Name: ______________________________AP World History Classical Period 600 BCE – 600 CE – Part I – Judaism and Hinduism

KEY CONCEPT 2.1: The DEVELOPMENT & CODIFICATION of RELIGIOUS & CULTURAL TRADITIONS

Standard 4.0 3.5 Not a 3.5 yetEra 2Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies(600 BC/BCE to 600 AD/CE)Standard 2: The emergence of complex civilizations, including:

•Religion and Philosophy

70 – 60 points

59 – 45 points Under 45 points

Take notes on the entire note packet _____/10 points Fill out the study guide ____/5 points Score on your Vocabulary test ____/20 points Discussion Question – Online ____/5 pointsComparison- Long Essay Grade ____/30 points - each point on the rubric is multiplied by 5

Explain how codifications and further developments of the existing religions of Judaism and Hinduism provided a bond for people and gave then an ethical code to live by.

Watch the following video that Mr. Wood will make and Take notes on the definition and historical significance of the following vocabulary words

1. COVENANT Definition-

Historical significance-

2. Judaism- Definition-

Historical significance-

3. ABRAHAM Definition-

Historical significance-

4. SABBATH Definition-

Historical significance-

5. TEN COMMANDMENTS Definition-

Historical significance-

6. TORAH Definition-

Historical significance-

7. DIASPORA /diasporic communities Definition-

Historical significance-

8. MonotheismDefinition-

Historical significance-

Watch the following video and take notes – it is linked to Mr. Wood’s website: God calls Abraham https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3rK_PcEMfA

Watch the following video from 0:30 – 3:30Christianity from Judaism to Constantine: Crash Course World History #11 (You do not need to take notes on everything, focus on Abraham and Monotheism) – This is linked on Mr. Wood’s website

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TG55ErfdaeY

Take notes form the following section from APWorldipedia Key Concept 2.1 - http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_2.1_The_Development_and_Codification_of_Religious_and_Cultural_Traditions

I. Codifications and further developments of existing religious traditions provided a bond among people and an ethical code to live by.

Take THIEVES notes on the following parts: focus on the

- First sentence, last sentence, bold words and summarizing what is most important from the paragraphs

We saw previously that the Hebrews developed a monotheistic faith. As their numbers grew and they became a

more organized society, their beliefs, ceremonial laws, history, and hymns became codified into a common body of

scripture. This collection of scripture is called the Torah (or Tanakh) and corresponds with what non-Jews call the

Old Testament of the Bible. Torah prescribes detailed guidelines covering ethics, social and civil relations, and even

rules about diet and personal hygene. Taken together, the beliefs and practices codified in the Torah formed the

religion of Judaism, a monotheistic religion inexorably connected with a specific ethnic group, the Hebrews (or

Jews). Central to this religion is the belief that the Hebrews entered into a special covenantal relation with their God

through the patriarch Abraham.

These guidelines, compounded with the belief that the creator God had chosen them as a special ethnic group,

endowed the Jewish people with a well defined sense of identity. This sense of identity would follow them as foreign

empires conquered the Hebrews and led them into captivity (see map at right). As captives of foreign empires, some

cultural influence from their host civilizations was inevitable; nevertheless, even as diasporic communities the

Hebrews attempted to preserve their identity through ceremonial and cultural traditions. This struggle to avoid

assimilation helped maintain their identity but also sometimes brought them into conflict with their host cultures. 

A.

the jewish diaspora- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RHhHz2fkSs&t=93s

Watch from the beginning until

Do OPTIC using the two above Maps Overview Look at the entire visual image- write 2-3 details that explains what is in this image. This is “big picture,” and

not a small detail in part of the image.

Parts Focus on the parts of the visual (read labels, look for symbols, study the details). Write 2-3 details about what the individual parts/symbols mean or represent?

Title Write the title and 2-3 details about what the title tells you about the image.

I learned that Name 2-3 major ideas or concepts that you learned from this map

Context Use the clues in the visual image to establish when the document was created. Provide 2-3 examples that show this (if the year is listed that counts as one).

Read and take notes on the following reading - The Nature of G-d- http://www.jewfaq.org/g-d.htm

- Directions – turn the headings below into questions and then take notes answering those questions

The Nature of G-d

Level: Intermediate

• Most areas of Jewish belief are open to significant dispute, but not the nature of the Creator• There are several well-accepted beliefs about the nature of the Creator

The nature of G-d is one of the few areas of abstract Jewish belief where there are a number of clear-cut ideas about which there is little dispute or disagreement.

