csr in the pharmaceutical industry : the case study of novo nordisk

7/23/2019 CSR in the pharmaceutical industry : The case study of Novo Nordisk

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>3>59?6

4

Jldptcr 4 Obtraeujtoab

4"4 Ycscdrjl Idj`mraube

Ulc pldrgdjcutojdk obeustry os ubko`c gdby atlcr obeustrocs+ euc ta ots bdturc af

iusobcss tldt erums jdb ic rcgceocs far kofc'tlrcdtcbobm okkbcsscs" Icjdusc af tlos

jcrtdob bdturc tldt os dttdjlce ta tlos obeustry+ ot os jabsoecrce ta ldvc d kdrmc ctlojdk

rcspabsoiokoty tawdres tlc puikoj+ far cxdgpkc+ pravoeobm dffaredikc erums ta tlasc

wla bcce ot"

Ot sccgs ds of tlc pldrgdjcutojdk obeustry lds d jabsoecrdikc obtcrcst ta war` ab ots

JZY" ,Bussidug+ 9>>? p "6?/ Ot jdb ic sccb tldt tlc rcdsab jagpdbocs ea tlc romlt

tlobm drc aftcb pcrjcovce ds strdtcmoj+ ecfcbsovc+ dbe puikoj 'sporotce"

Ds JZY os bat d abc'wdy rade+ JZY djtoabs jdb ldvc prafaube ,pasotovc/ cffcjts ab

tlc jagpdby dt tlcor aromob" ,@atkcr dbe Kcc 9>>3+ jotce iy Bussidug 9>>< p"6?/

Obtcmrdtobm JZY jdb tlcrcfarc iuoke d strabmcr rcputdtoab+ dttrdjt dbe rctdob d

gatovdtce war`farjc+ iuoke d strabm jagguboty rckdtoabslop+ dbe rceujc rcmukdtary

avcrsomlt"

Ulc gast farwdre'kaa`obm farg af JZY os cbmdmobm ds d iusobcss ob sajodk

rcspabsoikc iusobcss prdjtoscs" Ulcsc vakubtdry jarpardtc iusobcss prdjtoscs ar

obvcstgcbts ta suppart sajodk jduscs jdb ldvc jabscqucbjcs ab tlc iusobcss

gaeck otsckf" ,Bussidug+ 9>>?+ p"6?/

Ulos pdrtojukdr dppradjl ta JZY gomlt ic cspcjodkky dedptce ta deercss tlc

pldrgdjcutojdk obeustrys gardk ogpartdbjc ta pravoec lckp far tlasc wla drc ob

bcce"Jagpdbocs wla bcmkcjt tlcor rcspabsoikc iusobcss djtovotocs jdb icjagc db cdsy

tdrmct iy tlc prcss dbe jabsugcr mraups" Kcofcivrc dbe Gokkcr ,9>>6/ gcbtoab tldt

pldrgdjcutojdks ldvc d gardk aikomdtoab ta sajocty dbe ta pravoec sajocty wotl

dffaredikc erums" ,Kcofcivrc dbe Gokkcr+ 9>>6+jotce iy Bussidug+ 9>>?+ p"6


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Ulc jarpardtc jrotojdk rcscdrjl mraup Jarpardtc ]dtjl puikoslce d kost af jrogcs

frag tlc pldrgdjcutojdk scjtar+ tlcsc objkuece8 loml projcs+ didbeabobm tlc paar+

oggardk gdr`ctobm jdgpdombs+ dbe ldvobm d ba gabcy ba jurc dttotuec" Jarpardtc

]dtjl ikdgcs tlc pldrgdjcutojdk obeustry far prdjtojobm ds ot kdicks+ jarpardtcoblugdboty"

Ulc dutlars Fobcmake ct dk"+ ,9>>3/ rcvcdkce tldt tlc gast kostce ioaiusobcss ctlojdk

ossucs wcrc fobdbjodk prcssurcs+ projobm+ gdr`ctobm dbe djjcss+ rcscdrjl ctlojs+

mavcrbdbjc+ dbe mkaidk iusobcss"

Djjareobm ta tlc Axfare Cbmkosl Eojtoabdry+ tlc tcrg pldrgdjcutojdk ds rckdtobm ta+

ar cbmdmce ob pldrgdjy+ af tlc bdturc af d gceojobdk erum0 af ar rckdtobm ta tlc

gdbufdjturc+ usc af ar sdkc af gceojobdk erums" ,Axfare Cbmkosl Eojtoabdry+ 9>49/

Furtlcrgarc+ Vdb Cmcrddt dbe Idrry ,9>>>6+ p"34/

Frag kaa`obm dt tlcsc ecfobotoab cxdgpkcs+ ot jdb ic obfcrrce tldt tlc pldrgdjcutojdk

obeustry objkuecs pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdbocs tldt drc obvakvce ob rcscdrjl dbe

ecvckapgcbt+ tcst gceojobdk praeujts+ gdr`ctobm+ dbe eostroiutobm erums ta laspotdks

dbe pldrgdjocs" Ot eacs dppcdr tldt tlc tcrg pldrgdjcutojdk ar pldrgdjcutojdk

obeustry os vcry irade obecce dbe wokk ecpcbe progdroky ab tlc typc af pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdby dbe wldt tlcy spcjodkosc ob"

Abc af tlc jldkkcbmcs tldt pldrgdjcutojdks ldvc ta fdjc wlcb jrcdtobm obotodtovcs

tldt drc kob`ce ta Jarpardtc Zajodk Ycspabsoiokoty ,dbe sustdobdiokoty/ os tlc loml

cxpcjtdtoabs frag std`clakecrs" Ds Bussidug ,9>>?/ gcbtoabs+ pldrgdjcutojdks

drc dgabm tlc gast degorce dbe gast jrotojosce af dkk" Ulc obeustrys gdob praeujt

ds wc `baw os ta pravoec gceojdtoab tldt sdvcs kovcs+ lawcvcr+ atlcr ossucs tldt


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surraube tlc obeustry drc sccb ob d bcmdtovc wdy objkuec jasts+ pdtcbt ossucs+ dbe

dbogdk tcstobm far cxdgpkc"

Ulcrcfarc ldvobm JZY obotodtovcs ob arecr gust ic tlaumlt ob mrcdt ectdok ds wckk ds

ogpkcgcbtobm taaks tldt jdb lckp obtcmrdtc dbe sustdob sajodkky rcspabsoikc icldvoaur

ob d lomlky ctlojdk obeustry"

Ulc jabjcpt af Jarpardtc Zajodk Ycspabsoiokoty os lcrc ta stdy dbe sajodkky

rcspabsoiokoty eacs bat fot abc sozc fots dkk dbe jagcs ob gdby eoffc rcbt sldpcs dbe

fargs" Ulos lds obtcrcstce tlc wrotcr wla wokk eckvc eccpcr obta tlc jabjcpt af JZY

dbe law ot jdb fot d spcjofoj pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdby iy usobm d jdsc stuey

dppradjl"

4"9 Ycscdrjl Aihcjtovcs

Ulc purpasc af tlc rcscdrjl os ta kaa` dt db obeustry tldt obvakvcs d kat af ctlojdk dbe

rcspabsoikc ossucs"

Edbosl eodictcs pldrgdjcutojdk Bava Bareos` wokk ic usce ds d jdsc stuey ta

okkustrdtc eoffcrcbt gctlaes af obtcmrdtobm jarpardtc sajodk rcspabsoiokoty ob ta tlcor iusobcss gaeck"

Ulc Edbosl pldrgdjcutojdk os d mkaidk dbe wckk `bawb kcdecr ob obsukob" Frag tlc

=>s ta tlc 4??>s+ tlc jagpdby wds tdrmctce iy BMAs dbe tlc puikoj wotl rcmdres

ta praeujt qudkoty+ puikoj lcdktl+ dbe iusobcss ob Zautl Dfrojd" Bava Bareos` ecjoece

ta td`c ab db ctlojdk dppradjl wotl rcmdres ta ots iusobcss prdjtoscs" Idj` ob 9>>5

tlc jagpdby fargdkky gdec ots gdbdmcgcbt rcspabsoikc far bat abky djlocvobm

fobdbjodk tdrmcts iut ta jabjcbtrdtc ab sajodk dbe cbvorabgcbtdk ossucs+ tlcy deaptce

Halb Ck`obmtabs ,4??5/ t ropkc iattag kobc pdrdeomg ,cjabagoj ,mrawtl/+ cjakamojdk

,idkdbjc/+ dbe sajodk ,pramrcss//"

Bava Bareos` objarpardtce tlc tlrcc gdob pokkdrs af sustdobdiokoty ,cjabagoj+

cbvorabgcbtdk+ dbe sajodk/ obta tlcor jarpardtc jldrtcr+ wlojl os dkombce wotl gdby af

ots iusobcss prdjtoscs ta JZY dbe put ob pkdjc gdby jabjrctc djtoabs"


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Frag deaptobm d garc ctlojdk wdy af tlobòbm+ Bava Bareos` lds sloftce frag icobm d

lcdvoky jrotojosce jagpdby ta db degorce dbe obbavdtovc jagpdby bat hust ob ots

bdtovc Ecbgdr` iut ab d mkaidk sjdkc" Ua djtudkky gd`c dkk tlrcc pokkdrs af

sustdobdiokoty fubjtoab wotl tlc jagpdbys edoky iusobcss prdjtoscs wds povatdk far Bava Bareos` ta icjagc d wckk `bawb JZY kcdecr ob tlc pldrgdjcutojdk obeustry"

Ulc forst aihcjtovc os ta mdob db obsomlt obta tlc batoab af JZY tlrauml tlc kcbs af

Bava Bareos`" Ulc pdpcr wokk kaa` dt tlc ecjosoab gdòbm prajcss tlc

pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdby macs tlrauml wotl rcmdres ta ots rcspabsoikc iusobcss

prdjtoscs"

Furtlcrgarc+ tlc scjabe aihcjtovc os ta ecvckap db ubecrstdbeobm af tlc jagpdbys

strdtcmoj dppradjl dbe law tlcy tdj`kc JZY rckdtce ossucs ob tlc pldrgdjcutojdk

obeustry"

4": Ycscdrjl Tucstoabs

Ot jdb ic vocwce tldt jarpardtc cbmdmcgcbt ob JZY ob tlc twcbty'forst jcbtury os

jldbmobm dbe ot ots cvoecbt tldt gdby jagpdbocs djrass Curapc drc obtcmrdtobm sagcfarg af JZY ob tlcor edoky iusobcss prdjtoscs" Jagpdbocs taedy ldvc ta ecgabstrdtc

ta tlcor std`clakecrs ds wckk ds ta d sjcptojdk dueocbjc tldt tlcy drc icobm truc ta

tlcor ware dbe icobm sajodkky dbe ctlojdkky rcspabsoikc" Ulos lds mat tlc wrotcr

tlobòbm ab law d jagpdby ko`c Bava Bareos` fdjcs tlcsc jldkkcbmcs af eaobm maae

ob d lomlky jagpctotovc dbe ctlojdk obeustry" Ulc forst qucstoab tldt tlc wrotcr wokk

cxdgobc wokk ic law eacs d wckk'`bawb pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdby sustdob d

rcspabsoikc ogdmc ob d lomlky ctlojdk obeustry1 Zcjabeky ta obvcstomdtc wldt taaksdrc bccece ta cbldbjc d sustdobdikc rcputdtoab dbe gabotar sajodkky rcspabsoikc

icldvoaur1

Ob arecr ta ubecrstdbe tlcsc qucstoabs+ tlc tcrg Jarpardtc Zajodk Ycspabsoiokoty wokk

ic taujlce upab ob mrcdtcr ectdok ob tlc kotcrdturc rcvocw dbe ob jldptcr faur tlc jdsc

stuey af Bava Bareos` wokk pravoec d mrcdtcr ubecrstdbeobm af wldt icobm rcspabsoikc

gcdbs ta tlc obsukob pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdby ds wckk ds maobm obta ectdok ab wldt

taaks dbe prajcsscs drc usce ta gabotar dbe sustdob rcspabsoikc icldvoaur"


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4"5 Ztrujturc

Ulc gdob aihcjtovc af tlc obtraeujtoab dbe tlc gctlaeakamy ,jldptcr :/ os ta movc tlcrcdecr db obsomlt obta tlc purpasc af obquory dbe ta pravoec db ubecrstdbeobm af tlc

rcscdrjl stuey"

Ds prcvoausky gcbtoabce ob 4":+ tlc bcxt jldptcr wokk jabsost af tlc kotcrdturc rcvocw

dbe fajus ab tlc jabjcpt af Jarpardtc Zajodk Ycspabsoiokoty iy kaaòbm dt vdroaus

dutlars ecfobotoabs dbe tlcarocs"

Ulc obtcbtoab af eaobm tlos os ta ecgabstrdtc tldt JZY os d irade jabjcpt dbe tldt

cdjl jagpdby tldt deapts d JZY dppradjl slauke ecfobc ots rcspabsoikc iusobcss

prdjtoscs djjareobm ta spcjofoj strdtcmocs ds wckk ds jagpdby dgiotoabs"

Furtlcrgarc+ tlc kotcrdturc rcvocw dogs ta slaw tldt obtcmrdtobm JZY os ba abc sozc

fots dkk strdtcmy"

Ob jldptcr :+ tlc gctlaeakamy af tlc tlcsos wokk ic eosjussce dbe wokk kaa` dt tlc

jlascb gctlaeakamojdk prajcsscs tldt ldvc iccb deaptce far tlos rcscdrjl pdpcr"

Db obtcrprctovost pdrdeomg lds iccb usce ds wckk ds vocwobm tlc warke frag db

abtakamojdk pcrspcjtovc dkabm wotl atlcr rcscdrjl tcjlboqucs gcbtoabce ob tlc

jldptcr+ pkus kaaòbm dt wly tlcsc rcscdrjl gctlaes ldvc iccb usce far tlos stuey"

Ulc faurtl pdrt af tlc tlcsos wokk ic tlc jdsc stuey ab Bava Bareos` wlojl wokk

objkuec d irocf avcrvocw ab tlc jagpdbys lostary ds wckk cxpkarobm tlcor rcdsabs far

obtcmrdtobm Jarpardtc Zajodk Ycspabsoiokoty obta tlcor iusobcss strdtcmy" Ulos jldptcr

wokk dksa objkuec gaecks ab tlc vdroaus taaks tldt drc usce ta sustdob rcspabsoikc

iusobcss icldvoaur frag usobm Halb Ckòbmtabs Uropkc Iattag Kobc dppradjl ta

Bava Bareos`s vcry awb taak+ Ulc Bava Bareos` ]dy af Gdbdmcgcbt" Ulc obtcbt oab

af tlc eosjussoab os ta kaa` dt tlc ecjosoab gdòbm prajcss wlcb ogpkcgcbtobm JZY

rcmukdtoabs dbe prdjtoscs ds wckk ds kaaòbm dt tlcsc vdroaus taaks dbe sccobm law

cffojocbt tlcy drc dbe law tlcy gabotar dbe sustdob sajodk rcspabsoikc icldvoaur"

Ulc tlcsos wokk ic jagpkctce iy dsscssobm tlc rcscdrjl fobeobms dbe tlcb jabjkueobmtlc gdob fobeobms ob tlc jabjkusoab"


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Jldptcr 9' Kotcrdturc Ycvocw

9"> Kotcrdturc Ycvocw

Ecfobobm tlc jabjcpt af JZY os bat ds sogpkc ds ot gdy sccg" Vatdw ,4?=:/ abjcstdtce tldt Jarpardtc Zajodk Ycspabsoiokoty gcdbs sagctlobm+ iut bat dkwdys tlc

sdgc tlobm ta cvcryiaey" ,Vatdw+ 4?=:+ p"93/ Cvcb taedy pcapkc drc stokk jabfusce

iy tlc luberces af ecfobotoabs tldt ldvc iccb jrcdtce iy djdecgoj sjlakdrs" Ulc

jabjcpt af JZY+ sagctogcs+ os gdbopukdtce wotl cdsc ta fot ob wotl abc prc'

jabjcovce batoab ar atlcr tldt wokk pkcdsc tlc jldorgdb ar tlc jagpdbocs

sldrclakecrs" ,Lap`obs+ 9>>6+ jotce iy Xu+ 9>>?+ p"4>?+

p"4s wlojl gdr`s tlc iortl af gaecrb edy JZY"

Ecfobotoabs mrcw avcr tlc 4?6>s dbe 4?=>s+ far cxdgpkc Frocegdb ,4?=>/+ stdtce

tldt tlc abky iusobcss af iusobcss os iusobcss + gcdbobm tldt iusobcss lds ba atlcr

rcspabsoikc purpasc atlcr tldb icobm cjabagojdk"


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4>+ p"=6/ Jdgpickk ,9>>=/ drmucs tldt gujl af tlc kotcrdturc ab jarpardtc

sajodk rcspabsoiokoty lds iccb ta sagc cxtcbt+ taa ecsjroptovc dbe slauke progdroky

fajus ab cxtcrbdk gcjldbosgs tldt obfkucbjc wlctlcr jarpardtoabs icldvc ob d

sajodkky rcspabsoikc gdbbcr ar bat+ dbe ta of tlcy drc obfkucbjce iy tlc prcssurc af


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strabm dbe wckk rcmukdtce stdtc rcmukdtoabs pkus tlc prcssurc af d systcg af wckk

armdbosce dbe cffcjtovc obeustrodk sckf'rcmukdtoab" ,Jdgpickk+ 9>>=/

Zloftobm ta tlc scjabe pcrspcjtovc+ tlc scbscgd`obm dppradjl dksa lds tlc sdgc

jrotoquc af tlc obstotutoabdk dppradjl wotl rcmdres ta jarpardtc sajodk rcspabsoiokoty+ ot

lds iccb vocwce tldt JZY lds iccb dppradjlce frag d rdtoabdk pcrspcjtovc dbe taa

gujl dttcbtoab lds iccb jcbtrce ab tlc batoab af JZY djtovotocs"

Zcbscgd`obm lds iccb ecsjroice ds d prajcss iy wlojl obeovoeudks ecvckap

jambotovc gdps af tlcor cbvorabgcbt" ,Yobm & Ydbes+ 4?


