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CSI REPORT

No. 7

World War II Division Commanders

by

Lieutenant Colonel Gary Wade

COMBATSTUDIESINSTITUTE

83-CSI-2578

CSI REPORTS are short-term research papers prepared in response to official inquiries.REPORTS are based mainly on secondary sources and provide basic information onthe subject under consideration. The views expressed in a CSI REPORT are those ofthe author and not necessarily those of the Department of the Army or the Departmentof Defense.

COMBAT STUDIES INSTITUTEMission

The Combat Studies Institute was established on 18 June 1979 as a separate, depart-ment-level activity within the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leaven-worth, Kansas, for the purpose of accomplishing the following missions:

1. Conduct research on historical topics pertinent to the current doctrinal concernsof the Army and publish and distribute the results of such research in a varietyof formats to the Active Army and Reserve components.

2. Prepare and present instruction in military history at CGSC and assist other CGSCdepartments in integrating applicable military history materials into their residentand nonresident instruction.

3. Act as the TRADOC proponent for the development and coordination of an inte-grated, progressive program of military history instruction in the TRADOC serviceschool system.

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One of the most spectacular feats of the United StatesArmy during World War II was its expansion from a force of235,000 men in May 1940, to nearly six million men by1945. No less a personage than Winston Churchill, thegreat wartime leader of Britain, declared that themagnificent American management of the growth of itswartime forces (coupled with its lend-lease supplies to itsAllies) had no precedent in history.

The basic building block and fighting unit of the U.S.ground force was the division. Initially projecting a92-division force, the U.S. Army eventually fielded 89, ofwhich 87 were employed in combat. Given the enormousproblems of expansion and overseas deployment andrecognizing that (with a few exceptions) the fightingrecords of U.S divisions deserve places of honor inmilitary history, one inevitably is led to ponder thequestion of America's wartime combat leadership. Who werethe men who led America's divisions? How did their prewarexperience prepare them for command? Why were theyselected? This study examines the questions above anddraws some conclusions regarding the ages, branches,promotion patterns, assignments, military education,quality of performance, and common characteristics of themen commanding U.S. divisions in World War II.

In order to examine these issues properly, it is firstnecessary to provide an overview of the data collection andanalysis. This overview includes three elements: (1) abrief discussion of the command patterns of the 87 combatdivisions; (2) a determination of the overall number ofcombat division commanders and the criteria for selectingthose to be studied; and (3) a discussion of problems inthe records search at the U.S. Army Reserve ComponentsPersonnel and Administration Center. Following thisoverview, the results of the records search will bepresented.

Overview

As noted above, the U.S. employed 87 divisions incombat. Forty-six of these divisions had one commandinggeneral for the duration of their combat tours. These 46divisions spent an average of 10.4 months in an overseascombat theater, with a standard deviation in this area ofcomparison of 5.6 months. Graph 1 depicts the widevariation in time (all the graphs are contained atAppendix 1). The majority of these one-commander divisionsspent 10 months or fewer overseas.

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The 41 divisions with more than one commanding generalduring their combat tours averaged 25.6 months overseas.Graph 2 shows that the amount of time these divisions spentoverseas varied from 5 to 44 months. Each commander ofthese divisions spent an average of 9.8 months in command,which compares favorably to the 10.4 months in command forsingle commander divisions. In some cases, certainindividuals commanded more than one division (25 generalscommanded two different divisions, and three commandedthree different divisions). The primary significance ofthese figures rests simply on tie fact that divisioncommanders in both categories averaged about 10 months incommand overseas, but there also existed wide variations inthe length of command.

The next problem in this investigation of World War IIdivision commanders is to determine the actual number ofdivision commanders. According to Shelby L. Stanton'sOrder of Battle U.S. Army World War II and The ArmyAlmanac, General Ofticers in Command of Armies, Corps andDivisions in Combat World War I, World War II, Korean War,197 individuals served as division commanders from December1941 to May 1945, for divisions employed in the EuropeanTheater of Operations, or from December 1941 to August 1945for the Pacific area. Since a study of all 197 isimpractical, the list was pared to a smaller sample. Onecommander, Brigadier General Maxon S. Lough, was capturedalong with his Philippine division; he was not considered.Twenty-four of these 197 division commanders moved tohigher command positions and 20 of those are being examinedin a separate Combat Studies Institute corps commandersstudy, so they, too, have been dropped. Forty-two of the197 division commanders did not lead a division in combat,and because the focus of this study is on war-fightingdivision commanders, the 42 men who did not command incombat were not included. These eliminations left a totalof 134. Since a study in detail of at least 20 percent ofthe division commanders was required, 45 officers from thislist were selected randomly for a detailed records search.This large number was selected so that if problemsdeveloped along the way, it would still be possible toachieve a 20 percent sample.