G-d Exists

The fact of G-d's existence is accepted almost without question. Proof is not needed, and is rarely offered. The Torah begins by stating "In the beginning, G-d created..." It does not tell who G-d is or how He was created.

In general, Judaism views the existence of G-d as a necessary prerequisite for the existence of the universe. The existence of the universe is sufficient proof of the existence of G-d.

G-d is One

One of the primary expressions of Jewish faith, recited twice daily in prayer, is the Shema, which begins "Hear, Israel: The L-rd is our G-d, The L-rd is one." This simple statement encompasses several different ideas:

1. There is only one G-d. No other being participated in the work of creation.2. G-d is a unity. He is a single, whole, complete indivisible entity. He cannot be divided into

parts or described by attributes. Any attempt to ascribe attributes to G-d is merely man's imperfect attempt to understand the infinite.

3. G-d is the only being to whom we should offer praise. The Shema can also be translated as "The L-rd is our G-d, The L-rd alone," meaning that no other is our G-d, and we should not pray to any other.

G-d is the Creator of Everything

Everything in the universe was created by G-d and only by G-d. Judaism completely rejects the dualistic notion that evil was created by Satan or some other deity. All comes from G-d. As Isaiah said , "I am the L-rd, and there is none else. I form the light and create darkness, I make peace and create evil. I am the L-rd, that does all these things." (Is. 45:6-7).

G-d is Incorporeal

Although many places in scripture and Talmud speak of various parts of G-d's body (the Hand of G-d, G-d's wings, etc.) or speak of G-d in anthropomorphic terms (G-d walking in the garden of Eden, G-d laying tefillin, etc.), Judaism firmly maintains that G-d has no body. Any reference to G-d's body is simply a figure of speech, a means of making G-d's actions more comprehensible to beings living in a material world. Much of Rambam's Guide for the Perplexed is devoted to explaining each of these anthropomorphic references and proving that they should be understood figuratively.

We are forbidden to represent G-d in a physical form. That is considered idolatry. The sin of the Golden Calf incident was not that the people chose another deity, but that they tried to represent G-d in a physical form.

G-d is Neither Male nor Female

This follows directly from the fact that G-d has no physical form. As one rabbi explained it to me, G-d has no body, no genitalia, therefore the very idea that G-d is male or female is patently absurd. We refer to G-d using masculine terms simply for convenience's sake, because Hebrew has no neutral gender; G-d is no more male than a table is.

Although we usually speak of G-d in masculine terms, there are times when we refer to G-d using feminine terms. The Shechinah, the manifestation of G-d's presence that fills the universe, is conceived of in feminine terms, and the word Shechinah is a feminine word.

G-d is Omnipresent

G-d is in all places at all times. He fills the universe and exceeds its scope. He is always near for us to call upon in need, and He sees all that we do. Closely tied in with this idea is the fact that G-d is universal. He is not just the G-d of the Jews; He is the G-d of all nations.

G-d is Omnipotent

G-d can do anything. It is said that the only thing that is beyond His power is the fear of Him; that is, we have free will, and He cannot compel us to do His will. This belief in G-d's omnipotence has been sorely tested during the many persecutions of Jews, but we have always maintained that G-d has a reason for allowing these things, even if we in our limited perception and understanding cannot see the reason.

G-d is Omniscient

G-d knows all things, past, present and future. He knows our thoughts.

G-d is Eternal

G-d transcends time. He has no beginning and no end. He will always be there to fulfill his promises. When Moses asked for G-d's name, He replied, "Ehyeh asher ehyeh." That phrase is generally translated as, "I am that I am," but the word "ehyeh" can be present or future tense, meaning "I am what I will be" or "I will be what I will be." The ambiguity of the phrase is often interpreted as a reference to G-d's eternal nature.

Watch and take notes on the following- Abraham and Isaac Ch. 11—12- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhP8CKH7Bbg

Hinduism is the world's oldest religion.  There were older ones, but they have all since faded into history. Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world.  It is focused primarily in the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism is made up of 1,000s of different groups each with a different take on the system.  There is no single ruler.  There is no single book.  Hindus follow the cycle of reincarnation that is governed by Karma.  

