors, Lambda bacteriophage vectors, M13 bacteriophage vectors, cosmids

and shuttle vectors.

1.4 Cloning vectors for eukaryotes: Yeast episomal plasmids (YEps), Yeast integrative plasmids

(YIps), Yeast replicative plasmids, Yeast artificial chromosome vectors (YAC) and bacterial

artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors.

Unit II Genetic engineering-II

2.1 Cloning from mRNA: isolation and purification of RNA, synthesis of cDNA, isolation of

plasmids.

2.2 Cloning cDNA in plasmid vectors and bacteriophage vectors; expression of cloned DNA

molecules; oligonucleotide synthesis and application; synthesis of complete gene.

2.3 cDNA libraries, cloning of the cDNA libraries, concept of expressed sequence tags (ESTs),

screening methods of cloned libraries.

2.4 Cloning of genomic DNA: isolation and purification of DNA, preparation of DNA fragments

and cloning. construction of genomic libraries (Using λ gt 10 and 11 vector). In vitro

packaging of λ phage and amplification of libraries.

Unit III Genetic engineering-III

3.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction: principle, applications and importance; variation in PCR;

Blotting techniques: Northern blotting and Southern blotting.

3.2 DNA sequencing – chemical degradation and enzymatic methods.

Semester III


Course Title: Genetic Engineering Sessional Assessment: 40



42

3.3 Selectable markers; antibiotic resistance markers, herbicide resistance markers,

firefly luciferase and antimetabolite resistance markers.

3.4 Reporter genes: opine synthase, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT),

beta-glucoronidase (GUS), and green fluorescent proteins (GFP).

Unit IV Genetic engineering-IV

4.1 Labeling of DNA, RNA and Proteins by radioactive isotopes, non-radioactive labeling, in vivo

labeling, autoradiography and autofluorography.

4.2 CRISPAR/Cas9 system: process, application in genome editing and correction of genetic

disorders.

4.3 Transgenic and gene knockout technologies: target gene replacement, knockout mouse.

4.4 Site-directed mutagenesis: process, detailed probing of gene and protein function by site-

directed mutagenesis and determination of location of cellular proteins.

Unit V Applications of Genetic engineering and Biosafety

5.1 Genetically modified plants: genes involved in production of Bt Cotton, Bt Brinjal, Golden

Rice and Flavr Savr tomato, ethical issues of GMOs.

5.2 Gene therapy: generalized process, application in diseases; adenosine deaminase deficiency

and cystic fibrosis.

5.3 Production of recombinant proteins: recombinant insulin, Human growth hormone and

Recombinant factor VII.

5.4 Biosafety regulations: Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RDAC), Review Committee

on Genetic Manipulation and Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC).







Books recommended:

1. Brown, T. A. (2006).Gene Cloning-An Introduction,5th

Edition, Blackwell Publishing group.

2. Clark, D. P. &Pazdernik, N. J. (2009). Biotechnology: Applying the Genetic Revolution,5th

Edition, Elsevier Inc.

3. Clark, D. P. (2005). Molecular Biology: Understanding the Genetic Revolution,4th

Edition,

Academic Press.

4. Davies, J. A. & Reznikoff, W.S. (1992). Milestones in Biotechnology, Classic Papers on

Genetic Engineering, 5th

Edition, Butterworth-Hienemann, Boston.

5. Desmond S. T. Nicholl (2008). An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, 3rd

Edition,

Cambridge University press.

43

6. Kingsman, S. M. &Kingsman, A. J. (1998). Genetic Engineering: An Introduction to Gene

Analysis and Exploitation in Eukaryotes, 6th

Edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications,

Oxford.

7. Sandy B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman & R. W. Old (2013). Principles of Gene Manipulation &

Genomics, 7th

Edition, Jhon Wiley & Sons.

8. Walker, M. R. &Rapley, R. (1997). Route Maps in Gene Technology, 4th

Edition, Blackwell

Science Ltd, Oxford.

9. Williams, J., Ceccarelli, A. &Wallace, A. (2001). Genetic Engineering, 2nd

Edition. Springer-

Verlag, New York Inc.

44

Semester – III


Course Title: Biology of Immune System Sessional Assessment: 40



Objectives:

This course introduces students to molecular and cellular immunology, including antigen and

antibody structure and function, major histo-compatibility complexes, B and T cell receptors,

antibody formation and immunity and regulation of immune system.

Unit 1: Introduction to immunology

1.1 Types of immunity, innate and adaptive, features of immune response memory;

recognition of self and non-self, hematopoiesis.