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tlc jaggab maae+ dkabm wotl tlcor icldvoaurdk eospasotoab wotl rcspcjt ta tlc

fukfokgcbt dbe djlocvcgcbt af tlcsc" ,Idsu dbe ^dkdzza+ 9>>>6+

jotce iy Garsobm dbe Kcbsscb+ 9>>6+ p"953/ Ob deeotoab+ tlc twa dutlars batc tldt iy

cbmdmobm wotl std`clakecrs rcquorcs eodkamuc frag obtcrbdk dbe cxtcrbdk

std`clakecrs dbe eodkamuc os votdk far tlc fubjtoab af frcc sajocty dbe jdpotdkosg" Ulos

kcdes ta ldvobm d iusobcss iuokt ab labcsty dbe apcbbcss iy gdbdmobm std`clakecr rckdtoabslops obtcrbdkky dbe cxtcrbdkky dbe cbmdmobm ob eodkamuc wotl tlcsc vdroaus

mraups icjagcs db csscbtodk fdjtar wotl rcmdres ta jarpardtc sajodk rcspabsoiokoty"

Vdkuc jrcdtoab dbe std`clakecr rckdtoabslop gdbdmcgcbt dppcdrs ta ic cvoecbt ob

Jdrrakks ,9>>:/ dbe Ckòbmtabs ,9>>4/ rcscdrjl" Far cxdgpkc+ Jdrrakk gcbtoabs tldt

tlc pyrdgoe af JZY rcprcscbts d std`clakecr pcrspcjtovc dbe cdjl faur af tlc

jagpabcbts ob tlc pyrdgoe af JZY ,cjabagoj rcspabsoiokotocs+ kcmdk rcspabsoiokotocs+

ctlojdk rcspabsoiokotocs+ dbe plokdbtlrapoj rcspabsoiokotocs/ deercsscs eoffcrcbt

std`clakecrs" ,Jdrrakk dbe Iujllaktz+ 9>>:+ p"54/

Garcavcr+ Ckòbmtab dbe wlcckcr ,9>>4/ dksa drmucs wotl d gukto std`clakecr

dppradjl dbe quatcs tldt ot os icjagobm jkcdr tldt jaggubojdtobm cffcjtovcky wotl

std`clakecrs ab pramrcss tawdres cjabagoj praspcroty+ cbvorabgcbtdk qudkoty dbe

sajodk obhustojc o"c" tlc tropkc iattag kobc+ wokk icjagc d ecfobobm jldrdjtcrostoj af

jarpardtc sajodk rcspabsoiokoty ob tlc 94 st jcbtury" ,Ckòbmtab dbe ]lcckcr+ 9>>4+

p"4/


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Ulauml Ckòbmtab dbe wlcckcr dmrcc wotl d std`clakecr dppradjl ta JZY iy usobm

std`clakecr jaggubojdtoab dbe jabsuktdtoab ds csscbtodk taaks+ ot sccgs tldt lc

prcfcrs abc'wdy jaggubojdtoab" Zjlakdrs sujl ds Frccgdb lawcvcr+ cgpldsosc

tlc bcce far d twa'wdy jaggubojdtoab prajcss wotl tlc deeotoab af std`clakecr eodkamuc"

Habcs ,9>>3/ vocws tldt tlc cxjldbmc ictwccb jagpdbocs dbe tlcor std`clakecr

mraups os dkwdys twa' wdy" Mrubobm ,4??>/ prapascs d twa ' wdy syggctrojdk gaeck

tldt obvakvcs eodkamuc ictwccb d jagpdby dbe tlc mcbcrdk puikoj ob arecr ta djlocvc

d gutudk ubecrstdbeobm+ wlojl gavcs puikoj rckdtoabs dwdy frag icobm pcrjcovce ds

gdbopukdtovc ta trdbsfargobm dbe tdòbm ab iadre guktopkc dttotuecs frag iatl obtcrcst

af tlc jagpdby dbe std`clakecr mraups" Jlrostcbscb dbe Habcs ,4??6/ gcbtoab tldttwa wdy syggctrojdk jaggubojdt oab prdjtoscs drc garcavcr drmuce ta icjagc

objrcdsobmky woecsprcde ds std`clakecrs icjagc garc jrotojdk dbe djtovc ob tcrgs af

JZY" ,Jlrostcbscb dbe Habcs+ 4??6+ p"43>6/ vocw tlrcc typcs af std`clakecr

rckdtoabs wotl rcmdres ta std`clakecr rckdtoabs dbe kdw jagpdbocs cbmdmc wotl JZY

jaggubojdtoab" Ulcy gcbtoab tlc tlrcc JZY jaggubojdtoab strdtcmocs ds8 tlc

std`clakecr obfargdtoab strdtcmy+ tlc std`clakecr rcspabsc strdtcmy dbe+ tlcstd`clakecr obvakvcgcbt strdtcmy" Furtlcrgarc+ tlcy drmuc tldt abc'wdy

jaggubojdtoab ,fdvaurce iy Ckòbmtab dbe ]lcckcr/ dbe twa'wdy jaggubojdtoab

fdvaurce iy Frccgdb/ drc iatl ogpartdbt+ lawcvcr+ tlcrc os db objrcdsc ta ecvckap d

twa'wdy jaggubojdtoab pra jcss wlcb ot jagcs ta ecvckapobm JZY eodkamuc" ]lokc

abc'wdy obfargdtoab af JZY obotodtovcs os bcjcssdry+ ot os bat cbauml far d

jarpardtoab ta iuoke dbe gdobtdob kcmotogdjy" ,Garsobm dbe Zjluktz+ 9>>6+ p"45>/

Ob `dìdesc ct dk"+ ,9>>3/ rcscdrjl ab Jarpardtc sajodk rcspabsoiokoty dbe

std`clakecr dppradjl8 d jabjcptudk rcvocw + tlcy rcjaggcbe tldt jagpdbocs slauke

ic pkdjce ab jabstrujtovc dbe apcb eodkamuc wotl tlc dog af jagiobobm slart'tcrg

pcrfargdbjc wotl kabm tcrg armdbosdtoabdk wcdktl" Db csscbtodk ckcgcbt tldt rckdtcs

ta std`clakecr gdbdmcgcbt os tlcrcfarc eodkamuc ictwccb tlc jagpdby dbe ots

std`clakecr mraups ob arecr ta jrcdtc sldrce vdkuc"

Luggcks ,4??


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wlojl kcdes ta eoffcrcbt ,cxpcjtce/ eostroiutoabs af icbcfots dbe iurecbs+ af pkcdsurcs

dbe pdobs+ af vdkucs+ romlts dbe obtcrcsts dgabmst obtcrprctdtoabs" ,Luggcks+4??


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lds iccb lcke ta farg tlc frdgcwar` af JZY prdjtoscs ob Bomcrodb sajocty" Dksa+ tlc

strabm rckomoaus obfkucbjc ab jagpdby prdjtoscs wotl rcmdres ta JZY lds dksa iccb

taujlce upab" Cgiceece ob JZY prdjtoscs ob Bomcrod os tlc rckomoaus batoab af moft

dbe sdjrofojc+ dppdrcbtky+ iraumlt ta kogckomlt iy tlc twa eagobdbt rckomoabs' Oskdgdbe Jlrostodboty" Srop ,9>4>/ quatcs tldt sa far tlc kcss cjabagojdkky ecvckapce

bdtoabs+ ot os ogpartdbt tldt JZY djtovotocs put sagc fajus ab tlc djtoabs af

sustdobdikc wcdktl far tlc jagguboty+ pdrtojukdrky far tlc kawcr' objagc sajocty"

,Srop+ 9>4>+ p"46/

Frag obfcrrobm frag Srop ,9>4>/+ tlos jdb ic eabc iy cstdikoslobm tlc ko`cs af

jagguboty ceujdtoab sjlcgcs+ lcdktl devojc+ maae jarpardtc mavcrbdbjc+ dbe

qudkoty dssurdbjc" Cffcjtovc ogpkcgcbtdtoab af JZY ob ecvckapobm jaubtrocs tldtldvc wcd` kdw cbfarjcgcbts+ ajjdsoabdk fobdbjodk dbe pakotojdk obstdiokoty+ pavcrty+

dbe d kaw ceujdtoabdk kcvck+ rcquorcs dksa tlc gdjlobcry af db cffcjtovc ecgajrdtoj

mavcrbgcbt dbe jovok sajocty" ,Srop 9>4>+p"4?/

Ob tlc ecvckapobm warke+ ot jdb ic vocwce tldt JZY os bat d taak far sakvobm pavcrty

dbe d kdj` af war` appartubotocs dbe jarruptoab far cxdgpkc0 lawcvcr+ ot jdb ic

vocwce ds db csscbtodk obstrugcbt far jagpdbocs ta deapt dbe lckp mavcrbgcbts

suppart kajdk jaggubotocs dbe kajdk strujturcs"

9"5"9 Zjdbeobdvod

Zobjc tlos pdpcr os idsce ab d Zjdbeobdvodb jagpdby+ tlc trdeotoab af sajodk

rcspabsoiokoty ob Ecbgdr` far obstdbjc+ sajodk rcspabsoiokoty dbe ecgajrdjy ma ldbe

ob ldbe+ tlc gdhar ecvckapgcbts stdrtce ob tlc kdtcr stdmcs af tlc twcbtoctl jcbturytlcsc tocs drc jabbcjtce wotl tlc cgcrmcbjc af tlc wckfdrc stdtc pkus ldvobm strabm

sajodk ecgajrdtoj obfkucbjcs"

Ot jdb vocwce tldt Bareoj iusobcss systcgs drc dt aees wotl tlc iusobcss sajocty

gaeck af rcspabsoikc iusobcss+ tlos os icjdusc ds Mhkicrm ,9>4>/ puts ot+ tldt JZY

ogpkojotky mrdbts eosjrctoabdry pawcrs ta iusobcss ob ossucs af mrcdt sajodk dbe

cbvorabgcbtdk jabjcrb+ wlokc ob d Bareoj jabtcxt sujl ossucs drc jabsoecrce ta

ickabm tlc puikoj eagdob+ ta ic ecjoece tlrauml ecgajrdtoj+ jakkcjtovc+ ar


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rcprcs cbtdtovc prajcsscs" , Mhkicrm+ 9>4>+ p"944/ Zjdbeobdvodb mavcrbgcbts dkk

ldvc strabm obtcrbdtoabdk prafokcs wlcb ot jagcs ta ossucs ab sustdobdikc

ecvckapgcbt+ pavcrty+ lugdb romlts+ dbe cbvorabgcbtdk pratcjtoab" Frag kaaòbm dt

tlcsc prcvoausky gcbtoabce ossucs+ tlcsc ossucs drc tlcrcfarc drc dkk strabmky kob`cewotl tlc jabjcpt af JZY"

Mhkicrm ,9>4>/ gcbtoabs ob lcr pdpcr Vdroctocs af Jarpardtc Zajodk Ycspabsoiokoty

,JZY/8 JZY gccts tlc Bareoj Gaeck tldt tlcrc os d jkcdr kob` wotl scvcrdk ckcgcbts

af JZY tldt drc pdrtojukdrky objagpdtoikc wotl fubedgcbtdk vdkucs dbe pakotojdk'

cjabagoj obstotutoabs ob Zjdbeobdvod" Frag obfcrrobm frag Mhkicrm ,9>4>/+ tlos

sotudtoab wlcrc sagc JZY ossucs drc objagpdtoikc+ Bareoj puikoj pakojocs ab

Jarpardtc Zajodk Ycspabsoiokoty wokk rcfkcjt tlc aromobdk JZY prdjtoscs!gaeck+lawcvcr+ tlcsc pakojocs wokk ic dktcrce ta fot wotl tlc Bareoj Gaeck" Garcavcr+ ot os

garc dppdrcbt tldt obtcmrdtobm dbe trdbsfargobm JZY wokk ic sagcwldt sogokdr

djrass cdjl af tlc Bareoj bdtoabs+ euc ta tlc fdjt tldt tlcrc drc d kat af sogokdrotocs ab

tlcor vocws ab iusobcss ob sajocty"

Atlcr tlcarosts drmuc tldt icjdusc Zjdbeobdvodb jaubtrocs gox sajodk wckfdrc wotl

cjabagoj jagpctovcbcss+ tlcrc os wldt sagc ldvc euiice Bareoj jdpotdkosg" Ot

sccgs frag d Zjdbeobdvodb paobt af vocw tldt JZY os scjabe icst ds d strdtcmy tldt

ob atlcr pdrts af tlc warke os sccb ds d progdry ossuc" Ulos os aivoausky euc ta ldvobm

d vcry strabm wckfdrc systcg ob pkdjc ds wckk ds ldvobm d strabm scbsc af

mavcrbgcbt pdrtojopdtoab ab ossucs idsce ab jagguboty jabjcrbs"

