Name: ____________________________________________________WHAP 101KEY CONCEPT 5.1: INDUSTRIALIZATION & GLOBAL CAPITALISMPart II- Financial Institutions and Global Capitalism

Standard 4.0 3.5 Not a 3.5 yet …70 – 63.5 points

63- 52 points

Less than 52 points

Daily Work Take complete notes of the packet _______/10 points

Assessments-Short Answer Questions SAQ- Causation _____/16 points SAQ- Argumentation _____/24 points Vocabulary Test _____/20 points

Part I- Financing the Industrial Revolution

VocabularyCapitalismDefinition

Historical Significance

Adam SmithDefinition

Historical Significance

Classical Liberalism Definition

Historical Significance

John Stuart MillDefinition

Historical Significance

Economic and civil Life Definition

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Historical Significance

Laissez Faire Economics Definition

Historical Significance

Joint Stock CompanyDefinition

Historical Significance

Stock MarketDefinition

Historical Significance

United Fruit Company Definition

Historical Significance

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) –Definition

Historical Significance

Gold StandardDefinition

Historical Significance

3. To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed and expanded various financial institutions.Take notes from APWorldipedia 5.1 section- The ideological basis of industrial capitalismThe most important idea behind industrialization is capitalism, the belief that capital (wealth) and the means of production (the tools that increase the value of raw materials) should be owned privately. It is to be contrasted with socialism, which holds that the means of production should be owned communally and the wealth produced therein should be shared.

Capitalism is associated with the thought of the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith. Smith believed that self-interest is the most basic motivation of economic activity, and should not be interfered with. If people are allowed to keep the wealth they create, and pursue their selfish goals, they will produce more, and this will in turn benefit the most people in a society. He expressed this in his most famous statement:

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It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages.

Thus capitalists believe that the buying and selling of goods should be free from government regulations and tariffs. Free markets will produce the most wealth and benefit the greatest number of people at all levels of society.

Closely tied to capitalism is the philosophy of Classical Liberalism. In the same way that capitalists believe the economy should not be regulated by the government, Liberalism holds that individual choice should not be limited by those in power. This idea of liberty, most associated with the English philosopher John Stuart Mill, maintains that an individual should be able to do anything they freely chose as long as it does not harm another person. Consequently, Classical Liberals believe in freedom of speech, the press, and individual belief. They echo the voices of the earlier Enlightenment in that a government should have the consent of its people.

New Changes in Financing and BusinessThese ideas of liberty, private ownership, and the ability to invest capital freely, combined to form new financial instruments that improved methods of industrial investment. Joint-stock companies, which formed in the previous era to fund trade ventures into the Indian Ocean, matured during industrialization into advanced stock markets. Factories are expensive, and it is not often that an individual can fund them, nor is it wise to place one’s entire fortune into a single business venture. To share the cost and risks of operating factories, many investors would pool their capital together. Thus was born the corporation, a business owned by the stockholders who invest in it. Each investor would purchase “shares” (or stock) in the business, and as earnings increased, investors divided the profits or loses according to the number of shares they possessed. Exchanges developed in London and New York for the sole purpose of buying and selling stocks. Now, most anyone with wealth could invest and benefit from expensive business ventures in which they could never have participated individually. A wealthy business class of entrepreneurs emerged; the aristocracy was obsolete. The activities of corporations could cross borders. An example of a transcontinental corporation is the United Fruit Company. Formed in the United States in 1899, the United Fruit Company did most of its business in fruit producing regions of Central America, the Caribbean, and parts of South America. It became so powerful in these areas that it gained a monopoly over them and grew to be a powerful influence on the governments there, urging politicians to create land and taxation policies favorable to their business. 

A dramatic of Adam Smith explaining Capitalism - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4KWUdliOGuc

Watch the video – and focus on the following concepts- Capitalism vs Mercantilism- The Invisible Hand- The role of competition

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Classical Liberalism vs. American Liberalism (Drive Home History #3)- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iJUywVdpe8&t=1s - (Keep your eyes on the road Tom!!)

Watch from 1:35 –

What did Classic Liberals want from the government?

