In relation to the majority of European countries Croatiadistinguishes itself by a great diversity of ecological systemsand habitats reflected also in a considerable wealth anddiversity of its flora, mycoflora and fauna. Such a wealth isthe result of Croatia’s being situated at the intersection ofseveral geographic regions, its indented relief, geological,pedological, hydrological and climatic conditions, and partlyof human activities. The reasons stated, combined withvarious local traditions in the use of space and influenced byeconomic and historic circumstances, have contributed alsoto the extraordinary richness of biological and landscapediversity.

In comparison with the state of ecological systems inthe majority of other countries of Central and WesternEurope, Croatia stands out by the preserved condition of itsnature. In addition to comparatively small areas of naturalhabitats or communities (water sources, cliffs, moors, someforests, areas of high mountains) this region is to a highdegree characterized by seminatural habitats (some forests,extensive grasslands) influenced by man, but comprisingchiefly indigenous living communities typical to suchhabitats. Anthropogenic habitats, developed under humanactivities and showing the structure and composition ofspecies considerably different from the natural ones, are notas dominating as in a large part of Europe.

LANDSCAPESThroughout Europe there are few natural and subnaturalareas left. Instead, it is dominated by an ever-increasingnumber of semi-natural and artificial areas, or rather areaspartly of fully modified by man. Therefore the Pan-EuropeanBiological and Landscape Diversity Strategy placed greatemphasis on landscapes in which the values andinterrelationships between the biological and geologicaldiversity and national cultural heritage are reflected.

A comparatively small surface area of Croatia is amosaic of the most diverse natural features, including anumber of forms of human activities too. The diversities ofthe relief, soil, waters, plant coverage, climate, as well aseconomic and historical circumstances, resulted in diverselocal traditions in the space use. All the reasons mentionedcontributed to an exceptional wealth of Croatia’s landscapediversity in European proportions. However, in the course ofthe last decades many landscape values were degraded. Theplanned elaboration of Basic Landscape Elements for theentire country will provide spatial and planning foundationsfor identification of basic landscape values and incorporationof the obligation to protect landscapes into the legislation.

The presented overview of Croatia’s landscape units isbased on the division adopted within the Physical PlanningStrategy of the Republic of Croatia.

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMSIn the course of NSAP elaboration, individual workinggroups have addressed the problem area of threats andprotection of various ecological systems. Due to the specificcharacter of the issues addressed, one working group focusedseparately on the coast and islands, although they do not

represent a uniform ecological system. Regarding theexisting state of individual ecological systems the followinghas been established:

ForestsIn European proportions the state of forests in Croatia maybe considered good. It is much better than in the majority ofcountries of the Central and Western Europe, primarilyowing to the forest management method that prefers thenatural composition of forests. As much as 95 percent offorest components show a natural composition and in thelast hundred years the wooded areas have not decreased.

KarstViewing its natural features (landscape, hydrogeological,geomorphological, vegetation, floral and faunal) the karstregion is incorporating the highest number of Croatia’speculiarities. Regarding its overall uniqueness, wealth inendemic taxa and living communities, including the highdegree of preservation, this region represents an exceptionalvalue both in European and in global proportions.

Wetlands and waterIn the region of Croatia vast natural wetland areas arepreserved in river valleys which represents one of the highestvalues of biological and landscape diversity, especially at thelevel of the Western and Central Europe. However, these areat the same time the most threatened ecological systems inCroatia. For that reason they must be given priority innature protection and require a national programme for theirpreservation and management.

SeaThe biological diversity of the Adriatic is more and moreexposed to threat posed both by pollution of the sea bymunicipal and industrial wastewater and by theuneconomical use of biological resources and non-observance of legal provisions.

Grassland and arable landAlthough originating from human activities, the grasslandsof Croatia are semi-natural habitats that enrich the biologicaland landscape diversity to a high degree. Since used mostlyin the extensive way – without fertilizers and chemicals –they are remarkable for their great biological diversity. At theEuropean level, special importance is given to vast floodmeadows and pastures in Croatian lowlands.

Arable land presents artificially generated ecologicalsystems, intended exclusively for agricultural production andcultivated in the manner that insufficiently respects the needfor the protection of biological diversity. The same is hereparticularly impoverished.

129SUMMARY

Summary

Coast and islandsCroatian coast is one of the most indented coasts of theMediterranean. The coastal mountains and offshore islandsare remarkable for their plant and animal endemics. At thesame time islands are highly vulnerable ecological units. Forthe time being they are comparatively well preserved, butthreatened by planned activities. In order to preserve theirnatural values it is of vital importance to incorporate andfollow the measures for the protection of biological andlandscape diversity during planning and implementation ofall development programmes.

SPECIES AND SUBSPECIESA great diversity of ecological systems and habitats inCroatia results in a great diversity of plant, fungi and animalspecies and subspecies. The value of this diversity inEuropean proportions is clearly evident if we, among others,compare the relation between the number of known specieswithin well-investigated groups and the surface area ofCroatia with the corresponding data for other countries.According to such a comparison, Croatia belongs among therichest European countries as regards the wealth ofbiological diversity. The wealth of Croatia’s endemic taxa, aswell as of numerous rare and threatened relicts (remnants)from the Tertiary or the Ice Age, is also highly noticeable inthe karst undergound, coastal mountains and offshore islands.

Diversity of species

EndemicsCroatia is extremely rich in endemic flora. With its 5.8% ofendemic species, it is regarded as the centre of endemism ofthis part of Europe.

The major endemic junctions for flora are themountains of Velebit and Biokovo. The most famous andone of the most threatened Croatia’s plant endemics (boththe genus and the species are endemic) is Degenia velebitica,a relict species that remained from the period of Tertiary.Generally, a large number of endemics and Tertiary relictsremained in these areas owing to the fact that in the tertiaryperiod they have not undergone the Ice Age freezing.

The endemics of Croatian fauna are predominantlyconnected with the underground karst habitats, Adriaticwatercourses and Adriatic islands, particularly islands of theopen sea. The fauna of the karst underground has been verypoorly explored, so that in the forthcoming years a numberof discoveries of new species and subspecies may beexpected. The scientifically unknown underground leechdiscovered recently in the Luke’s pit on the Velebit mountainis one of Croatia’s peculiarities on a global scale, in whichthis karst region is very likely abounding.

Degree of knowledge of Croatia’sbiological diversity

The above table shows that the number of species known inCroatia is more than two times smaller than the number ofassumed species. This testifies of the low degree ofexploration of Croatian flora, mycoflora and fauna.

The most extensive knowledge exists of the higherplants (pteridophytes, gymnosprems and angiosperms) with4,288 species, and vertebrates with 1,085 species. Only fewnew species are expected to be discovered within thesegroups in future.

The knowledge of fungi in Croatia is by far the poorestas compared to the other groups. So far 1,744 species offungi have been recorded in Croatia. It is assumed that up toa total of 25,000 species of fungi inhabit Croatia, whichmeans that fungi outnumber the plant kingdom.

It is established that the invertebrate groups explored inCroatia to date number a total of 23,002 species. Regardingthe fact that this investigation has not included certaingroups for which neither data nor competent researchers areavailable, we may assume that the actual total number ofspecies is much higher and exceeds 55,000.

Unfortunately, Croatia has a problem of yetundeveloped systematic study and monitoring of biologicaldiversity. There is no national programme of inventoryingCroatia’s biological diversity available. This results in the factthat Croatia belongs to few European countries without adescribed flora, mycoflora and fauna of its territory and isstill lacking the essential popular science handbooks (thefield guides) for identification of species, even thetranslations of similar handbooks that apply to the entireEurope. Such handbooks would enable a larger circle ofnature lovers to join the inventorying projects.

Genetic diversityThe protection of biological diversity implies keepingrecords and preservation of indigenous sorts of cultivatedplants and breeds of domesticated animals. These sorts andbreeds have adapted to the local climate, they are moreresistant to diseases and often very well incorporated intothe surrounding nature and landscape. Their diversityrepresents a genetic container that may always be used toimprove the properties of the species grown. Besides, theyrepresent significant national cultural heritage, because a lotof effort and knowledge of numerous generations have beenput into their growing, combined with the living and climateconditions.

In this country this problem area is still not legallyregulated in an integrated manner. So far no comprehensiveinventories of indigenous sorts of cultivated plants andbreeds of domestic animals have been made. The situation isslightly better as regards indigenous breeds in cattlebreeding. Original Croatian breeds raised in Croatia havebeen recorded. Some of them do not exist anywhere else inthe world, and some have spread from Croatia to othercountries. Dog breeds are also investigated, with some ofthem being officially registered, whereas registrationprocedures for certain breeds, e.g. the Tornjak shepherd dog,yet have to be carried out.