Summarize this paragraph in 1-2 sentences ___/1 point

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Watch the following video that Mr. Wood will make and Take notes on the definition and historical significance of the following vocabulary words

1. Upanishads Definition-

Historical significance-

2. Hinduism- Definition-

Historical significance-

3. Bhagavad Gita- Definition-

Historical significance-

4. Dharma Definition-

Historical significance-

5. RAMAYANA Definition-

Historical significance-

6. MahabharataDefinition-

Historical significance-

7. ATMAN Definition-

Historical significance-

8. Brahman

Definition-

Historical significance-

9. SANSKRIT Definition-

Historical significance-

10. REINCARNATION Definition-

Historical significance-

11. KARMA Definition-

Historical significance-

12. MOKSHA Definition-

Historical significance-

13. VEDAS Definition-

Historical significance-

Go to APWorldipedia Key Concept 2.1 - http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_2.1_The_Development_and_Codification_of_Religious_and_Cultural_Traditions

- Scroll down to:I. Codifications and further developments of existing religious traditions provided a bond among

people and an ethical code to live by

B. Around this same time (600-500 B.C.E.) the Vedic Period in South Asia was coming to a close. In Key Concept

1.3 we saw that as the Aryans settled down and took up agriculture the system of priestly sacrifices outlined in the

Vedas were not as relevant to their sedentary way of life. The reaction against the stale formalism of the Vedic

Period begins with the a body of writings known as the Upanishads. The name Upanishads implies one who sits at

the feet of a master; we see the shift away from the official priests to an emphasis on wandering mystic teachers or

gurus. The Upanishads have less to do with formal rituals and focus instead on reflections about life's meaning and

how man is related to the universe. Although the influence of the Vedas would remain strong in South Asia, the

Upanishads added ideas about reincarnation, karma, and the imperishable atman that resides in every living thing.

From the foundations of the Vedas and the philosophical musings of the Upanishads arose the religion

of Hinduism.

The beginnings of Hinduism are difficult to trace, but the religion originated with the polytheism that the Aryans

brought as they began invading the Indian subcontinent sometime after 2000 BCE. Aryan priests recited hymns that

told stories and taught values and were eventually written down in The Vedas, the sacred texts of Hinduism. One

famous story is The Ramayana that tells about the life and love of Prince Rama and his wife Sita. Another epic story

is The Mahabharata, which focuses on a war between cousins. Its most famous part is called The Bhagavad Gita,

which tells how one cousin, Arjuna, overcomes his hesitations to fight his own kin. The stories embody important

Hindu values that still guide modern day India. 

Take notes here

In the Bhagavad Gita, the warrior Arjuna prays to lord Krishna to spare him the agony of killing people in battle, some of whom

he respects and admires. Krishna answers that he must carry out the duties of the warrior caste in which he belongs, thus

exemplifying the Hindu concept of dharma.Overview Look at the entire visual image- write 2-3 details that explains what is in this image. This is “big picture,”

and not a small detail in part of the image.

Parts Focus on the parts of the visual (read labels, look for symbols, study the details). Write 2-3 details about what the individual parts/symbols mean or represent?

Title Write the title and 2-3 details about what the title tells you about the image.

I learned that Name 2-3 major ideas or concepts that you learned from this image

Context Use the clues in the visual image to establish when the document was created. Provide 2-3 examples that show this (if the year

is listed that counts as one).

Hinduism assumes the eternal existence of a universal spirit that guides all life on earth. A piece of the spirit called

the atman is trapped inside humans and other living creatures. The most important desire of the atman is to be

reunited with the universal spirit, and every aspect of an individual's life is governed by it. When someone dies, their

atman may be reunited, but most usually is reborn in a new body. A person's caste membership is a clear indication

of how close he or she is to the desired reunion. Some basic tenets of Hinduism are:

Reincarnation - Atman spirits are reborn in different people after one body dies. This rebirth has no

beginning and no end, and is part of the larger universal spirit that pervades all of life.

Karma - This widely used word actually refers to the pattern of cause and effect that transcends

individual human lives. Whether or not an individual fulfills his/her duties in one life determines what

happens in the next.

Dharma - Duties called dharma are attached to each caste position. For example, a warrior's dharma is

to fight honorably, and a wife's duty is to serve her husband faithfully. Even the lowliest caste has

dharma attached to it. If one fulfills this dharma, the reward is for the atman to be reborn into a higher

caste. Only the atman of a member of the highest caste (originally the priests) has the opportunity to be

reunited with the universal spirit. 

