course’informaon - web hosting at umass amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf ·...

69
Course informa-on Final exam: Tuesday, 12/11 4 6 in Machmer W 15 If you have a conflict, go the the Registrar’s office and they will give you a form saying which exam can be changed. Final exam will cover the chapters on perfect compe--on, monopoly, monopolis-c compe--on up to page 329 only and oligopoly up to page 350 (‘Other Oligopoly Games’).

Upload: others

Post on 21-Mar-2020

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Course  informa-on    

•  Final  exam:    Tuesday,  12/11  4    -­‐6  in  Machmer  W  15  

•  If  you  have  a  conflict,  go  the  the  Registrar’s  office  and  they  will  give  you  a  form  saying  which  exam  can  be  changed.  

•  Final  exam  will  cover  the  chapters  on  perfect  compe--on,  monopoly,  monopolis-c  compe--on  up  to  page  329  only  and  oligopoly  up  to  page  350  (‘Other  Oligopoly  Games’).      

Page 2: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

To  do  today    Profit  maximizing  equilibrium  in          Single-­‐price  monopoly          Price  discrimina-ng  monopoly    Regula-ng  monopoly                  Efficient  (MC)  pricing                  Average  cost  pricing                  Price  cap  regula-on                  Rate  of  return  regula-on          

Page 3: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Elas-city  and  revenue  again  

1.  If  a  price  fall  increases  total  revenue,  demand  is  elas-c.    

 2.      If  a  price  fall  decreases  total  revenue,              demand  is  inelas-c.    

<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
Page 4: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Elas-city  and  the  demand  curve  again  

•   Elas-city  will  change  along  the  demand  curve,  as  we  have  seen  

•  This  means  that  to  know  the  effect  of  a  change  in  price,  must  know  where  you  are  on  the  demand  curve  

Page 5: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Elas-city  and  MR  along  the  demand  curve  

<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
Page 6: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’
Page 7: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Monopoly  equilibrium  

•  Same  profit  maximizing  rule:    MC    =    MR  

•  But  now,  P  or  AR  is  above  MR  

•  So,  monopoly  sells  a  smaller  output  at  a  higher  price  

<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
Page 8: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Graphing  monopoly  equilibrium  

<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
Page 9: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Rule:    MC    =    MR  Again  same  as  profit  maximizing  rule  in  compe--on  

The  average  total  cost  curve  is  ATC.  

The  marginal  cost  curve  is  MC.  

The  demand  curve  is  D.  

The  marginal  revenue  curve  is  MR.  

Full  profit-­‐maximizing  story  

<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
Page 10: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’
Page 11: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Monopoly  vs  compe--on  

•  Tricky  bit  

•  The  price  the  monopoly  charges  at  its  profit  maximizing  output  is  from  its  DEMAND  curve,  like  usual  

     •  Not  from  its  MR  curve,  which  is  now  below  the  demand  curve  

<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
Page 12: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Characteris-cs  of  monopoly  •  Economic  profit  >  0    •  Price  is  higher  than  compe--ve  level    •  Output  is  less  than  the  compe--ve  level  

•  And  now,  have  deadweight  loss  

•  So  monopoly  is  not  efficient  

Page 13: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Where  to  compare  monopoly  and  compe--on?  

•  Perfectly  compe--ve  equilibrium  where  MC    (S)    =    MB  (price  and  demand  curve)  

•  So,  on  the  monopoly  graph,  perfect  compe--ve  is  where  S=MC  curve  intersects  the  demand  curve  

Page 14: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Monopoly  vs  compe--on  

Page 15: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’
<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
Page 16: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Consequences  of  monopoly  

•  Higher  equilibrium  prices  

•  Lower  equilibrium  quan-ty  

•  Deadweight  loss    (MC  not  =  MB)  

Page 17: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

 Efficient  regula-on  of  a  monopoly  

Problem:    compared  to  compe--on,  monopoly  price  too  high  and  output  too  low  

 Solu+on:    Set  MC    =    MB  (and  price)  to  mimic  compe--ve  equilibrium  

Page 18: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’
Page 19: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

 Price  discrimina-ng  monopoly  

– Price  discrimina-on—selling  a  good  or  service  at  a  number  of  different  prices—is  widespread.  