Joint-Stock Company- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vzlDZDycK8&t=6s

Stock Markets in Plain English Animated.mp4- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejjNMnIo3Fg

Take notes on the following article about the United Fruit Company that was in Colombian and Central America- The information comes from Wikipedia

United Fruit Company - Corporate history[edit]

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Early history[edit]

In 1871, U.S. railroad entrepreneur Henry Meiggs signed a contract with the government of Costa Rica to build a railroad connecting the capital city of San José to the port of Limón in the Caribbean. Meiggs was assisted in the project by his young nephew Minor C. Keith, who took over Meiggs's business concerns in Costa Rica after his death in 1877. Keith began experimenting with the planting of bananas as a cheap source of food for his workers.[2]

When the Costa Rican government defaulted on its payments in 1882, Keith had to borrow £1.2 million from London banks and from private investors in order to continue the difficult engineering project.[2] In exchange for this and for renegotiating Costa Rica's own debt, in 1884, the administration of President Próspero Fernández Oreamuno agreed to give Keith 800,000 acres (3,200 km2) of tax-free land along the railroad, plus a 99-year lease on the operation of the train route. The railroad was completed in 1890, but the flow of passengers proved insufficient to finance Keith's debt. On the other hand, the sale of bananas grown in his lands and transported first by train to Limón, then by ship to the United States, proved very lucrative. Keith eventually came to dominate the banana trade in Central America and along the Caribbean coast of Colombia.

United Fruit (1899–1970)[edit]

In 1899, Keith lost $1.5 million when Hoadley and Co., a New York City broker, went bankrupt.[2] He then traveled to Boston, Massachusetts, to participate in the merger of his banana trading company, Tropical Trading and Transport Company, with the rival Boston Fruit Company. Boston Fruit had been established by Lorenzo Dow Baker, a sailor who, in 1870, had bought his first bananas in Jamaica, and by Andrew W. Preston. Preston's lawyer, Bradley Palmer, had devised a scheme for the solution of the participants' cash flow problems and was in the process of implementing it. The merger formed the United Fruit Company, based in Boston, with Preston as president and Keith as vice-president. Palmer became a permanent member of the executive committee and for long periods of time the director. From a business point of view, Bradley Palmer was United Fruit. Preston brought to the partnership his plantations in the West Indies, a fleet of steamships, and his market in the U.S. Northeast. Keith brought his plantations and railroads in Central America and his market in the U.S. South and Southeast. At its founding, United Fruit was capitalized at $11,230,000. The company at Palmer's direction proceeded to buy or buy a share in 14 competitors, assuring them of 80% of the banana import business in the United States, then their main source of income. The company catapulted into financial success. Bradley Palmer overnight became a much-sought-after expert in business law, as well as a wealthy man. He later became a consultant to presidents and an adviser to Congress.

In 1901, the government of Guatemala hired the United Fruit Company to manage the country's postal service and in 1913 the United Fruit Company created the Tropical Radio and Telegraph Company. By 1930 it had absorbed more than 20 rival firms, acquiring a capital of $215,000,000 and becoming the largest employer in Central America. In 1930, Sam Zemurray (nicknamed "Sam the Banana Man") sold his Cuyamel Fruit Company to United Fruit and retired from the fruit business. In 1933, concerned that the company was mismanaged and that its market value had plunged, he staged a hostile takeover. Zemurray moved the company's headquarters to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was based. United Fruit went on to prosper under Zemurray's management;[3][4] Zemurray resigned as president of the company in 1951.

Banana Land: Blood, Bullets and Poison- http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/banana-land-blood-bullets-poison/

Watch from 4:10 – 6:30

Take notes on Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) – A large corporation- the information if from Wikipedia

History[edit]5

Origins, and until 2000[edit]For more information on the history of HSBC prior to the founding of HSBC Holdings in 1991, see The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.

"The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank" was founded by Scotsman Sir Thomas Sutherland in the then British colony of Hong Kong on 3 March 1865, and in Shanghai a month later, benefiting from the start of trading into China, including opium trading.[21] It was formally incorporated as "The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation" by an Ordinance of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong on 14 August 1866.[2] In 1980, HSBC acquired a 51% shareholding in US-based Marine Midland Bank, which it extended to full ownership in 1987. On 6 October 1989, it was renamed by the Legislative Council, by an amendment to its governing ordinance originally made in 1929, "The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited", and became registered as a regulated bank with the then Banking Commissioner of the Government of Hong Kong.[22]

Take notes on the following website- HSBC's history

Establishment and early years- http://www.hsbc.com/about-hsbc/company-history/hsbc-history

HSBC is named after its founding member, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, which was established in 1865

to finance the growing trade between Europe, India and China.

The inspiration behind the founding of the bank was Thomas Sutherland, a Scot who was then working for the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. He realised that there was considerable demand for local banking facilities in Hong Kong and on the China coast, and he helped to establish the bank which opened in Hong Kong in March 1865 and in Shanghai a month later.

Soon after its formation, the bank began opening branches to expand the services it could offer customers. Although that network

reached as far as Europe and North America, the emphasis was on building up representation in China and the rest of the Asia-

Pacific region. HSBC was a pioneer of modern banking practices in a number of countries – for instance, in 1888 it was the first

bank to be established in Thailand, where it printed the country's first banknotes.