1.2 Cells and organs of immune system: B and T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells,

eosinophills, neutrophills and mast cells, organs; thymus, bursa of fabricus, spleen, lymph

nodes and lymphatic system.

1.3 Immunoglobulin: structure, classes and subclasses.

1.4 Nature and biology of antigens, immunogenicity versus antigenicity, epitopes, antigen-

antibody interactions and heptans.

Unit 2: Humoral and cell mediated immunity

2.1 Generation of humoral and cell mediated immune responses, Antigen processing and

presentation.

2.2 Complement fixing antibodies and complement pathways.

2.3 Major histo-compatibility complex and HLA system, recognition of antigens by T-cells

and role of MHC.

2.4 Cytokines, types and functions, cell adhesion molecules, cytokine related diseases;

therapeutic uses of cytokines.

Unit 3: Immunological disorders

3.1 Type I, type II, type III and type IV hypersensitivity reactions.

3.2 Autoimmune disorders: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Multiple sclerosis (MS) and

Arithritis.

3.3 Cancer: oncogenes and proto-oncogenes, tumor antigens, tumor evasion of immune

system.

3.4 AIDS, HIV infection of Target Cells and Activation of Provirus.

45

Unit 4: Immunodiagnostic procedures

4.1 Techniques: flow cytometry, ELISA, RIA (principles, properties and applications).

4.2 Flourescent immunoassay, agglutination of pathogenic bacteria, haemagglutination and its

inhibition.

4.3 Immunodiffusion: Mancini and Ouchterlony methods, immunoelectrophoresis.

4.4 Separation of immunoglobulin from serum.

Unit 5: Immunobiotechnology

5.1 Monoclonal antibodies: production, detection and applications.

5.2 Organ transplantation: immunological basis of graft rejection and immunosuppressive

therapy.

5.3 Vaccines: conventional vaccines, peptide vaccines, genetically engineered vaccines.

5.4 Stem cells: overview of stem cells, functions and medical applications.







Books recommended:

1. Eli Benjamin, Rechard Coico, Geoffrey: Immunlogy, A Short Course, Sunshine (Wiley-

Liss). 4th

Ed.

2. Goldsby, R. A. Kindt, T. J., and Osborne, B. A. (2000): Kuby Immunology, W/H/Freeman

and Company, New York, 5th

Ed.

3. Roitt I., Brostoff. J., and Male, D., (1999): Immunology, Hartcourt Brace and Company ASI

Pte. Ltd. 7th

Ed.

4. Warren, Levinson. (2010): Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, LANGE

Basic Science. 11th Ed.

http://www.amazon.com/Warren-Levinson/e/B00369VRM2/ref=sr_ntt_srch_lnk_12?qid=1319177710&sr=1-12

http://www.amazon.com/Medical-Microbiology-Immunology-Eleventh-Science/dp/0071700285/ref=sr_1_12?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1319177710&sr=1-12

46

Semester-III


Course Title: Lab course on Bioresources assessment, University Examination: 50

Plant Biotechnology & Animal Sessional Assessment: 50

Biotechnology

1. Determination of density, abundance and frequency of species by quadrat method.

2. Determination of species diversity by using Shanon Wiener’s information statistics and

Simpson Index.

3. Understanding the principle and functioning of Global Positioning System (GPS) and its

use.

4. Marking and mapping different sites of the University campus with the help of Global

Positioning System.

5. Test seed viability by using tetrazolium salt.

6. Effect of plant invasives on plant bioresources:

a. To study the floral structure, flowering behavior and reproductive capacity of

invasive plant species (Parthenium hysterophorus) in and around the University

campus.

b. To study the allelopathic effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of

Ageratum conyzoides, Parthenium hysterophorus and Sonchus asper on seed

germination.

7. Effect of pollution on plant bioresources and water quality:

a. To calculate the Leaf Area Index of leaf samples collected from different sites to study

the effect of pollution on leaf morphology.

b. To analyze water samples (tap water, stream water and stagnant water) for dissolved

CO2 and dissolved oxygen.

8. To understand the principle and working of Auto Weather Station: collection, collation

and representation of data.

9. Visit to a wild life sanctuary and study of wild life protection measures. Notes prepared

will be evaluated.