BIOLOGICAL RESOURCEMANAGEMENT

Natural resources of Croatia have been systematicallyexploited for centuries. The biological resources are managedmainly within the context of forestry, water management,agriculture, hunting and fishing. All these activities are

130 SUMMARY

Croatia World

Group Known Assumed Known Assumed

Plants 7,523 8,708 270,000 500,000

Fungi 1,744 25,000 75,000–80,000 2,700,000

Lichens 925 1,069 18,000 20,000

Animals 24,087 56,000 1,770,000 103,255,000

Others (viruses, bacteria) ? ? 8,000 4,000,000

Total ∼∼34,000 ∼∼91,000 ∼∼2,150, 000 ∼∼111,000,000

regulated by the law, with the existing regulations taking intoconsideration the need for sustainable management ofnatural resources. In practice, however, the economiccomponent of exploitation is much more emphasized inrelation to implementation of protection measures. A relativepreservation of the country’s biological resources inEuropean proportions is primarily a result of the generaleconomic situation and other causes from the past. We stillcan not speak about a systematic concern about the entirebiological diversity within certain activities using naturalresources. One of the priorities is therefore a review of allrelevant legal provisions with the view to incorporatemeasures of protection and sustainable use of biologicaldiversity.

A specific problem, that is expected to gain increasinglyprominence in the forthcoming years, is the impact ofbiotechnology and of the production of genetically modifiedorganisms on biological diversity. These issues yet need to belegally regulated in Croatia.

PROTECTION OF BIOLOGICALAND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY

The governmental authority in charge of the problem area ofpreservation and use of biological and landscape diversity isthe Ministry of Environmental Protection and PhysicalPlanning, with other ministries and government bodiespartly covering theses issues. The fundamental law applyingto this area is the Nature Protection Act.

In recent years a definite need for the enactment of anew Nature Protection Act has arisen, in which a classicalapproach to nature protection, focused on protected areasand species, would be replaced by a more advancedintegrated approach as stated by the Convention onBiological Diversity. This means that the new NatureProtection Act should provide:

• preservation and improvement of the existingbiological and landscape diversity in Croatia

• rational use of natural resources on the principles ofsustainability and for the benefit of present and futuregenerations

• incorporation of protection measures and sustainableuse of nature into all relevant sectoral andintersectoral regulations, plans, programmes andstrategies.

The protection of nature in Croatia is predominantlycarried out through protection of individual areas andspecies.

Protection of areasThe protection of individual areas is the basic method of theconservation of biological and landscape diversity. Protectedareas represent the core of the overall protection and keyjunctions of the ecological network, which can be consideredsanctuaries and storages of biological diversity.

This protection is today covering 9.9% of Croatia’smainland territory, which is planned to be substantiallyextended. The Nature Protection Act is specifying eightcategories of the spatial protection (national park, naturepark, strict reserve, special reserve, nature monument,protected landscape, park-forest, park architecturemonument). The greatest part of the protected area refers tonature parks and national parks (8.7% of the mainland).These are vast areas of national or even internationalimportance the protection of which lies within theresponsibility of the state. The majority of the proposedprotected areas refer also to nature parks.

The management of other protected area categories is inthe competence of the counties.

Protection of speciesIn addition to protected parts of the nature, individualthreatened or rare plant, fungi and animal species are alsoprotected by the Nature Protection Act. This Act furtherprovides protection for all wild animals in national parks,strict and special reserves, and for the entire cave fauna.

The economic use of unprotected species is regulatedby special permits for gathering from the nature that are tobe issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection andPhysical Planning responsible for the protection of natureand the environment.

THREATS TO BIOLOGICAL ANDLANDSCAPE DIVERSITY

The review of the current state, global and national threatsand problems of the protection of biological and landscapediversity in Croatia demonstrated the following:

• a very high level of value and conservation ofbiological and landscape diversity on the Europeanscale, particularly with respect to the Western andCentral Europe

• a tendency of loosing biological and landscapediversity in Croatia caused by recognizable factors

• a necessity to implement immediate protectionmeasures for individual parts of the biological andlandscape diversity

• a heterogeneity of the quantity and quality of existingbiological diversity data that in many cases are notsufficient for implementation of adequate protectionmeasures.

The analysis of the data collected indicated thefollowing protection priorities:

• karst ecological systems represent a uniqueness andwealth of global value

• due to anthropogenic impacts the wetland and aquaticecological systems are the most threatened

• the most threatened habitats are spatially limited areasthreatened by anthropogenic factors (sand and gravelbeaches, pools on islands, small marshes and others)or very rare habitats beyond the usual area ofdistribution (moors, sand vegetation)

• priority species and subspecies are those threatenedon the global, European and national scale, endemictaxa and those of economical and/or instructiveimportance.

STRATEGY AND ACTION PLANFOR THE PROTECTION OFBIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPEDIVERSITY OF CROATIA

The basic principles underlying the National Strategy andAction Plan for the Protection of Biological and LandscapeDiversity are the following:

• the Republic of Croatia is aware of the overallbiological and landscape diversity being itsfundamental value and the major resource for afurther development

• the objective of the Republic of Croatia is to preserveand improve the existing biological and landscape

131SUMMARY

diversity and to make every endeavour to restore apart of the taxa and habitats lost, wherever possibleand justified

• the Republic of Croatia will develop all appropriatemeasures for identification, conservation andimprovement of the existing biological and landscapediversity

• the national legislation will ensure the incorporationof measures for conservation and improvement of theoverall biological diversity into all economic activitiesusing biological resources

• the Republic of Croatia will systematically extend itsendeavours in the protection of biological andlandscape diversity from the national to the regionaland local level

• the Republic of Croatia will continuously harmoniseits efforts in the protection of biological and landscapediversity with relevant international activities, takinginto consideration the fact that national biological andlandscape diversity represents a unique andirretrievable part of the overall global diversity.

In addition to principles the NSAP contains general andspecific national strategic objectives for the protection of

biological and landscape diversity. For each strategicobjective there are strategic guidelines elaborated and a planfor individual protection actions with the indication ofurgency and possible sources of funding.

The Ministry of Environmental Protection and PhysicalPlanning co-ordinates all further activities and executes alladministrative and organizational jobs with the purpose ofimplementing the NSAP under the supervision of theCroatian Government Commission for NSAPImplementation Monitoring set up by the Government ofthe Republic of Croatia.

Beside the Ministry of Environmental Protection andPhysical Planning there are numerous other sectors of thesociety involved in the NSAP implementation: from sectoralgovernment bodies and local government and self-government units, through scientific institutions andbusiness sector to non-governmental organizations and localcommunity in the broader sense.

On the basis of the NSAP implementation a revisionwill be carried out after each five years in order to determinewhat has been realized from the plan defined, whether anynew moments have appeared and whether the priorities havechanged, and to make a new list of action plans.

132 SUMMARY

abiotic factor – a factor of a physical, chemical or anothertype belonging to the inanimate part of nature (e.g.temperature, light, oxygen, etc.)

ACCOBAMS – Agreement on the Conservation ofCetaceous of the Black sea, Mediterranean Sea andcontiguous Atlantic Area, within the framework of theBonn Convention

AEWA – Agreement on the Conservation of African-Euroasian Migratory Waterbirds within the frameworkof the Bonn Convention

agrophytocenosis – a plant community (see phytocenosis)developed within the agricultural system (area)

allochthonous species – a foreign, nonindigenous species thathas not naturally inhabited a certain area, but reachedthe same by the intentional or unintentionalintroduction

anoxia – lack of oxygenassociation – a basic unit of vegetation, a plant community

characterized by a specific floristic composition andcertain living conditions, remarkable for especiallycharacteristic group of species

autochthonous species – an indigenous species inhabitingnaturally a certain area

Barcelona Convention – Convention for the Protection ofthe Mediterranean Sea against Pollution, adopted inBarcelona in 1976

bathyal – a bathyal step, corresponds to marine/oceansettlements covering the continental slope and a sectionof the bottom with a milder inclination situatedimmediately at the footsteps of this slope

benthos – living communities at the bottom of a sea or a lakeBern Convention – Convention on the Conservation of

European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, adopted inBern in 1979

biocenosis – a living community of all organisms occupying aspecific habitat, including the flora, fauna undmicroorganisms

BioData&GIS – a scientific project of the Ministry ofScience and Technology called “Biological Database andGIS” (119116)

biotic factor – a factor whose existence is determined by theliving part of the nature (e.g. competition, parasitism,commensalism, etc.)

