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CTE BASIC DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE VOCABULARY Histogram – a graph of all tones in an image Image/adjust (hue/saturation, brightness/contrast) hue: color name (like green), saturation: how opaque (rich with color) an object is, brightness: how light or dark a photo is, contrast: how dark are the darks and how light are the lights (high contrast – darks are very dark and lights are very light) Edit/transform (scale, rotate, skew, flip, distort, warp) scale: size, rotate: arbitrary by using the ruler tool to define where the photo should be straightened to, skew: allows you to move each of the four corners of a selected rectangular area in directions other than up or down or left or right (at angles), flip: allows you to flip horizontally or vertically, distort: change where the four corners of an image are (like one point perspective on the text assignment), warp: adjust many points of an object to change its shape Shadow/highlight correction – correcting the exposure in shadows or highlights Clipping mask – apply a photo over a large shape or object that you selected, copied and pasted onto its own layer Text tool – typing words and letters Dodge tool – used to lighten select parts of a photo Cropping – cropping, print sizing, straightening, perspective Selection tools (marquee, lasso, magic wand, adding and subtracting to of from the selection) Marquee: selects a square, rectangle, oval/ellipse or circle, lasso: selects an area using a continuous line around it, polygonal lasso: selects and area using a series of straight lines, magic wand: selects an area of like pixels based on common value Spot healing brush – allows you to drag the mouse over scars or blemishes you want to remove. It takes the nonscarred area on both sides of where you dragged the mouse and merges them over the scar or blemish Color correction – variations, (image/adjustments) color balance, (image/adjustments) hue/saturation and (image/adjustments) levels Levels – a tool which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram Burn tool – used to darken select parts of a photo Zoom lens – gets closer to your subject by allowing you to choose one of many focal lengths (distances from your subject) Portrait lens – creates a shallow depth of field every time (blurry background) to bring attention to the subject Wide angle lens – includes more in the photo from left to right Telephoto lens gets closer to your subject with one focal length (distance from your subject) Hot shoe – the connection point or place on top of your camera where a strobe or external flash attach to the camera Monopod – a one legged camera support used often by sports photographers for lens stability Mode selector or dial – the dial on top of the camera that allows you to choose preset camera settings for specific kinds of photos, like a for aperture, p for program, manual, etc.

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Page 1: CTE BASIC DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE with … Guides/CTE BASIC DI… · •full)auto0mode!–!the!camera!sets!everything!–!shutterspeed!and!aperture!or f/stop! • (M)anual0!–!you!choosetheaperture!setting!and!the!shutter!speed

CTE  BASIC  DIGITAL  PHOTOGRAPHY  STUDY  GUIDE    

VOCABULARY  • Histogram  –  a  graph  of  all  tones  in  an  image    • Image/adjust  (hue/saturation,  brightness/contrast)  –  hue:  color  name  (like  

green),  saturation:  how  opaque  (rich  with  color)  an  object  is,  brightness:  how  light  or  dark  a  photo  is,  contrast:  how  dark  are  the  darks  and  how  light  are  the  lights  (high  contrast  –  darks  are  very  dark  and  lights  are  very  light)  

• Edit/transform  (scale,  rotate,  skew,  flip,  distort,  warp)  –  scale:  size,  rotate:  arbitrary  by  using  the  ruler  tool  to  define  where  the  photo  should  be  straightened  to,  skew:  allows  you  to  move  each  of  the  four  corners  of  a  selected  rectangular  area  in  directions  other  than  up  or  down  or  left  or  right  (at  angles),  flip:  allows  you  to  flip  horizontally  or  vertically,  distort:  change  where  the  four  corners  of  an  image  are  (like  one  point  perspective  on  the  text  assignment),  warp:  adjust  many  points  of  an  object  to  change  its  shape  

• Shadow/highlight  correction  –  correcting  the  exposure  in  shadows  or  highlights  • Clipping  mask  –  apply  a  photo  over  a  large  shape  or  object  that  you  selected,  copied  

and  pasted  onto  its  own  layer  • Text  tool  –  typing  words  and  letters  • Dodge    tool  –  used  to  lighten  select  parts  of  a  photo  • Cropping  –  cropping,  print  sizing,  straightening,  perspective  • Selection  tools    (marquee,  lasso,  magic  wand,  adding  and  subtracting  to  of  

from  the  selection)  –  Marquee:  selects  a  square,  rectangle,  oval/ellipse  or  circle,  lasso:  selects  an  area  using  a  continuous  line  around  it,  polygonal  lasso:  selects  and  area  using  a  series  of  straight  lines,  magic  wand:  selects  an  area  of  like  pixels  based  on  common  value  