Ioròb ct dk"+ ,9>>?/ rcscdrjl ab D Bcw Iusobcss Gaeck far Zustdobdikc

Ecvckapgcbt gcbtoab ob tlcor pdpcr tldt Bareoj jaubtrocs lde djquorce sajodkky

rcspabsoikc dbe sustdobdikc icldvoaurs+ wlojl lds iccb erdwb ta dttcbtoab ta tlccxtcbt ta wlojl tlcor sajocty cxloiotce sldrce sajodk vdkucs" Ob pdrtojukdr+ tlcy batce

tldt ogpartdbjc wds dttdjlce ta ,4/ sajodk cquoty wotlob d jabscbsus sajocty dbe ,9/

d kavc af bdturc+ dbe tlc ecmrcc ta wlojl af tlcsc wcrc cgiceece ob tlc jukturc af

sajocty" ,Ioròb ct dk"+ 9>>?+ p"9


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dbtojopdtcs icbcfots sujl ds icttcr qudkoty cgpkayccs+ garc mcbcrdk jaapcrdtoab+

cdsocr dvdokdiokoty af kojcbscs dbe garc kodikc jabsugcr suppart" ,Iorò b ct dk"+ 9>>?+

p"9s kdubjlce gdby objcbtovc sjlcgcs ta cbjaurdmc jagpdbocs ta cgpkay tlc

ko`cs af oggomrdbts+ kabm'tcrg ubcgpkayce pcapkc+ dbe tlc ldbeojdppce" Iy tlc bcw

gokkcbboug+ d erdgdtoj jldbmc ob JZY pakojy taa` pkdjc ds d rcsukt af iattag'up dbe

d tap eawb prajcss tldt spurrce tlc jaubtrys cbjaubtcr wotl mkaidkosdtoab" Mhkicrm

,9>4>/ gcbtoabs tldt tlrauml tlos iattag u p suppky jldob eybdgoj+ d mrdeudk sloft ob

tlc jabjcptudkosdtoab af JZY taa` pkdjc ob tlc Edbosl eosjaursc frag tlc bdrraw+eagcstoj dmcbed ab objkusovc war`'kofc ossucs tawdres d eosjaursc ob kobc wotl tlc

obtcrbdtoabdk tropkc iattag'kobc dppradjl ta JZY" ,Mhkicrm+ 9>4>+ p"944/

Furtlcrgarc+ tlos tap'eawb pakotojdk prajcss wlojl ubjavcrce db cxpkdbdtoab mdp

wlojl idffkce tlc Edbosl dutlarotocs ab wly Ecbgdr` `cpt ab tappobm

jagpctovcbcss dbe mrawtl warke rdbòbms" Mavcrbgcbt obtcrvocwccs frag

Mhkicrms ,9 >4>/ rcscdrjl gcbtoab tldt tlos batoab wds kob`ce ta wldt tlcy jaobce

tlc Edbosl Gaeck" Lcbjc+ d bcw jabjcptoab af JZY wds iarb+ wlojl rckdtce ta tlc

eosjaursc af jagpctovcbcss+ cjabagoj mrawtl+ dbe mkaidkosdtoab"

Ot sccgs tldt Edbosl sajocty pravoecs sagc jukturdk trdots tldt jdb erovc tlc jabjcpt

af JZY farwdre+ Ldiosjl ct dk"+ ,9>>5/ gcbtoab tldt Edbosl sajocty jdb erovc tlos

prajcss farwdre iy ldvobm d mcbcrdk jagpctcbjc far eodkamuc dbe bcmatodtoab+ d

wokkobmbcss ta cbmdmc dbe d irade scbsc af trust drc jukturdk trdots saumlt far ob tlc

qucst far objrcdsobmky scbsotovoty tawdres d vdrocty af std`c lakecrs" ,Ldiosjl ct dk"+,9>>5/ p":9/

Ot jdb ic sdoe tldt ot td`cs ecgajrdtoj eosjopkobc dbe jaggubojdtoab sòkks ta jrcdtc d

rcdsabdikc dbe sdtosfdjtary idkdbjc ictwccb eovcrsc obtcrcsts" Ldiosjl ct dk"+

,9>>5 / quatc tldt of Jarpardtc Zajodk Ycspabsoiokoty os diaut objrcdsobm scbsotovoty

tawdres std`clakecrs+ Edbosl gdbdmcrs sccg ta ldvc d maae paobt af ecpdrturc"

Ulos jcrtdobty eacs bat gcdb tldt tlcrc drc ba jldkkcbmcs dlcde wotl rcmdres ta

Edbosl JZY" Ko`c ob gdby atlcr Jaubtrocs+ JZY os d gavobm tdrmct" Far cxdgpkc+


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wldt wds pcrjcovce ds rcspabsoikc icldvoaur fovc ycdrs dma gdy bat ic djjcptce ob

taedys cvcr jldbmobm iusobcss jkogdtc"

9"3 Abc sozc eacs bat fot dkk

Ulraumlaut tlos kotcrdturc rcvocw+ tlc wrotcr lds kaa`ce dt d vdst dgaubt af

ecfobotoabs frag cdrky jabjcpts ta kaa`obm dt d garc af d scbscgd`obm dppradjl af

tlc jabjcpt" Ot os jkcdr tldt tlcrc drc gdby uscfuk dbe obsomltfuk ecfobotoabs tldt gdby

sjlakdrs dbe djdecgojs ldvc javcrce+ lawcvcr+ tlcrc os bat'dbe gast ko`cky jdbbat

ic d prcjosc ecfobotoab af JZY+ euc ta tlc fdjt tldt tlc ecfobotoab dbe prdjtoscs af tlc

jabjcpt wokk eoffcr frag abc jaubtry ta dbatlcr+ dbe wokk cvakvc avcr d pcroae af togc+pkus wokk dksa eoffcr dgabm jagpdbocs" Abc dmrcce sogpkofoce ecfobotoab tldt tlc

wrotcr lds faube os tldt JZY os tlc rcsukt+ ogpkojot ar cxpkojot+ af d forg+ ots rakc ob

sajocty dbe ots rckdtoabslop wotl ots obtcrbdk dbe cxtcrbdk std` clakecrs" , Drmdbead

dbe Laovo`+ 9>>?+ p"49/

Ulos vocw rcfkcjts tlc tds`s af awbcrs dbe gdbdmcrs+ iut dksa std`clakecrs wla

ldvc d eovoece ogpdjt ab tlc jagpdby" Ulc autjagc wokk vdry frag iusobcss ta

iusobcss dbe wokk ic kob`ce wotl lostarojdk cvcbts+ m camrdply+ kcmoskdtoab+ sajoctys

cxpcjtdtoabs+ ds wckk ds jurrcbt trcbes sujl ds mkaidk cjabagoj dbe fobdbjodk

prcssurcs" Uamctlcr+ tlos fargs tlc frdgcwar` ob wlojl d jagpdby apcrdtcs dbe

ecfobcs law d jagpdby jdb ecvckap dbe mraw ots JZY djtovotocs"

Icjdusc tlc iusobcss warke os dkwdys rdpoeky jldbmobm+ ot os tlcrcfarc bat passoikc ta

dmrcc ab db affojodk ar ubovcrsdk dmrccgcbt ab tlc jabjcpt icjdusc fdjts dbe oecds+

sajocty+ plokasaply+ dbe tlc cbvorabgcbt drc dkk obtcrjabbcjtce" Ds prcvoauskygcbtoab tlc jabjcpt lds jldbmce avcr togc dbe wokk jabtobuc ta ea sa ob tlc futurc"

Iy stueyobm dbe rcscdrjlobm gdby oecds dbe ecfobotoabs far tlc purpasc af tlos

kotcrdturc rcvocw+ wlcb JZY os ecfobce+ tlc jabjcpt gust ic ira`cb eawb dbe

stueoce iy ogpkojotky ecfobobm tlc wlakc sct af obtcrrckdtce rcspabsoiokotocs dbe rakcs ob

sajocty" Ob deeotoab+ JZY os bat sogpky d iusobcss ctlojs suihcjt+ iut dksa kob`ce wotl

pakotojdk ctlojs dbe sajodk ctlojs tldt gust ic dksa td`cb obta jabsoecrdtoab" Ulos os

icjdusc tlc obtcrpkdy ictwccb iatl stdtc dbe provdtc djtars os jldbmobm dbe


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19/77

>3>59?6

4?

Dktlauml lc batcs tldt tlos ecfobotoab jdb ic pcrjcovce ds icobm sagcwldt vdmuc

dbe quotc irade+ tlc wrotcr dmrccs wotl tlos ecfobotoab ds std`clakecr obtcrdjtoab os d

votdk pdrt af tlc JZY dmcbed" Ob deeotoab+ Jdrakk ,4??4/ gcbtoabs tldt JZY

rcprcscbts sajoctdk cxpcjtdtoabs af jarpardtc icldvoaur0 d icldvoaur tldt os dkkcmceiy d std`clakecr ta ic cxpcjtce iy sajocty ar gardkky rcquorce dbe os tlcrcfarc

hustofodiky ecgdbece iy sajocty" ,Jdrakk+ 4??4+ jotce iy Zgotl ct dk"+ 9>4>+ p"46:/

Ot jdb ic jabjkuece tldt frag kaaòbm dt tlos kotcrdturc rcvocw tldt JZY ds d jabjcpt

os vcry jagpkojdtce dbe irade" Ulc wrotcr strcsscs tldt tlc djjcptdbjc af pravoeobm d

ubovcrsdk ecfobotoab af JZY os bat passoikc dbe tlcrcfarc jagpdbocs gust ecjoec ab

law tlcy wdbt ta objarpardtc dbe ecfobc JZY wlojl kob`s eorcjtky ta tlcor obeustry+

sòkks+ dbe cxpcrtosc" Bat abky wokk jagpdbocs ldvc ta ecjoec wldt JZY gcdbs tatlcg+ tlcy wokk ldvc ta dksa fdjc cvcryedy jldkkcbmcs af icobm sajodkky rcspabsoikc

dbe ic dikc ta wdk` dbe tdk` JZY cffcjtovcky" Ulos os sagctlobm tldt wokk ic slawb ob

jldptcr 5 af tlos rcscdrjl pdpcr"

Jldptcr : Ycscdrjl Ecsomb

:"4 Ycscdrjl ^lokasaply

Ulc rcscdrjl plokasaply tldt wokk ic usce wokk ic db obtcrprctovc pdrdeomg icjdusc

tlc rcscdrjl os rcfkcjtce iy atlcr dutlars dssugptoabs dbe ob deeotoab wokk ic garc

jldrdjtcrosce iy d garc suihcjtovost stdbjc tawdres tlc bdturc af sjocbjc"

Ulc abtakamojdk dssugptoab ob tlos pdpcr wokk td`c d bagobdkost vocwpaobt+ wlojl

obtcrprcts tlc sajodk warke ob db cxtcrbdk jabtcxt tldt os gdec up af jabjcpts+ bdgcs+

dbe kdicks tldt drc usce ta strujturc rcdkoty dbe gd`c scbsc af tlc cxtcrbdk warke"

Ulc cxtcrbdk warke os tlcrcfarc bat dssugce ta jabsost af ldre dbe tdbmoikc

strujturcs dbe cxost obecpcbecbtky af obeovoeudks" ,Iurrckk ct dk"+ 4?=?+ p"5/

Ulc tcrg abtakamy jagcs frag tlc Mrcc` wares abtas gcdbobm icobm dbe kamas

gcdbobm tlcary" Icobm os tlc cxtcb ece tcrg wotl tlc jabjcpt af cxostcbjc

suisugce ubecr ot" ,Jabbdwdy dbe âwckk+ 9>4>+ p"9?/


20/77

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D suihcjtovc ubecrstdbeobm lds iccb deaptce far tlos rcscdrjl pdpcr0 tlos os

icjdusc suihcjtovosg vocws tlc jukturc af db armdbosdtoab ds d rcsuktobm prajcss af d

jabtobuobm sajodk cbdjtgcbt"

Furtlcrgarc+ suihcjtovosts wauke drmuc tldt jukturc os sagctlobm tldt os jrcdtce

tlrauml jagpkcx plcbagcbd tldt objkuecs sajodk obtcrdjtoabs dbe plysojdk fdjtars"

Zdubecrs ct dk"+ ,9>>?/ gcbtoab tldt ot os tlc gcdbobms tldt drc dttrdjtce ta tlcsc

plcbagcbd iy sajodk djtars wotlob tlc armdbosdtoab tldt bcce ta ic ubecrstaae ob

arecr far jukturc ta ic ubecrstaae" ,Zdubecrs+ G" ct dk"+ 9>>?+ p"444/

Ulc tlore ckcgcbt af tlc rcscdrjl plokasaply far tlos pdpcr os ta dksa td`c d

jabstrujtovost pcrspcjtovc" Ulos pcrspcjtovc drmucs tldt djtars jabstrujt tlcor awb

rcdkoty dbe tlcy gd`c scbsc af wldt atlcrs eospkdy ta tlcg" Frag d jabstrujtovost

pcrspcjtovc+ plcbagcbd ko`c JZY jdb ic ecfobce ds sajodk jabstrujts tldt drc fokkce

wotl eoffcrcbt gcdbobms ,Olkcb ct dk"+ 9>44+ p"5=:/+ tlcsc gcdbobms drc tlcrcfarc

obstotutoabdkosce tlrauml vdroaus fargs af prajcsscs tldt drc tlcb obtcrprctce iy

gdby eovcrsc djtars sujl ds jarpardtoabs+ tlc stdtc+ BMAs+ ctj"

D kcss rdeojdk vocwpaobt ab rcdkoty lds iccb ogpkcgcbtce ob tlos pdpcr ds ot os

tlcrcfarc pcrjcovce tldt tlcrc os d warke iatl ob d plysojdk dbe sajodk farg jdb icsccb frag gdby eoffcrcbt paobts af vocw" Ulcsc dssugptoabs tldt drc jrcdtce

icjdusc ot os drmuce tldt jagpdbocs dbe tlc batoab af Jarpardtc Zajodk

Ycspabsoiokoty drc sajodk jabstrujtoabs tldt kovc dbe ircdtlc ob tlc sajodk warke iut ea

bat cxost ob tlc plysojdk warke0 tlcrcfarc tlc sajodk warke wokk ic d gdhar obfkucbjc

wotl rcmdres ta tlos tlcsos"

Ulos pdrtojukdr rcscdrjl pdrdeomg wokk tlcrcfarc kcde tlc wrotcr ta eosjuss dbe

jabjkuec wly Bava Bareos` lcdvoky ogpkcgcbts JZY obta ots strdtcmy+ scjabeky law

tlc jagpdby gdbdmcs tlc jabjcpt af JZY+ dbe tloreky taujlobm upab futurc

rcscdrjl dbe rcjaggcbedtoabs"

:"9 Tudkotdtovc dppradjl

Tudkotdtovc rcscdrjl os oecdk icjdusc ot eckvcs obta tlc bdturc af pcapkcs vocwpaobts

dbe pcrspcjtovcs" Cxdgobobm tlc wdy Bava Bareos` obtcmrdtcs ots rcspabsoikc


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iusobcss prdjtoscs usobm d jdsc stuey gctlaeakamy movcs tlc wrotcr d eccpcr obsomlt

ab tlc pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdbys wdy af jldgpoabobm JZY prdjtoscs"

Ds Idiioc ,9>4>/ gcbtoabs+ tlc qudkotdtovc rcscdrjlcr wokk aftcb dbdkyzc dbe rcpart

edtd jakkcjtce frag spcjofoj+ oecbtofodikc obeovoeudks" ,Idiioc+ 9>4>+ p"544>+ p"54>3+ jotce iy

Idugmdrtcb+ 9>49+ p"4:/

Ycscdrjlcrs sujl ds Garsobm dbe Aswdke ,9>>3/ ,9>>?/ dbe Lapwaae ct dk"+ ,9>4>/

,wla ldvc jabeujtce rcscdrjl dbe jdsc stueocs ab Bava Bareos`/ wauke ldvc usce

tlos dppradjl wlcb edtd jakkcjtobm+ iy ds`obm tlc rcspabecbts of tlcy lde sogokdr vocws rckdtce ta tlcor rcscdrjl ab Bava Bareos`s rcspabsoikc iusobcs s prdjtoscs"

Coscbldret dbe Mrdcibcr ,9>>=/ strcss tldt tlc diokoty af usobm qudkotdtovc edtd movcs

db obsomlt obta jagpkcx sajodk prajcsscs+ tlcrcfarc tlos typc af edtd wokk movc tlc

wrotcr d icttcr ubecrstdbeobm dbe cxpkarc tlc jabjcpt af Jarpardtc Zajodk

Ycspabsoiokoty dbe law pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdbocs sujl ds Bava Bareos` cgice tlos

strdtcmy ob tlcor cvcryedy iusobcss prdjtoscs"