biogeography – a part of biology studying the pattern ofdistribution of living beings in the past and present

biological diversity – the entirety of all living organisms thatare constituent parts of mainland, marine and otheraquatic ecological systems and ecological complexes,including the diversity within species, among speciesand the diversity among ecological systems

biotechnology – each technology using biological systems,living organisms or parts thereof in the manufacture or

application of products or processes for specialpurposes

biotope – see habitatBonn Convention – Convention on the Conservation of

Migratory Species of Wild Animals, adopted in Bonn in1979

CBS – Croatian Biological SocietyCES – Croatian Ecological Societycheck list – list of taxa, meaning the same as an “inventory

list”CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered

Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, adopted in Washingtonin 1973

classification – a science (as a process) of arranging or ratherordering organisms into groups by their kinship

CORINE – Information System on the Co-ordination ofInformation on the Environment

corollogy – a part of biology dealing with the distribution oftaxa and with the study of their dependence on abioticand biotic factors

CSNS – Croatian Society of Natural Sciencescultivated species – species occuring in culture, formerly wild

taxa that, mostly by longtime growing and selection,have been more or less modified in relation to theoriginal taxon

determination – the process of identifying taxonomicaffiliation of a taxa; allocating a name to a specimen ofan organism by using the so-called keys; alsoidentification of a species (or another taxonomiccategory)

dolomite – a type of rock showing a corresponding mineralcomposition (CaMg[CO3]2); covering large areas in themountains of Central and Southern Europe eitherindependently or combined with other rocks, oftenlimestone; consisting of 54% of easily soluble calciumcarbonate and 46% of hardly soluble magensiumcarbonate

domesticated species – species whose evolution process wasaffected by man so as to satisfy his own needs

ecological system – a dynamic complex of communities ofplants, animals, microorganisms and their inanimateenvironment interacting as a functional unit

EEP – European Endangered Species Programmeendemic – a taxon whose distribution is confined to a

particular place or area; the term “endemic” is to beused together with identification of the place to whichit refers, i.e. taxa may be distinguished as endemic at thecontinental level (e.g. European, North American andsimilar) or over a far smaller area (e.g. Mediterranean,Croatian, the area of Biokovo mountain and similar)

entomofauna – fauna of insects

133EXPLANATION OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Explanation of Terms andAbbreviations

EUFORGEN – project for conservation of genetic resourcesof European forests

EUROBATS – Agreement on the Conservation of Bats inEurope, within the framework of the Bonn Convention

eutrophication – overgrowing of lakes due to the increasedconcentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and otherorganic substances

ex-situ conservation – conservation of biological diversitycomponents out of their natural habitats

FAO – United Nations Food and Agriculture Organizationgarigue – a degradation stadium of Mediterranean evergreen

vegetation, appearing mostly as a consequence ofgrazing; small, low compact bushes

GEF – Global Environment Facilitygene – a segment of DNA that provides the coded

instructions for a characteristic, the functional unit ofheredity

genetic diversity – diversity of genes of an individual, apopulation, species and higher taxonomic categories

genetic material – plant, animal, microbic and other materialcontained in functional units of heredity

Geneva Convention – Convention on Specially ProtectedAreas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean,adopted in Geneva in 1982

GIS – Geographic Information System, a technologyaccompanied by a specialized computer supportdesigned for data storage, processing and analysischracterized by a spatial component and mutual spatialrelations

glacial period – the Ice Age, the Pleistocene Epoch orDilluvium of the Quarternary Period characterized byicing and temperature by 8–12°C lower than today

glacial relict – a taxon that is a part of present flora or fauna,but represents the remnant of a mainly extinct flora orfauna from the preglacial (ice) age; thanks migrationsglacial relicts survive often in small areas and represent ahighly valuable part of flora or fauna of a specific area

GMO – genetically modified organismhabitat – a unit of space characterized by a certain

combination of physical and chemical factors, a space ora place as a natural environment of an organism or apopulation

herbarium – in the narrowest sense of the word a collectionof dried plant specimens with adequate accompanyingdata and internal organization; the collection materialhas application in taxonomic (anatomic, morphological,phytochemical, molecular), corollogical, ecological andother studies and is frequently used as a comparativematerial for successful identification of unknown taxa

HRT – Croatian Radio and Television (orig. Hrvatski radio itelevizija)

hydrophytes – plants growing in moist and aquatic habitats,aquatic plants

hygrophilia – an affinity to increased moisture; relates to taxaor communities that appear under conditions of highmoisture

hypoxia – lack of oxygen, low concentrationidentification – see “determination”ichthyofauna – fauna of fishesindicator species – species capable of indicating specific

changes within an ecological system and among species,mostly vulnerable to modifications of one, several ormany abiotic factors

indigenous species – the same as autochthonous speciesin-situ conservation – conservation of ecological systems and

natural habitats, including conservation and renewal of

species able to survive in their natural surroundings,and, in case of domesticated or cultivated species, in thesurroundings in which they developed their specificfeatures

interstitial fauna – fauna of underground pebbly and sandyalluvial deposits

introduced species – see allochthonous speciesintroduction – bringing in, relating most often to bringing

foreign species into the autochthonous flora or faunainventory list – same as a “list of species”, check listinventory of species – relates to inventories of flora and fauna

species, limited taxonomically (e.g. a list of lichens or olist of decapode crabs), geographically (e.g. theinventory of flora of Istrian peninsula or the inventoryof Croatia’s birds) or most often both

ISIS – International Species Information SystemIUCN – International Union for the Conservation of

Naturekey – relating to a manual (mostly a book, sometimes

illustrated) of a specific internal organization thatfacilitates identification of taxonomic affiliation of anorganism, or rather allocation of a valid name to anunknown taxon

littoral – a zone pertaining to the shore of a sea, of the heightvarying in dependence on the relief; divided into severalsubzones depending on the exposure to seawater andair, including the pertaining biocenoses

MAB – Man and Biosphere, an UNESCO programmemacrofauna – fauna of large organisms, the term is used

mostly when speaking of marine fauna of invertebratesmeiofauna – fauna of medium-large organisms, the term is

used mostly when speaking of marine fauna ofinvertebrates

MEPPP – Ministry of Environmental Protection andPhysical Planning

mesophytes – plants gowing in moderately moist habitatsmicrofauna – fauna of small organisms, the term is used

mostly when speaking of marine fauna of invertebratesmyrmecophilia – an affinity to ants (butterflies of Maculinea

genus)MTB – fields or a grid (in German: Meßtischblätter) forming

a series of squares defined by the latitude and longitudegrid (according to Greenwich): 10’ geographic latitude x6’ geographic longitude; each square degree is thusdivided into 60 MTB fields; basic fields of the MTB gridwere for the first time used for flora mapping inGermany and afterwards adopted by the majority ofCentral-European countries

nonindigenous species – see “allochthonous species”NGO – Non Governmental Oranizationnomenclature – a part of taxonomy laying down the rules for

allocating the adequate name to an organism accordingto the nomenclature rules

NSAP – National Strategy and Action Plan for theProtection of Biological and Landscape Diversity

ornithofauna – fauna of birdsoviposition – laying eggs; with insects through ovipositorParis Convention – Convention on the Protection of World

Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted in Paris in 1972pelagium – the open sea (pelagos); pelagic organisms (e.g.

planktons) are those living in the middle of the sea, freefrom any contact with the bottom

phylogeny – development of taxa in time and spacephytocenosis – a community of plant species whose

occurrence, composition and number are determined bya series of ecological factors

134 EXPLANATION OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

population – all the individuals of one species inhabiting agiven area that are capable of actual and potentialmutual reproduction

protected area – a geographically specified area intended foror managed and controlled so as to achieve specificprotection goals

Ramsar Convention – Convention on Wetlands ofInternational Importance Especially as WaterbirdsHabitats, adopted in Ramsar in 1971

Ramsar area – a protected area registered on the “List ofWetlands of International Importance” within theframework of the Ramsar Convention

reintroduction – introduction of a new taxon into the areathat it earlier inhabited, but from which it disappeareddue to diverse factors; the act of introducing again

relict – a taxon which is a part of the present flora or fauna,but represents a remnant of a formerly living, mostlyextinct animate world

ruderal flora – flora of anthropogenically highly influentialhabitats, rich in nitrates

ruderal communities – communities developing inanthropogenically highly influential habitats

scree – a habitat often very steep, covered by movable rocksand a small quantity of nutrients; an extremelyunfavourable habitat inhabited by specially adjusted taxa

sp. – abbreviation of “species”ssp. – abbreviation of “subspecies”, also subsp.stenoendemic – an endemic that, with respect to the area

defined, occurs in its minor part only (e.g. the endemicof the Biokovo mountain, the endemic of the island ofJabuka), an endemic in a narrow sense, a “real” endemic

subendemic – an endemic that, with respect to the areadefined, occurs outside its limits, an endemic in abroader sense

subspecies – a taxonomic category, one of the lowest (inLatin: subspecies, abbreviated in ssp., subsp.), a group ofpopulations that have to a certain degree diverged andmutually differ (from morphological, anatomic andother aspects), but still not sufficiently to formindependent species (isolated in terms of reproduction);two or more subspecies form a species

subsp. – see ssp.