10. Count the cells of an animal tissue and check their viability.

11. Prepare culture media with various supplements for plant and animal tissue culture.

12. Prepare single cell suspension from spleen and thymus.

13. Monitor and measure doubling time of animal cells.

14. Chromosome preparations from cultured animal cells.

15. Isolate DNA from animal tissue by SDS method.

47

16. Attempt animal cell fusion using PEG.

17. Prepare culture media with various supplements for plant tissue culture.

18. Prepare explants of Valleriana wallichii for inoculation under aseptic conditions.

19. Attempt in vitro andro- and gynogenesis in plants (Datura stramonium).

20. Isolate plant protoplast by enzymatic and mechanical methods and attempt fusion by PEG

(available material).

21. Culture Agrobacterium tumefaciens and attempt transformation of any dicot species.

22. Generate an RAPD and ISSR profile of Eremurus persicus and Valleriana wallichii.

23. Prepare karyotypes and study the morphology of somatic chromosomes of Allium cepa, A.

sativum, A. tuberosum and compare them on the basis of karyotypes.

24. Pollen mother cell meiosis and recombination index of select species (one achiasmate, and

the other chiasmate) and correlate with generation of variation.

25. Undertake plant genomic DNA isolation by CTAB method and its quantitation by visual

as well as spectrophotometeric methods.

26. Perform PCR amplification of ‘n’ number of genotypes of a species for studying the

genetic variation among the individuals of a species using random primers.

27. Study the genetic fingerprinting profiles of plants and calculate the polymorphic

information content.

48

Semester-III


Course Title: Lab course on Genetic Engineering & University Examination: 50

Biology of Immune System Sessional Assessment: 50

1. Culture antibiotic resistant bacterial strain on antibiotic selection media.

2. Preparation of bacterial cells for transformation.

3. Selection of lac Z+ E. coli colonies by using blue white selection method to detect

transformants.

4. Restriction digestion of bacterial (E. coli) plant (Valeriana wallichii) DNA.

5. Agarose gel electrophoresis and restriction mapping of bacterial (E. coli) plant

(Valeriana wallichii) DNA

6. Demonstration of construction of restriction maps of plasmid DNA.

7. Perform Polymerase Chain Reaction.

8. Restriction digestion of Vector DNA by using EcoR1.

9. Ligation of DNA on a suitable vector.

10. Determination of A, B, O and Rh blood groups in human beings

11. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of antigens by immunodiffusion

12. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis

13. Purification of bovine serum IgG by ammonium sulphate precipitation

14. Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA)

15. Western blotting

16. Determination of contents of haemoglobin using Shali’s haemocytometer.

17. Determination of the bleeding and clotting time of your blood.

18. Determination of the TLC and DLC of blood using haemocytometer.

19. Determination of the erythrocyte count of blood using haemocytometer.

49

Semester – IV

Course Scheme

For the years 2016, 2017, 2018

Dissertation




Course

Code


Duration Marks

Hours SA UE Total

BT 401 Industrial Biotechnology 02 02 20 30 50

BT 402 Genomics & Functional

Genomics

04 03 40 60 100

BT 403 Journal Club 02 02 50 - 50

BT 404 Lab course 04 06 50 50 100

Total 160 140 300

Course

Code


Duration Marks

6 months

UE Total

MB 405 Dissertation 12 300 300

50

Semester IV


Course Title: Industrial Biotechnology Sessional Assessment: 20



Objectives:

The course has been devised to introduce students to optimize biological processes through

appropriate engineering.

Unit I Introduction to bioprocess engineering

1.1 Introduction to bioprocess engineering; isolation, preservation, and maintenance of industrial

microorganisms.

1.2 Kinetics of microbial growth and death; media for industrial fermentation.

1.3 Air and media sterilization. Types of fermentation processes

1.4 Analysis of batch, fed–batch and continuous cultures.

Unit II Fermentation process and their products

2.1 Types of fermentation processes and processing based products, bioreactor. Specialized

bioreactors (pulsed, fluidized, photobioreactors).

2.2 Measurement and control of bioprocess parameters: on and off line sensors, whole cell

immobilization and their industrial applications.

2.3 Industrial production alcohol (ethanol), acids (citric, acetic and gluconic) solvents (glycerol,

acetone, butanol).

2.4: Industrial production of antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline), amino acids

(lysine, glutamic acid) and single cell proteins (SCPs).

Unit III Downstream processing, effluent treatment and food technology

3.1 Downstream processing: introduction, removal of microbial cells and solid matter, foam

separation, precipitation, filtration, centrifugation, cell disruption and liquid-liquid extraction.