:": Jdsc stuey dppradjl

Ulc wrotcr obtcbes ab usobm d jdsc stuey dppradjl frag dutlars wla ldvc dkrcdey

jakkcjtce qudkotdtovc edtd ab tlc jagpdby" Ulc purpasc af usobm d jdsc stuey os far

obvcstomdtobm armdbozdtoabdk strujturc dbe fubjtoabs ar armdbozdtoabdk pcrfargdbjc"

Gast rcscdrjlcrs jabsoecr tlc jdsc stuey ta ic rckdtovcky kaw ob obtcrbdk dbe cxtcrbdk


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vdkoeoty+ iut ot jcrtdobky lds tlc patcbtodk ta ic d vdkudikc rcscdrjl taak" ,Jabbdwdy

dbe ^awckk 9>4>+ p"/

Furtlcrgarc+ usobm d jdsc stuey ds d rcscdrjl taak os ogpartdbt icjdusc ot slaws

tlc iommcr pojturc" Ot jdb dksa jabbcjt cvcbts wotl tlcor cbvorabgcbt ob db obtcmrdtce

gdbbcr tldt stdrts wotl tlc rcscdrjl qucstoab dbe cbes wotl fobeobms dbe d

jabjkusoab",Gdbeo+ 9>>>=/" Djjareobm ta _ob ,4??5/ jdsc

stuey rcscdrjl os prcfcrdikc ob tlos jabtcxt+ sobjc ot dkkaws tlc obvcstomdtoab ta rctdob

tlc lakostoj dbe ogpartdbt uboqucbcss af edoky cvcbts ,_ob+ 4??5/"

Ulc usc af jagiobobm vdroaus jdsc stueocs tamctlcr os icjdusc tlc rcsukts af

guktopkc jdsc stueocs drc jabsoecrce ta ic garc pcrsudsovc+ dbe avcrdkk tlc

obvcstomdtoab wokk ic garc raiust ,_ob+ 4??5/"

Ob atlcr wares+ d gctd'dbdkysos lds iccb deaptce+ wlcb dbdkysts icmob d gctd'

dbdkysos+ tlcy gust oecbtofy tlc jdscs tldt tlcy wdbt ta stuey ,Ydmob dbe Icj`cr+

4??9+ jotce iy Yueck+ 9>>>=+ p"=9/


23/77

>3>59?6

9:

Ob jabtrdst+ tlcrc ldvc iccb jrotojosgs af usobm scjabedry edtd+ far cxdgpkc+ tlc

djjurdjy af tlc edtd td`cs scvcrdk tlobms obta jabsoecrdtoab" Forstky+ tlcrc os tlc

qucstoab af wlctlcr tlc scjabedry edtd tldt lds iccb faube jdgc frag d progdry ar

scjabedry saurjc"

Ulc bcxt paobt ta kaa` dt os tlc armdbozdtoab tldt aromobdkky taa` pdrt ob tlc edtd

jakkcjtoab" Ulos kcdes ta tlc qucstoab af wldt os tlc qudkoty af tlcor edtd mdtlcrobm

ecsomb1 Dbe wldt os tlc `bawb jrceotdiokoty af tlcor edtd jakkcjtoab1 Ulc dmc af tlc

edtd os dksa votdk+ ]rcb ct dk"+ ,9>>=/ quatc tldt ake obfargdtoab os bat bcjcssdroky

ide obfargdtoab0 lawcvcr+ ob gdby eybdgoj gdr`cts+ up'ta'edtc obfargdtoab os db

disakutc bcjcssoty" ,]rcb ct dk"+ ,9>>=/ p"=:/

Kdstky+ tlc qudkoty af tlc edtd sagctogcs jdb ic ub`bawb+ dmdob+ ]rcb ct dk"+ ,9>>=/

gcbtoab tldt tlc rcputdtoab dbe jdpdiokoty af tlc jakkcjtobm dmcbjy os ogpartdbt wlcb

dsscssobm tlc qudkoty af tlc edtd tldt lds iccb pravoece" Ua mdob db obsomlt ab tlc

avcrdkk qudkoty af tlc edtd+ ot gdy ic wartl `bawobm law tlc edtd wds aromobdkky

jakkcjtce+ far cxdgpkc+ wldt sdgpkobm pkdb wds usce+ wldt edtd jakkcjtoab wds put ob

pkdjc+ ctj"

Ulc wrotcr lds td`cb tlos obta jabsoecrdtoab dbe lds usce tlc gast rcjcbt jdscstueocs ab tlc Edbosl pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdby ob arecr ta mdob d garc af db up' ta'

edtc obsomlt af tlc jagpdby dbe ots JZY prdjtoscs"

Ulc fdjt tldt Bava Bareos` os d jagpdby idsce ab rcscdrjl dbe dksa `bawb far

ldvobm d loml kcvck af trdbspdrcbjy+ ot os fdor ta sdy tldt tlc scjabedry edtd aitdobce

frag tlc jagpdby os djjurdtc"

]otlob tlc jdsc stuey rcscdrjl tlc wrotcr lds trodbmukdtce scjabedry dbe qudkotdtovcedtd frag atlcr jdsc stuey saurjcs" Iy jagiobobm gctlaes ob tlc sdgc stuey d

rcscdrjlcr jdb pdrtodkky avcrjagc ar jaubtcridkdbjc tlc ecfojocbjocs dbe iodscs tldt

fkaw frag sobmkc gctlaeakamocs" ,Gokks ct dk"+ 9>4>+ p"=5?/

Ulc eajugcbtdtoab edtd wokk jabsost af iaa`s dbe rcscdrjl pdpcrs ab Bava Bareos`

dbe law tlcy ogpkcgcbt JZY+ tlcsc scjabedry edtd rcsaurjcs drc bccece ta

ecvckap db ubecrstdbeobm af tlc jagpdbys strdtcmy ab JZY dbe law tlc jabjcpt os

ogpkcgcbtce"


24/77

>3>59?6

95

:"3 Yckodiokoty dbe VdkoeotyYckodiokoty rcfcrs ta tlc cxtcbt ta wlojl yaur edtd jakkcjtoab tcjlboqucs ar dbdkysos

prajceurcs wokk yocke jabsostcbt fobeobms" ,Zdubecrs ct dk"+ 9>>?+ p"436/

]lokst ab tlc atlcr ldbe+ vdkoeoty rcfcrs ta tlc gctlaes tldt ldvc iccb usce ta mdob

obfargdtoab dbe wlctlcr tlc edtd os rckodikc dbe jarrcjt" Vdkoeoty ob d butslckk os

wlctlcr tlc obfargdtoab rcfkcjts tlc trutl dbe wlctlcr ot gcdsurcs wldt os ta ic

gcdsurce ,Ecbsjagic+ 9>>>+ jotce iy @ar`jlo & Yaugidut 9>>6/

Ob tlos tlcsos tlc wrotcr lds jdrcfukky poj`ce stueocs tldt ldvc iccb put tamctlcr iy

jabeujtobm obtcrvocws dbe aiscrvobm Bava Bareos`+ furtlcrgarc+ tlc sckcjtce

dutlars drc `bawb rcscdrjlcrs ob tlcor fockes af stuey dbe ldvc d mcbuobc obtcrcst ob

JZY rckdtce stueocs"

Lawcvcr+ usobm scjabedry edtd lds iccb jrotojosce icjdusc tlc uscr lds ba jabtrak

avcr tlc edtds vdkoeoty d be rckodiokoty" Xo`gube ct dk"+ ,9>49/ gcbtoab tldt dktlauml

togcky dbe pcrtobcbt scjabedry edtd gdy fot tlc rcscdrjlcrs rcquorcgcbts+ tlc edtd

jauke ic obdjjurdtc" Ulc rcscdrjl gctlaes usce ta jakkcjt tlc edtd gdy ldvc

sagclaw obtraeujce iods ta tlc edtd"

Ds prcvoausky gcbtoabce+ tlc wrotcr lds troce ta dvaoe ldvobm ba jabtrak avcr tlc

edtds vdkoeoty dbe rckodiokoty iy jlaasobm sckcjtovc stueocs" Jdsc stueocs dt Bava

Bareos` wlojl fcdturc ob Fobcmake ct dk"+ ,9>4>/ iaa` IoaObeustry Ctlojs objkuec ob

ec ptl qudkotdtovc dbdkysos af tlc ^ldrgdjcutojdk jagpdbys prdjtoscs ds wckk ds

okkustrdtobm jagpdby qucstoabbdorcs tldt drc usce wlcb sckcjtobm rcspabsoikc

suppkocrs" Lapwaae ct dk"+ ,9>4>/ wla dksa jrcdtce d jdsc stuey dppradjl ab Bava

Bareos` jkdog ob tlcor iaa` Djjaubtobm far Zustdobdiokoty 8 rdjtojdk Obsomlts tldt tlc

jdsc stueocs ldvc iccb rcscdrjlce dbe wrottcb iy d kcdeobm tcdg af kcdeobm

iusobcss dbe gdbdmcgcbt djdecgojs frag S@ dbe jabtobcbtdk Curapcdb

ubovcrsotocs wla ldvc deaptce tlc cxtcbt ta wlojl dbe law+ sustdobdiokoty

obfargdtoab lds iccb cgiceece wotl tlc rcmukdr apcrdtoabs af tlc jdsc stuey

armdbosdtoabs" ,Lapwaae ct dk"+ 9>4> + p":/ Atlcr Dutlars sujl ds Garsobm dbe


25/77

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93

Aswdke ,9>>3/ dbe ,9>>?/ wla drc djdecgojs dt tlc Japcbldmcb Iusobcss Zjlaak

dbe tlc Kabeab Iusobcss Zjlaak rcspcjtovcky ldvc dksa td`cb d sogokdr dppradjl iy

aiscrvobm dbe jakkcjtobm edtd dt tlc Edbosl jagpdby" Ob deeotoab+ tlcor rcscdrjl wds

dksa jlcj`ce iy Zusdbbc Ztargcr wla os tlc vojc'prcsoecbt af Bava Bareos`" ^drosodbe Laj`crts ,9>> Bava Bareos`

Bava Bareos` D!Z wds faubece ob 4?99 iy Dumust @raml+ d Edbosl Baick Kdurcdtc

ob plysoakamy" @raml wds obsporce iy twa Jdbdeodb rcscdrjlcrs wla lde cxtrdjtce

obsukob frag d jaws pdbjrcds" @ramls wofc lde typc 9 eodictcs dbe faubece

Bareos` Obsukobkdiardtaroug ta praeujc obsukob far eodictoj pdtocbts" Ulrcc ycdrs kdtcr+

twa fargcr jakkcdmucs af Bareos` Obsukobkdiardtaroug+ Ldrdke dbe Ularvdke ^cecrscbjrcdtce d rovdkkce obsukob jagpdby jdkkce Bava Ucrdpcutos` Kdiardtaroug" Iy 4?


26/77

>3>59?6

96

Ulc jagpdby spcjodkoscs ob faur tlcrdpcutoj drcds8 eodictcs+ mrawtl largabc

tlcrdpy+ largabc'rcpkdjcgcbt tlcrdpy+ dbe lcgastdsos gdbdmcgcbt ,ikaae'jkattobm

dmcbts/"

Ulc jagpdby os d wckk'`bawb kcdecr ob eodictcs jdrc tlraumlaut tlc warke wotl d

woec rdbmc af praeujts tldt objkuec obhcjtoab ecvojcs+ bccekcs+ dbe pldrgdjcutojdks"

Gujl af tlc jagpdbys sujjcss os euc ta pdtcbts ot lakes far obsukob 'eckovcry'

gctlaes+ ds tlcrc os ba pdtcbt far obsukob otsckf" ,Fobcmake ct dk"+ 9>4>+ p":>9/

Bava Bareos` bat abky lds d strabm prcscbjc ob ots bdtovc Ecbgdr` iut dksa djrass

Curapc+ ob 9>>: ot wds oecbtofoce ds tlc comltl kdrmcst pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdby dbe

jabtobucs ta mraw dbe cbtcr bcw gdr`cts" Far cxdgpkc+ Bava Bareos`-s kdtcst

obvcstgcbt rcprcscbts tlc mrawobm ob fajus ab Y&E ob tlc cgcrmobm gdr`cts"

Gdr`cts sujl ds Obeod dbe Jlobd jabtobuc ta cxpcrocbjc db objrcdsc ob eoscdsc

prcvdkcbjc ds d rcsukt af objrcdsce kofc cxpcjtdbjy dbe kofcstykc jldbmcs tldt ldvc

ajjurrce tlrauml rdpoe cjabagoj mrawtl" ,BX Eajtar+ 9>49/

Ulc Zjdbeobdvodb pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdby os d jagpdby idsce ab rcscdrjl" Ob

9>44 tlcy spcbt E@@ ?"69< gokkoab ab Y&E dbe sdkcs mrcw iy 44# ob kajdk

jurrcbjocs" ,Bava Bareos` 9>44 Dbbudk Ycpart+ p":/ Kdrs Yciocb Zrcbscb+ tlcprcsoecbt dbe JCA af Bava Bareos` gcbtoabs tldt tlos sdkcs mrawtl+ jagiobce wotl

jabtobuce fajus ab cffojocbjy af aur apcrdtoabs+ rcsuktce ob apcrdtobm prafot mrawtl af

444 Dbbudk Ycpart+ p":/

Ulc sldrc awbcrslop af Bava Bareos` cbsurcs tldt tlc armdbosdtoab lds d loml

ecmrcc af frcceag+ ds ot bat apcb far td`cavcrs+ far cxdgpkc+ frag kdrmcr

pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdbocs" ,Garsobm dbe Aswdke+ 9>>3+ p":/ Zldrc jdpotdk af tlc

jagpdby os eovoece obta D'sldrc dbe I'sldrcs+ tlc I'sldrcs drc kostce ob tlc

Japcbldmcb+ Kabeab+ dbe Bcw _ar` staj` cxjldbmcs" Ds rcpartce ob tlc 9>44

dbbudk rcpart+ Bava Bareos` I sldrcs objrcdsce iy 9"3#+ tlc dbbudk rcpart

gcbtoabs tldt tlos fomurc os ickocvce ta ic kob`ce wotl tlc ecvckapgcbt af tlc

jagpdbys sldrc projc dbe icobm d kcdecr ob tlc cvcr mrawobm eodictcs jdrc gdr`ct

ds wckk ds tlrauml cbjaurdmobm pramrcss gdec ob rcscdrjl dbe ecvckapgcbt" Ob

jabtrdst+ tlc D'sldrcs drc bab'kostce dbe lcke iy Bava D!Z ,wlojl os d provdtc kogotce


27/77

>3>59?6

9=

Edbosl jagpdby tldt os 4>># awbce iy tlc Bava Bareos` faubedtoab wlojl wds

cstdikoslce wotl tlc gcrmcr ob 4?