supralittoral – a zone which is a part of the littoral, inhabitedby organisms that stand or require permanent rising tothe surface, a zone damp from spraying seawater withvery seldom immersion (e.g. large tides)

sustainable development – development implying thesatisfaction of needs of the present generation in themanner that is harmless to future generations

sustainable use – use of biological diversity components inthe manner and to the extent that will not causedegradation of biological diversity, in the manner thatpreserves its potentials so as to meet the demands andaspirations of present and future generations

systematics – a biological science incorporating thesubdisciplins such as: taxonomy, the study of evolutionprocesses (variability sources, differentiation ofpopulations, reproductive isolation, origin of species,hybridization, etc.) and the study of phylogeny

taxon – a classification unit of any class, subspecies, species,genus, family, order and similar

taxonomy – a biological science dealing with classification,identification and nomenclature, a subdiscipline ofsystematics

Tertiary – a geological period at the beginning of theCenozoic, starting 65 million years ago and ending 2million years ago; consisting of Paleocene, Eocene,Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene

travertine – organogenic limestone deposits generated bycomplex physical, chemical and biological processes

UNCED – United Nations Conference on Environment andDevelopment held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992

var. – abbreviation for variety (Lat. varietas)variety – a category within a species differing from typical

individuals in several features only, mostly hardlynoticeably (abbreviation var.)

Washington Convention – Convention on International Tradein Endangered Species of Wild Fauna und Flora(CITES), adopted in Washington in 1973

WG – working group for elaboration of the NSAPxerophytes – plants growing in dry habitatszoocenosis – a community of animal species whose

occurrence, composition and number depend on a seriesof ecological factors

135EXPLANATION OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

adder (Vipera berus) also common viperAdriatic minnow (Phoxinellus alepidotus)Adriatic salmon (Salmothymus obtusirostris obtusirostris)Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii)Adriatic wrack (Fucus virsoides)alborella (Alburnus albidus)alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus)aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis)alpine ibex (Capra ibex)alpine pine vole (Microtus multiplex liechtensteini)alpine salamander (Salamandra atra)alyssum (Alyssum sp.)amorpha (Amorpha fruticosa)andromeda goby (Didogobius schlieweni)arguses (Erebia sp.)arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia)ash (Fraxinus sp.)Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thynnus thynnus)Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda)Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scomber)autumn-crocus (Colchicum autumnale)avoctet (Recurvirostra avosseta)Baillon’s crake (Porzana pusilla)Balkan dace (Leuciscus svallize)Balkan whip snake (Coluber gemonensis)bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus)Barbary sheepbar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica)basak (Rutilus basak)bearded tit (Panurus biarmicus)beaver (Castor fiber)bedstraw (Asperula borbasiana)beech (Fagus silvatica)bees (Apidae)bent-winged bat (Miniopterus schreibersi) also schreiber’s batbig white truffles (Tuber asa and T. magnatum)black alder (Alnus glutinosa)black-bellied angler (Lophius sp.)black-crowned night heron (Nyctocorax nycticorax)black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix)black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus)black hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia)black locust (Robinia pseudoaccacia)black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigrocollis)black pine (Pinus nigra)black sea bream (Spondyliosoma cantharus)black stork (Ciconia nigra)black tern (Chlidonias nigra)black truffles (Tuber sp.)black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus)Blasius’ horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus blasii)blennies (Blenniidae)blue berry (Vaccinium myrtillus)bluethroat (Hippolais icterina)

bog arum (Calla palustris)bog clubmoss (Lycopodium inundatum)Bonellii’s eagle (Hiearaetus fasciatus)booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)broad-leaved cotton grass (Eriophorum latifolium)British oyster (Ostraea edulis)brown bear (Ursus arctos)brown birch (Betula pubescens)brown hare (Lepus europaeus)brown meagre (Sciaena umbra)brown toad (Bufo bufo)brown wrasse (Labrus merula)bustard (Otis tarda)butcher’s broom (Ruscus hypoglossum)caddis-flies (Trichoptera)Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia)calamus (Acorus calamus)calandra lark (Melanocorypha calandra)Canadian-pondweed (Elodea canadensis)Canadian water weed (Elodea canadensis)capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus)cask shell (Tonna galea)Caspian whip-snake (Coluber caspius)cave shrimp (Troglocaris anophtalmus, Niphargus sp.)Cetina spined loach (Cobitis taenia ssp. dalmatia)chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)chantrelle (Cantharellus cibarius)charr (Salvelinus alpinus)chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar)cigar shell (Mitra zonata) also zoned mitercistozira (Cystoseira spp.)common ash (Fraxinus angustifolia)common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)common elder bourtree (Sambucus nigra)common fir (Abies alba)common hamster (Cricetus cricetus)common heather (Calluna vulgaris)common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)common juniper (Juniperus communis)common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)common oak (Quercus robur)common or grass frog (Rana temporaria)common otter (Lutra lutra) also ottercommon paper nautilus (Argonauta argo)common periwinkle (Vinca minor)common redshank (Tringa totanus)common reed (Phragmites australis)common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos)common spider crab (Maja squinado)common spruce (Picea abies) also sprucecommon toad (Bufo bufo)common two-banded sea bream (Diplodus vulgaris)common viper (Vipera berus) also addercommon wall lizard (Podarcis muralis ssp. maculiventris)

136 LIST OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT

List of plants and animalsreferred to in the text

common yew (Taxus baccata) also yewcorals (Anthozoa)corn cockle (Agrostemma githago)corncrake (Crex crex)cotton grass (Eriophorum latifolium)crake (Porzana sp.)crayfish (Astacidae)Croatian dace (Leuciscus polylepis)Croatian minnow (Phoxinellus croaticus)Croatian sibirea (Sibiraea altaiensis ssp. croatica)cuckoo wrasse (Labrus bimaculatus)curlew (Numenius sp.)Dalmatian algyroides (Algyroides nigropunctatus)Dalmatian barbelgudgeon (Aulopyge hugeli)Dalmatian black pine (Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica)Dalmatian garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus ssp. dalmaticus)Dalmatian minnow (Phoxinellus ghetaldi)Dalmatian pelecan (Pelecanus crispus)Dalmatian soiffe (Chondrostoma kneri)Dalmatian wall lizard (Podarcis melisellensis)huchen (Hucho hucho)date mussel (Lithopfaga lithophaga)decapods (Decapoda)deep-snouted pipefish (Syngnathus typhle ssp. rotundatus)degenia (Degenia velebitica) also Velebit degeniadice snake (Natrix tessellata)diplopods (Diplopoda)dragonflies (Odonata)dropwort (Filipendula vulgaris)dunlin (Calidris alpina)durmast oak (Quercus petrea)dusty-miller (Centaurea ragusina)dwarf cattail (Typha minima)dwarf pine (Pino mugno) also mountain pineechinoderms (Echinodermata)eelgrass (Posidonia oceanica)edible boletus (Boletus sp.)edible frog (Rana esculenta)Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus)Eleonora’s falcon (Falco eleonorae)english holly (Ilex aquifolium)European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus)European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus)European roller (Coracias garrulus)European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)European storm petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus)fallow deer (Dama dama)false rasbora (Pseudorazbora parva)false ringlet (Coenonympha oedippus)ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca)fescue (Festuca sp.)fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina)flounders (Pleuronectiformes)fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris)freshwater honting (Coregonus laveratus)gadwall (Anas strepera)German tamarisk (Myricaria germanica)giant Mediterranean pen (Pinna nobilis) also pen shellgilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata)glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus)gobies (Gobiidae)golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)goldfish (Carassius auratus)grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)grass frog (Rana temporaria) also common froggrassy-rush (Butomus umbellatus)

gray-hair grass (Corynephorus canescens)gray mullet (Mugil sp.)gray partridge (Perdix perdix)gray wolf (Canis lupus) also wolfgreat bittern (Botaurus stellaris)great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)great white heron (Egretta alba)greater bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris)greater noctule (Nyctalus lasiopterus)green wrasse (Labrus viridis)greylegg goose (Anser anser)griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus)grotte goby (Speleogobius trigloides)ground beetles (Carabidae)grouper (Epinephelus sp.)guilthead sea-bream (Sparus aurata)gull-billed tern (Gelochelidion nilotica)hake (Merluccius merluccius)harvestman (Opiliones)hawthorn (Crataegus sp.)heath ringlet (Coenanimpha tullia)hellebores (Helleborus spp.)holm oak (Quercus ilex)honey mushroom (Armillaria sp.)horn of plenty (Craterellus cornucopioides)horned lark (Eremophilia alpestris)horse leech (Haemopis sanguisuga)horse-flies (Tabanidae)Horvath’s rock lizard (Lacerta horvathi)hover-flies (Syrphidae)hydrozoans (Hydrozoa)icterine warbler (Hippolais icterina)imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca)Italian agile frog (Rana latastei)Italian wall lizard (Podarcis sicula)Jabuka knapweed (Centaurea jabukensis)Jabuka pink (Dianthus multinervis)Jacob’s scallop (Pecten jacobaeus)jack snipe (Lymnocryptes minima)kaulerpa (Caulerpa taxifolia)kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus)knapweed (Centaurea crithmifolia)Kolombatovi} grey longeared bat (Plecotus austriacus ssp.

