cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml add drop of h 2 o = 0.05 ml new volume: ~200 ml or 200.05 ml?? if you say...

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up of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? u say 200.05 you imply that the volume of th al cup of coffee was exactly 200 mL and we d that accurately.

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Page 1: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml

Add drop of H2O = 0.05 mL

New volume:~200 mL or 200.05 mL??

If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of theinitial cup of coffee was exactly 200 mL and we don’t know that accurately.

Page 2: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

New volume:~200 mL or 200.05 mL??

We convey our uncertainty in measured quantities by abiding by the rules of significant figures.

Definition of Significant figures.The number of all known digits reported inmeasurements plus one estimated digits.

Page 3: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

We would have to report the coffee measurement as ~200 because that is our least accurate number.

A chain can never be stronger than its weakest link.

An answer can never be more precise than the leastprecise number you use to get the answer.

Page 4: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Significant Figures

Page 5: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Try These!

1.36 3 significant digits

172 3 significant digits

3247 4 significant digits

Page 6: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Try These!

0.5 1 significant digit

0.0053567 5 significant digits

0.0008769 4 significant digits

Page 7: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Try These!

20.05 4 significant digits

1.003 4 significant digits

102001 6 significant digits

Page 8: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Try These!

9.000000000 10 significant digits

85.00 4 significant digits

9.98000 6 significant digits

Page 9: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Try These!

250 2 significant digits

780,000,000 2 significant digits

90. 2 significant digits

Page 10: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Practice

46800

3 significant figures

Rule:Trailing zeroes in a number with no decimal

are not significant

Page 11: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Practice

126.48

5 significant figures

Rule:All nonzero integers are significant

Page 12: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Practice

1.0005

5 significant figures

Rule:Captive zeroes are always significant

Page 13: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Practice

90.0

3 significant figures

Rules:1. Trailing zeroes in a decimal number are

significant.

2. Zeroes at the end of a number count if there is a written decimal point.

Page 14: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Practice

192

3 significant figures

Rule:All nonzero integers are significant

Page 15: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Practice

0.000004

1 significant figure

Rule:Leading zeroes are never significant

Page 16: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Practice

0.01006

4 significant figures

Rules:1.Leading zeroes are never significant 2.Captive zeroes are always significant

Page 17: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Using two different rulers, I measured the width of my hand to be 4.5 centimeters and 4.54 centimeters. Explain the difference between these two measurements.

Question For Thought

Page 18: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

The first measurement implies that my hand is somewhere between 4.5 and 4.9 cm long. There is a uncertainty in this number because we have to estimate.

The second measurement implies that my hand is between 4.5 and 4.6 cm long. This measurement is more certain due to its greater precision.

Page 19: Cup of coffee = ~ 200 ml Add drop of H 2 O = 0.05 mL New volume: ~200 mL or 200.05 mL?? If you say 200.05 you imply that the volume of the initial cup

Significant figures are necessary to reduceuncertainty in our measurements.

Significant figures indicate the precision of the measured value!!

4.5 cm2 significant

figuresUncertain

4.54 cm3 significant

figures

More certain due to greater

precision

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