curaçao: smart nation from smart city to sage society · (wijs de et al., 2017). methodology for...

ArchivesofBusinessResearch–Vol.6,No.3PublicationDate:Mar.25,2018DOI:10.14738/abr.63.4249.

Goede,M.(2018).Curaçao:SmartNationFromSmartcitytoSagesociety.ArchivesofBusinessResearch,6(3),142-166.

Curaçao:SmartNationFromSmartcitytoSagesociety

Dr.MiguelGoede

ABSTRACT

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to describe the case of Curaçao striving tobecomeasmartnation.ManyinCuraçaotalkaboutSmartNation,SmartIslandandtheblue economy. In practice notmuch is noted, till now.Why?Methodology – For thisstudy, a literature reviewwas conducted and interviewswere heldwith key figures.Severalwebinarswereconductedandaconferencewasattended.Thedraftversionofthisarticlewasdiscussedwithkeypersons.Findings–IngeneralCuraçaoisnotgoodatimplementingpolicies.Someof thecauses includethe fragmentationof thesocietyaswell as its leadership; as a consequence of patronage and nepotism, incompetentmanagersandprofessionalsareappointed inkeypositions.ForCuraçao tobecomeasmartislandthemindsetofthepeoplemustshift.Originality–Thepapercontributestotheunderstandingofobstaclesinthedevelopmentofsmallislandstates.Conclusions–ThesmallscaleofCaribbeanSIDSisadisadvantage.Therearenotenoughresourcesand smart people around. Small scale leads to an island mindset characterized bynepotism and patronage, among other issues, and this is an underutilization of thebrightmindsneededtocreatethesmartcity.Thepossibilityofmovingfromdevelopingcountry todeveloped country in one generation is theoreticallypossible (Lee, 2000).One condition sine qua non is education and the proper mindset. The other is zerotoleranceforcorruption.Keywords:Caribbean,SmallIslandDevelopingStates,Curaçao,NationalDevelopmentPlan,Smartcity,SmartIsland,Blueeconomy

INTRODUCTION

DuringthelasttwoelectionsinCuraçao(5October2016and28April2017),severalpoliticalpartiescampaignedontheissueofdevelopingtheislandintoaSmartIsland(SI)(PAR,2017).JustpriortotheelectionstheislandgovernmentorganizedaconferenceonthetopicofaSmartNation. It was probably inspired by the case of Singapore’s intelligent island (CuraçaoChronicle,2017).Theagreementthenewgovernmentcoalitionsignedstates:

ThegovernmentwilldevelopandpromoteeconomicactivitiesandinvestmentsinthedowntownareabasedonthevisionforWillemstadinthe 21stcentury(“SmartCity”);acityontheworldheritagelistofUNESCObutwithamodern,futuristic, inclusive ecosystem for a vibrant entrepreneurial sector, access tostate-of-the-art ICT technology and connectivity, hospitality and modernhousingfortouristandlocals(especiallytheyoungergeneration),andacenterforeducation, cultureandrecreationaccessible to thewholepopulation.Thisdevelopmentmustbethemodelofhowtoimprovethequalityoflivinginalltheotherneighborhoodsoftheisland(Samenwerkendepartijen,2017).

Inotherpolicydomainspresentedintheagreementtherearealsootherstatementsreferringtothesmartcity(SC)andsmartisland(SI).Thesewillbediscussedlaterinthispaper.Thisisnot totally new. The National Development Program of Curaçao (Government of Curaçao,2015),thelong-termvisionfortheislandofCuraçao,alreadymentionstheconceptofasmartcity.

ArchivesofBusinessResearch(ABR) Vol.6,Issue3,Mar-2018

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ThepurposeofthisarticleistoassesstheeffortsofthegovernmentofCuraçaotodeveloptheSC.Thequestions are:What are the specific actions the government andother stakeholdershave undertaken to move toward a smarter city? What is the level of ambition of thegovernment?What is the current situationof the city?What is the gapbetween the level ofambitionandthecurrentstateandwhatisbeingdonediminishthisgap?ThechallengeisthatCuraçaoisfamousformakingplansandnotimplementingthem(vanderMaas, 2008; Goede, 2011 a). It is quite possible that there will be many documents andstatementsonSIorSCbutnotenoughaction.Ontheotherhand,thiswouldnotbeuniquetotheisland.Forexample,researchintheNetherlandshasshownthatthisisalsothecasethere(Wijsdeetal.,2017).

METHODOLOGYForthisstudy,aliteraturereviewwasconducted.Afterthatamodelwasadopted.Interviewswere held with key figures. A mini-webinar was held on 31 October 2017 to discuss theresearch. A second onewas held 20November 2017, and a third on 24November 2017. ACINEXconferencewasheldfrom29November2017till1December2017.Thedraftversionofthearticlewassenttokeypersonsfortheircomments.Theprimarydataconsistedofinterviewsofkeyfigureslikepublicrepresentatives,managersoforganizationsandinstitutions,co-workingspacesandspecialistsoninnovation.SecondarydatawereobtainedfromtheBureauofStatistics,compilationsofpressarticlesandtheonlinecontentofwebpages.Altogether,theauthorhasfollowedadatatriangulationstrategytoseekdatavalidationbasedonthecross-verificationoftheanalyzeddatasources.

LITERATUREREVIEWThe termsmart citywas first coined in1998byVanBastelaer (Anthopoulos,2015),but thetermsmartcityremainsnotclearlydefined(VINCIEnergies,2015).Inthisarticleasmartcityis defined as: “a well-defined geographical area, in which high technologies such as ICT,logistics, energy production, and so on, cooperate to create benefits for citizens in terms ofwellbeing, inclusion and participation, environmental quality, intelligent development; it isgoverned by a well-defined pool of subjects, able to state the rules and policy for the citygovernmentanddevelopment”(Dameri,2013,p.2549).SmartIslandInitiative,aEuropeanorganizationofsmallislands,definesa“SmartIslandasaninsular territory that embarks on a climate resilient pathway, combining climate changemitigationandadaptationefforts, inorder tocreatesustainable localeconomicdevelopmentand a high quality of life for the local population by implementing smart and integratedsolutions to themanagementof infrastructures, natural resources and the environment as awhole, supported by the use of ICT, all while promoting the use of innovative and sociallyinclusivegovernanceandfinancingschemes”(SmartIslandInitiative,2017).TheemphasesdifferbetweenSI andSC. SIputsmoreemphasison climate change,whileSCaccentuates technology more. In this case of this article the words city and island areinterchangeable;however,SIemphasizestheissueofclimatechange.Other terms that have been used include cyberville, digital city, electronic communities,flexicity, informationcity, intelligentcity,knowledge-basedcity,MESHcity,telecity,teletopia,Ubiquitouscity,wiredcity.11Smartcity.(2017).En.wikipedia.org.Retrieved4December2017,fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city


URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.63.4249. 144

Mahizhnan (1999) published an article titled “Smart cities: the Singapore case”. SingaporewantedtobeknownasanIntelligentIsland.HedescribesseveralstagesthatSingaporewentthrough,beginninginthe1960sbyfocusingonindustrializationandattractingmulti-nationalcorporations(MNC).The1980ssawtheriseoftheservicesectorandthedevelopmentofthevision of the Intelligent Island, focusing on IT and its advantages. The island invested hugesums in IT infrastructure. The educational systemwas always synchronizedwith the vision.Another key factor was the clean government policy—no corruption. Mahizhnan concludesthatbandwidthwaskey,butalsowhathecalledbandwidthof themind. ICTcanbeusedforgood and evil. The smart community should make smart choices; it is about attitude ormindset.Clancey (2012) describes Singapore’s move from Intelligent Island to biomedicine in the1990s.“ThisessaytellsaculturalandpoliticalhistoryofbiomedicineinSingapore.Ittakesasitsstartingpointthe‘IntelligentIsland’discourseofthe1990s.Itarguesnotforcontinuitybutdissonancebetweenthetwoprojects,whileembeddingtheminlocalaswellasglobalculturalpolitics.Singapore’sadaptationofbiomedicinewasmorethananeconomicdecision,andhashadmorethaneconomicconsequences”(Clancey,2012).InternetofThingsWantmure andDhanawad state in their article basedon India that the Internet ofThings isessentialtotheconceptandtherealizationofthesmartcity(2016).TheInternetofThingsisanetwork of internet-connected objects able to collect and exchange data using embeddedsensors(Meola,2017).SomeauthorsstatethatBarcelonaisthenumberonesmartcity.Theyalsohighlighttheroleofthe Internet of Things (Wi-Fi, Smart Mobility, Smart Water Management System, SmartLightingSystem,SmartParkingSystem),butthereismuchmoretoit.Citiesareveryattractiveto life. The other side of the coin is that cities occupy 2% of the surface of the earth andproduceabout70%of thepollution.Thesechallengesalsostimulate thedevelopmentof thesmartcitytoseeksolutions(Madakam&Ramachandran,2015;Capdevila&Zarlenga,2015).TheWorld Economic Forum (WEF) is also increasingly referring to the SC.WEF is a Swissfoundationwithamissionstatementof“commit[ment]toimprovingthestateoftheworldbyengagingbusiness,political, academic, andother leadersof society to shapeglobal, regional,and industry agendas.”WEF states that SCs will eventually bemore important than nationstates(Tavares,2017).Inaninfographic(Figure1),theyillustratewhy.



Figure1:VisualCapitalist(Desjardins,2017)

Technologymightsolvetheproblemscreatedbycities.VisualCapitalistpresentsthefollowingmodeltopicturetheSC(Figure2).

Figure3:VisualCapitalist(Desjardins,2017)



Zhou (2014) presents an interesting evolution line of the city in his article based on hisexperienceatthe2010ExpoinShanghaiChinawiththetheme‘bettercity,betterlife’.

Smartcity Economiccrisisin2008 Thesmarttechnologicalrevolution

Informationcity Economiccrisisin1987 Theinformationtechnologicalrevolution

Digitalcity Economiccrisisin1929 Thethirdtechnologicalrevolution

Industrialcity Economiccrisisin1857 Thesecondtechnologicalrevolution

Figure4:Evolutionline(Zhou,2014)Zhou states that the smart city is not only about technology; it is the synergy between thephysical city and the digital city. It is also about all-around innovation of urban space,economics, society, systemandmanagement (Zhou,2014).MaggieAderinPocock’s visionofthe SC of 2116 includes people transporting themselves by drone and printing their food(Montaqim,2016).Li etal. (2017)also studied thedevelopmentofSCs inChina.Theymention the roleof IMB,whichintroducedtheconcept“SmartPlanet”in2009.In2013therewere193approvedpilotprojectsofSCs.They identified threeactorsand four layers,as illustrated in thenextmatrix(Figure5).

ApplicationlayerSmarttransportation,SmartEnergy,E-Hospital

PlatformlayerInternetofThingsplatform

Networklayer4G

SensorlayerSmartphone,Sensor

Government Society MarketFigure5:Lietal.(2015).

BigdataTheSCisalsoassociatedwith

howcitiesarebeinginstrumentedwithdigitaldevicesandinfrastructurethatproduce ‘big data’. Such data, smart city advocates argue, enables real-timeanalysis of city life, new modes of urban governance, and provides the rawmaterial forenvisioningandenactingmoreefficient, sustainable,competitive,productive,openandtransparentcities.(Kitchin,2014)



Inhis inaugural speechasprofessor in theNetherlands,Meijer (2015)presented interestingconcepts.Heperceivessmartcitiesasadatapolis.Therearethreevariationsofthedatapolis:cockpit, hybrid or flock of birds (Figure 6). The two extremes are top-down and bottom-upapproach(Capdevila&Zarlenga,2015).

Cockpit Hybriddatapolis FlockofbirdsPaternalistic Coproduction Participativesociety

Figure6:Threevariationsofdatapolis(Meijer,2015)

Thedatapolishasanature,haspromisesandholdspremises(Figure7).

Criticismnature Acommunitythatusesdata

forindividualaswellascollectiveobjectives.Politicsisinfluencedbydata.

promises EffectivenessInnovationLegitimacy

premises Theusageofdatacanbecontrolled.Everybodybenefitsfromthedatapolis.Wecanbettertheworldthankstothedatapolis.Wecansolveproblemsbyusingdata.

Itisunpredictable.Therearespecialinterests.Technologyframestheproblemsweidentify.Notallproblemsaredatarelatedanddatasystemscreateproblemsoftheirown.

Figure7:Thedatapolishasanature,haspromisesandholdspremises;criticismsofthepremises(Meijer,2015).

Meijer(2015)formulatestheconditionsforshapingthedatapolis(Figure8).

Notacityforpeoplebutacityofpeople Citizensaredirectlyinvolvedinandco-ownersofthedatapolis.

Acityforallpeople Therearenooutcasts.Acityforallaspectsofhumanity Allcitizensinteractandgrowpersonally.Acityforpeopleoftodayandtomorrow Thedatapolisissustainableforthenext

generation.Figure8:Meijer(2015)formulatestheconditionsforshapingthedatapolis.

Corporations,telecomcompaniesandconsultancyfirmsIBM is one of the drivers of SCs (Scuotto, Ferraris, & Bresciani, 2016). Also, the majorconsultancy firms have started units focusing on helping cities to become smart (DeloitteNederland,2016).Multinationalcorporationsare importantdrivers.Theypartnerwithcitiesandtryouttheirtechnology.OneexampleisthedevelopmentsinTorontobyGoogle(Garfield,2017).Telecommunication service providers still benefit from their advantage in networks and



expandintootherareas.ThelocalgovernmentplaysakeyroleindevelopingSCs,becausetheybuySC solutions fromcompanies. In the future the constructionof SCswillbecomemarket-oriented and the government will focus on standardization, law making, planning andcomprehensive arrangements, and there will be more Public Private Partnerships (PPP) indevelopingSCs(Lietal.,2015).Neirotti, De Marco, Cagliano, Mangano, and Scorrano (2014,) in their extensive literaturereview,refertoMahizhnan’s(1999)articleonSingapore.

TheresultsofthisstudyhaverevealedthatthereisnouniqueglobaldefinitionofSC,andthatthecurrenttrendsandevolutionpatternsofany individualSCdepend to a great extent on the local context factors. City policymakers aretherefore urged to try to understand these factors in order to shapeappropriate strategies for their SCs. This study is in particular based on aframeworkthatcouldalsobeappliedtomakeabetterselectionofinvestmentopportunities in periods of limited financial resources and to prioritize SCinitiatives in the various domains and sub-domains of potentialimplementation, considering their ability tomaximize the benefits associatedwiththespecificcompetitivecharacteristicsofanSC.

Another such study by Lombardi, Giordano, Farouh and Yousef, (2012) reached the sameconclusion.Thereisnoconsensusonthedefinitionofsmartcity.ModelsTheCentreofRegionalScience(SRF)ofViennaUniversityofTechnology,initsresearch“Smartcities – Ranking of Europeanmedium sized cities”, discovered that there aremany fields ofactivity in relation to the term smart city. This led the group to develop this list of sixcharacteristics:

1. SmartPeople2. SmartEconomy3. SmartGovernance4. SmartMobility5. SmartEnvironment6. SmartLiving

Even within these key characteristics there is still a lack of uniformity within smart cities(Figure9).(Pilloni,2017;Giffinger,Fertner,Kramar,Kalasek,Pichler-Milanovic,&Meijers,2007).