– To  be  able  to  price  discriminate,  a  firm  must  

•  Iden-fy  and  separate  different  types  of  buyers.  

•  Sell  a  product  that  cannot  be  resold.  

Page 20: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Price  discrimina-on  and  consumer  surplus  

•  Goal:    to  convert  consumer  surplus  into  economic  profit  by  charging  different  categories  of  consumers  different  prices    

Perfect  price  discrimina-on:    each  individual  customer  pays  separate  price  schedule  based  on  that  customer’s  own  willingness  to  pay.  

Page 21: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’
Page 22: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Perfect  price  discrimina-on  

Page 23: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’
<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
Page 24: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

 Price  discrimina-on  and  efficiency  

•  Price  equals  MC,  so  deadweight  loss  is  zero  

•  But  consumer  surplus  now  all  goes  to  producer  

•  Rent  seeking  becomes  profitable  and  rent  seekers  use  up  the  whole  producer  surplus  

Page 25: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

MC  pricing  regula-on  

<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
Page 26: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’
<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
<iAnnotate iPad User>
Pencil
Page 27: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Efficient  regula-on  causes  a  problem  

•  Problem:  forces  firms  to  incur  losses  

•  Solu+on:    Second-­‐best  regula-on  of  a  natural  monopoly  

– Two  possible  ways  of  enabling  a  regulated  monopoly  to  avoid  an  economic  loss    

• Average  cost  pricing  • Government  subsidy  

Page 28: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

 Alterna-ve  regula-on  

Average  Cost  Pricing  

       Rule:    P    =    ATC  

Government  Subsidy  

       A  direct  payment  to  the  firm,  

       but  the  government  must  finance  the  subsidy  by      

       taxing  some  other  ac-vity,  which  will  create  a      

       deadweight  loss.  

Page 29: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Average  cost  pricing  regula-on  

Page 30: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’
Page 31: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Problems  with  AC  pricing  

•  Less  than  efficient  quan-ty  produced  

•  Price  higher  than  MC  

•  Deadweight  loss      

•  Some  consumer  surplus  goes  now  to  producer  surplus  

Page 32: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

 Rate  of  return  regula-on  

Problem:    might  not  be  possible  to  be  sure  what  the  firm’s  costs  are  

 

Solu+on:      firm  must  set  its  price  at  a  level  that  enables  it  to  earn  a  specified  target  percent  return  on  its  capital  

–  If  the  regulator  could  observe  the  firm’s  true  costs  and  be  sure  that  the  firm  was  minimizing  cost,  this  type  of  regula-on  would  be  like  average  cost  pricing  

Page 33: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Price  cap  and  earnings  share  regula-on  

Problem:    same  as  rate  of  return  regula-on  

 

Solu+on:    A  price  cap  (ceiling)—a  rule  that  specifies  the  highest  price  the  firm  is  permiged  to  charge  

Can  be  combined  with  earnings  sharing  regula+on—a  regula-on  that  requires  a  firm  to  make  refunds  to  customers  if  its  profit  rises  above  a  target  rate.  

 

Page 34: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Industries  that  may  have  price  caps  

Often important services; many have economies of scale

Page 35: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Price  cap  regula-on  

Page 36: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Price  cap  regula-on  

2.  A  price  cap  set  at  $15.  

1.  With  no  regula-on,  the  firm  maximizes  profit  by  producing  the  quan-ty  at  which  MC  =  MR.  

3.  The  price  cap  outcome  is  at  the  intersec-on  of  the  demand  curve  and  the  price  cap.  

4.  The  price  falls  and  output  increases.  

Page 37: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Finishing  monopoly:  rent  seeking  

Rent  is  any  form  of  surplus  –  producer,  consumer  or  economic  profit  Comes  from  barriers  to  entry  

But  firms  can  enter  if  pay  the  price  –  NY  taxi  medallion    Poten-al  entrants  bid  up  price  -ll  economic  profit  =  0  

Page 38: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Finishing  monopoly:  rent  seeking  