From the outset trade finance was a strong feature of the local and international business of the bank, an expertise that has been

recognised throughout its history. Bullion, exchange, merchant banking and note issuing also played an important part. In 1874,

the bank handled China's first public loan and thereafter issued most of China's public loans.

By the end of the century, after a strong period of growth and success under the leadership of Thomas Jackson (chief manager for

most of that period from 1876 to 1902), the bank was the foremost financial institution in Asia.

Take notes from the Wikipedia article on the Gold standard

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Gold standard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. Three types can be distinguished: specie, bullion, and exchange.

In the gold specie standard the monetary unit is associated with the value of circulating gold coins or the monetary unit has the value of a certain circulating gold coin, but other coins may be made of less valuable metal.

The gold bullion standard is a system in which gold coins do not circulate, but the authorities agree to sell gold bullion on demand at a fixed price in exchange for the circulating currency.

The gold exchange standard usually does not involve the circulation of gold coins. The main feature of the gold exchange standard is that the government guarantees a fixed exchange rate to the currency of another country that uses a gold standard (specie or bullion), regardless of what type of notes or coins are used as a means of exchange. This creates a de facto gold standard, where the value of the means of exchange has a fixed external value in terms of gold that is independent of the inherent value of the means of exchange itself.

In modern times, the British West Indies was one of the first regions to adopt a gold specie standard. Following Queen Anne's proclamation of 1704, the British West Indies gold standard was a de facto gold standard based on the Spanish gold doubloon. In 1717, Sir Isaac Newton, the master of the Royal Mint, established a new mint ratio between silver and gold that had the effect of driving silver out of circulation and putting Britain on a gold standard.[13]

A formal gold specie standard was first established in 1821, when Britain adopted it following the introduction of the gold sovereign by the new Royal Mint at Tower Hill in 1816. The United Province of Canada in 1853, Newfoundland in 1865, and the United States and Germany (de jure) in 1873 adopted gold. The United States used the eagle as its unit, Germany introduced the new gold mark, while Canada adopted a dual system based on both the American gold eagle and the British gold sovereign.

Australia and New Zealand adopted the British gold standard, as did the British West Indies, while Newfoundland was the only British Empire territory to introduce its own gold coin. Royal Mint branches were established in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth for the purpose of minting gold sovereigns from Australia's rich gold deposits.

What is the Gold Standard? - Learn Liberty- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdyHso5iSZI

Watch until 1:50

Part II – Responses and Changes to the Spread of Global Capitalism

VocabularyUtopian Socialism- Definition

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Historical Significance

Robert OwenDefinition

Historical Significance Karl MarxDefinition

Historical Significance

CommunismDefinition

Historical Significance

Communist ManifestoDefinition

Historical Significance

ProletariatDefinition

Historical Significance

BolsheviksDefinition

Historical Significance

Anarchism –Definition

Historical Significance

Trans-Siberian LineDefinition

Historical Significance Tanzimat MovementDefinition

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Historical Significance

Self- Strengthening Movement-Definition

Historical Significance Muhammad Ali (Egypt)Definition

Historical Significance

Germany state pensions and Public Health-Definition

Historical Significance

Public Education- Definition

Historical Significance

Middle Class (Bourgeoisie) Definition

Historical Significance

Social Darwinism Definition

Historical Significance

Women Factory workers- Definition

Historical Significance

Cult of Domesticity – Definition

Historical Significance Dr. John Snow Definition

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Historical Significance

5. The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses.

Read and take notes from the APWorldipedia 5.1 section- V. The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses.The Industrial Revolution created a huge gap between the wealthy and the laboring masses, a contrast that did not go unnoticed by the critics of the new industrial society.

One group of critics, the Utopian Socialists, interpreted Enlightenment ideas of equality to mean social and economic equality in addition to political equality. They wanted the workers, rather than private investors, to collectively own the means of production and share in the wealth that their labor on machines created. Robert Owen, for example, created an industrial village in which the profits of industrial production when back into the community. At New Lanark, his industrial community in Scotland, workers lived and worked in clean, healthy facilities, a condition that astonished the many visitors drawn to see this experience first hand. Instead of working in factories, children were educated. Owens left Scotland to create another socialist industrial settlement in the United States, New Harmony.

More radical than the Utopian Socialists were the communists. Karl Marx, the founder of modern communism, wondered how a system that produced enormous amounts of wealth could also perpetuate such wide spread poverty. Marx first wrote about his interpretation of history and vision for the future in The Communist Manifesto in 1848. He saw capitalism, or the free market, as an economic system that exploited workers and increased the gap between the rich and the poor. He believed that conditions in capitalist countries would eventually become so bad that workers would join together in a Revolution of the Proletariat (workers), and overcome the bourgeoisie, or owners of factories and other means of production. Marx envisioned a new world after the revolution, one in which social class would disappear because ownership of private property would be banned. According to Marx, communism encourages equality and cooperation, and without property to encourage greed and strife, governments would be unnecessary. His theories took root in Europe, but never became the philosophy behind European governments, but it eventually took new forms in early 20th century Russia and China.