SMARTECONOMY(Competitiveness)

• Innovativespirit• Entrepreneurship• Economicimage&trademarks• Productivity• Flexibilityoflabormarket• Internationalembeddedness• Abilitytotransform

SMARTPEOPLE(SocialandHumanCapital)

• Levelofqualifications• Affinitytolifelonglearning• Socialandethnicplurality• Flexibility• Creativity• Cosmopolitanism/Open-

mindedness• Participationinpubliclife

SMARTGOVERNANCE(Participation)

• Participationindecision-making• Publicandsocialservices• Transparentgovernance• Politicalstrategies&perspectives

SMARTMOBILITY(TransportandICT)

• Localaccessibility• (Inter-)nationalaccessibility• AvailabilityofICT-infrastructure• Sustainable,innovativeandsafe

transportsystemSMARTENVIRONMENT(Naturalresources)

• Attractivityofnaturalconditions• Pollution• Environmentalprotection• Sustainableresources

SMARTLIVING(Qualityoflife)

• Culturalfacilities• Healthconditions• Individualsafety• Educationfacilities• Tourism-attractive• Socialcohesion

Figure9:Characteristicsandfactorsofasmartcity(Pilloni,2017;Giffinger,Fertner,Kramar,Kalasek,Pichler-Milanovic,&Meijers,2007).

Neirottietal.(2014)developedamatrixofsmartcitydomainsandsub-domains.ThedomainscoincidewiththosepresentedbyAnthopoulos(2015).



Domain Sub-domain DescriptionNaturalresourcesandenergy

SmartgridPubliclightingGreen/RenewableenergiesWastemanagementWatermanagementFoodandagriculture

Electricitynetworksabletotakeintoaccountthebehaviorsofalltheconnectedusersinordertoefficientlydeliversustainable,economic,andsecureelectricitysupplies.Smartgridsshouldbeself-healingandresilienttosystemanomalies.Illuminationofpublicspaceswithstreetlampsthatofferdifferentfunctions,suchasairpollutioncontrolandWi-Ficonnectivity.Centralizedmanagementsystemsthatdirectlycommunicatewiththelamppostscanallowreducingmaintenanceandoperatingcosts,analyzingreal-timeinformationaboutweatherconditions,andconsequentlyregulatingtheintensityoflightbymeansofLEDtechnology.Exploitingnaturalresourcesthatareregenerativeorinexhaustible,suchasheat,water,andwindpower.Collecting,recycling,anddisposingwasteinwaysthatpreventthenegativeeffectsofanincorrectwastemanagementonbothpeopleandtheenvironment.Analyzingandmanagingthequantityandqualityofwaterthroughoutthephasesofthehydrologicalcycleandinparticularwhenwaterisusedforagricultural,municipal,andindustrialpurposes.Wirelesssensornetworkstomanagecropcultivationandknowtheconditionsinwhichplantsaregrowing.Bycombininghumidity,temperature,andlightsensorstheriskoffrostcanbereducedandpossibleplantdiseasesorwateringrequirementsbasedonsoilhumiditycanbedetected.

Transportandmobility CitylogisticsInfo-mobilityPeoplemobility

Improvinglogisticsflowsincitiesbyeffectivelyintegratingbusinessneedswithtrafficconditionsandgeographicalandenvironmentalissues.Distributingandusingselecteddynamicandmulti-modalinformation,bothpre-tripand,moreimportantly,on-trip,withtheaimofimprovingtrafficandtransportefficiencyaswellasassuringahighqualitytravelexperience.Innovativeandsustainablewaystoprovidethetransportofpeopleincities,suchasthedevelopmentofpublictransportmodesandvehiclesbasedonenvironmental-friendlyfuelsandpropulsionsystems,supportedbyadvancedtechnologiesandproactivecitizens’behaviors.

Building FacilitymanagementBuildingservicesHousingquality

Cleaning,maintenance,property,leasing,technology,andoperatingmodesassociatedwithfacilitiesinurbanareas.Varioussystemsexistinginabuildingsuchaselectricnetworks,elevators,firesafety,telecommunication,dataprocessing,andwatersupplysystems.Computer-basedsystemstocontroltheelectricalandmechanicalequipmentofabuilding.Aspectsrelatedtothequalityoflifeinaresidentialbuildingsuchascomfort,lighting,andHeating,VentilationandAirConditioning(HVAC).Itincludesallthatconcernsthelevelofsatisfactionofpeoplelivinginahouse.

Living EntertainmentHospitalityPollutioncontrolPublicsafetyHealthcareWelfareandsocialinclusionCulturePublicspacesmanagement

Waysofstimulatingtourismandprovidinginformationaboutentertainmenteventsandproposalsforfreetimeandnightlife.Abilityofacitytoaccommodateforeignstudents,tourists,andothernon-residentpeoplebyofferingappropriatesolutionstotheirneeds.Controllingemissionsandeffluentsbyusingdifferentkindsofdevices.Stimulatingdecisionstoimprovethequalityofair,water,andtheenvironmentingeneral.Protectingcitizensandtheirpossessionsthroughtheactiveinvolvementoflocalpublicorganizations,thepoliceforce,andthecitizensthemselves.Collectingandmonitoringinformationforcrimeprevention.Prevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofdiseasesupportedbyICT.Assuringefficientfacilitiesandservicesinthehealthcaresystem.Improvingthequalityoflifebystimulatingsociallearningandparticipation,withparticularreferencetospecificcategoriesofcitizenssuchastheelderlyanddisabled.Facilitatingthediffusionofinformationaboutculturalactivitiesandmotivatingpeopletobeinvolvedinthem.Care,maintenance,andactivemanagementofpublicspacestoimprovetheattractivenessofacity.Solutionstoprovideinformationaboutthemainplacestovisitinacity.

Government E-governmentE-democracyProcurementTransparency

DigitizingthepublicadministrationbymanagingdocumentsandproceduresthroughICTtoolsinordertooptimizeworkandofferfastandnewservicestocitizens.UsinginnovativeICTsystemstosupportballots.Allowingthepublicsectortoimproveprocurementproceduresandtheassociatedcontractmanagement,withthepurposeofassuringbestvalueformoneywithoutdecreasingquality.Enablingeverycitizentoaccessofficialdocumentsinasimplewayandtotakepartinthedecisionprocessesofamunicipality.Decreasingthepossibilityofauthoritiesabusingthesystemfortheirowninterestsor



hidingrelevantinformation.Economyandpeople Innovationand

entrepreneurshipCultureandheritagemanagementDigitaleducationHumancapitalmanagement

Measurestofostertheinnovationsystemsandentrepreneurshipintheurbanecosystem(e.g.,presenceoflocalincubators).TheuseofICTsystems(e.g.,augmentedrealitytechnologies)fordeliveringnewcustomerexperienceinenjoyingthecity’sculturalheritage.Useofassetmanagementinformationsystemstohandlethemaintenanceofhistoricalbuildings.ExtensiveuseofmodernICTtools(e.g.,interactivewhiteboards,e-learningsystems)inpublicschools.Policiestoimprovehumancapitalinvestmentsandattractandretainnewtalents,avoidinghumancapitalflight(braindrain).