Significant problems in the records search wereencountered at the U.S. Army Reserve Components Personneland Administration Center. Because of a fire several yearsago, there were no records available on eleven officers,nine had almost nothing available, two had some records,and 23 had relatively complete records. This resulted in atotal of twenty-five records for detailed study. The

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records of these twenty-five form the basis of thisreport. When generalizations are made about divisioncommanders, those generalizations are based on this recordsstudy. The initial list of officers selected for study isat Appendix 2.

Age

The average age of the sample group of commanders in1940 was 47 years old. By comparison, the average age in1940 of Regular Army division commanders not taking theircommands into combat was 52 years old. The youngestdivision commander studied was 33; the oldest, 58. Onaverage, these 25 combat division commanders had 25.3 yearsof service upon assumption of command.

Retirement

Sixteen of the twenty-five commanders retired as majorgenerals, five as lieutenant generals, and four as fullgenerals. Without the war, many of these officers probablywould have ended their careers as lieutenant colonels.

Promotion Patterns

Graphs 3 through 10 illustrate the time these officersspent at each rank from second lieutenant to brigadiergeneral. Clearly, these officers experienced widelydifferent promotion patterns. Most of them spentconsiderable time as majors (average - 9.6 years).Nevertheless, despite the wide variations in time in grade,these officers averaged little over 18 years of service ascaptains, majors, and lieutenant colonels. Thesignificance of this conclusion is that officers in theseranks have sufficient authority and responsibility to knowhow the Army' as a whole works, yet they most often operateat the level where their duties require them to understandthe detailed, mundane tasks of making units function. Byand large, officers of these three ranks are concerned withroutine unit operations- maintenance, training, logistics,etc.--not with the loftier tasks of strategy, long-rangeplanning, budgets, and the like. In short, spending 18years in the grades of captain, major, and lieutenantcolonel in the prewar Army gave these officers ampleopportunity to learn their technical stock-in-trade ofrunning a unit and provided them with a solid backgroundfor division command. Naturally, this generalization mustbe validated through an analysis of the officers'assignment histories.

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Ass ignments

Discussions of time-in-service and time-in-grade onlyhint at what these officers actually did prior to divisioncommand. Graph 11 shows the average overall amount of timespent in each of five assignment categories: time withtroops, corps staff and below, MACOM staff, instructorduty, student time. Graphs 12 through 16 break the datadown into greater detail by considering each assignmentcategory individually.

Not surprisingly, the most frequent assignment was timewith troop units. Thus, the earlier conclusion that theseofficers had ample opportunity to become experts in unitcommand is validated.

The value of schooling is supported by graph 16, whichshows time spent as a student. All but three officers hadat least two years of military schooling; fifteen had fromthree to seven years of duty as a student. The subject ofmilitary education is explored in more detail later in thepaper. For now it is fair to say that the heavy emphasison schooling and instructing contributed heavily to thecreation of a common professional base among these officers.

Staff duty contains the largest variances among theindividual career patterns, particularly for major commandstaff assignments. Six officers were never assigned to astaff higher than corps, and fourteen spent less than threeyears on staffs at the corps level and below. There were,however, not that many major command staff assignmentsavailable, and the records indicate that divisions andcorps staffs benefited more from the assignment of theseofficers (78 percent of whom were General Staff Corps) thandid the War Department Staff.

The next most frequent assignment was that ofinstructor. Although one officer was never assigned as aninstructor, the majority spent between 49 and 108 months onschool faculties and staffs. This finding is especiallysignificant considering the generally low regard with whichinstructor duty is held by today's officer corps.Apparently, instructor duty also had an important impact onthe acquisition of the individual skills needed to commanda division. Instructors are subject matter experts. Thecombination of the theoretical and technical knowledge ofthe instructor with the practical experience of a troopleader is a powerful one, which obviously was wellappreciated by the men selecting division commanders inWorld War II.

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The primary duties of these interwar officers were asleaders, teachers, and students. For the most part, theywere not hidden away on high-level staffs. They wereeither learning teaching, or practicing their profession.These officers were involved in the formulation andpractice of U.S. military doctrine; thus, as futuredivision commanders they experienced a similar pattern ofofficer professional development.

The interwar officer also gained experience in overseasassignments. Seventy-two percent had overseas tours beforeWorld War II. Twenty-four percent served both in Mexicoand the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in World War I.An additional 28 percent served only in the World War IAEF. Another 20 percent had other overseas tours. ThePhilippines was the most common interwar overseasassignment but not the only one. A few officers gaineddiplomatic experience by participating on presidentialcommissions in Latin America and Europe.