The universal spirit is represented by Brahman, a god that takes many different shapes. Two of Brahman's forms

are Vishnu the Creator, and Shiva the Destroyer. Hinduism is very difficult to categorize as either polytheistic or

monotheistic because of the central belief in the universal spirit. Do each of Brahman's forms represent a different

god, or are they all the same? Brahman's forms almost certainly represent different Aryan gods from the religion's

early days, but Hinduism eventually unites them all in the belief in Brahman.

Take notes here

Take notes on the following reading linked to Mr. Wood’s website : Hindu concepts - http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml#section_6

Atman

Atman

Atman means 'eternal self'. The atman refers to the real self beyond ego or false self. It is often referred to as 'spirit' or 'soul' and indicates our true self or essence which underlies our existence.

There are many interesting perspectives on the self in Hinduism ranging from the self as eternal servant of God to the self as being identified with God. The understanding of the self as eternal supports the idea of reincarnation in that the same eternal being can inhabit temporary bodies.

The idea of atman entails the idea of the self as a spiritual rather than material being and thus there is a strong dimension of Hinduism which emphasises detachment from the material world and promotes practices such as asceticism. Thus it could be said that in this world, a spiritual being, the atman, has a human experience rather than a human being having a spiritual experience.

Top

Dharma

Dharma

Dharma is an important term in Indian religions. In Hinduism it means 'duty', 'virtue', 'morality', even 'religion' and it refers to the power which upholds the universe and society. Hindus generally believe that dharma was revealed in the Vedas although a more common word there for 'universal law' or 'righteousness' is rita. Dharma is the power that maintains society, it makes the grass grow, the sun shine, and makes us moral people or rather gives humans the opportunity to act virtuously.

But acting virtuously does not mean precisely the same for everyone; different people have different obligations and duties according to their age, gender, and social position. Dharma is universal but it is also particular and operates within concrete circumstances. Each person therefore has their own dharma known as sva-dharma. What is correct for a woman might not be for a man or what is correct for an adult might not be for a child.

The importance of sva-dharma is illustrated well by the Bhagavad Gita. This text, set before the great battle of the Mahabharata, depicts the hero Arjuna riding in his chariot driven by his charioteer Krishna between the great armies. The warrior Arjuna questions Krishna about why he should fight in the battle. Surely, he asks, killing one's relatives and teachers is wrong and so he refuses to fight.

Krishna assures him that this particular battle is righteous and he must fight as his duty or dharma as a warrior. Arjuna's sva-dharma was to fight in the battle because he was a warrior, but he must fight with detachment from the results of his actions and within the rules of the warriors' dharma. Indeed, not to act according to one's own dharma is wrong and called adharma.

Correct action in accordance with dharma is also understood as service to humanity and to God. The idea of what has become known as sanatana dharma can be traced back to the puranas - texts of antiquity. Those who adhere to this idea of one's eternal dharma or constitution, claim that it transcends other mundane dharmas - that it is the para dharma, the ultimate dharma of the self. It is often associated with bhakti movements, who link an attitude of eternal service to a personal deity.

Take notes here

Varna

Varna

An important idea that developed in classical Hinduism is that dharma refers especially to a person's responsibility regarding class (varna) and stage of life (ashrama). This is called varnashrama-dharma. In Hindu history the highest class, the Brahmins, adhered to this doctrine. The class system is a model or ideal of social order that first occurs in the oldest Hindu text, the Rig Veda and the present-day caste (jati) system may be rooted in this. The four classes are:

Brahmans or Brahmins - the intellectuals and the priestly class who perform religious rituals Kshatriya (nobles or warriors) - who traditionally had power Vaishyas (commoners or merchants) - ordinary people who produce, farm, trade and earn a living Shudras (workers) - who traditionally served the higher classes, including labourers, artists, musicians,

and clerksPeople in the top three classes are known as 'twice born' because they have been born from the womb and secondly through initiation in which boys receive a sacred thread as a symbol of their high status. Although usually considered an initiation for males it must be noted that there are examples of exceptions to this rule, where females receive this initiation.

Take notes here

Karma and Samsara

Karma and Samsara

Karma is a Sanskrit word whose literal meaning is 'action'. It refers to the law that every action has an equal reaction either immediately or at some point in the future. Good or virtuous actions, actions in harmony with dharma, will have good reactions or responses and bad actions, actions against dharma, will have the opposite effect.