SizemattersSome research highlights the triple-helixmodel in the pursuit of becoming a SC. It is aboutsynergybetweentheintellectualcapitalofuniversities,thewealthcreationofindustries,andthedemocraticgovernmentofcivilsociety(Leydesdorff&Deakin,2011).Cocchia(2014)alsopublishedasystemicliteraturereview,concludingthattherewasstillnoconsensus regarding the definitions of digital city and smart city and that the conceptsemergedaround2000andarerelatedtothediffusionoftheInternet.Athirdconclusionwasthat the larger city, the stronger the drive toward the smart city because there are biggerchallenges but also more knowledge available. These findings concur with the theory andresearchfindingsonthecreativeclassandcreativecitybyFlorida(Florida,2002).Wijsde,Witte,andKlerkde(2017)didanempiricalstudyintheNetherlands.TheyreferredtotheNeirotietal.’s(2014)articleandconcludedthatespeciallysmallercitieshadnotheardoftheconceptofSC.Theyconcludedthatthesizeofthecitymatters:Thebiggerthecity,themorepeople with information are around. The bigger cities have ambitions regarding SC but lagbehindinrealizingtheconcept.All the studies indicated that there is a need for more empirical studies regarding citiesimplementingtheSCconcept.CritiqueThere are also critiques of the concept of SC (Colding& Barthel, 2017). The question is forwhomistheSC?Thereshouldbemoreattentiononthehealthofthecitydweller.Thereshouldbemore attention on resilience and cyber security.Other issues are the autonomyof urbangovernance, personal integrity, and the effect on the resilience of the infrastructure of basicneeds,food,energyandwater.AnothercritiqueisthattheSCchangestherelationshipbetweenhumansandnature.HowshouldchildrenbetaughttheirrelationshipwithnatureandhowwilltheSCaffectpro-environmentalbehaviorasawhole?Kitchininparticularoffered

a critical reflection on the implications of big data and smart urbanism,examiningfiveemergingconcerns:thepoliticsofbigurbandata,technocraticgovernance and city development, corporatization of city governance andtechnologicallock-ins,buggy,brittleandhackablecities,andthepanopticcity.(Kitchin,2014)

CaseofSmartIslandCuraçaoInthissectiontheislandisbrieflydescribedandtheambitionsandeffortsregardingbecominga SC are presented. Curaçao is a Dutch Caribbean island of 444 km2, with a population ofapproximately160,000.Itisapproximately70milesofthecoastVenezuela.Theislandfrom10October2010isanautonomouscountrywithintheKingdomoftheNetherlands,consistingoftheNetherlands,Curaçao,ArubaandSintMaarten.The three islands,Bonaire,SintEustatiusandSaba,togetherformaspecialmunicipalityoftheNetherlands.



Curaçao has an OCT status related to the European Union. The overseas countries andterritories (OCT) are dependent territories that have a special relationship with one of thememberstatesoftheEUandhavebeenexplicitlyinvitedbytheEUtreatytojointheEU-OCTAssociation(OCTA).InthecontextoftheUnitedNationsCuraçaohasaSIDSstatus.

SmallIslandDevelopingStates(SIDS)aremaritimecountriesthattendtosharesimilar sustainable development challenges, including small but growingpopulations, limited resources, remoteness, susceptibility to natural disasters,vulnerability to external shocks, excessive dependence on international trade,and fragileenvironments.Theirgrowthanddevelopment isalsoheldbackbyhighcommunication, energyand transportationcosts, irregular internationaltransport volumes, disproportionately expensive public administration andinfrastructure due to their small size, and little to no opportunity to createeconomiesofscale2

Curaçaodoesnotembraceeitherofthesetwostatuses.Itisbarelyawareofthem.Boththesestatusesarerelevant to forward theSCagenda.OCTstatusgives the islandthepossibilityofthreeaxesofcooperation:

• thecompetitivenessofOCTsinkeyareassuchaseducationandtraining,innovation,thesmall and medium-sized enterprises sector, and good political and economicgovernance;

• reducing their vulnerability to economic shocks, environmental issues, energydependencyandnaturaldisasters;

• regionalintegrationthroughincreasingintra-regionaleconomicexchanges,carryingoutcooperation projects (specifically for cross-border environmental protection) andincreasingculturalexchanges.3,4

Maybe the terrible experience of the Caribbeanwith hurricanes Harvey, Irma andMaria in2017,willmakeallislandsintheCaribbeanrealizethattheyareindeedSIDS.5LateSeptember2017 via social media and the influencers in the media it was demanded that the climatechangeissuetobeputonthepoliticalandpolicyagenda.Thishasnotbeenrealized.Curaçaoiscopingwithaperiodofovertenyearsofalmostnoeconomicgrowth.AttheendofOctober2017theCentralBankreportedviathemediathattheeconomyhascontractedalmostone percent in the first quarter of the year (“Ekonomia diKòrsou a kontraé durante promékuartal di 2017,” 2017). In 2019 the contractwith Venezuelan state-owned company (SOE)PDVSAwillexpire,thegrandfatherclausesofthetaxtreatywiththeUnitedStateswillendandthe island will have to start carrying its national debts again. After 2010 the Netherlandscarriedthedebtaspartofthenewconstitutionalarrangement.Tomitigatetheconsequences2SmallIslandDevelopingStates.(2017).En.wikipedia.org.Retrieved19September2017,fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States3EUR-Lex-dv0010-EN-EUR-Lex.(2017).Eur-lex.europa.eu.Retrieved20September2017,fromhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM:dv00104(2017).Eur-lex.europa.eu.Retrieved21September2017,fromhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A32013D0755&from=EN5(2017).Economist.com.Retrieved21September2017,fromhttps://www.economist.com/news/americas/21729007-region-must-adapt-climate-change-not-simply-rebuild-how-hurricane-irma-will-change



the government is negotiatingwith the Chinese state-owned companyGuangdong ZhenrongEnergy(GZE)andalternativecorporationstostepinaftertheVenezuelansleave.Fromtheendof2017thisdealstilllookeduncertain.Venezuela,thethirdbiggesttradepartnerofCuraçao,headed by presidentMaduro, is copingwith a crisis of its own. In January 2018 VenezuelaclosedtheborderwiththeABCislandsforanindefiniteperiodoftime.In October 2017 many companies, including state-owned companies, started to lay offemployees. These took place in airlines, telecom companies, banks and small and mediumenterprises.Itwaslikesuddenlythetechnologicalchangesanddisruptivetechnologyimpactedallsectors.InSeptember2017unemploymentroseto14.1%,anincreaseof2%comparedto2014.“Theyouthunemploymentrate(15-24yearold)hasdecreased4points,from36.8in2016to32.8in2017.Thebiggestincreaseisinthecategoryof25-34yearolds.Theunemploymentinthisgrouphasincreased4.1percentagepoints,from14.7(2016)to18.8in2017.”6

Figure11:DataprovidedbyCBS.Unemploymentrateof2010and2012areestimates.CBShad

nodataforthesetwoyearsonthisvariable.

InthenextparagraphthecaseofSmartIslandCuraçaowillbedescribedapplyingthematrixdevelopedbyNeirottietal.(2014)asaframework.TheambitionlevelofthegovernmentofCuraçaoIn this section the ambition level of Curaçao is assessed by analyzing the governmentagreementthat is thefoundationof theprogramofthegovernment formedfortheperiodof2017–2021(PAR,MAN,&PIN,2017).

6Results of the Labour Force Survey for 2017 - Press Releases 2017 - Media - Website - CBS. (2017). Cbs.cw.Retrieved 8 December 2017, from http://www.cbs.cw/website/press-releases-2017_3241/item/results-of-the-labour-force-survey-for-2017_1888.html

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20.0

2000

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2011

2012

2013*

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* 20

16*

Unemployment

RealGDPgrowth



Domain Sub-domain Curaçaogovernmentagreement/ambitionNaturalresourcesandenergy

SmartgridPubliclightingGreen/RenewableenergiesWastemanagementWatermanagementFoodandagriculture

Toadjusttheenergypolicytoincluderecommendationswithemphasisonsustainability,includingthepossibleuseofliquidnaturalgaswhenpossibleandwastetoenergytechnology.Tocontinuetodevelopandimplementawatermanagementpolicyandmaintainthealreadyexistinginfrastructuretocapturetherainwateranduseitforagriculture,fisheryandhusbandry.Thestate-ownedwastemanagementcompanyshouldstartaprocesstocategorizethewasteandsoencouragerecyclinginaccordancetotheprinciplesofblueeconomy.Alsostudyandimplementwastetoenergyprojects.Tomaterializeavisionentailinganecologicallybalancedcommunityendeavoringtoproduceasmuchaspossibleitsownfood,withinamixedeconomy,consistingofindustry,serviceandhospitality.Atechnologicallyadvancedcommunity,inwhichtheneighborhoodsandcorporatismfulfillanimportantrole.