The interwar officers' assignment pattern of rotationbetween line, staff, and school and periodic rotationoverseas is similar to the current assignment pattern. Byand large, these officers had typical careers. In the1920s and 1930s, there was nothing in these officers'records to indicate that they were singled out for specialconsideration, with the exception of the 36 percent whoattended the two-year course at the Command and GeneralStaff School, and that program may have helped future corpscommanders more than division commanders.

It is useful, at this point, to look further at themilitary education of those division commanders.

Military Education

On the average, World War II division commanders cameinto the Army in 1915, with 1904 as the earliest date, 1929as the latest, and 1917 as the most frequent commissioningyear. Fifty-two percent were graduates of the UnitedStates Military Academy. Twenty-four percent had collegedegrees from other institutions, and an equal percent heldno college degree. All these officers eventually becamemembers of the combat arms: 44 percent infantry, 28 percentfield artillery, and 28 percent cavalry. Twenty-eightpercent of the total officers studied had no formal basicbranch training; an additional 12 percent had no advancedbranch training, and 16 percent of these two groups hadneither basic or advanced branch training. For the mostpart, these men were cavalry officers who received basic

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training in units, or they were officers caught up in theWorld War I rush and did not have the opportunity forformal basic branch training. Amidst all these careervariables, one finds a common element in these officers'education: all were graduates of the Command and GeneralStaff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. In addition,nine of the twenty-five attended the two-year CGS course.This course provided all the officers with basic techniquesand procedures, and in a real sense, the officers shared acommon military theoretical foundation. Furthermore, 76percent were Army War College graduates and 78 percent wereselected for the General Staff Corps.

These last three selections, for the Command andGeneral Staff School, the Army War College, and the GeneralStaff Corps, were interwar indicators of high individualpotential for future service at high levels of command.These criteria appear to have been important discriminatorsin selection for division command.

On the other hand, hundreds of other officers alsoreceived the higher military education of Leavenworth andthe War College, yet did not serve as division commanders.One must look deeper still at the performance of these 25division commanders for clues to their selection andpreparation for command.

Duty Performance

Evaluation of officer efficiency reports shows thatthese officers began their careers as decidedly averageofficers. Their early efficiency reports, with one or twoexceptions, reflect competent young officers of ratherordinary ability. To be sure, there are some superiorcomments contained in the efficiency reports: "One of themost efficient young officers I know," and "This officerwould have been rated higher but for age and experience."The general pattern of efficiency reports describes slowlydeveloping officers gaining competence with moreexperience. So as senior lieutenants and captains theyreceived "above average" to "excellent" reports. By themid-1930s, however, all of these officers continuouslyreceived "superiors," the highest rating possible.

Even though they were all molded by the same schoolsystem, they were not all the same personality type. Thefollowing chart (1) contains descriptive terms taken fromtheir efficiency reports.

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CHART 1

Loyal, Dependable

Forceful.Energetic.Active.

Hardworking.Diligent.Tries to improvehimself.Tenacious.Determined fighter.Willing.Studious.

Bold.Zealous.Agressive.

Opinionated.Headstrong.Impetuous.Firmly set inhis opinions.

High strung.Highly -nervous temperment.Blusterous.Contentious.

Intelligent.Bright.

Accurate.

Sense of humor.Cheerful.

Imaginative.

One of the mostefficient youngofficers.

Even tempered.Good disposition.Pleasing personality.Not a strongpersonality.A steady pluggingtype.Cooperative.Agreeable.Solid rather thanEnthusiastic.

Not stupid, butcareless andinaccurate.Very faithful butuninspired.Thinks clearly butslowly.Not brilliant.

Sulks.

Lacks imagination.

Inclined to awaitorders toperform the routinedrudgeryrather than look forwork to do.

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For almost every trait listed on chart 1, there canalso be found a counterbalancing trait. Yet, all theofficers were eventually selected as division commanders.This simply means there is no such thing as a standardpersonality trait for a successful leader. Their hobbieswere also varied but dealt, for the most part, with outdooractivities, with horseback riding and golf leading thelist. Reflecting the times probably more than anythingelse, 100 percent were married.

But were these officers successful combat commanders?None were relieved for cause. Some were sent home forhealth reasons. One received an unsatisfactory efficiencyreport during combat but was not relieved of command. Hisnext report was good and indicated remarkable improvement.Additionally, a few were found to be better in trainingthan in combat, while others were stated to be averagecombat soldiers but would be above average staff officers.

Interestingly, twenty-three of the twenty-five divisioncommanders held command positions shortly before becomingdivision commanders: ten were assistant divisioncommanders, three were division artillery commanders, fourwere combat command commanders, four were brigadecommanders, and one was a regimental commander. Only twoofficers were assigned to division command from staffassignments.

