creation of a virtual community of practice for csr researchers
DESCRIPTION
Presentation of the masterthesis of Kevin Rijke and ARjen Kleinherenbrink: Een goed begin is het halve werk, creation-of-a-virtual-community-of-practice-for-csr-researchersTRANSCRIPT
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CREATION OF A VIRTUAL COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE FOR CSR RESEARCHERS
WELCOME
Master thesis presentationKevin RijkeArjen Kleinherenbrink
TutorsDr. J.J. JonkerDr. W.P.M. Martens
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Part I
CSR Introduction Early phases of the research Literature studies
Part II
Methodology Execution Conclusions and recommendations
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Going beyond financial profit
Considering people, the environment and society as a whole
‘Balancing profit and principles’
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What is the current status of CSR research?
Can we improve upon this situation?CSR needs further development in both theory and practice
Questions
Assumptions
A community of practice is an adequate means of realising this development
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Burchell & Cook, 2006; Waddock, 2004; Caroll, 1999; Marberg, 2007; Jonker & Marberg, 2007; Betz, 2006; Roome et al., 2006; Pinkston & Carroll, 1996; Garriga & Melé, 2004; Tencati et al., 2004; Graafland & Eiiffinger, 2004; Quazi & O’Brien, 2000; Jonker & Marberg 2007, 7; Nahapiet, 1998; Goshal, 1998; Cannon, 1994; Caroll, 1993; Solomon, 1997; Blair, 1998; Donaldson & Preston 1995
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1Conceptual ambiguity
Corporate governance?
Ethics?
Sustainable development?
Corporate citizenship?
Corporate reputation?
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2Endless categories
EcologicalLegalEthicalPhilosophicalPhilantropicalSpiritualReputationPoliticalHumanistic
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3Do ‘x’
‘take a visible role in society’
‘focus on public prosperity’
‘work with employees and their families’
‘integrate social and environmental concerns’
‘interact with stakeholders on voluntary basis’
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Conclusion:
CSR is ‘fuzzy’, ‘ondefinieerbaar’, ‘fragmented’, unco-ordinated and divided.
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CSR literature study: 1926 - 2007
Conclusion:
Constant growth of perspectives and concepts
Increasing fragmentation
Lack of elaboration and testing of concepts
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Friedman – Individuals must take responsibility
Barnard, Bowen - Organisations must take responsibility
Galbraith – Government and organisations are responsible
1950-1970
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CSR characterised by:
Lack of coördination
Fragmentation
Inefficiencies
Lack of identity
Lack of focus
This results in two problems:
MVO does not contribute as much practically
applicable knowledge as it should
Concepts are not elaborated upon or tested
empirically, negatively influencing research
quality
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A community of practice is an adequate means of realising the needed development in CSR.
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McGovern (2005) – Individuals acting collectively with some degree of organization and continuity, partially outside the normal political processes and institutions, to bring about social change.
CSR is a movement– semi-coherent, normative motives, conflicting perspectives.
As a movement, CSR experiences the aforementioned problems.
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Diani & Bison (2004):
Individuals group themselves as:
Movement
Coalition
Organisation
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DISCOURSEDiverse Shared
MOVEMENT
COALITION
ORGANISATION
CSR
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Desired future location: CSR as a community?
Waddock (2004), Marberg (2007) and Jonker
(2005) suggest so.
Een community to facilitate diverse content,
without discourse becoming too diverse for
interaction
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Groups sharing certain values, maintaining social relations and frequently interacting with each other.
A geographic component is not a prerequisite for the existence of a community.
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A CSR community is rational (Blokland, 2000): relations are purposeful, with specific goals, engaged by conscious actors.
A ‘community of practice’ is the community type best suited for CSR (Gläser, 2001):
Common activities
Embedded in institutions
Facilitates developments in both theory and
practice
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CSR benefits from developments in theory and practice
A community of practice can facilitate such developments
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How can a ‘community of practice’ (CoP) for CSR researchers be created?
This research aims to find whether and to what extent a CoP for CSR researchers can be created,
in order to contribute to knowledge and practice development around CSR and to offer her practitioners a professional network to do so.
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Communities of practice ‐ an aggregate of people who come together around mutual engagement in
an endeavor.
Practices emerge in the course of this mutual endeavor. As a social construct, a CoP is different from the traditional community, primarily because it is defined simultaneously by its membership and by the practice in which that membership engages.
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Characteristics:
Joint enterprise
Mutual engagement
Shared Repertoire
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For CSR, the best type of COP is a Virtual Community of Practice (VCoP)
A virtual network to eliminate time and space that separate researchers.
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Group of individuals that uses a virtual infrastructure for a specific knowledge domain, emphasizing the creation and exchange of knowlege.
Stimulates sharing knowledge
Eliminates time and space
Takes advantage of ‘weak ties’
Swift exchange of information
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These characteristics are thought to eliminate or at least lessen:
The lack of practically applicable knowledge
The lack of concept elaboration and testing
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Rules-of-thumb in design Contextual enquiry User-based design Participatory design Direct manipulation Focused content Social protocols Institutional memory
A VCoP can only be facilitated, never fully created.
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This research deviates from academic standards:
2.No division between researchers and research object
1. No chronological division between theory and practice
This means we are performing action research
Action research is a research methodology(Peters & Robinson, 1984: 54) in which action and research happen simultaneously(Altrichter et al., 2002).
This creates overlap between researcher and the research object, the ‘field’ and the ‘laboratory’ (Whyte et al., 1989; Altrichter et al., 2002).
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Why action research?
Practical problem
Developing a CoP parallel to literature studies
Need to facilitate knowledge processes
Aiming to realise a radical transformation
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All action research is an intervention(Schein, 1995)
A VCoP for CSR is a Large Scale Intervention:
Platform for communication and interaction
Emphasizing knowledge sharing
No agenda or predetermined content
‘Whole scale change’: open to all actors
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Offering students of CSR a central platform for:
Sharing and creating knowledge
Interaction
Co-operation
Reaching out to companies, governments,
etc.
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Sharing and creating knowledge
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Interaction
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Co-operation
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Reaching out
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Circa 250.000 visitors after six months.
1000 library items after six months.
Worldwide standard for CSR students.
Further development of job offerings and
resumes.
CSR Center Business Challenge.
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CSR needs development in theory and
practice.
A VCoP can facilitate this development.
This should result in more applicable
practical knowledge and elaboration / testing
of concepts.
Literature study confirms CSR Center
adheres to VCoP design specifications.
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Recommeded research:
Empirical research into how VCoPs come into existence
If a VCoP is realised, how does this affect the 5 CSR characteristics?
And how does it affect the to identified problems of CSR?