Agrichemical Industry

Pesticides

Historical Background• The use of pesticide was first utilized in 2500BC.• The first pesticide was sulfur used about 4,500

years ago. • By 15th century, toxic chemicals were applied to kill

pests.• In 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted.• In 19th century, the introduction of pyrethrum and

rotenone.• In 1939, Paul Müller discovered that DDT was a very

effective insecticide.• In 1940 manufacturers produce synthetic pesticides• Pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950.• In the 1960s, it was discovered that DDT was

becoming a treat in biodiversity.

Existing Industries in the Philippines

Bayer Philippines

Date of Foundation: 1962Location: Canlubang Industrial Estate, Calamba 4028,

PhilippinesProducts: AgrichemicalsNo. of Employees: 600

Expertz Chemical Services

Location: Sta. Rosa, LagunaProducts: Insecticides

Types of Pesticides

Uses and ApplicationsType of Pesticide Definition Example

Algaecides Control the growth of algae

Avicides Repel birds

Bactericides Kill or slow the growth of bacteria

Copper Compounds

Fungicides Kill fungi and oomycetes Captan, Maneb, Zeneb

Herbicides Control the growth of weed

Surflan

Insecticides Kill insects of all forms Lead Arsenate, Nicotine

Miticides Kill mites of all kinds Organochlorine, Permethrin

Molluscides Control the growth of slugs and snails

Nematocides Kill nematodes

Rodenticides Control the growth of rodents

Racumin

Major Types of Pesticides

Calcium Arsenate,Lead Arsenate,Parathion

Insecticides

Atrazine, Sodium Methane Arsonates,Sodium Chlorate

Herbicides

Bordeaux mixture,Copper Oxides,Lime-sulfur

Fungicides

Methyl bromide1,2 Dibrome-3-choloropropone

Soil Fumigants

Ethylene dichloride

Naphthalene

GrainFumigants

HouseholdFumigants

Fumigants

MajorPesticides

Manufacturing Process

Raw Materials

• Inert Ingredients

• Active Ingredients

Inert Ingredients

• It facilitate spraying and coating the target plant; they can also contribute other advantages that are not conferred by the active ingredient alone.

• For liquid, water, kerosene or other petroleum distillate.

• For solid, vegetable matters and talc or calcium carbonate .

Active Ingredients

• The active ingredient kills the pests

• Active ingredients were once distilled from natural substances; now they are largely synthesized in a laboratory

Harmful Effects

• The publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

• They also kill the pests' natural predators

• DDT is the most widely noted case of a pesticide that caused damage far from the farm.

• Integrated pest management (IPM) was begun in the 1960s in response to the pesticides dilemma.

Flow ChartProduction of Trifluralin

4

21

3

5

7

68

10

00

11 12

13

14

16 18

15

19

17

9

1,600 lbs nitric acid acid

3,600 lbs PCBT6,000 lbs cycle acid

Spent acid4,300 lbs

2,000 lbs

910 lbs nitric acid acid

2,200 lbs sulfuric acid

3,600 lbs oleum

Slurry

Waste Water

Waste Water200 gal Chloroform

Acid Filtrate

Execess cycle acid

4,000 lbs dinitro in chloroform

1,750 lbs soda ash

1,000 lbs gal water1,570 lbs dipropylamine

Salt Water

Emulsifying Agent

Chloroform Distillate

4,800 lbs (100%)

Manufacturing Process

1. Synthesizing the pesticide

2. Formulating the pesticide

3. Diluting the pesticide

Synthesizing the Pesticide

• It is manufactured on a small scale in a laboratory

• If the substance proves viable, production begins in the factory

• Once synthesized, the active ingredient is packaged and sent to a formulator

Formulating the pesticide

• Measures out the proper amount, mixes it with carrier if it is to be a liquid pesticide or with inert powders or dry fertilizers if it is to be a dust pesticide

Diluting the Pesticide

• The estimated necessary amount is sent to the farmer, who dilutes the emulsified concentrate to create the amount of pesticide desired

Sample Pesticides• Aatrex 80W

• Weedone LV4

• Roundup

• Velpar

Aatrex 80W

• Active Ingredient: Atrazine• Inert Ingredient:

sodium butylonaphthalene sulfonatesodium lignosulfonategum arabickaolin type clay

Weedone LV4

• Active Ingredient: butoxyethyl ester

• Inert Ingredient:Petroleum Naphtha/Kerosene

Roundup

• Active Ingredient: Glyphosate

• Inert Ingredient: Ethoxylated Tallowamine IsopropylamineIsopropylamineRelated Organic Acids of Glyphosate

Velpar

• Active Ingredient: Hexazinone

• Inert Ingredient:Hydrous Sodium SilicoaluminateDioctylester of Sodium Solfosiccinic Acid and Sodium BenzoateHydroxyprophy Methyl Cellulose

Waste Characteristics

• The principal air pollutants are volatile organic compounds (VOC) and particulate matter (PM).