The revolution Marx longed for never occurred in the industrial West or the United States. In the late 19th century, various reform movements raised the standard of living for workers to a degree that quenched the revolutionary spirit of the Proletariat. Thus, in England and the United States, the revolution took place at the ballot box. At the beginning of the 19th century, the lower classes in these nations could not vote because property ownership was a requirement for suffrage. Once these requirements were dropped, the working classes gained suffrage, and they voted for politicians sympathetic to their conditions. Soon, laws restricting child labor were passed. Minimum wages and maximum hours of the work per week were set by law. Later on, labor unions were permitted and workers gained the right of collective bargaining. In the newly formed nation of Germany, the government created welfare systems such as unemployment protection, healthcare and retirement programs. It is not surprising that the place where Marxism did become an organized political party was the country in which the workers’ voices could not be heard. Russian industrial laborers did not get the right to vote, so the reforms that benefited workers in Europe and the USA did not come to Russia. Thus Russians were more likely to be drawn to radical ideas and their manifold expressions. The Bolshevik party, Russia’s communist party, was born. Others, called Anarchists, advocated the elimination of government altogether. An anarchist assassinated Tsar Alexander II in the latter half of the 19th century. There were some civilizations whose traditional culture did not provide fertile ground for the growth of industrialization. In China, Confucians had long been suspicious of merchants and their activity. Moreover, the competitive nature of market capitalism impelled businesses to always seek the cheapest sources of materials and the most profitable markets in which to sell them. This practice was corrosive to the bonds of social loyalty and reciprocity favored by Confucian thought. Conservatives in the Ottoman Empire struggled with similar issues. The warrior elites were supported by agriculture, so they attempted to maintain former methods of economic production.

State sponsored Industrialization outside the West In Russia the tsarist government encouraged the construction of railroads to link places within the vast reaches of the empire. The most impressive one was the Trans-Siberian line constructed between 1891 and 1904, linking Moscow to Vladivostock on the Pacific Ocean. The railroads also gave Russians access to the empire's many coal and

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iron deposits, and by 1900 Russia ranked fourth in the world in steel production. The Tsar ordered the emancipation of the serfs, in large part to provide an industrial labor force. During the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government also pushed industrialization, hiring thousands of foreign experts to instruct Japanese workers and mangers in the late 1800s. Railroads were constructed, mines were opened, a banking system was organized, and industries were started that produced ships, armaments, silk, cotton, chemicals, and glass. By 1900 Japan was the most industrialized land in Asia, and was set to become a 20th century power.

The Welfare state The conditions of industrial society led some people to change their conception of the role of government. The Enlightenment taught that governments were to protect people’s individual freedoms and property. Beyond this, they were to basically stay out of people’s lives and the economy. But with industrialization, some nations began to conceive of a new role for government: looking after the welfare of its people. The first nation in Europe to adopt this view was the newest. Germany had only formed in 1871, but its government, under Bismarck, created a state pension (retirement) plan, government sponsored healthcare, and unemployment benefits for those out of work. The welfare state had been born, and in the next 50 years would spread across Europe and North America to varying degrees. 

Take notes on the following video posted on Mr. Wood’s Website - utopian socialism - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nTsy0ZTeN4 (Watch with close capitions on!)

Watch the following biography from Mr. Wood’s website - Karl Marx Biography- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16IMc5mhbZk

Take notes on the following video by the brilliant lecturer on Mr. Wood’s webpage -Karl Marx and Command Economies- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulUPCTcpKi0 Watch from the beginning to 5:35

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Take SCAP notes from the following quotes from Karl Marx

1. The proletarians (working class) have nothing to lose but their chains.2. The theory of the Communists may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of private property.

3. You are horrified at our intending to do away with private property. But in your existing society, private property is already done away with for nine-tenths of the population; its existence for the few is solely due to its non-existence in the hands of those nine-tenths. You reproach us, therefore, with intending to do away with a form of property, the necessary condition for whose existence is the non-existence of any property for the immense majority of society.

4. Communism deprives no man of the ability to appropriate the fruits of his labour. The only thing it deprives him of is the ability to enslave others by means of such appropriations.

5. The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connexions everywhere.

S- Speaker

What’s the speaker’s POV?

C- Context

Does this fit in an “age” or an “era”?

A- Audience

Who is the speaker writing for? Does the audience “side” with the speaker?

P- PurposeCan you summarize in one sentence, the main idea, argument, or persuasion in the doc?