It appears that assignment as an assistant divisioncommander before commanding a division was the desiredpractice of the War Department. In an interview conductedby Dr. John Partin, Combat Studies Institute, on 25 October1984, former World War II division commander and later ViceChief of Staff of the U.S. Army, General Charles L. Bolte,related that General Lesley McNair said that he was in linefor a division, but that he had to be an assistant divisioncommander first. General Bolte further stated that he wassure there was some type of board held to select divisioncommanders, but he did not know the process or the criteriafor selection.

If, indeed, it was planned for an officer to be anassistant division commander before commanding a division,then what was his second previous assignment? Nearly 50percent of the officers were commanding troops, 21 percentwere chiefs of staff at post, corps, or division levels,and the remainder were spread out on staffs from the WarDepartment through the Army Ground Forces, from Army todivision level. Over 70 percent, then, were in the field.These officers for the most part were not senior executives

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on staffs or assistants to important men who could provideconnections for future assignments. Instead, they wereproving their ability in the field. In doing so, theydisplayed the most consistent trait found on nearly all oftheir records. The word "energetic" is contained in thevast majority of the efficiency reports.

These officers could lack immagination, be solid ratherthan enthusiastic, but they had to be energetic. Alongwith energetic, hardworking was often mentioned onperformance reports. They were men who did something, betheir judgment good or bad. In only one case was anofficer not identified as either energetic or hardworking.This leads to a tentative conclusion that to be a divisioncommander it was not a matter of whom one knew but rather aresult of hard work, proven ability, and endurance.

Hard work alone, though, was not enough. Luck also mayhave played a part in their selection for command--luck asto timing and location. They may have happened to be inthe right place to command a brigade or in a position to beable to become an assistant commander. But once thathappened, they had to prove themselves as being capableaccording to military doctrine and leadership techniques.Once they proved themselves in training, they were given adivision destined for combat.

It has already generally been stated that these weregenerally successful commanders. A look at the availablefinal World War II ratings for these men is alsorevealing. These ratings come from such commanders as OmarBradley, J. Lawton Collins, Waiter Krueger, George Patton,and Lucian Truscott. The first number is the officer'sposition out of a total (second number) of officers ofsimilar grade and responsibility.

3 of 19 12 of 2025 of 150 7 of 3039 of 197 4 of 1560 of 197 35 of 19732 of 168 27 of 2950 of 168 16 of 2954 of 197 58 of 1973 of 15 8 of 19

24 of 145

The figures above indicate that these officers were notall superstars, neither the best possible to study nor theworst. They were probably average division commanders,competent to accomplish the missions given to them.

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In conclusion, these officers were prepared fordivision command by varied field and staff assignments,teaching duties, and Army schools. They were among thegroup that had been selected for the Army War College andGeneral Staff Corps. They had considerable mi itaryexperience and were most likely to have been lieutenantcolonels in 1940. They were selected for division commandbecause they had proven themselves in the field and had anextra quantity of energy and willingness to work hard.Finally, they did the job required in combat. They may nothave been shining stars, but they were proficient inmilitary doctrine, held their units together, and defeatedthe Germans and Japanese in armed combat.

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APPENDIX 1 GRAPHS

1. Months overseas, divisions with one commander.

2. Months overseas, divisions with two or more commanders.

3. Average time in grade (prior to division command).

4. Time in grade as second lieutenant.

5. Time in grade as first lieutenant.

6. Time in grade as captain.

7. Time in grade as major.

8. Time in grade as lieutenant colonel

9. Time in grade as colonel.

10. Time in grade as brigadier general.

11. Average time in duty assignments.

12. Assignment with troops.

13. Assignment on staffs to corps level.

14. Assignment on MACOM staffs.

15. Assignment as an instructor.

16. Assignment as a student.

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APPENDIX 2 LIST OF OFFICERS STUDIED

Terry de la Mesa Allen

Edward M. Almond

Clift Andrus

A. V, Arnold

Paul W. Baade

Raymond O. Barton

Harold W. Blakeiey

Alexander R. Bolling

Charles L. Bolte

Withers H. Burress

C. H. Corlett

Norman D. Cota

John B. Coulter

Louis A. Craig

John E. Dahlquist

Robert T. Frederick

James M. Gavin

Charles H. Gerhardt

William H. Gill

George W. Griner, Jr.

Robert W. Grow

George P. Hays

Leland S. Hobbs

Stafford L. Irwin

Walter E. Lauer

Robert C. Macon

Harry J. Malony

William M. Miley

William H. H. Morris, Jr.

Verne D. Mudge

Chbarles L. Mullins

John W. O'Daniel

Walter M. Robertson

Maurice Rose

Charles W. Ryder

Albert C. Smith

Donald A. Stroh

Innis P. Swift

Joseph M. Swing

Maxwell D. Taylor

Harry L. Twaddle

Orlando Ward

Issac D. White

John S. Wood

Ira T. Wyche

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