• Spot  healing  brush  –    allows  you  to  drag  the  mouse  over  scars  or  blemishes  you  want  to  remove.  It  takes  the  non-­‐scarred  area  on  both  sides  of  where  you  dragged  the  mouse  and  merges  them  over  the  scar  or  blemish  

• Color  correction  –  variations,  (image/adjustments)  color  balance,  (image/adjustments)  hue/saturation  and  (image/adjustments)  levels  

• Levels  –  a  tool  which  can  move  and  stretch  the  brightness  levels  of  an  image  histogram  

• Burn  tool  –  used  to  darken  select  parts  of  a  photo  • Zoom  lens  –  gets  closer  to  your  subject  by  allowing  you  to  choose  one  of  many  focal  

lengths  (distances  from  your  subject)    • Portrait  lens  –  creates  a  shallow  depth  of  field  every  time  (blurry  background)  to  

bring  attention  to  the  subject  • Wide  angle  lens  –  includes  more  in  the  photo  from  left  to  right  • Telephoto  lens  -­‐  gets  closer  to  your  subject  with  one  focal  length  (distance  from  

your  subject)  • Hot  shoe  –  the  connection  point  or  place  on  top  of  your  camera  where  a  strobe  or  

external  flash  attach  to  the  camera  • Monopod  –  a  one  legged  camera  support  used  often  by  sports  photographers  for  

lens  stability  • Mode  selector  or  dial  –  the  dial  on  top  of  the  camera  that  allows  you  to  choose  

preset  camera  settings  for  specific  kinds  of  photos,  like  a  for  aperture,  p  for  program,  manual,  etc.  

Page 2: CTE BASIC DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE with … Guides/CTE BASIC DI… · •full)auto0mode!–!the!camera!sets!everything!–!shutterspeed!and!aperture!or f/stop! • (M)anual0!–!you!choosetheaperture!setting!and!the!shutter!speed

• (full)  auto  mode  –  the  camera  sets  everything  –  shutter  speed  and  aperture  or  f/stop  

• (M)anual    –  you  choose  the  aperture  setting  and  the  shutter  speed;  you  have  complete  control  over  the  camera  settings  

• (A)perture  priority  –  you  choose  the  aperture  setting  (f-­‐stop)  and  the  camera  chooses  the  shutter  speed  

• (S)hutter  priority  –  you  choose  the  shutter  speed  and  the  camera  chooses  the  aperture  setting  or  f-­‐stop  setting.  

• (P)rogram  or  programmable  –  puts  the  camera  in  charge  of  the  aperture  (f/stop)  and  shutter  speed,  with  all  other  camera  settings  available  for  the  photographer  to  change  

• Night  Portrait  (person  with  star)  –  slow  shutter  speed  with  a  flash  • Close  up  (flower)  –  reds  and  greens  are  pumped  up  or  elevated,  camera  selects  a  

center  focus,  the  flash  may  pop  up  if  needed  • Sports  (runner)  –  high  or  fast  shutter  speeds,  continuous  focus  while  the  shutter  

release  button  is  held  down  halfway,  tracking  the  subject  in  the  center  focus  area  • Child  (kid)  –  boosts  sharpness  and  saturation  for  clothing  and  background  details,  

softens  skin  tones  to  make  them  look  natural    • Landscape  (mountain)  –  broad  depth  of  field,  boosts  color  and  saturation,  contrast  • Portrait  (woman  with  hat)  –  softens  and  slightly  blurs  the  background,  softer  skin  

tones  • Auto  (flash  off)  (lightning  bolt)  –  auto  flash  is  disabled  so  the  flash  won’t  go  off,  

shutter  speed  and  fstop  are  set  automatically  by  the  camera  • Red  eye  –  caused  when  the  flash  from  your  camera  reflects  the  blood  in  the  back  of  

your  eye  back  into  the  photo  • Leading  lines  –  like  one  point  perspective.  Example:  receding  railroad  tracks  • Rule  or  law  of  thirds  –  when  a  composition  is  covered  with  a  rule  of  thirds  grid  

(like  a  tic  tac  toe  grid),  the  most  important  features  in  the  composition  will  fall  either  on  an  intersection  or  on  one  of  the  lines  of  the  tic  tac  toe  grid.    Used  to  stabilize  or  ground  your  composition.  