Take notes on the following reading from Mr. Wood’s Website - Russian industrializationhttp://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/russian-industrialisation/

The reforms embraced by Alexander II in the early 1860s were partly designed to stimulate transitions in the Russian economy. Emancipating the serfs (1861) was not just a social reform, it was also intended to release them from the land and the control of conservative land-owners. Alexander and his advisors anticipated that a large proportion of freed serfs would become a mobile labour force, able to relocate to areas where industrial workers were needed. They also believed that given greater freedom, the peasants would develop more efficient and productive ways of farming. One of the anticipated outcomes of 1861 was the emergence of a successful peasant class, the kulak. The kulak would be proto-capitalist: he would own larger tracts of land and more livestock or machinery; he would hire landless peasants as labourers; he would use more efficient farming techniques; and he would sell surplus grain for profit. But while the 1861 emancipation did release millions of peasants from their land, the strength of peasant communes prevented the widespread development of a kulak class.

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The emancipation had significant social outcomes but it failed to contribute much to Russia’s economic development. In the 1870s the government initiated several large infrastructure programs, particularly the construction of railways. The 1880s saw the emergency of Sergei Witte, a qualified mathematician with a proven track record of achievement, both in the tsarist bureaucracy and the private sector. In 1889 Witte was placed in charge of the Russian railway system, where he oversaw the planning and construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. By 1892 Witte was minister for transport, communication and finance. Identifying a need for capital investment, Witte made it easier for foreigners to invest in Russian industrial ventures. Existing barriers were removed, while foreign individuals and companies were offered incentives if they invested in certain industrial and manufacturing sectors. Witte also undertook currency reform: in 1897 he moved the Russian rouble to the gold standard, strengthening and stabilising it and improving foreign exchange. He also borrowed to fund public works and infrastructure programs including new railways, telegraph lines and electrical plants.

“The state participated directly in the nation’s economy to an extent unequalled in any Western country. In 1899 the state bought almost two-thirds of all Russia’s metallurgical production. By the early 20th century it controlled some 70 per cent of the railways and owned vast tracts of land, numerous mines and oil fields, and extensive forests. The national budgets from 1903 to 1913 indicated that the government received more than 25 per cent of its income from various holdings. Russia’s economic progress in the eleven years of Witte’s tenure as minister of finance was, by every standard, remarkable. Railway trackage virtually doubled, coal output in southern Russia jumped from 183 million poods in 1890 to 671 million in 1900.”Abraham Ascher, historianBy the late 1890s, Witte’s reforms had had a visible impact on the Russian economy. Large amounts of foreign capital, mostly from France and Britain, had funded new plants and factories in St Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev and other cities. By 1900 around half of Russia’s heavy industries were foreign-owned – but the Russian empire was the world’s fourth-largest producer of steel and its second-largest source of petroleum. New railways allowed transport into remote parts of the empire, allowing the construction and operation of factories, mines, dams and other projects there. Russia’s industrial economy had progressed more in one decade than it had in the previous century. Its development was so rapid that the economic historian Alexander Gerschenkron later dubbed it “the great spurt”.

But for all its advances, the economic transformation of Russia also delivered unforeseen consequences, some of them problematic for the regime. The construction of new factories drew thousands of landless peasants into the cities in search of work. In time they formed a rising social class: the industrial proletariat. Russia’s cities were not equipped for the rapid urban growth that accompanied industrialisation. In the early 1800s only two Russian cities (St Petersburg and Moscow) contained more than 100,000 residents; by 1910 there were twelve cities of this size. In the decade between 1890 and 1900, St Petersburg swelled by around 250,000 people. This growth was not matched by the construction of new housing, so industrial employers had to house workers in ramshackle dormitories and tenements. Most lived in unhygienic and often freezing conditions; they ate meals of stale bread and buckwheat gruel (porridge) in crowded meal-houses. Things were even worse in the factories, where hours were long and the work was monotonous and dangerous. Witte’s economic reforms had met, even exceeded national goals – but they also gave rise to a new working class that was exploited, poorly treated, clustered together in large numbers and therefore susceptible to revolutionary ideas.

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Take notes on the following website- Rebellions leading to reforms – Tanzimat movement and Self-Strengthening Movement - https://apworldhistoryclass.wordpress.com/2015/02/17/rebellions-leading-to-reforms-tanzimat-movement-and-self-strengthening-movement/

Part I- Tanzimat Movement or Tanzimat Reforms- Ottoman Empire

Tanzimat, (Turkish: “Reorganization”), series of reforms promulgated in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876 under the reigns of the sultans Abdülmecid I and Abdülaziz. These reforms, heavily influenced by European ideas, were intended to effectuate a fundamental change of the empire from the old system based on theocratic principles to that of a modern state.