kolombatovici)Kolombatovi}’s goby (Chromogobius zebratus ssp. zebratus)Krka Adriatic salmon (Salmothymus obtusiristris ssp. krkensis)ladybird spider (Eresus niger)lake frog (Rana ridibunda) also marsh froglake trout (Salmo trutta)lanner falcon (Falco biarmicus)large blue butterfly (Maculinea sp.)largemouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides)lavander (Lavandula officinalis)leopard snake (Elaphe situla)lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni)lesser Neptune grass (Cymodocea nodosa)lesser spotted eagle (Aquila pomarina)levant sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes)Liechtenstein’s goby (Corcyrogobius liechtensteini)lime (Tilia sp.)little bittern (Ixobrychus minutus)little crake (Porzana parva)little ringed plover (Charadrius dubius)little tern (Sterna albifrons)little white heron (Egretta garzetta)live oak (Quercus virgiliana)loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)

137LIST OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT

long-fingered bat (Myotis capaccini)long-leaved helleborine (Cephalanthera longifolia)lumbricides (Lumbricidae)lynx (Lynx lynx)mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)maned wolf (Chrysocion brachyurus)maple (Acer sp.)marble trout (Salmo trutta ssp. marmoratus)marsh frog (Rana ridibunda) also lake frogmarsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus)martagon lily (Lilium martagon)Martino’s snow vole (Dinaromys bogdanovi)mat weed-grass (Nardus stricta)medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis)Mediterranean moray (Muraena helena)Mediterranean mussel (Mytillus galloprovincialis)Mediterranean shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan)Mediterranean toothcarp (Gambusia affinis ssp. holbrooki)minnow carp (Phoxinellus sp.)minnow nase (Chondrostoma phoxinus)mound-building mouse (Mus spicilegus)mollusks (Mollusca)monk seal (Monachus monachus)monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis)Montagn’s harrier (Circus pygargus)moor frog (Rana arvalis)Mosor rock lizard (Lacerta mosorensis)mottled black sea goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus)mouflon (Ovis orientalis)mountain anemone (Pulsatilla montana)mountain pine (Pinus mugo) also dwarf pinemoustached warbler (Acrochepalus melanopayon)marble trout (Salmo trutta ssp. marmoratus)mullet (Mugil sp.)narrow-leaved bindweed (Convolvulus lineatus)narrow-leaved helleborine (Cephalanthera longifolia)nehely’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus mehely)Neretva spined loach (Cobitis taenia ssp. narentana)Neretva Adriatic salmon (Salmothymus obtusirostris ssp.

oxyrhynchus)night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)northern bat (Eptesicus nilssoni)northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus)nose-horned viper (Vipera ammodytes)olive-tree warbler (Hippolais olivetorum)olm (Proteus anguineus)orange-milk lactarius (Lactarius sp.)oriental hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis)oriental knight’s spur (Consolida orientalis)Orsini’s viper (Vipera ursinii)orthopteroid insects (Orthoptera)otter (Lutra lutra) also common otteroysercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus)Pacific triton (Charonia tritonis) also Triton’s trumpetPalagru`a cabbage (Brassica botteri)Palagru`a knapweed (Centaurea friderici)Palestine mole mouse (Naunospalax leucodon)parti-coloured bat (Vespertilio murinus)pea crab (Pinnotheres sp.)pen shell (Pinna nobilis) also giant Mediterranean penperegrine falcon (Falco peregrinus)pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)pine marten (Martes martes)pipefish (Syngnathus sp.)po brook lampery (Lethenteron zanandreai)po barbel (Barbus plebeius)

pond bat (Myotis dasycneme)pool frog (Rana lessonae)poplar (Populus sp.)primrose (Primula vulgaris)pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens)pumpkin-seed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus)purple heron (Ardea purpurea)purple moorgrass (Molinia coerulea)pygmy cormorant (Halietor pygmaeus)pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum)quail (Coturnix coturnix)raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonides)rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mikiss)red coral (Corallium rubrum)red-crested pochard (Netta rufina)red deer (Cervus elaphus)red helleborine (Cephalantera rubra)red-milk lactarius (Lactarius sp.)red mullet (Mullus barbatus)red-necked grebe (Podiceps grisegena)red scorpionfish (Scorpaena scrofa)red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus)red kite (Milvus milvus)rock partridge (Alectoris graeca)roe-deer (Capreolus capreolus)rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)roothless duckweed (Wolffia arrhiza)round-leaf sundew (Drosera rotundifolia)rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalamus)sage (Salvia officinalis)saker falcon (Falco cherrug)sand goby (Pomatoschistus canestrini)sand martin (Riparia riparia)sawflies (Symphita)schreibers’ bat (Miniopterus schreibersi) also bent-winged batscullcap (Scutellaria galericulata)sea bindweed (Calystegia soldanella)sea buckthorn (Hippophoe rhamnoides)sea daffodil (Pancratium maritimum)sea mats (Bryozoa)sea parnship (Echinophora spinosa)sea-shore false bindweed (Calystegia soldanella)sea slug (Cratena peregrina)sea squirt (Ascidiaceae)sea-horse (Hippocampus sp.)sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo)sharp-snouted rock lizard (Lacerta oxycephala)short-eared owl (Asio flammeus)Siberian iris (Iris sibirica)silver carp (Aristichthys nobilis)silver carp (Hypophthaclmichthys molitrix)slender-billed curlew (Numenius tenuirostris)slenderbill pipefish (Syngnathus taenionotus)small falcon (Falco columbarius)small-leaf lime (Tilia cordata)smooth newt (Triturus vulgaris)snake-eyed skink (Ablepharus kitaibeli)snipe (Gallinago gallinago)snow leopard (Panthera uncia)snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis)snowdrop anemone (Anemone sylvestris)Solin Adriatic salmon (Salmothymus obtusirostris ssp.

salonitana)south Dalmatian minnow (Phoxinellus pstrossi)souffie (Leuciscus souffia ssp. muticellus)sphagnum (Sphagnum sp.)spined loach (Cobitis taenia ssp. dalmatina)

138 LIST OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT

139LIST OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT

sponges (Spongia)spoonbill (Platalea leucordia) also white spoonbillspoted deer (Axis axis)spotted eagle (Aquila clanga)spotted minnow (Phoxinellus adspersus)sprat (Sprattus sprattus)spreading hydnum (Hydnum sp.)spring adonis (Adonis vernalis)spring-snowflake (Leucojum vernum)spruce (Picea abies) also common sprucesquacco heron (Ardeolla raloides)stagshorn clubmoss (Lycopodium clavatum)steppe mouse (Apodemus uralensis)stock pidgeon (Columba oenas)stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus)stripe-necked terrapin (Mauremys caspica)summer snowflake (Leucoium aestivum)sunset cup coral (Leptopsammia pruvoti)Su{ak cabbage (Brassica cazzae)sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa)tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius)tench (Tinca tinca)teal (Anas crecca)Tengelman’s owl (Aegolius funereus)three-spined stikleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus)Triton’s trumpet (Charonia tritonis) also Pacific tritontruffles (Tuber sp.)turkey oak (Quercus cerris)Turk’s-cap lily (Lilium martagon)turnstone (Arenaria interpres)upright brome (Bromus erectus)upright dorycnium (Dorycnium rectum)Velebit degenia (Degenia velebitica) also degeniavelika ozimica (Coregonus lavaretus)viper’s bugloss (Hadena irregularis)Visovac trout (Salmo trutta ssp. visovacensis)