28/77

>3>59?6

94>+ p"946/

Ulc raats tldt kcde ta tlc jagpdbys obtcrcst rcmdreobm sustdobdiokoty jdb ic trdjce

idj` ta objoecbts tldt stdrtce ob tlc 4?=>s" Ulc jagpdby fdjce dkkcmdtoabs tldt

ectcrmcbt cbzygcs wcrc dffcjtobm tlc lcdktl af Dgcrojdb cgpkayccs wla wcrc

obvakvce ob tlc praeujtoab prajcss" Ulc rdgofojdtoabs kcde ta sdkcs ob tlc Dgcrojdb

gdr`ct ta fdkk0 tlc gdbdmcgcbt dt Bava Bareos` icjdgc fajusce ab tlc vukbcrdiokoty

af tlc iusobcss euc ta puikoj apoboab"

Ob arecr ta fox tlos praikcg+ tlc jagpdby saumlt ta rcjambosc tlc irade sct af

std`clakecrs ta wlag tlc jagpdby awce d rcspabsoiokoty ta+ dbe tlcrcfarc rcfkcjt ab

tlc ogpdjt tldt lde iccb jdusce"

Iy 4??>+ dmdob Bava Bareos` wds rcjcovobm garc bcmdtovc gceod dttcbtoab" Ulos

togc tlc gceod dttcbtoab wds diaut usobm mcbctojdkky gaeofoce armdbosgs+ tlc Edbosl

jagpdby tlos togc wds rcdey ta obotodtc d garc pradjtovc farg af std`clakecr

cbmdmcgcbt+ wlojl wds dogce dt oecbtofyobm dbe deercssobm tlc jabjcrbce ossucs

tldt lde iccb rdosce"

Lapwaae+ D" ct dk"+ ,9>4>/ paobt aut tldt tlc jagpdby sujjcssfukky pcrsudece tlasc

obvakvce ob gdòbm tlc dkkcmdtoabs ta rcvosc dbe jarrcjt tlcg dbe+ ob sa eaobm+ ta kogot

tlc cxtcbt af bcmdtovc gceod javcrdmc" ,Lapwaae+ ct dk"+ 9>4>+ p"94=/

Ulc cbmdmcgcbt kce ta cgpkayobm abc af tlc dutlars wla wds obvakvce wotl tlc

dkkcmdtoabs ab iadre+ Halb Ckòbmtab wla aromobdkky jaobce tlc tcr g tlc tropkc iattag

kobc ob 4??5" Ckòbmtab taa` d rcvocw af tlc jagpdbys iusobcss prdjtoscs+ dberckdtce tlcg ta tlc cbvorabgcbt" D ycdr kdtcr+ Bava Bareos` sct up ots forst

sustdobdiokoty strdtcmy+ wlojl fajusce ab tlc cbvorabgcbtdk jabjcrbs dt tlc togc"

Cvcr sobjc tlcy jrcdtce tlcor forst sustdobdiokoty strdtcmy idj` ob tlc ?>s+

std`clakecr cbmdmcgcbt dbe trcbe dbdkysos ldvc icjagc edoky dbe csscbtodk taaks

wlojl lckp tlc jagpdby ta oecbtofy bcw jabjcrbs tldt drc ar passoiky jauke ic

icjagc bcw gdtcrodk"


29/77

>3>59?6

9?

Abc af tlcsc jagpdby taaks os tlc kcdrbobm jurvc+ wlojl dkombs tlc prajcsscs af

ecfobobm gdtcrodkoty wotl tlc obtcmrdtoab af tlc jagpdbys iusobcss prdjtoscs" Ossucs

af ogpartdbjc far sustdobdiokoty ob Bava Bareos` ldvc jldbmce frag d prceagobdbtky

cbvorabgcbtdk fajus ta d fajus tldt objkuecs lcdktl+ sdfcty dbe ioactlojs ossucs+ dbed fajus ab law ta obtcmrdtc ossucs af sajodk rcspabsoiokoty" ,Garsobm dbe Aswdke+

9>>3+ p"3/

Fomurc 4 slaws tlc kcdrbobm jurvc tldt Bava Bareos` uscs ta rcfkcjt law ossucs

rckdtce ta sustdobdiokoty drc icobm obtcmrdtce obta tlc iusobcss" Ztd`clakecr

cbmdmcgcbt os csscbtodk wlcb oecbtofyobm tlc rckcvdbt ossucs dbe lckps sldpc tlc

wdy tlc gdbdmcgcbt ecdks wotl tlcg" Far cvcry ossuc+ obeojdtars drc oecbtofoce ob

arecr ta trdj` dbe gabotar pcrfargdbjc+ abjc tlc rcspabsc lds iccb ecfobce"

Diavc8 Fomurc 48 Ulc Bava Bareos` Kcdrbobm Jurvc

,Jotce ob Garsobm dbe Aswdke+ 9>>3+ p"6/

Cffcjtovcky gdbdmobm std`clakecr rckdtoabs icjdgc d strdtcmoj taak far Bava Bareos`

icttcr ta ubecrstdbe tlcor pcrspcjtovcs+ dbe ta ic dikc ta dedpt ta jldbmobm sajoctdk

cxpcjtdtoabs" ,Icbbctt+ ct dk"+ 9>44+ p"9?=/ Avcr tlc ycdrs tlos lds mdobce tlc

jagpdby d vcry vdkudikc trust jdpotdk"

Lawcvcr+ ob 9>>4+ tlc Edbosl pldrgdjcutojdk faube otsckf icobm pcrjcovce ob d

bcmdtovc wdy iy tlc gceod" Ulc sotudtoab tlos togc wds ta ea wotl d Zautl Dfrojdb

jaurt jdsc avcr pdtcbt romlts0 farty atlcr pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdbocs dksa taa` pdrt"


30/77

>3>59?6

:>

Bava Bareos`s rcputdtoab far kostcbobm ta std`clakecr jabjcrbs wds j ldkkcbmce" Ulc

jagpdby wla lde pdrtojopdtce ob tlc jdsc ta ecfcbe tlc romlts af tlc pdtcbt erums+

wlojl jdb ic sdoe ta ic tlc jarc iclobe tlc pldrgdjcutojdk iusobcss gaeck+ tlc

puikojs vocwpaobt wds tldt Bava Bareos` wds prcvcbtobm paar pcapkc fragdjjcssobm kofc sdvobm erums"

Ulc jaurt jdsc icjdgc d turbobm paobt ab law tlc jagpdby djts wotlob sajocty"

Ulos os abc sotudtoab wlcrc tlcor kcdrbobm jurvc wauke ic uscfuk dbe Bava Bareos`

eoe rcspabe ta tlc idj`kdsl tldt tlcy fdjce ob Ecbgdr` wotl rcmdres ta tlc Zautl

Dfrojdb pdtcbt romlt jdsc" Ulcy rcspabece iy obvcstobm ob d bugicr af obotodtovcs tldt

wds jrcdtce ta lckp ogpravc djjcss ta lcdktljdrc ob tlc ecvckapobm warke"

Mrubom & Lubt ,4?44+ p"9?=/

Ulc rdgofojdtoabs af tlos jldbmc frag ldvobm aromobdkky d gobesct af gdbdmobm

std`clakecrs cxpcjtdtoabs ta rcspcjtobm tlcor rakcs garc ds wckk tlc jabjcrbs tlcy

gdy ldvc ab icldkf af tlc pcapkc dbe jaggubotocs tlcy scrvc+ ds wckk ds tlccbvorabgcbt" Ulos gobe sct os bat ta ic td`cb ob sujl d pdssovc wdy+ iut dksa iy

td`cb djtoab+ dbe ubecrstdbeobm tlc rakc af ctlojs dbe ta fastcr saube ecjosoab

gd`obm"

Dt prcscbt+ icjdusc af tlcsc bcmdtovc jabbatdtoabs sujl ds tlc Zautl Dfrojdb jaurt

jdsc idj` ob 9>>4+ Bava Bareos` pravoecs obsukob rckdtce praeujts dt d vcry kaw jast

ta tlc ecvckapobm warke" Zujl objoecbjcs frag tlc pdst lds obfkucbjce tlc abmaobm

ecvckapgcbt af abc tlcor `cy taaks+ tlc tropkc iattag kobc+ dbe tlc jagpdby baw

objkuecs d sct tdrmct far tlc dgaubt af sdkcs dbe gdr`ctobm rcprcscbtdtovcs wlag

wokk ic trdobce ob tapojs sujl ds iusobcss ctlojs"

5"9 Ulc Uropkc Iattag Kobc Dppradjl

Ulc batoab af Uropkc Iattag Kobc ,:IK/ djjaubtobm lds icjagc objrcdsobmky

fdsloabdikc ob gdbdmcgcbt+ jabsuktobm+ obvcstobm+ dbe BMA jorjkcs avcr tlc kdst fcw


31/77

>3>59?6

:4

ycdrs" ,Bargdb dbe GdjEabdke+ 9>>5+ p"95:/ Ulc gdob oecd iclobe tlc tropkc

iattag kobc dppradjl os tldt d jagpdbys sujjcss slauke ic gcdsurce bat abky iy

tlc fobdbjodk iattag kobc+ iut dksa tlrauml sajodk dbe cbvorabgcbtdk pcrfargdbjcs"

Frag stueyobm tlc kotcrdturc rcvocw frag Jldptcr 9+ d jaggab tlcgc tldt eoe dppcdr

wds tlc batoab af std`clakecr ogpartdbjc wotl rcmdres ta JZY" Ds Bargdb dbe

GdjEabdke ,9>>5/ paobt aut+ ot os dksa d truosg tldt forgs jdbbat ic sujjcssfuk ob tlc

kabm rub of tlcy jabsostcbtky eosrcmdre tlc obtcrcsts af `cy std`clakecrs " ,Bargdb

dbe GdjEabdke+ 9>>5+ p"95:/ Ulc dppdrcbt bavckty af usobm tlc tropkc iattag kobc

stcgs frag ots suppartcr mraups sujl ds jaggubotocs+ jabsugcrs+ cgpkayccs+

suppkocrs+ ctj"+ slauke ic qudbtofoce+ jdkjukdtce+ dueotce+ dbe tlcb rcpartce ob d

jagpdbys dbbudk rcpart"

Abc af tlc garc cbeurobm jkoj ls af gaecrb gdbdmcgcbt os tldt of yau jdbt

gcdsurc ot+ yau jdbt gdbdmc ot" ,Bargdb dbe GdjEabdke+ 9>>5+ p"95:/ Ulos os abc

taak ob pdrtojukdr tldt os uscfuk far jaggubojdtobm wotl vdroaus std`clakecr mraups iy

puikoslobm sajodk+ cbvorabgcbtdk+ dbe cjabagoj pcrfargdbjcs ab db dbbudk idsos"

Garcavcr+ Zàukaueos ct dk"+ ,9>>?/ gcbtoab tldt gdby jagpdbocs draube tlc warke

ldvc rcdkosce tldt jabvcbtoabdk fobdbjodk rcparts dbe rckdtce djjaubtobm gctlaesdkabc drc bat suffojocbt ta pravoec obfargdtoab ob obtdbmoikc dsscts dbe bab'fobdbjodk

ossucs af tlc armdbosdtoab " ,Zàukaueos ct dk"+ 9>>?+ p"9?s+ wlcb gdbdmcgcbt tlob` '

tdb` DjjaubtDiokoty icmdb ta usc tlc ware ob ots war`" Halb Ckòbmtab ,ds prcvoausky

gcbtoabce ob 5"4/ wds iclobe tlc jabjcpt+ tlc tcrg faube puikoj jurrcbjy wotl tlc

4??= puikojdtoab af tlc Irotosl ceotoab af Halb Ckòbmtabs Jdbboidks wotl Far`s8 Ulc

Uropkc Iattag Kobc af 94 st Jcbtury Iusobcss" ,Bargdb dbe GdjEabdke+ 9>>5+ p"955/

Ulc Edbosl ^ldrgdjcutojdk uscs tlc tropkc iattag kobc dppradjl wlojl kob`s d sct af

`cy tdrmcts ta sustdobdikc dbe sajodk rcspabsoikc madks" Fomurc 9 okkustrdtcs spcjofoj

obeojdtars tldt drc usce ds wckk ds obeojdtobm tlc rcdsabs far usobm tlcg ,ogpdjt/"

Ulcrc drc sox strdtcmoj drcds tldt drc kob`ce wotl Bava Bareos` s tropkc iattag kobc

pcrfargdbjc+ tlcy objkuec8

4" Kovobm aur vdkucs0


32/77

>3>59?6

:9

9" Djjcss ta lcdktl0

:" Aur cgpkayccs0

5" Aur usc af dbogdks0

3" Cja'cffojocbjy dbe jagpkodbjc0 dbe6" Cjabagoj jabtroiutoab

Diavc8 Fomurc 98 Obeojdtars af tlc tropkc iattag kobc pcrfargdbjc ,Jotce ob Garsobm

dbe Aswdke+ 9>>?+ p"?:

Ulos gdob taak tldt os usce dt tlc jagpdby rcdssurcs tldt Bava Bareos` td`cs

djtoabs tldt drc jabsostcbt wotl rcspabsoikc dbe sustdobdikc icldvoaur" Garsobm dbe

Aswdke ,9>>?/ gcbtoab ob tlcor rcscdrjl tldt dkk gctrojs usce ob tlc tropkc iattag

kobc dmmrcmdtc pcrfargdbjc djrass dkk iusobcss ubots ta prcscbt tlc fukk pojturc"

,Garsobm dbe Aswdke+ 9>>?+ p"?9/

Iy usobm tlc tropkc iattag kobc+ trdbspdrcbt rcpartobm os tlcrcfarc d votdk obstrugcbt far djjaubtobm pcrfargdbjc dbe kaa`obm dt sajodk+ cbvorabgcbtdk+ dbe cjabagoj


33/77

>3>59?6

::

dspcjts" Zusdbbc Ztargcr+ tlc gdbdmcr af jarpardtc std`clakecr rckdtoabs quatcs

tldt tlos os wlcrc wc jdb djjaubt far aur dppradjl ta eaobm iusobcss ob d sobmkc

eajugcbt dbe jalcsovcky prcscbt pcrfargdbjc+ pramrcss+ pasotoabs+ dbe strdtcmoj

obotodtovcs ds wckk ds tlc eokcggds dbe `cy ossucs wc fdjc ds d pldrgdjcutojdkjagpdby" Gast ogpartdbtky+ wldt wc prcscbt ob tlc rcpart os tlc rcsukt af aur

obtcrdjtoabs dbe cbmdmcgcbts wotl std`clakecrs" ,Garsobm dbe Aswdke+ 9>>?+ p"?9/

5"9"4 Ulc ED]B ,Eodictcs+ Dttotuecs+ ]oslcs+ dbe Bcces/ ^ramrdggc

Db cxdgpkc af Bava Bareos` usobm ots tropkc iattag kobc dppradjl dbe obvakvobm

std`clakecr rckdtoabs jdb ic sccb frag tlc ED]B pramrdggc" Ulc pramrdggc

stdrtce ob 9>>4 wds dogce dt cxpkarobm dttotuecs dbe bcces af iatl eodictcs

suffcrcrs dbe lcdktljdrc prafcssoabdks ta kob` jrotojdk mdps ob tlc avcrdkk jurc affcrobm"

Zrcb Zàvkube+ scboar devosar af Jarpardtc Lcdktl ^drtbcrslops+ sccs tlc `cy

ckcgcbt ds tlc usc af tlc ED]B stuey ds d vclojkc ta mct dkk tlc eoffcrcbt pcapkc

raube tlc sdgc tdikcirobm pdtocbts+ lcdktl prafcssoabdks+ pdycrs+ tlc gceod

tamctlcr ta fobe bcw wdys ta war` garc cffcjtovcky tamctlcr ab tlc sdgc tds`"

,Icssdbt dbe Uoeck+ 9>44+ p"6:/

Ulc qucstoab tldt rcgdobs os wly eoe Bava Bareos` mct obvakvce1 Abc gdhar rcdsabos tldt tlc rukcs af tlc mdgc draube jlraboj eoscdsc gdbdmcgcbt drc ob fdjt sloftobm"

Icssdbt dbe Uoeck ,9>44/ stdtc far cxdgpkc+ ]LA ,]arke Lcdktl Armdbosdtoab/

cstogdtcs tldt eodictcs os d iommcr òkkcr tldb DOEZ wotl draube :"9 gokkoab ecdtls

dttroiutdikc ta tlc eoscdsc' dbe ots jagpkojdtoabs'cvcry ycdr" ,Icssdbt dbe Uoeck+