• Megapixels  (how  many  pixels?)  –  1  million  • Contact  sheet  (index  print)  –  a  page  or  pages  of  thumbnails  or  smaller  versions  of  

your  photos  used  to  review  and  analyze  your  photos  or  archive  a  photo  shoot  • 100%  opacity  –  completely  saturated  with  color  or  pigment;  the  opposite  of  

transparent  or  see-­‐through  • Polygonal  lasso  tool  –  selects  an  area  using  many  straight  lines  to  create  a  polygon  

or  multi-­‐sided  shape  • Quick  select  tool  –  selects  an  area  with  similar  pixels  • Marquee  tool  –  selects  an  area  using  a  square,  rectangle,  oval,  ellipse  or  circle  • Clone  stamp  tool  –  selects  one  area  of  a  photo  to  clone  or  copy  onto  another  area  of  

a  photo.  Uses  a  target  and  the  OPTION  key  to  establish  the  targeted  area  to  copy  elsewhere  

• (P)rogram  or  programmable  mode  –  fully  automatic  but  you  can  change  other  settings,  including  white  balance,  ISO,  or  shutter  speed  and  fstop  or  aperture  if  you  choose  to  

• Continuous  shoot  (not  a  mode)  –  when  your  camera  takes  many  photos  quickly.  It  sounds  like  a  rapid  fire  gun  and  takes  2-­‐10  photos  per  second,  depending  on  the  camera  model.  The  shutter  release  button  is  held  down  continuously  to  do  this.  

• image  transfer-­‐  downloading  files  to  a  computer  

Page 3: CTE BASIC DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE with … Guides/CTE BASIC DI… · •full)auto0mode!–!the!camera!sets!everything!–!shutterspeed!and!aperture!or f/stop! • (M)anual0!–!you!choosetheaperture!setting!and!the!shutter!speed

• image  management  –  organizing  files,  photo  selection  and  managing  folders  • image  editing  –  straighten  (use  the  ruler  tool  to  draw  a  line  and  establish  what  

should  be  parallel  or  perpendicular  to  the  bottom  of  the  composition;  Image/adjustments,  rotate/arbitrary),  rotate  (image/adjustments),  limited  crop  (use  the  crop  tool  as  usual),  adjust  tonal  range  (histogram  and  levels),  contrast,  and  color  correction  (image/adjustments)  

 TECHNIQUES  OR  CONCEPTS  

• In  addition  to  focusing  the  camera,  pressing  the  shutter  release  button  down  halfway  measures  the  light  coming  into  the  camera  

• Digital  cameras,  compared  to  point  and  shoot  cameras,  are  larger  and  more  expensive  

• Digital  file  formats:  raw  (A  RAW  image  is  the  pure  data  directly  saved  from  the  camera's  image  sensor  onto  the  card.  With  other  image  formats  the  camera  processes  the  raw  data  and  converts  it  to  TIFF  or  JPEG,  but  with  RAW  mode  the  pure  data  is  saved  and  can  be  edited  later.  RAW  files  take  up  4  times  as  much  memory  as  TIFF  or  JPEG  files),  tiff  (A  TIFF  image  is  an  uncompressed  image  showing  the  full  detail  of  the  image  with  no  quality  loss.  TIFF  images  are  very  large  and  can  take  large  amounts  of  storage  space  and  can  take  a  long  time  to  save  to  the  memory  card.  When  a  TIFF  image  is  created  in  the  camera,  the  camera  takes  the  RAW  image  from  the  camera's  sensor  and  converts  it  into  the  TIFF  format  using  the  settings  in  the  camera's  menus.),  jpeg  (JPEG  is  a  standardized  image-­‐compression  format.  JPEG  compression  reduces  the  file  size  but  has  no  effect  on  the  number  of  pixels  in  the  image  (i.e.,  the  resolution).  JPEG  was  designed  to  compress  the  file  size  of  photos  and  can  handle  as  many  colors  as  are  in  the  picture.  It  is  also  lossy,  meaning  that  some  information  is  lost  during  compression,  and  the  decompressed  image  is  not  a  total  match  with  the  original.  This  means  that  a  little  bit  of  image  detail  quality  is  lost  when  saved  as  JPEG.)  