Visovac goby (Knipowitschia mrakovcici)Vrgorac goby (Knipowitschia punctatissima ssp. croatica)warbler (Locustella sp.)water chestnut (Trapa natans)water-aloe (Stratiotes aloides)water-clover (Marsilea quadrifolia)water germander (Teucrium scordium)weever (Trachinus sp.)western whip snake (Coluber viridiflavus ssp. carbonarius)Weymouth pine (Pinus strobus)whimberl (Numenius phaeopus)whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida)white beadrush (Rhynchospora alba)white poppy (Papaver dubium ssp. lecoquii var. albifolium)white sea beam (Diplodus sargus)white spoonbill (Platalea leucordia) also spoonbillwhite stork (Ciconia ciconia)white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)white-tailed eagle (Haliaetus albicila)white-winged tern (Chlidonias leucoptera)wild boar (Sus scrofa)willow (Salix sp.)wolf (Canis lupus) also gray wolfwood anemone (Anemone sylvestris)woodcock (Scalopax rusticola)wood ant (Formica rufa)woodchat shrike (Lanius senator)wooly chamomile (Anthemis tomentosa)yarrow (Achillea millefolium)yellow florned poppy (Glaucium flavum)yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea ssp. symphiandra)yellow sea fan (Eunicella cavolinii)yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata)yew (Taxus baccata) also common yewzander (Stizostedion lucioperca)zoned miter (Mitra zonata) also cigar shellZrmanja trout (Salmo trutta ssp. zrmanjensis)

AAblepharus kitaibeli, 118abysses, 22Acantharia, 66Acanthocephala, 64; 66Acarina, 64Accipiter brevipes, 119ACCOBAMS, 80acid rains, 11; 18; 81Acipenser naccari, 75Acipenseridae, 53; 55Acipenseriformes, 53Acrania, 66Acrida ungarica, 35Acrocephalus melanopogon, 119Act on Cave Protection, 78Act on Ecological Production of

Agricultural and Food Products, 79Act on Financial Incentives and

Compen-sations in Agricultureand Fishery, 79

Act on Forests, 79Act on Hunting, 59; 71; 72; 78; 79; 86;

120Act on Protection of Plants, 79Act on Seeds, Seedlings and Approval

of Agricultural Plant Sorts, 79Act on the Protection of Agricultural

Plant Sorts, 79Acta Adriatica, 95Acta Botanica Croatica, 95action plans, 104

amphibians and reptiles, 118birds, 119coast and islands, 113domesticated taxa, 121education, 126fish, 117flora, 115forests, 110grassland and arable land, 112habitats, 114institutional framework, 123invertebrates, 117karst and underground, 109landscape, 107legislative framework, 123mammals, 120other sectors, 122public information, 126research and monitoring, 124sea, 111species and subspecies, 115wetland and waters, 107

action plans - general, 104action plans - specific, 105Actitis hypoleucos, 119

Aculeata, 64Adenophorea, 66Adonis vernalis, 116Adriatic coast, 21Adriatic minnow, 54; 117Adriatic salmon, 38; 44; 52; 53; 117Adriatic Sea, 4; 5; 8; 18; 29; 31; 55; 56;

65; 66; 67; 74; 75; 91Adriatic sturgeon, 55Adriatic wrack, 29; 30Aegolius funereus, 119Africa, 60Agaricales, 49; 50Agreement on Conservation of

Cetaceas of the Black Sea,Mediterranean Sea and thecontiguous Atlantic Area, 80

Agreement on the African-EuroasianMigratory Waterbirds, 80

Agreement on the Conservation of Batsin Europe, 80

Agricultural Development Strategy ofCroatia, 79

Agricultural Land Act, 79agriculture, 20; 21; 23; 33; 34; 35; 37;

40; 44; 46; 48; 60; 68; 70; 72; 73;78; 79; 84; 87; 98; 99; 113; 122

Agrostemma githago, 35Air Protection Act, 79Albania, 43; 58; 74alborella, 54Alburnus albidus, 54alder, 40alder buckthorn, 49Aleppo pine, 88algae, 22; 25; 29; 30; 31; 42; 44; 45; 46;

48; 49; 67; 91; 111Algyroides nigropunctatus, 118allepo pine, 19alpine ibex, 71alpine pine vole, 61alpine salamander, 26aluminium, 48alyssum, 47Alyssum montanum spp. pluscanescens,

116Ameiuridae, 53ammonia, 48Ammophiletea, 40; 41Ammophilia arenaria, 116amorpha, 44; 48amphibians, 26; 42; 50; 51; 52; 56; 57;

62; 86; 118; 124Amphipoda, 64Anas crecca, 119

Anas strepera, 119Anatidae, 60anchovy, 56; 74andromeda goby, 55Anemone, 34Anemone sylvestris, 116angiosperms, 42; 45; 46; 48Anguidae, 58Anguillidae, 53Anguilliformes, 53Animal Welfare Act, 79Annelida, 64; 66annelids, 60Anoplura, 64anoxia, 32Anser anser, 119Anseriformes, 60Anthozoa, 66ants, 65Anura, 56Aphanius fasciatus, 54Aphyllophorales, 49; 50Apodemus uralensis, 120Appendicularia, 66apples, 73aquatic habitats, 23; 24; 27; 28; 39; 63;

108; 117; 124aquatic isopods, 4aquatic moss, 22Aquila chrysaetos, 119Aquila clanga, 119Aquila heliaca, 119Aquila pomarina, 119arable land, 8; 10; 17; 27; 32; 33; 34; 35;

41; 72; 98; 112; 113Arachnida, 64; 66Araneae, 64Archiannelida, 66Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 116Ardea purpurea, 119Ardeola ralloides, 119Arenaria interpres, 119arguses, 36Armillaria borealis, 50Armillaria cepistipes, 50Armillaria gallica, 50Armillaria mellea, 50Armillaria ostoyae, 50Arnica, 34Arnica montana, 116Arpad Degen, 47Arrhenatheretum, 33arrowhead, 26

140 INDEX

Index

Arthrocnemetea, 40; 41Arthropoda, 64; 66Artiodactila, 62Aschelminthes, 64; 66Ascidiacea, 66Ascomycotina, 51ash, 12; 18; 19; 20Asia, 60Asio flammeus, 119Asparagus tenuifolius, 116Asperula borbasiana, 38Aspidobothria, 64Asplenium sagittatum, 116Association of Breeders of Istrian

Cattle, 91; 93Association of Breeders of the Horse of

Posavina, 91; 93Associations Act, 91Astacidae, 65; 86Asteroidea, 66Atherinidae, 53Atheriniformes, 53Athripsodes dalmatinus, 38Atlantic bluefin tuna, 74atmosphere warming, 48Aubrieta columnae ssp. croatica, 116Auchenorrhyncha, 64Aulopyge hugeli, 52; 54; 117Austria, 43; 65avocet, 119Aythya nyroca, 60; 119

BBacillarophyceae, 45bacteria, 43Ba~i}a kosa, 47Ba}inska lakes, 15Baillon’s crake, 119Bakar, 36Balaenopteridae, 62Balkan, 47; 58; 69; 91Balkan dace, 53; 54; 117Balkan whip snake, 57; 118Banija, 26bank vole, 60Banski Kova~evac, 26Baranja, 33; 34; 35; 112Barbary sheep, 71Barbus plebeius, 54Bar~, 24bar-tailed godwit, 119basak, 54Basidiomycotina, 49Bast, 51bastard-indigo, 100Bathynellacea, 64bats, 4; 23; 60; 61; 63; 120Bay of Bakar, 36; 37Bay of Kaštela, 37bearded tit, 25; 38; 119

beaver, 4; 26; 27; 61; 63; 71bedstraw, 38beech, 4; 11; 12; 18; 19; 20; 88bees, 65beetles, 4; 43Belarus, 43Belgium, 35; 43bellied angler, 56Benkovac, 13benthonic ecosystems, 30benthos, 45bent-winged bat, 23Bern Convention, 52; 71; 86; 120; 123Betula pubescens, 116big lark, 35big white truffles, 50Bijele stijene, 11; 22; 78Bilogora, 8; 9; 34; 71; 112Bilje, 112Biograd n/m, 33; 71bioindicator, 48Biokovo, 14; 15; 20; 37; 41; 43; 51; 82;

84; 86; 107; 109Biokovo Nature Park, 84; 85biotechnologies, 75birch, 88birds, 20; 24; 25; 35; 37; 38; 42; 43; 50;