• Liquid effluents resulting from equipment cleaning after batch operation contain toxic organics and pesticide residues.

Waste Treatment

• Air Emissions

• Liquid Effluents and Solid Wastes

Air Emissions

• Stack gas scrubbing and/or carbon adsorption (for toxic organics).

• Baghouses (for particulate matter removal).

• Combustion is used to destroy toxic organics.

Liquid Effluents and Solid Wastes

• Reverse osmosis or ultra-filtration is used to recover and concentrate active ingredients.

• When the wastewater volumes are small and an onsite incinerator is appropriate,

• Contaminated solid wastes are generally incinerated and the flue gases are scrubbed.

Emission Guidelines

Air Emissions• Emissions from Pesticides Manufacturing

(milligrams per normal cubic meter)

Parameter Maximum value

PM 20; 5 where very toxic compounds are present

VOCs 20

Chlorine (or chloride) 5

Liquid Effluents• Load-Based Levels for Active Ingredients (AIs) in

Effluents after Treatment in Pesticides Manufacture(milligrams per kilogram AI produced, or ppm of Al produced)

Active Ingredients

Daily Maximum Monthly Average

Atrazine 2.6 1.0

Carbaryl 0.73

Carbofuran 0.12 0.028

2,4 D 0.12 0.034

Diuron 32 14

Malathion 0.24 0.095

Parathion Methyl 0.77 0.34

Trifluralin 0.32 0.11

Ziram 5.7 1.9

• Effluents from Pesticides Manufacturing(milligrams per liter, except for pH)

Parameter Maximum Value

pH 6-9

BOD 30

COD 150

AOX 1

TSS 10

Oil and Grease 10

Phenol 0.5

Arsenic 0.1

Chromium (hexavalent) 0.1

Copper 0.5

Mercury 0.01

Active Ingredient 0.05

Solid Wastes

• Contaminated solid wastes should be treated to achieve toxic organic levels of no more than 0.05 milligrams per kilogram.

Fertilizers

Historical Background

• 1730 - Viscount Charles Townshend first studied the improving effects of the four crop rotation system.

• 1842 - Sir John Bennet Lawes produce a practical superphosphate from the phosphates in rock and coprolites.

• 1927 - Erling Johnson developed an industrial method for producing nitrophosphate, also known as the Odda process

• 20th Century - Carl Bosch of IG Farben and Fritz Haber developed the process that enabled nitrogen to be synthesised cheaply into ammonia, for subsequent oxidation into nitrates and nitrites.

Existing Industries in the Philippines

KINGPHOS

Products: Duofos Fertilizer,Organic Phosphate Fertilizer,Phosphate Fertilizer,Guano Fertilizer

No. Of Employees: 20-50 peopleAddress: 8990 Negros StreetFactory Location: Toledo, Talamban]Year Established: 2005Registered Capital: Below US$100 Thousand

Natures Glory Industries 

Products: Organic FertilizerAddress: # 8 Red Horse St. , Horesshoe Hills,

GuadalupeNumber of Employees: 11 - 50 PeopleYear Established: 2006Factory Location: San Remigio, Cebu Province,

Philippines

Types of Fertilizer

• Organic - substances used to improve the quality of soil, derived solely from the remains or by-products of living creatures.

• Inorganic – fertilizers which utilize the used of chemicals for faster effect on the crop.

Types of Organic Fertilizer

• Guano - mixture of remains and excrement of bats that collect on the floor of caves

• Cottonseed Meal - a by-product of cotton manufacturing, is a slightly acidic fertilizer

• Blood Meal - made using dried, powdered blood collected from cattle slaughterhouses

• Fish Emulsion - a partially decomposed blend of finely pulverized fish.

• Sewer Sludge - a recycled product of municipal sewage treatment plants