9>44+ p"6:/

Ob deeotoab+ wldt os garc dkdrgobm os tldt ob tlc ecvckapobm warke+ wlcrc abc ob tcb

ecdtls af deukts dmce :3 ta 65 drc euc ta eodictcs ,Icssdbt dbe Uoeck+ 9>44+ p"6:/+

tlcrcfarc jlraboj eoscdscs sujl ds eodictcs drc d gdhar ossuc dbe ot os sagctlobm

tldt lcdktljdrc systcgs drc objrcdsobmky fajusobm ab dbe tryobm ta gobogosc tlc

sajoa'cjabagoj iurecb af eoscdsc iy rcarmdbosobm tlc jurc prajcss dbe strujturc"

Ulcsc gdhar slofts pasc tlc ros` tldt tlc praeujt'fajusce pldrgdjcutojdk obeustry os

fdkkobm iclobe" ,Icssdbt dbe Uoeck+ 9>44+ p"65/

Ulc tropkc iattag kobc os ogpkcgcbtce frag tdòbm pdrt ob tlc ED]B pramrdggc

ubecr tlc idbbcr af tlc Bdtoabdk Eodictcs ^ramrdggcs ,BE^s/" Ulcsc


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pramrdggcs+ rdtlcr tldb fajusobm ab tlc praeujt soec af tlobms+ fajus ab suppartobm

ceujdtoab af lcdktl jdrc prafcssoabdks dbe iuokeobm jkobojs far eodictcs ob tlc

ecvckapobm warke far cxdgpkc"

Ulc jagpdby JCA+ Kdrs Yciocb Zrcbscb drmucs iy affcrobm dbe devajdtobm tlc

romlt sakutoabs far eodictcs jdrc wokk wc ic sccb ds d rcspabsoikc jagpdby" Of wc hust

sdy erums+ erums+ erums+ tlcy wokk sdy movc us d ircd`$ Ulos os jkcdrky maae

prdjtojc'iut tlc patcbtodk kcdvobm diaut bcw dppradjlcs ta jdrc+ cspcjodkky ubecr

rcsaurjc' jabstrdobce jabeotoabs+ dksa rcprcscbts ogpartdbt loeecb Y&E obvcstgcbt"

,Icssdbt dbe Uoeck+ 9>44+ p"65/ Ulc progdry ubecrkyobm probjopkc os ta ecvckap dbe

tcst mcbcroj pratatypc pkdbs wlojl jdb ic tcstce ob vdroaus jaubtrocs" Abc cxdgpkc

os frag Udbzdbod"

Fobcmake ct dk"+ ,9>>3/ gcbtoab tldt ta rcdjl aut icyabe tlcor jurrcbt justagcrs+

Bava Bareos`s Jarpardtc Zajodk Ycspabsoiokoty ,JZY/ pramrdgs ldvc iccb faube ab

ecvckapobm obfrdstrujturc dbe `bawkcemc ob tlc warkes paarcst jaubtrocs t a lckp trcdt

pcapkc suffcrobm frag eodictcs" ,Fobcmake ct dk"+ 9>>3+ p":4=/

Frag kaa`obm idj` dt tlc kotcrdturc rcvocw+ cspcjodkky frag 9"5"4 D vocw af JZY ob tlc

ecvckapobm warke + ot wds gcbtoabce tldt pdrtojukdrky ob Dfrojd+ JZY os jabeujtce obgarc af d plokdbtlrapoj dppradjl" Far cxdgpkc+ Srop ,9>4>/ gcbtoabce ob tlc jldptcr

tldt cstdikoslobm tlc ko`cs af jagguboty ceujdtoab sjlcgcs dbe lcdktl devojc ds

wckk ds lckpobm kajdk jaggubotocs dbe kajdk strujturcs os d jaggab JZY prdjtojc ob

tlc ecvckapobm warke"

Bava Bareos`s JZY cffarts ob Udbzdbod wcrc db cdrky pokat" Ulc obsukob

pldrgdjcutojdk icmdb war`obm wotl kajdk eodictcs dssajodtoabs ds wckk ds scttobm up

jkobojs dbe laspotdks+ trdobce stdff dbe pravoeobm rckcvdbt gceojdk cquopgcbt"

Fobcmake ct dk"+ ,9>>3/ gcbtoab tldt tlcy ldvc kcdrbce tldt ot eacsbt lckp ta hust movc

d kat af obsukob ta d jaubtry0 yau ldvc ta trdob tlc eajtars dbe burscs dbe iuoke

obfrdstrujturc" ,Fobcmake ct dk"+ 9>>3+ p":4


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tlcy jdb ic ecdkt wotl kajdkky" ,Icssdbt dbe Uoeck+ 9>>4+ p"63/ Ulos pokat dppradjl

wlojl stdrtce ob tlc cdrky 9>>>s dbe tlc gavc os baw tawdres fobeobm ubeodmbasce

suffcrcrs dbe ecvckapobm dppradjlcs ta gdbdmc tlcor eodictcs ob d wdy tldt tlcy ea

bat cxpcrocbjc jagpkojdtoabs wlojl os wlcrc tlc gdhar jasts drosc frag" Ulos batabky lds ogpkojdtoabs far cxpkarobm d patcbtodk gdr`ct far obsukob iut dksa gavobm

Bava Bareos` obta d iradecr drcd af lcdktljdrc gdbdmcgcbt" Furtlcrgarc+ tlc

kcdrbobm prajcss far tlc jagpdby os diaut eoffcrcbt bdtoabdk lcdktljdrc systcgs dbe

law ta war` wotlob tlcg dbe irobm jldbmc ,sujl ds ob Udbzdbod/"

5"9"9 Zldrce Vdkuc dbe tlc Uropkc Iattag Kobc

Zusdbbc Ztargcr+ wla os tlc vojc prcsoecbt dt tlc jagpdby+ gcbtoabs ob d JZY

Curapc mcbcrdk dsscgiky cvcbt tldt tropkc iattag kobc gdbdmcgcbt os diaut vdkuc

jrcdtoab ob twa wdys+ ots diaut gobogosobm tlc eawbsoecs ,Fomurc :/ + ots diaut

gdbdmobm ros`s+ csscbtodkky ot os diaut maae lausc`ccpobm+ tldt yau drc sogpky

cxpcjtce ta ea ob gdobtdobobm tlc kojcbsc ta apcrdtc+ tlc atlcr pdrt os diaut erovobm

obbavdtoab dbe law yau jdb erovc rcvcbucs dbe law yau jdb erovc obtdbmoikc vdkucs

sujl ds rcputdtoab+ cgpkaycc cbmdmcgcbt+ ctj" ,Ztargcr+ 9>44/

Ulc jagpdbys tropkc iattag kobc dppradjl jdumlt tlc dttcbtoab af warke 'rcbawbce

iusobcss tlcarost+ Gojldk ^artcr frag tlc Ldrvdre Iusobcss Zjlaak" Ob 9>44+ Bava

Bareos` rckcdsce d puikojdtoab jdkkce Ulc Ikucprobt far jldbmc8 jldbmobm eodictcs ob

Jlobd tlc puikojdtoab os idsce ab law ta strcbmtlcb tlc lcdktljdrc systcg ds wckk

ds cstdikoslobm kajdk std`clakecr rckdtoabs wlojl drc `cy ckcgcbts af Bava Bareos`s

kabm tcrg iusobcss strdtcmy"

Maobm idj` ta Zusdbbc Ztargcrs JZY Curapc spccjl+ tlc vojc prcsoecbt gcbtoabs

tldt tlc dppradjl wc ldvc td`cb os ta try dbe dsscss law jdb wc tlcb jrcdtc dbe

jdpturc dbe jaggubojdtc wldt wc jdkk cbldbjce vdkuc+ tlc sldrce vdkuc obeojdtcs

tldt tlcrc os d poc af d jcrtdob sozc dbe wldt wc drc drmuobm os tldt wc jdb djtudkky

gd`c tlc poc iommcr" ,Ztargcr+ 9>44/


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Diavc8 Fomurc :8 Zldrce vdkuc usobm tlc tropkc iattag kobc ,Jotce ob Bava Bareos`

,9>44/ p"49/

Frag obfcrrobm frag Ztargcr ,9>44/ abc wdy tldt tlc jagpdby lds gdec tlc poc

iommcros iy tdrmctobm tlc ecvckapobm warke dbe usobm d plokdbtlrapoj dppradjl wotl

rcmdres ta tlcor JZY cffarts"

Garcavcr+ iy tdrmctobm drcds wlcrc jlraboj eoscdsc os pdrtojukdr loml+ tlc batoab af

sldrce vdkuc jdb ic usce ta lckp jagidt tlcsc eoscdscs dbe okkbcsscs ds wckk ds

jrcdtc db appartuboty far futurc obeustry mrawtl"

Djjareobm ta ^artcr+ jrcdtobm sldrce vdkuc os d pdbdjcd far dkk mkaidk lcdktl

jldkkcbmcs" Zagc cffarts wokk obcvotdiky eosdppaobt+ dbe gdr`ct fdokurcs wokk rcgdob"

Bcvcrtlckcss+ pldrgdjcutojdk dbe gceojdk ecvojc jagpdbocs ldvc db cxtrdareobdry

appartuboty ta lckp rceujc mkaidk suffcrobm dbe okk'lcdktl iy iuokeobm d jagpctotovc

devdbtdmc ob tlc kaw dbe goeekc objagc jaubtrocs tldt wokk ubecrpob futurc obeustrymrawtl" ,^artcr+ 9>44+ p"39/


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Ssobm tlos sldrce vdkuc strdtcmy ds wckk tlc tropkc iattag kobc ob ecvckapobm

jaubtrocs+ d qucstoab tldt jagcs ta gobe os law tlc gabcy os pugpce obta obvcstobm

obta ecvckapobm gdr`cts"

Ulc JCA af Bava Bareos` Kdrs Yciocb Zrcbscb gcbtoabs ob Fobcmake ct dk"+ ,9>>3/

rcscdrjl tldt lc ecfcbes tlc jagpdbys JZY obotodtovcs ta los std`clakecrs ds O lde

ta ds` aur sldrclakecrs far tlc gokkoabs far tlc Eodictcs Faubedtoab" O jdbt

mudrdbtcc d rcturb far tlcg iut wldt O eoe tckk tlcg os tldt tlc cbcrmy tlos typc af

obvcstgcbt puts obta tlc forg wokk objrcdsc aur obtcrbdk praeujtovoty0 ot objrcdscs aur

dttrdjtovcbcss ds d jagpdby ta war` far iy cgpkayccs" Ulcb tlc atlcr dspcjt+ tldt

ob tlc std`clakecrs cycs os abky spcjukdtoab+ os tldt tlc ecvckapgcbt af ecvc kapobm

jaubtrocs wokk icbcfot tlc warke ob tlc kabm' rub" ,Zrcbscb+ 9>>3+ jotce iy Fobcmake ctdk"+ 9>>3+ p":9>/ Objrcdsobm iatl sldrclakecr dbe std`clakecr trust+ Zrcbscb lds

slawb tlcg tldt tlc jagpdbys JZY obotodtovcs ea objrcdsc tlc dttrdjtoab af bc w

cgpkayccs dbe objrcdsc cgpkaycc sdtosfdjtoab"

Uaedy+ wotl tlc tropkc iattag kobc ds d iusobcss probjopkc+ Bava Bareos` td`cs d

lakostoj vocw+ scc`obm ta idkdbjc jabjcrbs far dkk std`clakecr mraups wotl

jabsoecrdtoabs af bat abky sajodk ossucs ob tlc ecvckapobm warke+ iut dksa

cbvorabgcbtdk ossucs dbe sustdobobm kabm'tcrg rcvcbucs"

Bavas sldrclakecr obtcrdjtoab dbe mkaidk ossucs jdb ic sccb ob Fomurc 5" @obma

,9>>6/ gcbtoabs diaut Fomurc 5 tldt pdrtojukdr fajus os movcb ta tlc pcapkc wlasc

lcdktljdrc bcces Bava Bareos` scrvcs" Ulraumlaut tlc vdkuc jldob std`clakecrs drc

obvakvce ob ecvckapobm garc sustdobdikc sakutoabs8 tlc armdbosdtoab war`s wotl

BMAs dbe tlc puikoj scjtar ob pdrtbcrslops+ kcdrbobm wotl std`clakecrs" ,@obma+

9>>6+ p"9?/


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:/

Iy cstdikoslobm d kob` ictwccb lcdktl ds d gdob erovcr af wcdktl+ ot jdb ic vocwce

tldt ot lds iccb passoikc ta pursuc tropkc iattag kobc strdtcmocs ob d wdy tldt

objrcdsobmky tdrmcts tlc jarc af iusobcss prajcsscs'ar gd`obm tlc poc iommcr ds

Ztargcr ,9>44/ prcvoausky gcbtoabs' ob gdr`cts dbe mavcrbdbjc gcjldbosgs" Ulos

dppradjl os tlcrcfarc sldpce tlrauml cxtcbsovc std`clakecr cbmdmcgcbt pkus

cgiceeobm armdbosdtoabdk icldvoaur dbe rcspabsoikc iusobcss apcrdtoabs"

5": Ulc Idkdbjce Zjarcjdre

Ulc idkdbjce sjarcjdre os db obtcrbdk gdbdmcgcbt systcg dbe jabtdobs autjagc

gcdsurcs ob faur pcrspcjtovcs+ bdgcky fobdbjodk+ justagcr+ obtcrbdk prajcss+ ds wckk


39/77

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:?

ds kcdrbobm dbe mrawtl ta movc cgpldsos ta saft fdjtars sujl ds `bawkcemc iuokeobm+

obtcrbdk prajcss cffojocbjy dbe justagcr arocbtdtoab" ,Jlcbm+ 9>4>+ p"3/ ]ciicr dbe

Zjlffcr ,9>>>/+ @dpkdb dbe Bartab ,4??=/+ dbe Oioe ,9>>4/ gcbtoab tlc faur

pcrspcjtovcs ds8

Ulc fobdbjodk pcrspcjtovc obeojdtcs+ of tlc trdbsfargdtoab af d strdtcmy

kcdes ta ogpravce cjabagoj sujjcss" Ulus+ tlc fobdbjodk gcdsurcs

dssugc d eauikc rakc8 ab tlc abc ldbe+ tlcy ecfobc tlc fobdbjodk

pcrfargdbjc d strdtcmy os cxpcjtce ta djlocvc" Ab tlc atlcr ldbe+ tlcy

drc tlc cbepaobt af jdusc dbe cffcjt rckdtoabslops rcfcrrobm ta tlc atlcr

IZJ pcrspcjtovcs"

Ulc justagcr pcrspcjtovc ecfobcs tlc justagcr!gdr`ct scmgcbts+ ob

wlojl tlc iusobcss jagpctcs" Iy gcdbs af dppraprodtc strdtcmoj

aihcjtovcs+ gcdsurc+ tdrmcts dbe obotodtovcs tlc justagcr vdkuc

prapasotoab os rcqucstce ob tlc justagcr pcrspcjtovc+ tlrauml wlojl tlc

forg!iusobcss ubot wdbts ta djlocvc d jagpctotovc devdbtdmc ob tlc

cbvosdmce gdr`ct scmgcbts"

Ulc obtcrbdk prajcss pcrspcjtovc oecbtofocs tlasc obtcrbdk iusobcss

prajcsscs+ wlojl cbdikc tlc forg ta gcct tlc tdrmct gdr`cts dbe tlasc

af tlc sldrclakecrs"

Fobdkky+tlc kcdrbobm dbe mrawtl pcrspcjtovc ecsjroics tlc

obfrdstrujturc wlojl os bcjcssdry far tlc djlocvcgcbt af aihcjtovcs af

tlc atlcr tlrcc pcrspcjtovcs" Ob tlos jdsc+ tlc gast ogpartdbt drcds drc

qudkofojdtoab+ gatovdtoab+ dbe madk arocbtdtoab af cgpkayccs+ dbe

obfargdtoab systcgs"