51; 52; 58; 59; 62; 71; 72; 74; 86;113; 115

Bistrinci, 112Biševo, 29; 32bittern, 25Bivalvia, 64; 66Bjelolasica, 112; 123Blaca, 40; 113black alder, 18; 19; 20; 88black bream, 56black hornbeam, 19black pine, 19; 20; 88black poplar, 88Black Sea, 23; 24; 52; 54; 55; 60black Slavonian pig, 68; 69black stork, 4; 20; 25; 26black tern, 25; 119black truffles, 50blackbird, 4; 25black-crowned night heron, 26black-headed gulls, 25black-necked grebe, 119black-winged stilt, 119Blasius’ horseshoe bat, 23; 60Blattodea, 64Blennidae, 53blenny, 56Blidinsko Lake, 52Blitvenice, 74blue berry, 49bluefish, 56; 74blue-green algae, 22blue throat, 119bog arum, 41

bog clubmoss, 25Bogidiella albertimagni, 23Bogidiella dalmatina, 23Bogidiella semidenticulata, 23Bohemia, 35Boka Kotorska, 15Boletus aereus, 50Boletus edulis, 50Boletus pinophilus, 50Boletus reticulatus, 50Boljun~ica, 11Bombina variegata ssp.

kolombatovici, 57Bonellii’s eagle, 38; 119bonito, 74Bonn Convention, 71; 123booted eagle, 119Boraja, 14Bosnia, 18; 53; 57Bosut, 3botanical garden, 88Botaurus stelaris, 119Botrychium matricariifolium, 116bottlenose dolphin, 63Bovidae, 62Brachiopoda, 66Bra~, 3; 35Brassica botterii, 38; 116Brassica cazzae, 38; 116Brassica mollis, 116Brassicaceae, 47Bratuša – Ðon, 26Bregana, 9Brijuni, 82Brijuni National Park, 31; 81; 83Brinje, 10broad-leaved cotton grass, 25brook charr, 55brown algae, 29brown bear, 4; 20; 63; 71; 110; 120brown birch, 25brown meagre, 55; 56; 75brown toad, 103brown wrasse, 56; 75Brusnik, 29; 32Bryozoa, 66Bufonidae, 56Bukovica, 13Bunio-Iberetum pruitii, 40Bunio-Iberetum velebiticae, 47Bunium alpinum, 40Burhinus oedicnemus, 119bustard, 119buša cattle of Lika, 68; 69; 121Buško blato, 52butcher’s broom, 49Butomus umbellatus, 116butterflies, 35; 36; 38; 65; 112; 117By-Law on Environmental Impact

Assessment, 79By-Law on National Parks, 78

141INDEX

By-Law on Preservation of Antiquitiesand Natural Monuments, 78

Ccaddis-flies, 38; 65Calabrian pine, 88calamus, 26calandra lark, 119Calcispongiae, 66calcium carbonate, 22Calidris alpina, 119Calla palustris, 40; 114; 116Calystegia soldanella, 38Campanula cochleariifolia, 116Canadian water weed, 48Canadian-pondweed, 44Canidae, 62Canis lupus, 105; 120Cantharella cibarius var. amethysteus, 50Cantharellus cibarius, 50Capparales, 47Caput Insulae Eco-Centre, 93Caretta caretta, 118Carex, 60; 65Carex curta, 116Carex davalliana, 116Carex diandra, 116Carex dioica, 116Carex divisa, 116Carex echinata, 116Carex extensa, 116Carex flava, 116Carex hostiana, 116Carex lepidocarpa, 116Carex nigra, 116Carex serotina, 116Caricetum, 33carp fishponds, 25; 28; 60; 73; 122cartilaginous fish, 55; 56; 75; 87cask shell, 67Caspian Sea, 60Caspian whip-snake, 118Castoridae, 62Catabrosa aquatica, 116catfish, 55cattle breeding, 28; 33; 37; 38; 41; 58;

59; 68; 69; 73; 112Cattle-Breeding Act, 79Caudata, 56; 57Caudofoveata, 66Caulerpa, 30; 44; 48; 100cave leech, 4; 23cave shrimp, 23caverns, 22caves, 4; 5; 22; 23; 37; 39; 45; 61; 87;

108; 109; 111; 113; 114; 117; 124Centaurea crithmifolia, 38Centaurea friederici, 38Centaurea jabukensis, 38Centrarchidae, 53Cephalantera longifolia, 116

Cephalantera rubra, 116Cephalanthera damasonium, 116cephalopods (Cephalopoda), 66; 68; 74Ceratophyllum, 60cereals, 73Cervidae, 62Cestodes, 64; 66Cetaceans, 62; 86Cetina, 3; 14; 15; 24; 37; 52; 108Cetina bleak, 53Cetina spined loach, 54; 117Cetingrad, 18Chaetognatha, 66chamois, 61; 72; 84; 120chanterelle, 50Charadrius alexandrinus, 119charr, 55Cheleutoptera, 64Chelonia, 118Cheloniidae, 58; 118chernozem, 34Chilopoda, 64China, 54Chiroptera, 61; 62chiton, 54Chlidonias hybrida, 119Chlidonias leucoptera, 119Chlidonias nigra, 119Chondrostoma kneri, 54Chondrostoma phoxinus, 54chukar partridge, 71Ciliophora, 64; 66Circus aeruginosus, 119Circus pygargus, 119CITES, 80; 123citrus fruits, 73Cladocera, 64Clavelina lepadiformis, 112Clearing-house Mechanism, 126climate change, 44; 67; 98Clitellata, 64; 66Clupeidae, 53Clupeiformes, 53Cnidaria, 64; 66; 118coast and islands, 18; 38; 77; 113coastal habitats, 40; 41; 57Cobitis taenia dalmatina, 54Cobitis taenia narentana, 54Cobititidae, 54Coccidea, 66Coenonympha oedippus, 35; 38; 65Coenonympha tullia, 38coke plant, 36Coleoptera, 64collections, 90Collembola, 64Coluber caspius, 118Coluber gemonensis, 118Coluber viridiflavus ssp. carbonarius,

118Colubridae, 58

Columba oenas, 119common adder, 86common ash, 19; 20; 88common dolphin, 38; 60; 61common elder bourtree, 49common fir, 18; 19; 20; 88common hornbeam, 20common juniper, 49common kingfisher, 26; 59common oak, 8; 18; 19; 20; 25; 70; 88common otter, 26; 37; 63; 120common paper nautilus, 67common pine, 88common redshank, 35; 38; 119common sandpiper, 119common spider crab, 75common spruce, 20; 88continental shelf, 29Convention on Biological Diversity, 75;

76; 78; 80; 122; 126Convention on European Landscapes, 7Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild Faunaand Flora, 80

Convention on the Conservation ofEuropean Wildlife and NaturalHabitats, 80

Convention on the Conservation ofMigratory Species of WildAnimals, 80

Convention on the Protection of theMediterranean Sea againstPollution, 80

Convention on the Protection of WorldCultural and Natural Heritage, 80

Convention on Wetlands ofInternational Importance, Especiallyas Waterfowl Habitats, 80

coots, 25Copepoda, 64Coracias garrulus, 119corals, 29; 30; 65; 68Coregonidae, 53CORINE-Biotopes, 17; 39; 100cormorant, 59; 120corn, 35; 50; 73; 76corn cockle, 35corncrake, 35; 119Corynephori-Festucetum vaginatae, 33;

40; 41Corynephorus canescens, 33; 40; 41; 116Corynephorus divaricatus, 116Cottidae, 53cottongrass, 40crabs, 30; 55; 60; 63; 68crake, 25crane flies, 63Cratarellus cornucopioides, 50Cratena peregrina, 29Cratoneuron commutatum, 22crayfish, 65; 86Cres, 3; 12; 24; 35; 37; 78; 117Crex crex, 119

142 INDEX

Crinoidea, 66Crna Mlaka, 28; 83; 107Croatian Association of the Greens, 90Croatian Bank of Domestic Animal

Genes, 88Croatian Bank of Plant Genes, 69; 88;

121Croatian Biological Society, 90; 93Croatian Biospeleological Society, 93Croatian Centre of Environmental

Education, 93Croatian dace, 53; 54Croatian Ecological Society, 90; 93Croatian Entomological Society, 93Croatian hen, 68; 69; 121Croatian Information Service for

Biological Diversity, 95Croatian minnow, 54; 117Croatian Mountaineering Association,

Nature Protection Commission, 93Croatian Parliament, 73; 78; 89; 128Croatian Ornithological Society, 93Croatian Sahara, 40; 41Croatian sheep dog, 68Croatian Society for Natural Sciences, 90Croatian Society for the Protection of