Transportandmobility CitylogisticsInfo-mobilityPeoplemobility

Toreformthepublictransportsystemtoincreasethelevelofmobilityofthepopulation.Tothisaimastudymustbeconductedtodeterminethebestoption.Thestateownedbuscompanyandthewholeofindividualprivatelyownedbusesmustbeintegratedinasystemthatconnectsallneighborhoodsontheisland.Tothataimthegovernmentwillencouragethecreationofacorporategroupofbuseswiththepurposeofloweringtheircostofdoingbusiness.Thegovernmentwillseektheassistanceofexpertstorenewthepublictransportationlaw.

Building FacilitymanagementBuildingservicesHousingquality

Housingisaproblem.Manycitizensdonothaveahouse.Anotherissueistheillegalconstructionofhouses.Thegovernmentwillevaluatethefunctioningofthefoundationforpublichousingandchangethesystemofprioritysettingonthewaitinglist.Thegovernmentwillinstructthefoundationtodevelopseveralalternativemodelhousesbiasedontheprinciplesofsustainability,withafocusonenergy,wateranduseofrecycledmaterial.Thisshouldbeevidencebased.Tothatendtheuniversitywillbeinvolvedandtothatendthegovernmentdepartmentsinvolvedwillbefortified.

Living EntertainmentHospitalityPollutioncontrolPublicsafetyHealthcareWelfareandsocialinclusionCulturePublicspacesmanagement

Theobjectiveistocreateamoreinclusivesociety.Tothatendallplatformswillengageinadialogue.

Government E-governmentE-democracyProcurementTransparency

Theprocessessupportingthemostsolicitedpublicservicesandproductswillbetransformedtoe-governmentservicesandproducts.Allgovernmentprocesseswillberevisedtobemademorecustomer-friendly.Tothatendandforthesakeoftransparencyqualitymanagementandcertificationwillbeimplemented.Theobjectiveofthegovernmentistorestorethetrustofthepublicinpoliticsandgovernmentbyoperatingtransparently,,withintegrityandgoodgovernance.WemustjoinforcestorestorestabilityandtranquilitytotransformCuraçaoinanationrunaccordingtotheprinciplesofgoodgovernance,trust,progress,innovationandprogress.

Economyandpeople InnovationandentrepreneurshipCultureandheritagemanagementDigitaleducationHumancapitalmanagement

ThegovernmentstrivestofortifycommercialtieswithcountriesintheCaribbeanandLatinAmericanregionviaeconomicdiplomacytoamplifytheopportunitiesforcooperationbetweengovernments,economicsectors,institutionsofeducationandenterprisesandsostimulateentrepreneurship,innovation,exportsandtheearningofforeignexchange.

TheambitionsofCuraçaoarefurtherdetailedinthegovernmentprogramfortheperiod2017–2021(GobièrnudiKòrsou,2017a).TheprogramfollowstheResults-BasedManagementorPolicy(RBM)methodologyandtotallyembraces theSustainableDevelopmentGoals2030asformulated by the United Nations. RBM uses the concepts of theme, impact, outcome, andactivities.



Oneoftheprioritiesofthegovernmentisthereductionofpoverty.Accordingtotheprogram25.1% of the households have an income below the poverty line.7The strategic goals areinclusivesociety,activecitizenship,well-developedpopulation,andsustainabledevelopment.Thecentralthemesareeducationanddevelopment,economyandemployment,healthcareandenvironment, family, community and safety and good governance. After this the program isdetailed for all thenineministries. It appears the government is letting theUNdictate localpolicy.On theotherhand thegovernment totally ignores itsSmall IslandDevelopmentState(SIDS)statusandtherelatedclimatechangeissues.ThisisironicbecausethisSIDSstatusisalsocreatedbytheUNandspecificallyaddressestheissueoftheimpactofclimatechange.ThishasbecomepainfullyandextremelyrelevantafterhurricanesHarvey,IrmaandMariahittheCaribbeanislandsin2017,especiallySintMaarten,who is a partner within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The ideas of smart city and blueeconomyhavebeenreducedtoan“outcome”ofthe“impact”,“sustainableeconomicgrowth”ofthe“theme”“Economyandemployment”.A few days after the presentation of the program, on 12 September 2017, the governoraddressedtheparliamentattheopeningoftheopeningofthenewparliamentaryyear.Duringthataddressthegovernmentaddressedtheissueofsmartcity,e-government,blueeconomy,creativeeconomy,smallbusiness,housingandinclusiveness(GouverneurvanCuraçao,2017).Thiswasprobablyareactiontotherecentfeedbackgivenbythecitizensonthegovernmentprogramviasocialmedia.The islandwas always ambitiouswhen putting ideas onto paper. For example, in 2001 theMirantCompanypublished“Curaçao–IslandofEducationandSophistication”.Thisplanwasneverexecutedbecauseitwasdistrustedasaplanofanenergycompanywantingtosellmoreenergy.In 2010 the concept of a knowledge zone inCuraçaowaspresentedby thepresident of theuniversity (Goede, Neuwirth, & Louisa, 2012; Somers, 2012). This was a vision to create asmartcityaroundtheuniversity.Thisprojectwasabolishedafterthechangeofgovernment.CurrentstateofCuraçaoWhat is thecurrentsituation inCuraçaoconcerningtheprocessofbecomingasmart island?The matrix of smart city domains and sub-domains developed by Neirotti et al. (2014) isapplied.NaturalresourcesandenergyIntheareaofnaturalresourcesandenergy,foryearsCuraçaohasbeentalkingaboutasmartgrid andmeters8but therewasnoboldmove to implement this. Thepublic lighting is goodalthoughsomeneighborhoodsarestill inthedark. Ingeneralmaintenance isan issue.A fewyears a pilot project of streetlights powered by the sun was undertaken. Within a limitedamountoftime,allthelightswerevandalizedandneverreplaced.97TheBureauofStatisticsestablishedthepovertylinein2017.Forafamilycomposedofoneadultandtwochildrenitis1,966gulden($1,109).Accordingtothisline51,402personsliveinpoverty.Thisis25.1percentofthepopulation.8Caribbean’sAqualectraseekselectricityandwaterAMIsystem.(2017).Metering.com.Retrieved19December2017,fromhttps://www.metering.com/caribbeans-aqualectra-seeks-electricity-and-water-ami-system/9MorestreetlightsinCuraçao.(2014).CuraçaoChronicle.Retrieved19December2017,fromhttp://curacaochronicle.com/politics/more-streetlights-in-curacao/



IntheareaofrenewableenergiesCuraçaohasmadesignificantprogress.With30%renewableenergy it is oneof the greenest islands in theCaribbean (Lillian, 2017). There are investorsready to invest in waste to energy projects but the government is reacting slowly.10Wastemanagementwaslastinnovatedtwenty-fiveyearsagowhenthegovernmentagencySelikor11wastransformedtoastate-ownedcompany.Watermanagementhasdeterioratedovertheyears.Toomuchrainwatergoesdirectlytoseaand is aburden to the coral reef.Thisproblemhasworseneddue to theperiodsofmassiverainfall afterperiodsof extremedroughtdue to climate change.12Foodandagriculturehavealways been a small economic sector, less than 1% of GDP. Almost all food is imported.Campaignsandprogramstoproducefoodlocallytillnowhadnolastingeffect.13TransportandmobilityThedowntownareahasbeenaUNESCOsitefortwentyyearsin2017.14Thecityisnotingoodshape, despite the comeback of some areas like Scharloo and Pietermaai (Goede & Louisa,2012). Many premises are empty due to the competition of other locations like the mallSambil,15e-commerceandhighrent.Therearealotofplansandsomeinvestmentstoturnthisdevelopmentaround.Info-mobility is non-existent. During rush hours traffic is congested. A project to installcamerasinstrategicplacestofightcrimeisinphaseoneofimplementation.16Thefirstresultsare very promising.At the endofOctober 2017 theMinister of Finance announced that thenew car license plate would carry a chip for GPS tracking. This is to reduce car theft. It isunclearifthetwosystemsareintegrated,andthecontinuationofthelastprojectisuncertain.TrafficandpublictransportationarebottlenecksinCuraçao.Severalplansweredevelopedbutneverimplementedduetothepoliticalleverageoftheprivatelyheldbuses.17Thestate-ownedbus company is struggling. Late in 2017 the bus company started to implement changes tobecome smart and become an alternative to cars. As a consequence public transportationservicesarepoorandexpensive,andsoisowningacar.Overthelastcoupleofyearspeoplestarted importing right-hand drive (RHD) vehicles that are considerably less expensive,althoughtheislandtrafficisright-handdriving.In2017almosttenpercentofthecarsareRHD