Many of the key provisions of the Tanzimat reforms were set forth in the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane (1839; “Noble Edict of the Rose Chamber”). This document called for the establishment of new institutions that would guarantee security of life, property, and honour to all subjects of the empire regardless of their religion or race. It also authorized the development of a standardized system of taxation to eliminate abuses and established fairer methods of military conscription and training. The promises of equality for non-Muslims (mainly Christians and Jews) living in the empire were not always carried out, but the balance of the changes provided for in the Noble Edict, along with other reform measures, were implemented principally under the leadership of Mustafa Reşid Paşa, who served six terms as grand vizier. The reforms included the development of a new secular school system, the reorganization of the army based on the Prussian conscript system, the creation of provincial representative assemblies, and the introduction of new codes of commercial and criminal law, which were largely modeled after those of France. These laws, moreover, were administered by newly established state courts independent of the ʿulamāʾ, the Islāmic religious council.

The Tanzimat reform movement came to a halt by the mid-1870s during the last years of Abdülaziz’s reign. Under the Tanzimat effort to centralize administration, all legal authority became concentrated in the hands of the sultan. As a result, little could be done when Abdülaziz began abusing his power and adopted revisionary policies. This fact notwithstanding, the Tanzimat reforms succeeded in laying the groundwork for the gradual modernization of the Ottoman state. See also Abdülaziz.

Self Strengthening Movement - China

Self Strengthening MovementA Chinese military and political reform movement of the second half of the 19th century. Initiated in the early 1860s by Feng Guifen and supported by Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang, Li Hongzhang, and Prince Gong, the Self-Strengthening Movement attempted to adapt Western institutions and military innovations to Chinese needs. Prominent among the innovations introduced were the Zongli Yamen (1861), an imperial office established to manage relations with foreign countries, the Jiangnan Arsenal (1865), the Nanjing Arsenal (1867), the Beiyang fleet (1888) (China’s first modern navy), and various government-sponsored modern industries. Such reforms, however, were superficial and failed to solve deep-seated institutional problems, as was made clear by China’s humiliation in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95.

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Read and take notes on the following article from Mr. Wood’s Website - The Self Strengthening Movementhttp://alphahistory.com/chineserevolution/self-strengthening-movement/

The Self Strengthening Movement was a 19th century push to modernise China, particularly in the fields of industry and defence. Foreign imperialism in China, its defeat in the Second Opium War (1860), the humiliating Treaty of Tientsin and the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) all exposed the dynasty’s military and technological backwardness, particularly in comparison to European nations. These disasters triggered the rise of the Self Strengthening Movement. The advocates of self strengthening were not republican radicals or social reformers. They hoped to strengthen the nation by preserving Qing rule and maintaining traditional Confucian values, while embracing Western military and industrial practices. As one writer explained, it was necessary to “learn barbarian [Western] methods to combat barbarian threats”. To acquire this knowledge China had to actively engage with Western nations, examine their trade and technology, encourage the study of Western languages and develop a diplomatic service to connect with foreign governments.

The sponsors of self strengthening tended to be provincial leaders, who initiated projects and reforms that benefited their region. Two examples were Zeng Guofan and Zuo Zongtang, Qing military leaders who oversaw developments in ship-building and armaments production in Shanghai and Fuzhou respectively. But the most prominent and successful advocate of self strengthening was Li Hongzhang, a Qing general who was more interested in the West than most of his kind. Li organised the formation and development of Western-style military academies, the construction of fortifications around Chinese ports and the overhaul of China’s northern fleet. He later oversaw the development of capitalist enterprises, funded by private business interest but with some government involvement or oversight. Some of these projects included railways, shipping infrastructure, coal mines, cloth mills and the installation of telegraph lines and stations. From the 1880s Li was also instrumental in developing a Chinese foreign policy and forging a stable and productive relationship with Western nations.“The educated reform faction joined the Self Strengthening Movement with the motto ‘Confucian ethics, Western science’. China, these reformers said, could acquire modern technology, and the scientific knowledge underlying it, without sacrificing the ethical superiority of its Confucian tradition. As one of their leaders stated: ‘What we have to learn from the barbarians is only one thing: solid ships and effective guns’.”Valerie Hansen, historian

Despite their efforts, the three decade long Self Strengthening Movement was generally unsuccessful. Significant figures in the Qing government were sceptical about the movement and gave it inadequate attention or resources. Xenophobes in the bureaucracy wanted nothing to do with Western methods, so some whipped up opposition to self strengthening. Another significant factor in the failure of self strengthening was China’s decentralised government and the weak authority of the Qing in some regions. The majority of successful self strengthening projects were managed and funded by provincial governments or private business interests. A consequence of this was that new military developments – reformed armies, military installations, munitions plants, naval vessels and so on – were often loyal to, if not controlled provincial interests. This provincialism provided little or no benefit to the Qing regime or the national interest. It also contributed to disunity and warlordism after 1916, as local warlords seized control of these military assets. Most importantly, the Self Strengthening Movement operated on the flawed premise that economic and military modernisation could be achieved without significant political or social reform.