• Common  memory  cards:  compact  flash  (thumb  drive  or  flash  drive),  secure  digital  (the  SD  card  in  your  camera),  sony  memory  stick  (external  device),  compact  disc  (CD),  internal  storage  (memory  built  into  the  camera)  

• Black  and  white  conversion  (from  a  color  photo  to  a  black  and  white  photo)  –  hue/saturation,  grayscale  mode  

• Undo/redo  –  history  pallet,  step  forward  (command  Z),  step  backward  (command  Z,  option  Command  Z  for  multiple  steps  backward)  

• Equipment  used  for  downloading  images:  cables  (cords  connected  to  your  camera),  card  readers,  drives  

• Techniques  for  improving  images  –  healing  brushes  (spot  healing),  patch  tool  (slight  feathered  edge  when  placing  a  patch  of  the  photo  elsewhere  in  the  composition),  clone  stamp  (option  click,  selects  a  clean  area  of  a  photo  to  cover  blemishes  and  spots  using  a  circle),  and  sharpening  filter  

• Layers  pallet  –  active  layer  (highlighted),  layer  order  (the  layer  on  top  is  the  layer  you  see  first,  like  turning  a  stack  of  glass  panes,  each  with  part  of  the  composition  on  it,  sideways  and  looking  through  it  to  see  all  the  layers  at  one  time),  creating  and  deleting  layers,  opacity  of  a  layer  (adjusted  on  the  layers  palette)  

• Viewfinder  –  the  part  of  a  camera  that  you  look  through  in  order  to  compose  your  photo  

Page 4: CTE BASIC DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE with … Guides/CTE BASIC DI… · •full)auto0mode!–!the!camera!sets!everything!–!shutterspeed!and!aperture!or f/stop! • (M)anual0!–!you!choosetheaperture!setting!and!the!shutter!speed

• Lens  –  the  external  part  of  a  camera  that  connects  to  the  camera  body.    On  a  digital  SLR  (single  lens  reflex)  camera,  the  lens  is  interchangeable  (with  zoom,  telephoto,  wide  angle,  macro,  etc.  lenses)  

• Camera  mode  dial  or  setting  –  the  round  knob  on  top  of  the  camera  body  with  all  the  little  pictures  showing  you  what  camera  mode  you’re  using  

• Shutter  release  button  –  the  button  on  the  camera  body  that  you  press  down  halfway  to  measure  light  and  focus  a  photo  on  auto  focus  and  that  you  press  down  all  the  way  to  take  a  photo  

• To  quickly  change  your  brush  or  tool  size,  use  the  shortcut  by  pressing  the  left  (makes  it  smaller)  or  right  (makes  it  bigger)  bracket  keys  

• Digital  SLR  uses  interchangeable  lenses,  especially  when  shooting  sports  • On  camera  direct  flash  produces  photo  with  harsh  or  bright  lighting  • 72  pixels  per  inch  (ppi)  is  best  to  use  on  the  internet  so  photos  load  quickly  • The  first  digital  cameras  (in  the  1960s)  were  big,  expensive,  poor  quality  • 200-­‐300  pixels  per  inch  (ppi)    is  best  to  use  when  printing  high  quality  (8x10)  

photographs  • When  a  new  layer  is  created,  it  is  created  directly  above  the  layer  selected  • The  biggest  difference  between  film  and  digital  cameras  is  the  way  they  capture  

photos  (on  film  with  emulsion  or  digitally  in  memory  or  on  SD  Cards)  • In  1969  when  the  first  digital  cameras  was  invented,  a  man  landed  on  the  moon  • Elements  of  art  and  principles  of  design  for  the  CTE  test  (simplicity,  emphasis,  

rule  of  thirds,  point  of  view  (bird’s  eye,  bug’s  eye),  leading  lines)  –  simplicity:  concentrate  on  a  few  basic  elements,  highlighting  only  those  components  that  add  to  your  composition,    emphasis:  when  a  light  object  or  shape  is  next  to  a  dark  object  or  shape  in  order  to  bring  the  viewer’s  attention  to  the  object  or  shape,  rule  or  law  of  thirds:  when  a  composition  is  covered  with  a  rule  of  thirds  grid  (like  a  tic  tac  toe  grid),  the  most  important  features  in  the  composition  will  fall  either  on  an  intersection  or  on  one  of  the  lines  of  the  tic  tac  toe  grid.    Used  to  stabilize  or  ground  your  composition,  point  of  view:  angle  at  which  the  photo  was  taken  –  bird’s  eye  is  when  the  photo  was  taken  above  the  subject,  bug’s  eye  is  when  the  photo  was  taken  below  the  subject,  leading  lines:  like  one  point  perspective.  Example:  receding  railroad  tracks    

Page 5: CTE BASIC DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE with … Guides/CTE BASIC DI… · •full)auto0mode!–!the!camera!sets!everything!–!shutterspeed!and!aperture!or f/stop! • (M)anual0!–!you!choosetheaperture!setting!and!the!shutter!speed