•  Point:    lobby  to  create  barriers  to  entry  

•  Example:  tomato  lobby  and  laws  limi-ng  tomato  imports  

•  Compe--on  among  rent  seekers  raises  costs  

•  Equilibrium  has  no  economic  profit  

Page 39: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Finishing  monopoly:  rent  seeking  

Page 40: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

 Monopolis-c  compe--on  •  A  large  number  of  firms  compete  –  no  market  dominance  or  collusion  

 •  Each  firm  produces  a  differen-ated  product  

•  Firms  compete  on  price,  product  quality,  and  marke-ng    •  Firms  are  free  to  enter  and  exit  

Page 41: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

– Product  that  is  slightly  different  from  the  products  of  compe-ng  firms  

– Has  close  subs-tutes  but  not  perfect  subs-tutes  

Product  differen-a-on  

Page 42: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Two  key  differences:    in  monopolis-c  compe--on,  there  is    

•  Excess  capacity    •  A  markup  of  price  over  marginal  cost  

Monopolis-c  compe--on  vs  perfect  compe--on  

Page 43: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

•  Compe-ng  on  quality,  price,  and  marke-ng  – Quality  – Design,  reliability,  aker-­‐sales  service,  etc.  – Price  

– Marke+ng  – Two  main  forms:  adver-sing  and  packaging  

Compe--on  in  monopolis-c  compe--on  

Page 44: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

The  profit  maximizing  decision  and  economic  profit    

– Decision  rule:    operate  where  MC  =  MR  

– Note  the  same  as  the  usual  decision  rule,  in  perfect  compe--on  and  in  monopoly  as  well.  

Page 45: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Equilibrium  of  the  monopolis-c  compe-tor  

Page 46: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

1.  Profit  is  maximized  when  MR  =  MC.  

3.  The  profit-­‐maximizing  price  is  $75  per  pair.  

4.  The  firm  makes  an  economic  profit  of  $6,250  a  day.  

2.  The  profit-­‐maximizing  output  is  125  pairs  of  Tommy  jeans  per  day.  

ATC  is  $25  per  pair,  so  

The  profit  maximizing  output  and  the  economic  profit  

Page 47: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Profit  maximiza-on  might  be  loss  minimizing  

– Some  firms  in  monopolis-c  compe--on  have  a  tough  -me  making  a  profit.    

– A  burst  of  entry  into  an  industry  can  limit  the  demand  for  each  firm’s  own  product.    

Page 48: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

 –  Economic  profit  induces  entry  and  economic  loss  induces  exit,  as  in  perfect  compe--on.  

–  Entry  decreases  the  demand  for  the  product  of  each  firm.  

–  Exit  increases  the  demand  for  the  product  of  each  firm.  

–  In  the  long  run,  economic  profit  is  competed  away  and  firms  make  zero  economic  profit.  

Move  to  the  long  run:    zero  economic  profit  

Page 49: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

 

Move  to  the  long  run:    zero  economic  profit  

Page 50: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

1.  The  output  that  maximizes  profit  is  75  pairs  of  Tommy  jeans  a  day.  

2.  The  price  is  $50  per  pair.  Average  total  cost  is  also  $50  per  pair.  

3.  Economic  profit  is  zero.  

Long  run  profit  situa-on  

Page 51: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’
Page 52: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

1.  The  efficient  scale  is  100  pairs  of  Tommy  jeans  a  day.  

2.  The  firm  produces  less  than  the  efficient  scale  and  has  excess  capacity.  

3.  Price  exceeds  4.  marginal  cost  by  the  amount  of    5.  the  markup.  

6.  Deadweight  loss  arise.  

Output  and  price  decisions:  long  run  

Page 53: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

       Deadweight  Loss        Because  P  >  MC,  monopolis-c  compe--on  creates  deadweight  loss            Higher  than  minimum  ATC  

       Lower  output  and  higher  price  than  compe++ve            But,    economic  profit  =    0  

Problems  with  monopolis-c  compe--on  in  the  long  run  

Page 54: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Innova-on  and  product  development  

– Wherever  economic  profits  are  earned,  imitators  emerge.      

–  To  maintain  economic  profit,  a  firm  must  seek  out  new  products.  

–  Cost  Versus  Benefit  of  Product  Innova+on  

–  The  firm  must  balance  the  cost  and  benefit  at  the  margin.  