10AqualectraandSelikorsignagreementforwastetreatment-Aqualectra.(2017).Aqualectra.com.Retrieved19December2017,fromhttp://www.aqualectra.com/en/news/aqualectra-corporate-news/aqualectra-and-selikor-sign-agreement-for-waste-treatment/11http://www.selikor.com/12CaribbeanIslandCuracaoischangingintodesert-BetterWorldSolutions-TheNetherlands.(2015).BetterWorldSolutions-TheNetherlands.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttps://www.betterworldsolutions.eu/caribbean-island-curacao-is-changing-into-desert/13MinisterofEconomicDevelopmenttopromoteagriculturalsector.(2016).CuraçaoChronicle.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://curacaochronicle.com/economy/minister-of-economic-development-to-promote-agricultural-sector/1420yearsofworldheritage.(2017).CuraçaoChronicle.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://curacaochronicle.com/local/20-years-of-world-heritage/15www.sambil.cw16InstallationCCTVcamerasbyInspur.(2016).CuraçaoChronicle.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/installation-cctv-cameras-by-inspur/17Publictransportroutesarestillthesamesince1970.(2017).CuraçaoChronicle.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://curacaochronicle.com/local/public-transport-routes-are-still-the-same-since-1970/



and are brought in at a rate of two hundred amonth. Because of the significant number ofthesecarsithasbecomeadifficultpoliticalissuetohandle.18BuildingFacility management for years was done by the involvement of the Curaçao DowntownManagement Organization (DMO)19and the Sosiedat Komeriantenan Otrobanda (SKO). Theresultispoorbutwouldhavebeenworsewithouttheirinvolvement.Manypremisesareemptyandindecayandsomepartsoftheareaarepoorlylightedandgrubby.20Therearesomegoodelements, like free Wi-Fi in the downtown area, but the quality should be improved. Theinvolvement of artists, with their creativity, is also positive.21There are no smart buildings,althoughmanybuildingshaveWi-Fiandsomehavesolarpanels.For years the government foundation responsible for public housing was not able to buildmorethanafewhousesperyear.Thereareapproximately6,200citizenswaitingforahouse.Therearebigplanstobuild4,000housesbuttillnownothingsignificanthashappened. It isuncleariftheseplansarebasedontheconceptofsmarthousing.22Attheendof2017theBureauofStatisticsreportsthatonethirdofthehouseshavenofixedconnectiontotheInternetand64.5%haveaccesstotheInternet. In201153.1%hadaccess.Therelativelyhighpriceseemstobeanobstacle tohigherpenetrationrate(“Eenderdenogzonderinternetthuis,”2017).LivingTourismisslowly increasing,althoughCuraçaowasnotable toholdontheworld-renownedCuraçaoNorthSeaJazzFestival.23Luckilythefestivalwillcontinuein2018.Attheendof2017Curaçaoopenedanewmegapierandwasbreakingrecordsintheareaofcruisetourism,with650,000arrivals.24Hospitality:InPietermaai,adowntownareaconsistingofseveralblocksofoldhousesisbeingreconstructedandnowprovideshousing formainlyDutch internshipstudents.Thisbroughtnewlifetothetown,especiallyatnight.ForyearstheCuraçaoTouristBoard(CTB)25hastriedto implement the strategy of getting tourists involved in local cultural activities. Progress isslow.Curaçaolost itsnationaltheater.Thenewgovernmentannouncedplanstobuildanewnational theaterdowntown. InOctober2017Curaçaostarted theproject tobecome the firstCaribbean islandtobepresentontheGoogleStreetViewplatform(“CuraçaoverkennenmetGoogleStreetView,”2017).

18MinisterdeliberatingimportbanRHDcars.(2017).CuraçaoChronicle.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://curacaochronicle.com/politics/minister-deliberating-import-ban-rhd-cars/19http://www.downtownwillemstad.com/about-dmo.php20FindsolutionforemptybuildingsindowntownPunda.(2017).CuraçaoChronicle.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://curacaochronicle.com/economy/find-solution-for-empty-buildings-in-downtown-punda/21ArtWalkOtrobanda.(2017).Curaçao.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttps://www.curacao.com/en/dont-miss/2017/6/25/art-walk-otrobanda-170625/22Governmentreadytoconstruct62housesatWechi.(2016).CuraçaoChronicle.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://curacaochronicle.com/main/government-ready-to-construct-62-houses-at-wechi/23http://www.Curaçaonorthseajazz.com/en/24Recordjaarcruisetoerisme.(2017).AntilliaansDagblad.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://antilliaansdagblad.com/nieuws-menu/16663-recordjaar-cruisetoerisme?platform=hootsuite25https://www.Curaçao.com/en/



Theconstructionofseveralnewhotelswasannouncedbythegovernmentandtheinvestors.26Pollution control has always been an issue.27It briefly appeared that the new minister forpublichealthwouldenforcethelawregardingthepollutionoftherefinery.Awarenessontheissueofpollutionhasrisen.TheclosingdownoftherefineryispubliclydebatedandaGreenTowntoreplaceitisanalternative.28AprojectinstallingChinese-producedpolicecamerasisbeingimplementedtoimprovepublicsafety.Healthcare: The building of a new national hospital has become a difficult project but isexpectedtobefinishedwithsomedelayin2018,surpassingtheoriginalbudgetconsiderably.29Thecostofhealthcareisoneofthehighestonthebudget,buttherearemanyconcernsaboutthequality.Startingin2017thegovernmentbeganinspectingandenforcingthelawinthefoodindustry.Thisbroughttolightmanycaseswherebusinessputsthehealthoftheconsumeratrisk.Welfareandsocialinclusion:AlthoughCuraçaomightscorebetterthantheregion,60%ofthepopulationhasan incomebelowthe incomeneeded to lifeadecent life. In201125%of thehouseholds lived below the poverty level of $ 14,000 per year (de Bruijn, year?). In August2017 45% percent of the population lived under the poverty line, according to anotherdefinition(“Segunsifraofisialespantoso:45%dikurasoleñotabibaboudi liñadiprobresa,”2017). In August 2017 the government published its urgency plan to alleviate poverty andexclusioninfivepilotneighborhoods(GobièrnudiKòrsou,2017).Theplandidnotmentionthewordsdigital,smartorblue.Inaninterviewoneoftheauthorsacknowledgedthis,butpointedoutapilotprojectconnectingcommunitycenterswasintegratedintheplan.Although there is a general basic pension, elderly are not taken care of well enough. Thisproblemislikelytoincreaseasthepopulationages.Thereisnoup-to-dategovernmentpolicyon thismatter. In December 2017 the government announced new legislation to adjust thesystemsothateverybodywillsavefortheirpension.Public spaces management: Starting in 2010, and maybe even earlier, Curaçao startedimplementingapolicydedicatingmoreattentionandresourcestopublicspaces.Mostoftheseprojects, like Caracasbaai and Marie Pampoen, have been very successful. However,responsible use and maintenance remains a challenge. Curaçao is less successful withlandscaping,especiallylandscapingoftheroundabouts.