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China incurred two more costly defeats in the late 19th century (to France in 1884-85 and Japan in 1894-95). These defeats were clear evidence the Self Strengthening Movement had failed. Defeat at the hands of Japan, a smaller Asian nation, was particularly rankling and intensified calls for change. Many wanted to learn from the victorious Japanese. Only 40 years before, Japan was an island nation of daimyo, samurai and peasant farmers, a feudal society with a medieval subsistence economy. Yet just two generations after opening its doors to the West, Japan had been radically transformed. By the 1890s the Japanese had a constitutional monarchy with an industrial economy and the strongest military in Asia. Few Chinese leaders could deny the remarkable progress in Japan – or the need for reform and modernisation in their own country. But there was considerable disagreement about how this reform should be managed, who should direct it and how far it should go. Several Chinese political clubs were formed to debate models and approaches to reform. Writers and scholars considered whether China should mimic the Meiji reforms in Japan or find its own path to modernisation. Even the Dowager Empress Cixi was herself not opposed to economic reform, though she was certainly wary of its consequences.

Take OPTIC notes on the picture below during The Self-Strengthening Movement on the next page Source:   "Illustrations of China and Its People," pub. 1874  John Thomson, photographer John Thomson, photographer http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/john_thomson_china_03/ctgallery3/index.htm

Overview Look at the entire visual image- What is “The Big Picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image.

Parts Focus on the parts of the visual (read labels, look for symbols, study the details). Write 2-3 details about what the individual parts/symbols mean or represent?

I learned that … Name two ideas or concepts that you learned from this image

Context Explain how this connects to what we have been studying, name of chapter and era.

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Video 6 - Egypt & Muhammad Ali- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sV4ImkXCwqE

Watch from 4:30 – 7:45

State pensions & public health (Germany)https://prezi.com/r2xrmffcen5t/state-pensions-amp-public-health-germany/

The History of Education- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqTwDDTjb6g

Watch from the beginning to 7:00

Take notes on the following reading on The Middle Class from Wikipedia -

History and evolution of the term[edit]

The term "middle class" is first attested in James Bradshaw's 1745 pamphlet Scheme to prevent running Irish Wools to France.[1]

[2] Another phrase used in Early modern Europe was "the middling sort".[3][4]

The term "middle class" has had several, sometimes contradictory, meanings. It was once defined by exception as an intermediate social class between the nobility and the peasantry of Europe.[by whom?] While the nobility owned the countryside, and the peasantry worked the countryside, a new bourgeoisie (literally "town-dwellers") arose around mercantile functions in the city. In France, the middle classes helped drive the French Revolution.[5] Another definition equated the middle class to the original meaning of capitalist: someone with so much capital that they could rival nobles. In fact, to be a capital-owning millionaire was the essential criterion of the middle class in the industrial revolution.

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The modern usage of the term "middle class", however, dates to the 1913 UK Registrar-General's report, in which the statistician T.H.C. Stevenson identified the middle class as that falling between the upper class and the working class.[citation needed] Included as belonging to the middle class are professionals, managers, and senior civil servants. The chief defining characteristic of membership in the middle class is possession of significant human capital.

Within capitalism, "middle class" initially referred to the bourgeoisie and the petite bourgeoisie. However, with the impoverisation and proletarianisation of much of the petit bourgeois world, and the growth of finance capitalism, "middle class" came to refer to the combination of the labour aristocracy, the professionals, and the white collar workers.

The size of the middle class depends on how it is defined, whether by education, wealth, environment of upbringing, social network, manners or values, etc. These are all related, but are far from deterministically dependent. The following factors are often ascribed in modern usage to a "middle class":[by whom?]

Achievement of tertiary education. Holding professional qualifications, including academics, lawyers, chartered engineers, politicians, and doctors, regardless of

leisure or wealth. Belief in bourgeois values, such as high rates of house ownership, delayed gratification, and jobs which are perceived to

be secure.

Take notes on the following reading on The Working Class from Wikipedia -

The working class (also labouring class and proletariat) are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and in skilled, industrial work.[1] Working-class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some white-collar jobs, and most service-work jobs. The working class only rely upon their earnings from wage labour, thereby, the category includes most of the working population of industrialized economies, of the urban areas (cities, towns, villages) of non-industrialized economies, and of the rural workforce.