Page 55: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Efficiency  and  product  innova-on  

– Value  of  innova-on  to  the  consumer:    MB      –     – MB    =    MR    =    MC  in  equilibrium  

– Here,  because      P    >    MC,  product  improvement  is  not  pushed  to  its  efficient  level.  

Page 56: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Adver-sing  costs  and  total  costs  

Adver-sing  expenditures  increase  the  costs  of  a  monopolis-cally  compe--ve  firm  above  those  of  a  perfectly  compe--ve  firm  or  a  monopoly.    Adver-sing  costs  are  fixed  costs.                    Adver-sing  costs  per  unit  decrease  as                      produc-on  increases.    

Page 57: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

1.  When  adver-sing  costs  are  added  to    

2.  The  average  total  cost  of  produc-on,    

3.  Average  total  cost  increases  by  a  greater  amount  at  small  outputs  than  at  large  outputs.  

Effect  of  adver-sing  cost  on  total  cost  

Page 58: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’
Page 59: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

4.  If  adver-sing  enables  sales  to  increase  from  25  pairs  of  jeans  a  day  to  100  pairs  a  day,  

   the  average  total  cost  falls  from  $60  a  pair  to  $40  a  pair.  

Effect  of  adver-sing  cost  on  total  cost  

Page 60: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

–  Adver-sing  and  other  selling  efforts  change  the  demand  for  a  firm’s  product.  

–  The  effects  are  complex:  •  A  firm’s  own  adver-sing  increases  the  demand  for  its  product.  

•  Adver-sing  by  all  firms  might  decrease  the  demand  for  any  one  firm’s  product  and  might  make  demand  more  elas-c.  

–  The  price  and  markup  might  fall.  

Adver-sing  (selling)  costs  and  demand  

Page 61: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

No  adver-sing  graphically  

Page 62: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’
Page 63: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Effects  of  adver-sing  graphically  

Page 64: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’
Page 65: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

1.  With  adver-sing,  average  total  cost  increases.    2.  If  adver-sing  enables  more  firms  to  survive,  new  firms  

might  be  encouraged  to  enter  the  market.    3.  Then  demand  for  any  one  firm’s  product  decreases.    4.      If  all  firms  adver-se,  the  demand  for  any  one                  firm’s  product  becomes  more  elas-c.  

Summary  of  effects  of  adver-sing  

Page 66: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Why  adver-se?  Signaling  quality    

–  Some  adver-sing  is  very  costly  and  has  almost  no  informa-on  content  about  the  item  being  adver-sed.  

 –  Such  adver-sing  is  used  to  signal  high  quality.  

 –  Signaling  works  because  it  is  profitable  to  signal  high  quality  and  deliver  it  but  unprofitable  to  signal  a  high  quality  product  and  not  deliver  it.    

Page 67: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Brand  names  

Also  used  to  provide  informa-on  about  the  quality  of  a  product    Costly  to  establish  a  widely  recognized  brand  name    Signal  high  quality    Work  because  it  is  unprofitable  to  incur  the  cost  of  crea-ng  a  brand  name  and  then  deliver  a  low  quality  product    

Page 68: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Efficiency  of  adver-sing  and  brand  names  

Adver-sing  and  brand  name  can  be  efficient  if  the  marginal  cost  of  the  informa-on  equals  its  marginal  benefit.    The  final  verdict  on  the  efficiency  of  monopolis-c  compe--on  is  ambiguous:  there  are  benefits  (consumer  choice  of  differen-ated  products)  and  costs  (deadweight  loss  and  higher  than  minimum  ATC)  

Page 69: Course’informaon - Web Hosting at UMass Amherstcourses.umass.edu/econ103/f12_103h_l19p.pdf · 2012-11-26 · – Adver-sing’and’other’selling’ efforts’change’the’demand’

Introduc-on  to  oligopoly  •  Core  concept    -­‐    interdependence  of  firm  decisions  

•  Structure  –  only  a  few  firms  

•  Interdependence  –  if  one  firm  lowers  its  price,  others  must  do  the  same  to  keep  its  customers  

•  Asymmetry  –  but  if  one  firm  raises  price,  others  won’t  and  that  firm  loses  customers