26CornerstoneceremonyfortwonewhotelsinthefirstweekofSeptember.(2017).CuraçaoChronicle.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://curacaochronicle.com/economy/cornerstone-ceremony-for-two-new-hotels-in-the-first-week-of-september/27EnvironmentalpollutioninDutchKingdomrankstop10worldwide(onCuraçao).(2016).CuraçaoChronicle.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://curacaochronicle.com/local/environmental-pollution-in-dutch-kingdom-ranks-top-10-worldwide-on-curacao/28GreenTownpresentsitsplanBforthefutureoftheoilrefineryarea.(2017).CuraçaoChronicle.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://curacaochronicle.com/local/green-town-presents-its-plan-b-for-the-future-of-the-oil-refinery-area/29HNOforsduurder.(2016).AntilliaansDagblad.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://antilliaansdagblad.com/nieuws-menu/12791-hno-fors-duurder



GovernmentFor years, starting in the 1990s, there has been talk about improving government andimplementinge-governmentbut littleprogresshasbeenmade.From2003till2010Curaçaowasoneofthefirstislandstovoteelectronicallyinelections.Theislandwasafrontrunnerine-democracy. In 2010 this was reversed because two political parties were paranoid abouthackingandhijackingofelections.After2010agroupofyoungcitizensdevelopedaweb-basedtool to assist voters todetermine their vote for thenext elections inCuraçao.By answeringmanyquestionsonelectionissues,thetooladvisedthevotersonwhichpartytocasttheirvote.Political parties have web presence and use social media. In August 2016 the Minister ofInternalAffairsannouncedanICTmasterplanaftervisitingJamaica.ThiswasnotthefirstICTmasterplan.In2015theKnowledgePlatformofCuraçaopublishedanupdateofsuchamasterplan.Notsurprisingly,notmuchwasimplementedandtheplanwasnotevaluated(“BPDwerktaan een masterplan,” 2017). In October 2017 the government re-launched the governmentwebsite. It became interactive and the organization behind the website was restructured.Instead of one webmaster there are now nine, one for each ministry (“Gobiernu.cw nuinteractief,”2017)Procurement: Curaçao has a good legal framework regulating procurement. In practice thissystemismisusedtofavorsupplierswiththerightpoliticalties.Thisisthecaseinalleconomicsectors.Curaçao is very transparent. Curaçao has a law making it possible for citizens to demandinformation from the government. Also, Curaçao has a broad spectrum of media: about 30radiostations,9newspapers,and4televisionstations.OntopofthatCuraçaoisveryactiveinsocialmedia.Manymediaarestrugglingfinanciallyandlatelysomehaveceasedtoexistduetodisruptive technology and not adapting to it. In that respect the society is very democratic(Goede,2010).Ontheotherhandit issaidCuraçaohasacultureoffear.Peopleareafraidofpoliticalreprisals(Marcha&Verweel,2003).CorruptioninCuraçaoisrelativelyhighandisoneofthemaincausesforitssluggisheconomicgrowth.30AfterthereportofTransparencyInternationalin2012nothinghappened.In2017agroupofcitizensstartedafoundationandanawarenesscampaignagainstcorruption.31EconomyandpeopleHuman capital management: The brightest high school students leave the island to studyabroad,mainlyintheNetherlands.Theyleavewithastudentloan.Thereisnopolicyinplaceastowhichcareersaremoreindemand.Gettingthegraduatestoreturnaftergraduationisnotapriority(Groot,Pin&VasquezVillaseca,2014).In2014thegovernmentapprovedapolicyintheareaofTransnationalEducation,creatingtheconditions to attract institutes for higher education. In practice the emphasis is more oneducationandnotonresearchanddevelopmentandthestimulationofcollaborationbetweenuniversitiesandindustry.Theyouthhavecreatedclustersandarestrivingtostarttheirownstartups.Somehavetakenoff.DespitetheexistenceoftheCuraçaoInnovation&TechnologyInstitute(CITI)32foundation,

30CountryReportCuracao.(2013).Rabobank.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttps://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/31https://www.facebook.com/KòrsouTransparente/32https://citi.cw/



entrepreneurship and innovation have never been a priority of government policy. Severalyearsago,around2011, theDutchTNOspecializing in innovationwanted tostarta regionalcenterinCuraçao.TheygotabetterreceptioninArubaandestablishedoverthereinstead.33,34InDecember2017itappearedtheminsterwasdedicatingmoretimetotheSMEsector.Therewasalotoflipservicetotheideaofdigitaleducation.Inpracticenotmuchhashappeneddueto lack of available bandwidth for schools and political will.35This is a consequence of nosharedvisionandaction.Providersstillconsidertheschoolsasclientsandnotasinvestmentobjectstoinvestinhumancapital.At the end of September 2017 the CITI, who is the owner of the almost twenty-year oldInnovation Award,36launched a platform to stimulate startups.37Two interesting details arethat the platform refers to the notion of smart city and that the Minister of EconomicDevelopment was involved. This might give the impression that smart city policy is beingimplemented.Theprimaryfocusofthegovernmenthasalwaysbeenonbigprojects,rangingfromhotelstoinvestments in the refinery. A group of higher educated graduates has created a cluster ofstart-ups.Theystillremainunnoticedbymany,althoughsomeofthemarequitesuccessful.InAugust2017thenewministerofeconomicaffairssignedacooperationagreementwithhiscolleagueintheDominicanRepublictocollaborateintheareaofsmallandmediumbusinesses(Martina, 2017). In October 2017 a group of citizens announced that they are developing alocaldigitalcurrency.38InMarch2014atier-IVdatacenteropened.In2016thecompanywentbankruptandwascontinuedbythelocaltelecomcompanyUTSandhadbecomeprofitableby2017.CuraçaomustbedoingsomethingrightinthisareabecauseIsaca(InformationSystemsAuditandControlAssociation)announcedthatCuraçaowastheirmostsuccessfulsmallmemberin2015and2016(“IT-conferentieIsacaCuraçao:'Beagile',”2017).TheislandhasatopICTinfrastructure.SevenfibercableslandontheislandandthecompanyDigicel has announced another one for 2018 (“Nieuwekabel in zee, “2017). The situation isthat Curaçao has a top infrastructure but lacks content and ideas to take real competitiveadvantageofthisinfrastructure.Whatisbeingdonetoclosethegap?InNovember2017CINEX,agovernmententity,hostedaninternationalconferenceonCuraçaoasasmartnation.TheydidanassessmentonthecurrentstateofCuraçao.TheyusedthemodeldevelopedbyTheCentreofRegionalScience(SRF)ofViennaUniversityofTechnology.Before33https://www.tno.nl/en/focus-areas/energy/sustainable-energy/new-markets-and-users/smart-community-aruba/34TNO:Aansprekendvoorbeeld.(2017).AntilliaansDagblad.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://antilliaansdagblad.com/en/curacao/10275-tno-aansprekend-voorbeeld35Pilot‘Onelaptopperchild’.(2010).AntilliaansDagblad.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://antilliaansdagblad.com/curacao/1944-pilot-one-laptop-per-child36https://citi.cw/2017-innovation-award/37https://citi.cw/launchpad/38‘Eigendigitalemuntvoordelig’.(2017).AntilliaansDagblad.Retrieved20December2017,fromhttp://antilliaansdagblad.com/nieuws-menu/16464-eigen-digitale-munt-voordelig



theconferenceFacebookrespondentsstatedthatCuraçaoscoresanaverageof2.2onthescaleofSC.Thisisslightlylowerthantheaverageof2.4scoredbythe140participants(n=140)oftheconference(Figure13).