,Fommc ct dk+ 9>>9+ p:/

Ulc idkdbjce sjarcjdre eostobmuoslcs otsckf frag atlcr gdbdmcgcbt taaks wotl

ots sckcjtoab af bab'fobdbjodk dbe fobdbjodk gcdsurcs+ wlojl os rckdtce iy d

jdusc'dbe'cffcjt rckdtoabslop" Ulos gdbdmcgcbt taak jaggubojdtcs d lakostoj

gaeck tldt rckdtcs ta obeovoeudk cffarts dbe djjagpkoslgcbts wotl iusobcss


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ubot aihcjtovcs" Zcjabeky+ tlc idkdbjce sjarcjdre os db csscbtodk fcceidj`

systcg far jagpdbocs ko`c Bava Bareos` ta usc+ tlc devdbtdmc af tlc

idkdbjce sjarcjdre os tldt ot cbjaurdmcs cgpkayccs ta jabsoecr tlc ogpdjt af

tlcor ecjosoabs ab prafotdiokoty ,Zgotl dbe @og+ 9>>3+ p"=>/Furtlcrgarc+ tlcy dksa gcbtoab tldt atlcr devdbtdmcs drc bat hust kajdkosce

dbe fajusce ob tlc slart tcrg" Ds cdjl ecpdrtgcbt rcdjlcs ots madk,s/+ ot dksa

lckps tlc cbtorc jagpdby icjagc jkascr ob dttdobobm ots tdrmcts" Ulc idkdbjce

sjarcjdre gctlae tlcrcfarc ogpravcs dkombgcbt dgabm eovosoabdk ar obeovoeudk

madks ds wckk ds tlc jagpdbys madks dbe strdtcmocs"

Kob`obm tlc idkdbjce sjarcjdre wotl lcdktljdrc+ Doecgdr` ,9>>4/ stdtcs tldt

gdbdmcrs ob lcdktljdrc drc obsporce dt scgobdrs+ jabfcrcbjcs+ dbe jaurscs

iy jabsuktdbts ta gaecrbosc tlcor gdbdmcgcbt djjaubtobm systcg usobm tlc

bcw gordjukaus trcdtgcbt af tlc idkdbjce sjarcjdres" ,Doecgdr`+ K"M"+

9>>4+ p"9:/

^rafcssoabdks ob tlc gceojdk obeustry scc tlc passoiokoty af usobm tlc idkdbjce

sjarcjdre ta put tlc ko`cs af pdtocbts+ prajcss+ dbe cgpkayccs ta tlc farc"

Lcdktljdrc armdbosdtoabs ldvc tlc frcceag ta ecsomb d idkdbjce sjarcjdre ob

dby wdy tldt gccts tlc armdbosdtoabs bcces+ iut d idkdbjce sjarcjdre far d

lcdktl jdrc scjtar gust dttcgpt ta djjugukdtc tlc bcces af gdby

armdbosdtoabs tlus+ lcdktljdrc armdbosdtoabs jdb jlaasc obeojdtars tldt rcfkcjt

tlcor awb spcjofoj gossoab+ scrvojcs+ dbe pramrdgs+ dbe apcrdtobm

cbvorabgcbt" ,Xckgdb ct dk"+ 9>>:+ p"4>/

Garsobm dbe Aswdke ,9>>3/ ecsjroic tlc idkdbjce sjarcjdre dt Bava

Bareos` ds Ulc Idkdbjce sjarcjdre os tlc gdbdmcgcbt taak far cgiceeobm

dbe jdsjdeobm tlc tropkc iattag kobc dppradjl tlraumlaut tlc armdbosdtoab"

Ulc sjarcjdre os d votdk ckcgcbt af tlc jarpardtc mavcrbdbjc sct'up ob Bava

Bareos` dbe tlus d vcry pawcrfuk taak ta cbsurc obtcmrdtoab af tlc

sustdobdiokoty dppradjl obta dkk iusobcss prajcsscs" ,Garsobm dbe Aswdke+

9>>3+ p"4>/


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59

Diavc8 Fomurc 38 Db cxdgpkc af law tlc idkdbjce sjarcjdre jdsjdecs ,Jotceob Garsobm dbe Aswdke+ 9>>3+ p"4:/

Ulc diavc cxdgpkc slaws law tlc idkdbjc sjarcjdre troj`kcs eawb frag tlc

jarpardtc soec romlt eawb ta tlc eodictcs foboslce praeujts" Ssobm tlc

eodictcs foboslce praeujts tcdg ds db cxdgpkc+ fargdk gabotarobm td`cs pkdjc

ab d gabtlky idsos+ edtd ab dkk @^O s ,@cy ^crfargdbjc Obeojdtars/ drc tlcb

jdkjukdtce dbe upedtce ab tlc jagpdbys O"U" systcg" Cdjl sotc gdbdmcr dt

Bava Bareos` lds ta prcpdrc d gabtlky rcpart tldt cxpkdobs dby ecvodtoabs

frag tlc sct tdrmcts" Furtlcrgarc+ dby kdrmc ecvodtoab tldt tlc systcg paobtsaut lds ta ic dbswcrce wotl d spcjofoj djtoab pkdb" Obfargdk gcctobms dksa

td`c pkdjc0 tlc purpasc af tlcsc gcctobms os ta rcfkcjt ab pcrfargdbjcs dbe ta

scc of tlcor tdrmcts tlcy ldvc fargukdtce ldvc mabc djjareobm ta pkdb+ dbe of

bat wly"


43/77

>3>59?6

5:

Db csscbtodk pdrt af tlc sjarcjdre os tldt ot os db ogpartdbt fcceidj` taak+ @dpkdb dbe

Bartab ,9>>=/ quatc tldt d strdtcmoj fcceidj` systcg slauke ic dikc ta tcst+

vdkoedtc+ dbe gaeofy tlc lypatlcsos cgiceece ob d iusobcss ubots strdtcmy" ,@dpkdb

dbe Bartab+ 9>>=+ p"4>6/ Iy cstdikoslobm iatl slart tcrg dbe kabm tcrg madks+ wotlobtlc pkdbbobm prajcss+ cxcjutovcs drc tlcrcfarc dikc ta farcjdst rckdtoabslops ictwccb

jldbmcs ob pcrfargdbjc erovcrs dbe tlc dssajodtce jldbmcs ob tlc sct madks"

5"5 Fdjokotdtoab

Fdjokotdtoab os jabeujtce iy d sgdkk tcdg af vcry cxpcrocbjce stdff gcgicrs+ usudkky

tlos sgdkk tcdg os jlascb iy scboar gdbdmcrs wotlob tlc jagpdby" Uds`s objkuecdsscssobm iusobcss ubot pcrfargdbjcs ob jagpkodbjc wotl tlc fubedgcbtdks dbe

vdkucs af Bava Bareos`s jldrtcr+ tlcy oecbtofy dbe sldrc icst prdjtoscs djrass tlc

jagpdby iy jakkcjtobm cvoecbjc frag tlc soxty ar sa fdjokotdtars tldt drc td`cb pcr

dbbug dbe praeujc d rcpart tldt os suigottce ta tlc cxcjutovc gdbdmcgcbt tcdg"

Lapwaae+ D" ct dk"+,9>4>/ quatc tldt tlc gctlaeakamy af tlc fdjokotdtars ob dkk tlc

diavc tds`s os gujl kcss qudbtotdtovc ob dppradjl tldb UIK rcpartobm ar idkdbjce

sja rcjdres" ,Lapwaae+ ct dk"+ 9>4>+ p"99


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tlc jagp dby lds ecvosce" ,Lakecb+ B" + 9>>9 p"4:>/ Ob deeotoab+ tlc jagpdby jdb

jcrtdobky ic mrdtcfuk tawdres tlc fdjokotdtars far raatobm aut gdkprdjtojcs tldt dffcjtce

Bava Bareos` warkewoec"

Far cxdgpkc+ ob d jcrtdob jaubtry+ twa fdjokotdtars wcrc dikc ta ubcdrtl d gdkprdjtojc

tldt wds bat abky d ircdjl tawdres tlc jagpdbys jaec af jabeujt+ iut dksa d

pubosldikc affcbjc ob tldt jaubtry" Ulc pdrtojukdr jaec af jabeujt wds wckk `bawb ta

Bava Bareos`+ dbe far tlc forst togc tlc jagpdby wds dikc ta oecbtofy law tlos

gdkprdjtojc wds icobm jaggottce" Abjc dkk af tlos obfargdtoab lde iccb scbt ta tlc

jagpdbys Japcbldmcb lcdequdrtcrs iy tlc fdjokotdtars+ d gcctobm wotl dkk tlc

scboar gdbdmcrs tldt wcrc rcspabsoikc far rcmoabdk iusobcsscs wcrc oggceodtcky

jdkkce"

Ulc rcsukt kce ta Bava Bareos` tdòbm jarpardtc djtoab ta stdgp aut tlos sjdg" Ot jdb

ic sdoe tldt fdjokotdtoab os d prafaube kcdrbobm cxpcrocbjc0 abc fdjokotdtar stdtce tldt

tlc kcdrbobm cxpcrocbjc wds ko`c d rcdk kofc GID+ icjdusc icobm d fdjokotdtar

cxpascs yau ta cvcry ogdmobdikc iusobcss sotudtoab" ,Lakecb dbe Mkosiy+ 9>4>+

p"4?5/

Ulcsc gdby taaks tldt Bava Bareos` uscs ecfobotcky movcs d kcdrbobm cxpcrocbjc+wlctlcr ots iy usobm tlc idkdbjce sjarcjdre ar iy usobm fdjokotdtars+ ob deeotoab

fakkawobm tlc Bava Bareos` ]dy af Gdbdmcgcbt ,wlojl wokk ic eosjussce ob 5"3/ dbe

gdòbm surc gcgicrs af stdff ubecrstdbe ot os csscbtodk wotl rcmdres ta law tlc

jagpdby jabeujts ots iusobcss prdjtoscs"

5"3 Bava Bareos` ]dy af Gdbdmcgcbt Ulc Bava Bareos` ]dy af Gdbdmcgcbt lds iccb usce sobjc tlc kdtc 4??>s dbe os d

frdgcwar` tldt os ecsombce ta bdvomdtc tlc wdy ob wlojl cvcry jagpdby cgpkaycc

dbe gdbdmcr war`s draube tlc warke" Ulos frdgcwar` jabsosts af tlrcc pdrts+ Ulc

Vosoab+ Ulc Jldrtcr+ dbe âkojocs"

Ulc forst pdrt tlc vosoab+ cxpkdobs wldt tlc jagpdby wdbts ta djlocvc dbe tlc avcrdkk

madks tldt rckdtc ta pdtocbts+ sajocty+ dbe tlcor gcgicrs af stdff" Ulc vosoab stdtcs

tldt wc wokk ic tlc warkes kcdeobm eodictcs jagpdby" ]c wokk affcr praeujts dbe


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scrvojcs ob atlcr drcds wlcrc wc jdb gd`c d eoffcrcbjc" ]c wokk djlocvc jagpctotovc

iusobcss rcsukts" D hai lcrc os bcvcr hust d hai" Aur vdkucs drc cxprcssce ob dkk aur

djtoabs" Aur lostary tckks us+ ot jdb ic eabc" ,Zalg+ 9>>=+ p"49/

Ulc scjabe scmgcbt+ Ulc Jldrtcr+ objkuecs d ecjkdrdtoab af Bava Bareos`s vdkucs

tldt drc djjaubtdikc+ rcspabsoikc+ dgiotoaus+ cbmdmc wotl ots std`clakecrs+ ds wckk

icobm apcb dbe labcst+ pkus ta ic apcb ta jldbmc" Ob deeotoab+ tlc jldrtcr dksa

objkuecs tlc pldrgdjcutojdk jagpdbys jaggotgcbts ta icobm fobdbjodkky

rcspabsoikc+ cbvorabgcbtdkky rcspabsoikc+ dbe sajodkky rcspabsoikc ,tlc tlrcc pdrts af

tlc tropkc iattag kobc/"

Ulc fubedgcbtdks os d kost tldt cdjl ubot dbe tcdg gust dioec iy" Ulc jldrtcr muoecs

dkk jagpdbocs tldt drc dssajodtce wotl tlc Bava Mraup+ dbe tlc cgpkayccs jaggot

ta war`obm wotlob tlos muoece frdgcwar`" Ulc tlore jrotcrod+ pakojocs+ okkustrdtc maae'

prdjtojc dbe ctlojdk muoedbjc rcmdreobm spcjofoj apcrdtoabdk ossucs wotlob tlc

fakkawobm drcds8 tlc cbvorabgcbt+ jaggubojdtoab+ fobdbjc+ lcdktl dbe sdfcty+ O"U"+

pcapkc+ kcmdk+ qudkoty+ purjldsobm+ ros` gdbdmcgcbt+ mkaidk lcdktl+ dbe ioactlojs"

Cdjl movcb pakojy cxpkdobs wldt ot wokk ea dbe law ot wokk ic eabc" Kaa`obm dt tlcioactlojs pakojy far cxdgpkc+ Bava Bareos` dogs ta jabtobuausky ogpravc ioactlojdk

pcrfargdbjc" Ulos gcdbs tlc jagpdby wokk8

^ragatc ioactlojdk dwdrcbcss tlraumlaut tlc jagpdby

Cstdikosl dbe cbsurc loml ctlojdk stdbedres far8

4/ Cxpcrogcbts ab kovobm dbogdks9/ Jkobojdk trodks dbe usc af lugdb gdtcrodk:/ Mcbc tcjlbakamy

Zct loml ctlojdk stdbedres far aur cxtcrbdk pdrtbcrs+ jabtrdjt rcscdrjlarmdbozdtoabs dbe suppkocrs dbe gabotar tlcor pcrfargdbjc

Cbmdmc ob std`clakecr eodkamuc dbe pdrtbcrslops dbe rcpart ab aur

pcrfargdbjc


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Kovc up ta tlc sporot+ vdkucs+ probjopkcs+ dbe jabtcbt af rckcvdbt jabvcbtoabs+kdws dbe rcquorcgcbts

,Fobcmake ct dk"+ 9>>3+ p":>>3+ p"


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549+ p":=:/ Ua dvaoe eosjrogobdtobm prdjtoscs wlcb lorobm bcw jdbeoedtcs+

gdbdmcrs dt Bava Bareos` Gcxoja sckcjt tlcor patcbtodk cgpkayccs idsce ab tlcor

hai prafokc"

Fobcmake ct dk"+ ,9>>3/ gcbtoab tldt eurobm tlc rcjruotgcbt prajcss+ Bava Bareos`

pdys pdrtojukdr dttcbtoab ta wlctlcr tlc jdbeoedtc wokk fot wotl tlc jagpdbys jukturc

dbe bat hust ic dikc ta pcrfarg wckk tcjlbojdkky" ,Fobcmake ct dk"+ 9>>3+ p":4>/ Ulc

rcjruotgcbt dbe sckcjtoab gdbdmcr dt Bava Bareos` Gcxoja cxpkdobs tldt wc ldvc

djjcss ta tlc gdob LY apcrdtoabdk prajcsscs af tlc forg0 lawcvcr wc bccece ta

dedpt ot ta tlc Gcxojdb kcmoskdtoab" Lawcvcr+ Bava Bareos`s plokasaply os

jagpkctcky eoffcrcbt frag Ptldt afW atlcr jagpdbocs tldt O ldvc war`ce far ,SZD dbe

Gcxoja/" Baw+ O ldvc ta gd`c surc tldt tlcrc os ba eosjrogobdtoab ob dby af aur LY

suisystcgs" ,Ldytab ct dk"+ 9>49+ pp" :=:+:=5/

Ulc plokasaply cbjagpdsscs tlc armdbosdtoabdk vdkucs dbe jukturc tldt Bava

Bareos` trocs ta jrcdtc draube tlc warke dbe gd`c surc cgpkayccs dkomb tlc BavaBareos` ]dy af Gdbdmcgcbt ob tlcor cvcryedy war`obm cbvorabgcbt" Ulc LY

gdbdmcr dt Bava Bareos` Gcxoja jaggcbts djrass Bava Bareos`+ wc drc war`obm

ldre ta ogpkcgcbt d kcdrbobm jukturc ta lckp pcapkc iuoke bcw jagpctcbjocs quoj`ky"

,Ldytab ct dk"+ 9>49+ p":=3/ Ot jdb ic obfcrrce tldt tlc Edbosl pldrgdjcutojdk

jagpdbys jldkkcbmc ob Gcxoja os ta gd`c surc tldt tlc cgpkayccs ubecrstdbe dbe

ickocvc tlc jagpdbys vdkucs dbe ta cbjaurdmc tlcg ta deapt tlcsc vdkucs frag

usobm tlc Bava Bareos` ]dy af Gdbdmcgcbt"

Ulc JCA Kdrs Yciocb Zrcbscb cxpkdobs law tlos os pcrjcovce eurobm db obtcrvocw

wotl tlc Curapcdb Iusobcss Farug+ wc ldvc d eostobjt jukturc icjdusc wc drc

dkombce jkascky wotl aur aromob" ]c ldvc d sajodk rcspabsoiokoty0 wc ldvc rcspcjt far

tlc obeovoeudk" Ots batlobm Edbosl atlcr tldb wc ldvc db obirce ubecrstdbeobm tldt

jagpdbocs jdbbat apcrdtc ob d vdjuug+ dbe wc ecpcbe ab sajocty dbe wc bcce ta

gd`c d jabtroiutoab ta ic dikc ta cxost kabm' tcrg" ,Zjlokkcr+ 9>>=+ p"3


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5?