In Marxist theory and socialist literature, the term working class is often used interchangeably with the term proletariat, and includes all workers who expend both physical and mental labour (salaried knowledge workers and white-collar workers) to produce economic value for the owners of the means of production (the bourgeoisie in Marxist literature).[2] Since working-class wages can be very low, and because the state of unemployment is defined as a lack of independent means of generating an income and a lack of wage-labour employment, the term working class also includes the lumpenproletariat, unemployed people who are extremely poor.[citation needed]

Social DarwinismI. Introduction

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Social Darwinism, term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Social Darwinists base their beliefs on theories of evolution developed by British naturalist Charles Darwin. Some social Darwinists argue that governments should not interfere with human competition by attempting to regulate the economy or cure social ills such as poverty. Instead, they advocate a laissez-faire political and economic system that favors competition and self-interest in social and business affairs. Social Darwinists typically deny that they advocate a "law of the jungle." But most propose arguments that justify imbalances of power between individuals, races, and nations because they consider some people more fit to survive than others.

The term social Darwinist is applied loosely to anyone who interprets human society primarily in terms of biology, struggle, competition, or natural law (a philosophy based on what are considered the permanent characteristics of human nature). Social Darwinism characterizes a variety of past and present social policies and theories, from attempts to reduce the power of government to theories exploring the biological causes of human behavior. Many people believe that the concept of social Darwinism explains the philosophical rationalization behind racism, imperialism, and capitalism. The term has negative implications for most people because they consider it a rejection of compassion and social responsibility.

II. Origins

Social Darwinism originated in Britain during the second half of the 19th century. Darwin did not address human evolution in his most famous study, On the Origin of Species (1859), which focused on the evolution of plants and animals. He applied his theories of natural selection specifically to people in The Descent of Man (1871), a work that critics interpreted as justifying cruel social policies at home and imperialism abroad. The Englishman most associated with early social Darwinism, however, was sociologist Herbert Spencer. Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" to describe the outcome of competition between social groups. In Social Statics (1850) and other works, Spencer argued that through competition social evolution would automatically produce prosperity and personal liberty unparalleled in human history.

In the United States, Spencer gained considerable support among intellectuals and some businessmen, including steel manufacturer Andrew Carnegie, who served as Spencer's host during his visit to the United States in 1883. The most prominent American social Darwinist of the 1880s was William Graham Sumner, who on several occasions told audiences that there was no alternative to the "survival of the fittest" theory. Critics of social Darwinism seized on these comments to argue that Sumner advocated a "dog-eat-dog" philosophy of human behavior that justified oppressive social policies. Some later historians have argued that Sumner's critics took his statements out of context and misrepresented his views.

Social Darwinism (1865-1900)- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSKTZuBd3w0&t=2s

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 The Plight of Women's Work in the EarlyIndustrial Revolution in England and Wales

©1996-2016womeninworldhistory.com

The Industrial Revolution in part was fueled by the economic necessity of many women, single and married, to find waged work outside their home. Women mostly found jobs in domestic service, textile factories, and piece work shops. They also worked in the coal mines. For some, the Industrial Revolution provided independent wages, mobility and a better standard of living. For the majority, however, factory work in the early years of the 19th century resulted in a life of hardship.

 Working conditions were often unsanitary and the work dangerous.

 Education suffered because of the demands of work.

 Home life suffered as women were faced with the double burden of factory work followed by domestic chores and child care.

 Men assumed supervisory roles over women and received higher wages.

 Unsupervised young women away from home generated societal fears over their fate.

 As a result of the need for wages in the growing cash economy, families became dependent on the wages of women and children

 There was some worker opposition to proposals that child and female labor should be abolished from certain jobs.

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Teams of women were employed to use a windlass to lift coal and workers. Men refused to do such work.

Hauling a tub of coal by means of a rope and chain. The chain usually passed underneath the body between the legs.

Overview- 2-3 details- What do you see as a whole

Parts – 3-4 details – what do the individual parts represent?

Title- What does the title tell you about the visuals or make up your own title.

I Learned – Name two idea or concepts that you learned from the picture

Context-Does this fit in an “age” or an “era”?

Cult of domesticity- Taken form Wikipedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The cult of domesticity, also known as the cult of true womanhood, is an opinion about women in the 1800s. They believed that women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home.[1] There were four things they believed that women should be:

1. More religious than men2. Pure in heart, mind, and body3. Submissive  to their husbands4. Staying at home

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These were very popular in the 1800s and in the 1950s.

This ideology would strongly discourage women from obtaining education. This ideology was thought to elevate the moral status of women, and be beneficial for them in ways such as living lives of higher material comfort. It made the roles of wife and mother more important in society.

The Cult of Domesticity- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUZis01JaQo

John Snow and the cholera outbreak of 1854 with Mike Jay | Medical London- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pq32LB8j2K8&t=56s

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