012345Economy

People

Governance

Mobility

Environment

Living Norm

2020

Facebook2017

2017

Figure13:AssessmentofCuraçaoasasmartcity

Itisnoticeablethatthefactor“people”scoresrelativelyhigh.Thisispartiallyexplainedbythefactthatmostpeopleontheislandspeakfourlanguages.Ontheotherhandit issomewhatacontradictionwith the fact that the respondents state that themindset of the people is themajorchallengetoovercomeinbecomingaSC.Thehighscoreonmobilityispeculiargiventhecurrentstateofmobility,asdescribedearlier.Asimilarremarkisinplaceforthescoreonthefactor“living”.SomestatethatthepossiblearrivaloftheChinesepartiallystate-ownedenterpriseGZEcouldbe a game changer. It will be an influx of capital, knowledge, technology and smart people(‘Initiativapa jeganaundesaroyourbanonobopaKorsou jegando2019 idespues,”11May2017). However, the entrance of this party is not certain, because the results of the duediligenceareunsatisfactory.The government acknowledges that they are still far away from e-government and that redtape is strangling investments. The government believes that automation can resolve thebottlenecksandreducecorruption(“Redtapebevindtzichin‘loop’,”2November,2017).The government-subsidized agency CINEX in November 2017 hosted the second edition toseek smart foreign investors.39Threeministerswere present and the organization refers toCuraçaoasasmartnation.DuringtheconferencethevisionofCuraçaoasasmartnationwaspresentedintheformofadigitalmagazine.40IntheseminartheresultsofaFacebooksurveywerepresented.Theislandscoredanaverageof2.2asasmartislandonascalefrom0to5.This scored was confirmed by a live survey (2.4). Theminister stated that the ambition ofCuraçaowastoscore4.0bytheyear2020andlaunchedasmartplatformtoworkonmaking

39https://smartinvestmentCuraçao.com/40(2017).VisionsonCuraçao.com.Retrieved4December2017,fromhttp://www.visionsonCuraçao.com/DOWNLOADS/visionsonCuraçao_technologyandInnovation.pdf



Curaçaosmart.Hestatedthatit isaboutconnectivity,beingdatadriven,andbeingagile.Theministerreferredtotheinnovationpolicyofthegovernment.Thegovernmenthasinstalledanorganizationwatchovercybersecurityinordertopromotetheislandasacyber-secureisland.Itisespeciallyimportantforthefinancialservicessector.Inmid-December2017 thegovernmentwent livewith theCuracaoNationalSocioEconomicDatabase41totrackprogresstowardtheSDG.Thegovernmentconstantlystatesthatitwantstobedatadrivenandevidencebased.

DISCUSSIONANDCONCLUSIONSThere is a considerable gapbetween the ambitions of Curaçao to become a SC or SI and itsactions and results. There are several factors explaining this gap.Many of the stakeholdersinterviewed mention the lack of a shared vision as one of the reasons why there is noimplementationofstepstowardtheSC.Thequestionremainsifthis istotallytrueandisnotcontradictedbythemanyreportswrittenonthesubjectanddocumentingvision.Stakeholdersalsoclaimthatresistancetochangeontheislandisnoticeablyhigherthanelsewhere(Goede,2011a).Curaçao is a classic caseof the innovationparadox, theunrealizedpotentialof technologicalcatch-up. In theory the island will thrive when it adopts technology. This does not happenbecausemanagementoforganizationsisunabletoimplementthetechnology,partiallybecauseother conditions like financing, stability and imported machinery, for example, are missing(Cirera&Maloney,2017).CollaborationisverydifficultinCuraçao.Thereresistancetostructureandthetrustbetweenpeopleislow.Only32%statethatinessencepeoplecanbetrusted(vanLeeuwen,1990;CBS,2016).Curaçaoexhibitsthecharacteristicsofwhatinthetheoryofspiraldynamicsislabeledasaredsociety,asocietyobsessedwithpowercontestedbetweengangs,seekingimmediategratification and showing no remorse (Beck & Cowan, 2014). The lack of transparency andhighcorruptionhavecreatedtheconditionsfortheelitetofocusontheirownagendaandnotso much on pushing the island in the direction of a SC. The elite are more extractive thaninclusive(Robinson&Acemoglu,2012).ApoorlyperformingcivilservicedueinappropriateappointmentsdoesnothavetheleveragetopushtheislandfurtherinthedirectionoftheSC.Further,highereducationisilldeveloped.ItdoesnotgeneratetheknowledgeandthemindsetrequiredtobuildaSC.Theuniversitylacksvision.DuetothistheyneglectedtheUNESCOchaironCaribbeanSIDS.DuringtheconferencetheinternationalexpertsstatedthatthemainchallengeforCuraçaotobecomeSCisthemindsetofthepeople.Theabovefactorsareanillustrationofwhythecurrentmindsetisachallenge.Onemightsayalltheabove-mentionedfactorsaremoreorlessrelatedtothesmallscaleoftheisland.Thesocietyisfragmentedandthereisnotmuchsynergy.Oldparadigms,forexample,viewing schools as clients and not as entities to be approached from a corporate socialresponsibility philosophy by SOE, are very persistent. This might be related to the alreadymentioned role of the elite and higher education. All thismight explainwhy Curaçao is not

41http://www.curacaonsed.org/di7web/libraries/aspx/home.aspx



makingrealprogresstowardbecomingaSC.Thecrucialfactorsinhibitingprogressontheroadtoward the SC are extracting the elite and corruption induced by the elite and practiced ingovernmentandSEOs.Asbusinesses,NGOs,citizensandclientshavetodealwithgovernment,corruptionhaspenetratedinallareasofsociety.Onacriticalnote,theSCispresentedasaverydesirablefuture,butisit?Somesaythattheseliving labs, like theone tobebuiltbyGoogle inToronto,willbe theplayground for the richcreativeclassandexcludetherestofthepopulation(Noort,2017).Viewedfromanotherlensitisatotalitariansystemthatsees,recordsandregisterseverymoveofthecitizensandthecitydwellers.Thequestioniswhohasaccesstoallthedataandwhatisthelegitimization?Itseemsthat in the SC the primacy of the people is abolished and is taken over by government andcorporations.Probablythegovernmentwillservethecorporationsandnotthepeople.ThesmartcityremindsusofthesocietydescribedbyGeorgeOrwellinhisnovel1984(1990).Itisimplementedbyapplyingtheshockdoctrine,asdescribedbyNaomiKlein(2007).ItalsoremindsusofMichelFoucault’sstatementonhowpowerisexertedbysurveillanceandnotbyforce(Thompson,2016).Aftereverycrisissmart technology ispushedas thesolution forallproblems.Acoupleofexamples:AfterSintMaartenwasdestroyedbyhurricaneIrma,actorsstartedtocallforrebuildingtheislandsmart.WhencrimewasrisinginCuraçao,surveillancecameraswereintroduced.Whenautotheftwashigh,chipsinlicenseplateswereannounced.SomeforeseeadystopianSC.Fourfactorsmightberesponsible forthis:TheSCgetshacked;thealgorithmsgetoutofcontrol;corporationsbecometoopowerful;governmentandICTareabadmarriage(Noort,2015).TheSCmightresultinFascism2.0oritmightleadtoarevitalizeddemocracy (Harari, 2016). It is a thin line (Noort, 2016). A smart city must also be a sagesociety (Goede, 2011b). Some state that the European socialmodel is amuchmore humanmodelforthefutureofhumanity.42ReferencesAnthopoulos,L.G.(2015).Understandingthesmartcitydomain:Aliteraturereview.InTransformingcitygovernmentsforsuccessfulsmartcities(pp.9-21).SpringerInternationalPublishing.

Beck,D.E.,&Cowan,C.(2014).Spiraldynamics:Masteringvalues,leadershipandchange.JohnWiley&Sons.

BPDwerktaaneenmasterplan.(2017).AntilliaansDagblad.

Capdevila,I.&,Zarlenga,M.(2015).Smartcityorsmartcitizens?TheBarcelonacase.JournalofStrategyandManagement,8(3),266-282,https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-03-2015-0030

CBS.(2016).EersteresultatenSocialeCohesieonderzoek(Publication).

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