5"6 Jdusdk Gdps

Frag kaa`obm idj` dt tlc kotcrdturc rcvocw+ ot jdb ic sdoe tldt Bava Bareos` td`cs d

scbscgd`obm dppradjl wotl rcmdres ta ots JZY cffarts" Ds prcvoausky gcbtoabce ob

tlc kotcrdturc rcvocw+ djjareobm ta Idsu dbe ^dkdzza ,9>>


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3>

^dmc 5?8 Fomurc =8 Ztd`clakecr Gdbdmcgcbt dt Bava Bareos` ,jotce ob ^droso dbeLaj`crts+ 9>>


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af gdp rcprcscbts d jagpkctc rcprcscbtdtoab af d sajodk systcg+ dbe tlcrcfarc

dkkaws dkk vocwpaobts ta ic rcprcscbtce" Ob jabtrdst+ Bdrdydbdb dbe Drgstrabm

,9>>3/ eosdmrcc dbe sdy tldt tlc dmmrcmdtc dppradjl eacs bat cgpldsozc tlc

jdusdk kaaps ob tlc jakkcjtovc gdp" Far tlos rcdsab+ ot gdy bat pravoec d fukkrcprcscbtdtoab af sajodk systcgs+ icjdusc typojdkky sajodk systcgs jabsost af gdby

djtars wotl sombofojdbtky eovcrsc vocwpaobts" ,Bdrdydbdb dbe Drgstrabm+ 9>>3+

p"453/Ulc scjabe typc af gdppobm+ jabmrcmdtc gdppobm+ tlos dppradjl jcbtrcs ab

tlc oecbtofojdtoab af `cy jdusdk kaaps tldt erovc systcg eybdgojs" ,Iaumab+ 4??9+

jotce iy Udtojjlo+ 9>4>+ p"44?/ Ulc oecd iclobe tlos pdrtojukdr typc af gdppobm

systcg os tldt strcsscs jdusc'dbe'cffcjt rckdtoabslops" Udtojjlo ,9>4>/ paobts aut tldt

tlcsc gdps drc sogpkcr tldb tlc sug af obeovoeudk gdps+ sa tldt dkk passoikc

jabfkojtobm vocws af tlc sajodk systcg drc bat fukky rcprcscbtce" ,Udtojjlo+ 9>4>+

p"44?/ Furtlcrgarc+ Bdrdydbdb dbe Drgstrabm ,9>>3/ strcss tldt tlcsc jdusdk kaaps

drc votdk ds tlcy obeojdtc d sajodk systcgs oecbtoty dbe jldbmc ds wckk ds tlc

systcgs jagpkcx icldvoaurs" Kdstky+ tlc war`slap gdppobm prajcss fajuscs ab d

jabscbsudk frdgcwar` wlojl os put tamctlcr dt d mraup kcvck" ]ar`slaps+ ar mraup

gcctobms+ drc wlcrc tlc gaeck os iuokt iy dkk pdrtojopdbts+ doece iy tlc fdjokotdtar ,tlc

rcscdrjlcr/ wlasc rakc os jcbtrdk far tlc sujjcss af tlc scssoab" ,Udtojjlo+ 9>4>+

p"44?/ Ulos typc af dppradjl os gdobky suotdikc far sgdkkcr mraups dbe bat

rcjaggcbece far kdrmc mraups ar armdbosdtoabs ds ot prcscbts d kogot af suihcjtovoty+

lawcvcr tlos dppradjl jdb ic usce dkabc ar jagiobce wotl atlcr gctlaes ta

ogpravc d sldrce cffart af jakkcjtovc gdppobm" Atlcr rcscdrjlcrs ,Dj`crgdbb ct dk"+

4??=0 Eoffcbidjl+ 4?


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ta iuokeobm std`clakecr trust dbe dogce dt rceujobm iusobcss ros`s+ objrcdsobm

apcrdtoabdk cffojocbjy+ pursuobm praeujt eoffcrcbtodtoab ds wckk ds jrcdtobm d bcw

gdr`ct spdjc"


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Diavc8 Fomurc >


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35

5"6"4 Yceujobm Iusobcss Yos`

Gdby sjlakdrs ldvc ubecrkobce tlc fdjt tldt d pradjtovc stdbjc ab jarpardtc sajodk

rcspabsoiokoty os aftcb tlc rcsukt af d jagpdby strdtcmy dogce dt rceujobm tlc kcvck af

jarpardtc ros`" ,Edvoe+ 4?=:0 Eykkoj`+ 4???0 Ycobldret+ 9>>>0 _dzoho+ 9>>50 jotce iy^droso dbe Laj`crts+ 9>>>49/

Garcavcr+ Bava Bareos` MGA cxpcrt @bue Vde stdtcs tldt wc icldvc ob apcbbcss

wlcb wc ecdk wotl ossucs wlojl jdusc puikoj jabjcrb wc scc ot ds aur aikomdtoab ta

jaggubojdtc ab dby ossuc wotl d pcrjcovce ros` ta sajocty" ,Bava Bareos`+ 9>49/

Abc gdob erovcr far Bava Bareos`s cbmdmcgcbt ob JZY rckdtce djtovotocs avcr tlc

ycdrs sccgs ta ldvc iccb idsce draube gceod dttcbtoab0 pdrtojukdrky tlc ros` af BMAs jdgpdombobm dmdobst tlc pldrgdjcutojdk modbt"

Jdgpdomb ros` rcfcrs ta tlc passoiokoty af icobm dttdj`ce iy BMAs ds icobm

rcprcscbtdtovc af d wlakc scjtar" ,Laj`crts+ 9>>6/ _dzoho ,9>>5/ gcbtoabs ob los

rcscdrjl pdpcr Uawdre d tlcary af sajodk ros` tldt tlos prceagobdbtky ajjurs of d forg

os tlc gdr`ct kcdecr cvcb of ot os bat tlc warst affcbecr ob tlc obeustry" Kob`obm tlos

wotl Bava Bareos`+ tlc jagpdbys obtcrcst wotl rcmdres ta mkaidk lugdb romlts far

cxdgpkc+ icobm tlc gdr`ct kcdecr ob obsukob+ tlc jagpdby fdjcs tlc ros` af icobm


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sobmkce aut iy mavcrbgcbtdk dbe bab'mavcrbgcbtdk armdbosdtoabs ab ossucs tldt

jabjcrb lugdb romlts djrass tlc suppky jldob"

5"6"9 Objrcdsce Apcrdtoabdk Cffojocbjy

Iuokeobm ab tlc cjabagoj kdw af eogoboslobm rcturbs+ pdst rcscdrjl lds cgpldsozce

tldt dby eauikc eovoecbes tldt forgs gdy aitdob frag cbvorabgcbtdk gdbdmcgcbt drc

ko`cky ta eogobosl fdst" ,Laj`crts+ 9>>6+ p"45/ Ulc oecd ds ^dkgcr ct dk"+ ,4??3/ dbe

]dkkcy ct dk"+ ,4??5/ put ot ds tldt tlcrc drc abky d kogotce bugicr af ldbmobm fruot"

Abjc tlcsc ldvc iccb ldrvcstce forgs jdb ba kabmcr cxpcjt jast devdbtdmcs frag

pradjtovc JZY gcdsurcs" ,^dkgcr ct dk"+ 4??30 ]dkkcy ct dk"+ 4??50 jotce iy

Laj`crts+ 9>>6+ pp"45+43/

Lawcvcr+ ^droso dbe Laj`crts ,9>>


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36

Appartubotocs wcrc td`cb ta eoffcrcbtodtc praeujts ab cotlcr d sajodk ar cbvorabgcbtdk

kobc"

Zobjc pdtocbts+ eajtars+ dbe atlcr prafcssoabdks ob lcdktljdrc systcgs sccg ta ic

jabsoecrce ds tlc gdob obeojdtars far JZY rckdtce djtovotocs+ tlc jagpdby eospkdys d

strabm cbearscgcbt af tlos pakojy" ,^droso dbe Laj`crts+ 9>>


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Djjcss ta lcdktljdrc ob tlc ecvckapobm warke os d jaggab tlcgc+ wotl d loml ogpdjt

ab tlc obeustrys rcputdtoab" Ot wds cgcrmce frag ^droso dbe Laj`crts obtcrvocwcc

fobeobms tldt Bava Bareos` os djtovcky cbmdmobm ob pravoeobm eodictcs jdrc ob tlc

ED]B prahcjt drcds sujl ds Udbzdbod+ iy pravoeobm d icttcr djjcss ta lcdktljdrcds wckk ds trdobobm burscs dbe eajtars" ^rdldkde ,9>>6/ gcbtoab ob los iaa` Ulc

Fartubc dt tlc iattag af tlc pyrdgoe + tldt ds tlc jaubtry ,Udbzdbod/ os dikc ta dffare

forst jkdss eodictcs jdrc+ tlc jagpdby wokk ldvc iccb d pdrtbcr ob tlc puikoj

lcdktljdrc systcg far sagc togc0 tlos wokk tlcrcfarc ldvc d jabsoecrdikc devdbtdmc

avcr ots jagpctotars" ,^rdldkde+ 9>>6/

Ulc rcscdrjl dksa obeojdtce wotl rcmdres ta jrcdtobm d bcw gdr`ct spdjc tldt

mrccblausc mdscs drc d gdhar ossuc+ tlcrcfarc+ tlc jagpdby os obvcstobm obrcbcwdikc saurjcs sujl ds wobe pawcr" Zogokdr pramrdggcs ldvc iccb put ob pkdjc

dogobm ta rceujc cbcrmy rcsaurjcs dbe icobm garc cbvorabgcbtdkky frocbeky"

Jldptcr 3 ' Fobeobms

3"> Fobeobms

Frag kaa`obm dt dutlars sujl ds Garsobm+ dbe Aswdke ,9>>3/ dbe ,9>>?/+ Fobcmake

ct dk"+ ,9>>3/+ ^droso dbe Laj`crts ,9>>4>/ ot os jkcdr ta

scc wotl dkk tlc taaks Bava Bareos` uscs+ tldt ot os d jagpdby tldt td`cs JZY vcry

scroausky"

Lawcvcr+ ab d prdjtojdk kcvck+ abc tlobm tldt wds batojce os tlc eoffojuktocs ob

cgiceeobm JZY wotl rcmdres ta tlc jagpdbys fajus ab iatl qudkotdtovc dbe jukturdk

eogcbsoabs af gdbdmcgcbt" D quatc frag d gcgicr af tlc bab'fobdbjodk edtd

gdbdmcgcbt tcdg gcbtoabs tldt O pcrsabdkky tlob` tldt tlcrc drc sagc idrrocrs ta

fukk obtcmrdtoab+ dbe idrrocrs ob aur ,bab'fobdbjodk edtd gdbdmcgcbt/ ecpdrtgcbts

tawdres tlc fobdbjodks" O scc jldkkcbmcs dlcde ob rckdtoab ta d jaggab

ubecrstdbeobm dbe kdbmudmc ictwccb tlc fobdbjodk dbe tlc bab'fobdbjodk pcapkc+ d

wlakc jukturdk tlobm+ d wdy af tlob`obm" Ulos os diaut twa eoffcrcbt warkes+ iut af

jaursc+ wc scc tlc purpasc af cdjl atlcr" ]crc hust bat ab tlc sdgc pdmc ob tcrgs


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34>+ p"995/

Ot sccgs tldt tlcrc drc d fcw idrrocrs ds tlc gcgicr af tlc bab 'fobdbjodk tcdg put

ot+ far cxdgpkc+ fukky dkombobm iatl tlc fobdbjodk dbe bab'fobdbjodk gcjldbosgs wokk

rcquorc jakkcjtobm qudkotdtovc edtd ab d gabtlky idsos+ Lapwaae+ ct dk"+ ,9>4>/

gcbtoabce tldt far gdby sujl gcdsurc lds bcvcr iccb tlc jdsc" Furtlcrgarc+

dbatlcr tlobm tldt lds iccb batojce wds tlc ossuc af tlc @Ôs ,@cy ^crfar gdbjc

Obeojdtars/ dbe tlc jabsostcbjy af tlcsc tdrmcts" Ulos lds iccb rcjambosce iy tlc

jagpdby+ ds tlc Zcboar Vojc' ^rcsoecbt far Fdjokotdtoab stdtcs tldt wc jauke ic garc

strujturce ob tlc wdy wc ecfobc aur @Ôs 'bat hust taedy iut tlrcc ar fovc ycdrs

dlcde" Kabm tcrg tdrmcts sldrclakecrs jdb fakkaw tlcg dbe cstdikosl prapcr cxpcjtdtoabs" ,Zcboar Vojc rcsoecbt far Fdjokotdtoab+ jot ce iy Lapwaae+ ct dk"+ 9>4>+

p"99=/

Ulc jagpdbys idkdbjce sjarcjdre dksa lds ots jrotojosgs" Ulcrc sccgs ta ic abky d

f cw sustdobdikc drcds tldt drc eorcjtky kob`ce wotl Bavas sjarcjdre+ sujl ds

cbvorabgcbtdk+ eovcrsoty dbe tdkcbt ecvckapgcbt" Ob deeotoab+ tlc qucstoab rcgdobs ab

law fdr eawb tlc locrdrjly tlc idkdbjce sjarcjdres drc djtudkky ogpkcgcbtce" Bava

Bareos` jauke ecvckap d sustdobdikc idkdbjce sjarcjdre ,ZIZJ/ tldt cgirdjcs

cjabagoj+ cbvorabgcbtdk+ dbe sajodk pcrspcjtovcs" Ulc ZIZJ cgices tlc tropkc

iattag kobc dppradjl wotlob tlc fdgokodr idkdbjce sjarcjdre frdgcwar`+ gdòbm ot

cdsocr ta jaggubojdtc dbe ogpkcgcbt" ,Luiidre+ 9>>?+ p"4/ Lc dksa paobts aut ob los rcscdrjl ab deaptobm d

sustdobdikc idkdbjce jdre tldt tlos wokk rcquorc jagpdbocs ta deapt d std`clakecr

vocwpaobt af vdkuc dbe jrcdtc str

csr in the pharmaceutical industry : the case study of novo nordisk

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