In Hinduism karma operates not only in this lifetime but across lifetimes: the results of an action might only be experienced after the present life in a new life.

Hindus believe that human beings can create good or bad consequences for their actions and might reap the rewards of action in this life, in a future human rebirth or reap the rewards of action in a heavenly or hell realm in which the self is reborn for a period of time.

This process of reincarnation is called samsara, a continuous cycle in which the soul is reborn over and over again according to the law of action and reaction. At death many Hindus believe the soul is carried by a subtle body into a new physical body which can be a human or non-human form (an animal or divine being). The goal of liberation (moksha) is to make us free from this cycle of action and reaction, and from rebirth.

Take notes here

Brahman and God

Brahman

Brahman is a Sanskrit word which refers to a transcendent power beyond the universe. As such, it is sometimes translated as 'God' although the two concepts are not identical. Brahman is the power which upholds and supports everything. According to some Hindus this power is identified with the self (atman) while others regard it as distinct from the self.

Most Hindus agree that Brahman pervades everything although they do not worship Brahman. Some Hindus regard a particular deity or deities as manifestations of Brahman.

God

Most Hindus believe in God but what this means varies in different traditions. The Sanskrit words Bhagavan and Ishvaramean 'Lord' or 'God' and indicate an absolute reality who creates, sustains and destroys the universe over and over again. It is too simplistic to define Hinduism as belief in many gods or 'polytheism'. Most Hindus believe in a Supreme God, whose qualities and forms are represented by the multitude of deities which emanate from him. God, being unlimited, can have unlimited forms and expressions.

God can be approached in a number of ways and a devoted person can relate to God as a majestic king, as a parent figure, as a friend, as a child, as a beautiful woman, or even as a ferocious Goddess. Each person can relate to God in a particular form, the ishta devata or desired form of God. Thus, one person might be drawn towards Shiva, another towards Krishna, and another towards Kali. Many Hindus believe that all the different deities are aspects of a single, transcendent power.

In the history of Hinduism, God is conceptualised in different ways, as an all knowing and all pervading spirit, as the creator and force within all beings, their 'inner controller' (antaryamin) and as wholly transcendent.

For convenience Hindus are often classified into the three most popular Hindu denominations, called paramparas in Sanskrit. These paramparas are defined by their attraction to a particular form of God (called ishta or devata):

Vaishnavas focus on Vishnu and his incarnations (avatara, avatars). The Vaishanavas believe that God incarnates into the world in different forms such as Krishna and Rama in order to restore dharma. This is considered to be the most popular Hindu denomination.

Shaivas focus on Shiva, particularly in his form of the linga although other forms such as the dancing Shiva are also worshipped. The Shaiva Siddhanta tradition believes that Shiva performs five acts of creation, maintenance, destruction, concealing himself, revealing himself through grace.

Shaktas focus on the Goddess in her gentle forms such as Lakshmi, Parvati, and Sarasvati, or in her ferocious forms such as Durga and Kali.

Take notes here

Overview Look at the entire visual image- write 2-3 details that explains what is in this image. This is “big picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image.

Parts Focus on the parts of the visual (read labels, look for symbols, study the details). Write 2-3 details about what the individual parts/symbols mean or represent?

Title Write the title and 2-3 details about what the title tells you about the image.

I learned that Name 2-3 major ideas or concepts that you learned from this image

Context Use the clues in the visual image to establish when the document was created. Provide 2-3 examples that show this (if the year is listed that counts as one).

Watch the following video and take notes – it is linked to Mr. Wood’s website: BBC The Story of India - Episode 1 – Beginnings – Watch from 47:20 – 51:15https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZVVFSiSl1s&index=1&list=PLLyVseyiBWfwIrAFkAH045zjfMq4g9Jy5

Take notes on the importance of the Mahabharata-

Watch the following video and take notes – it is linked to Mr. Wood’s website: BBC The Story of India - Episode 4 - Ages of Gold- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIE8wDp-2D0

Take notes on the basic story of the Ramayana

Question for the Website- Of these two religions, if you had to pick one to follow, which one would you follow and why? -Give 3-4 details explaining way

- Topic sentence with your stance - __/1 points- 3-4 details defending your stance - ____/4 points