3.2 Chromatography, membrane filtration, drying and crystallization.

3.3 Effluent treatment: B.O.D and C.O.D treatment and disposal of effluents.

3.4 Sterilization and pasteurization of products, canning, packing, preservation and hygiene.

51

Note for Paper Setter:






Books recommended:

1. Crueger, W. and Crueger, A. (2002) Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial

Microbiology. Science Tech Inc. Publishers.

2. Doran, P.M. (1999). Bioprocess Engineering Principles. Academic Press, New York.

3. Lee, J.M. ( ) Biochemical Engineering, Prentice Hall Inc.

4. Shuler, M.L. and Kargi, F. (2003). Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts, Prentice Hall,

Englewood Cliffs.

5. Stanbury, P.F. and Whitaker, A. (1997). Principles of Fermentation Technology, Pergamon

Press, Oxford.

52

Semester IV


Course Title: Genomics and Functional Genomics Sessional Assessment: 40



Objectives:

The course has been designed with the objectives of making students aware of the structural and

functional aspects of genome and the techniques available to learn the same.

Unit1 Introduction to Genomics

1.1 Introduction to omes and omics; application of genomics.

1.2 Gene location by sequence inspection; locating genes for functional RNA. computational

prediction of miRNA target gene

1.3 Recognition of coding and non-coding sequences; primer designing

1.4 The human genome landscape: copy number variants, CpG islands, GC content

Unit II Genome analysis

2.1 DNA sequencing technologies: Sanger sequencing, pyro- sequencing and next generation

sequencing.

2.2 Sequencing and assembling of genomes: whole genome shotgun sequencing and hierarchical

shotgun sequencing.

2.3 Genome annotation: features of genomic DNA; annotation of genes in prokaryotes and

eukaryotes.

2.4 Locating protein-binding sites in the upstream region: Gel retardation assay, DNA foot

printing and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP).

Unit III Transcriptomics

3.1 Transcript mapping by Primer extension and Nuclease S1 mapping, deletion analysis of the

upstream regions, RACE.

3.2 DNA microarray technology: role and applications, analysis of gene expression.

3.3 Quantitative real time PCR and SAGE to assess gene expression.

3.4 Role of next generation sequencing in transcriptome analysis.

Unit IV: Proteomics

4.1 Introduction to proteome: isolation and quantification of proteins.

4.2 Separation of proteins from proteome (SDS-PAGE, 2-D PAGE), antibodies for

proteomics, western blotting.

4.3 Identification of proteins from proteome (Mass spectrophotometry & tandem mass

spectrometry).

53

4.4 Protein - protein interaction by phage display, yeast two hybrid system and Co-

immunoprecipitation.

Unit V. Genome modifications

5.1 Introduction to RNAi; siRNA and miRNA technology; construction of siRNA

vectors.

5.2 Principle and application of gene silencing; Gene knockouts and Gene Therapy;

Creation of knockout mice.

5.3 Chemical modifications of histones: acetylation and deacetylation; influence of nucleosome

remodelling on genome expression.

5.4 DNA methyl transferases and the repression of genome activity.







Books Recommended

1. Brown, T. A. 2007. Genomes 3. Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, New York


Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. ISBN: 1555816126, 9781555816124.

ASM press. 4th

Ed.

3. Hunt, P. Stephen and R. Livesey (eds). 2000. Functional Genomics: A Practical

Approach. Oxford University Press.

4. Jonathan Pevsner (2013). Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics. Wilwy India Pvt. Ltd.

2nd

ed.

5. Primrose, S. B. and R. M. Twyman. 2007. Principles of Gene Manipulation and

Genomics. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.

6. Schlena, Mark (ed). 2000. DNA Microarrays: A Practical Approach. Oxford University

Press.

54

Semester-IV


Course Title: Lab course on Industrial Biotechnology University Examination: 50

and Functional Genomics Sessional Assessment: 50

1. Protein profiling by PAGE and SDS PAGE.

2. Primer designing for gene cloning using bioinformatics.

3. Transfer of DNA fragments from Agarose gel to Nitrocellulose membrane (Southern

blotting)

4. Monitoring Bacterial growth through measurement of turbidity in

spectrophotometer and plotting of growth curve.

5. Determination of thermal death point of different bacteria.

6. Immobilization of yeast biomass in sodium alginate gel.

7. Isolation of industrially important microorganisms.

8. Screening bacterial and fungal isolates for amylase, cellulase and protease

activity by plate array method.

9. Preparation of YA agar, starch Agar and skimmed milk media.

10. Isolation of exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria.

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