Birds and Nature, 93Croatian Society for Water Protection, 93Croatian Society of Forestry, 93Croatian Society of Landscape

Architects, 93Croatian Society of Natural Sciences, 93Croatian spotted goat, 68; 69; 121Croatian white goat, 68; 69crustacean (Crustacea), 4; 23; 43; 63; 64;

65; 66; 67; 68; 74; 111; 118Ctenophora, 66cuckoo wrasse, 56Cuscuta epilinum, 116cutting, 16; 21; 46; 70; 71; 98; 99Cyanophyta, 45Cymodocea nodosa, 67; 111Cyprinidae, 52; 53; 54Cypriniformes, 52; 53Cyprinodontidae, 53Cyprinodontiformes, 53Cypripedium calceolus, 116Cyprus, 43Cystoseira, 30; 31; 56Cystoseiretum barbatae, 31Czech Republic, 37; 43; 65

^^akovec, 3^ambina Pond, 41^ekrk cave, 108; 125^esma River, 9^ikola, 37

]]i}arija, 11; 12; 120

DDalmatia, 8; 13; 14; 15; 25; 26; 37; 40;

52; 59; 75Dalmatian algyroides, 57; 118Dalmatian barbelgudgeon, 52; 53; 54;

117Dalmatian black pine, 19; 88Dalmatian dog, 68Dalmatian dormouse, 61Dalmatian garden dormouse, 22Dalmatian grey cattle, 69Dalmatian minnow, 54; 117Dalmatian pelican, 37Dalmatian soiffe, 54Dalmatian wall lizard, 38; 44; 57Dalmatinska zagora, 8; 14Danube, 3; 4; 5; 7; 8; 23; 25; 28; 41; 73;

84; 112; 114; 120Daphne, 34Daphne blagayana, 116Daphne cneorum, 116date-shell, 67Debela glava, 26decapods (Decapoda), 64; 65Declaration of Environmental

Protection, 78Decree on Protection of Natural

Masterpieces, 78deep-snouted pipefish, 55degenia, 4; 22; 38; 40; 47Degenia velebitica, 38; 47; 109; 116degradation, 5; 8; 9; 16; 18; 20; 24; 27;

30; 33; 40; 41; 50; 58; 59; 61; 72;73; 76; 78; 79; 98; 99; 100; 111

Delima, 22Delnice, 110; 115Delphinidae, 62Demospongiae, 64; 66depletion, 67; 68; 98; 99Dermaptera, 64Dermochelyidae, 58Deschampsietum, 33Desmidiaceae, 25detergents, 56Dianthus, 34Dianthus multinervis, 37; 116diatoms, 45dice snake, 26Digena, 64Digitalis ferruginea, 116Digitalis grandiflora, 116Dilj, 8Dinara, 3; 4; 5; 14; 25; 58; 73Dinaric Alps, 18; 19; 24; 37; 120Dinaric karst, 20; 23; 26; 57Diplodus, 56diplopods (Diplopoda), 63, 64Diplura, 64Diptera, 64Discoglossidae, 56Discomycetes, 49; 50

Discordis atromaculata, 68disturbing, 37; 46; 75; 76; 98; 99Dobra, 10doe, 55; 63; 100dolphin, 5; 60; 61; 111; 120domesticated taxa, 68; 69; 73; 100; 105;

121doneky of the littoral and Dinaric area,

69donkey of Kvarner and Istria, 68; 69donkey of littoral and Dinaric area, 68donkey of the littoral and Dinaric area,

69Dragani}, 8dragonflies, 26; 65Dragu~, 11Drava, 3; 4; 5; 7; 8; 9; 18; 20; 21; 23; 24;

25; 26; 33; 35; 40; 41; 84; 108; 112;114; 120; 124

Dropwort, 113Drosera anglica, 116Drosera intermedia, 116Drosera rotundifolia, 114Dubrava, 3Dubravica, 26; 40; 114ducks, 25; 59dunlin, 119durmast oak, 18; 19; 20; 88dusty-miller, 5dwarf catfish, 55dwarf cattail, 26dwarf pine, 19Dyctioptera, 64

\\akovo, 18\elekovac, 35\ur|evac, 33; 34; 35; 40; 114

Eearthworms, 63echinoderms (Echinodermata), 65; 66;

118Echinoidea, 66Echinophora spinosa, 38Echiura, 66Ecological Society of Brod, 93edible boletus, 50edible frog, 56; 75; 86Edraianthus, 34education, 93EECONET, 110eelgrass, 56; 111EEP, 88Egreta alba, 119Egretta garzetta, 119Egyptian vulture, 37Eko-Liburnia, Rijeka, 93Elafiti, 15; 86; 123Elba island, 87Eleonora’s falcon, 5, 38; 119

143INDEX

Elymus farctus, 116Elymus pycnanthus, 116Elyno-Seslerietea, 33Embioptera, 64Emydidae, 58endemic, 4; 5; 17; 21; 22; 23; 24; 26; 29;

30; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 42; 43;44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 51; 52; 53;54; 55; 56; 57; 59; 61; 62; 63; 65;67; 75; 84; 88; 98; 108; 109; 111;113; 114; 116; 117; 118; 123; 124

english holly, 49; 116Enteropneusta, 66Environmental Protection Act, 79; 123Ephemeroidea, 64Ephemeroptera, 64Erebia, 36Erebia gorge ssp. vagana, 35Erebia gorge ssp. vagana, 38Erebia oeme ssp. megaspodia, 35Erebia styria ssp. gorana, 35Erebia styria ssp. kleki, 35Eremophilia alepestris, 119Eresus niger, 35Erinaceidae, 62Eriophorum angustifolium, 116Eriophorum gracile, 116Eriophorum gracille, 114Eriophorum latifolium, 40; 116Erithatus svecicus, 119erosion, 8; 12; 46Eryngium, 34Esocidae, 53Estonia, 43EUFORGEN, 88Eunapius subterraneus, 23Eunicella cavolini, 87Eurocoast, 93European Endangered Species

Programme, 88European ground squirrel, 36European roller, 38; 119European sea bass, 74Eurosiberian-North American region,

17; 19eutrophication, 27; 32; 44; 46; 55; 67; 81

FFalco biarmicus, 119Falco cherug, 119Falco columbarius, 119Falco eleonorae, 113; 119Falco neumanni, 119Falco peregrinus, 119fallow deer, 71false rasbora, 54; 55false ringlet, 65; 112FAO, 34; 74; 111Felidae, 62felling forests, 40ferruginous duck, 4; 25; 26; 60; 119fescue grass, 40; 41

Festuca vaginata, 33; 40; 41Festuca vaginata, 116Festuco-Brometea, 33Fibiqia triquetra, 48Fimbristylis bisumbellata, 116Finland, 43; 91fir, 20; 70fire-bellied toad, 26fishing, 30; 32; 37; 44; 53; 55; 56; 57; 67;

68; 70; 73; 74; 78; 99; 110; 111; 118flooding, 11; 21; 27; 38; 59; 61; 71flysch series, 12; 21foreign species, 27; 37; 39; 50; 63; 98;

99; 113Forest Act, 70Forest Seeds and Forest Seedlings Act,

79forestry, 18; 44; 46; 48; 70; 78; 84; 87;

88; 98; 99; 110; 122fragmentation, 44; 50; 57; 58; 98; 99;

116France, 43; 50; 59freshwater fish, 26; 42; 43; 44; 50; 51;

52; 53; 54; 62; 73; 100; 122; 124Freshwater Fishery Act, 79freshwater honting,, 55Fritillaria meleagris, 116fritillary, 26; 49Fucus, 30fungi, 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 48; 49; 50; 51;

71; 75; 76; 86; 91; 100; 115; 131Fu`ine, 26; 27; 40

GGacka, 11; 108Gacko polje, 11Gadidae, 53Gadiformes, 53gadwal, 119Gallinago gallinago, 119Gasteromycetes, 49; 50Gasterosteidae, 53Gasterosteiformes, 53Gasterosteus aculeatus, 54Gastropoda, 64; 66Gastrotricha, 66gathering, 31; 40; 44; 47; 48; 49; 50; 56;

57; 59; 63; 67; 75; 78; 86; 94; 98;99; 116

geese, 25Gekkonidae, 58Gelochelidion nilotica, 119genetic diversity, 68genetic pollution, 71; 73genetic variability, 46genetically modified organisms, 75Gentiana, 34Gentiana pneumonanthe, 35; 116Geranium dalmaticum, 116German tamarisk, 26Germany, 43; 65giant Mediterranean pen, 67

gilliflower, 37glacial relict, 42Glaucidium passerinum, 119glossy ibis, 115; 119Glušci, 125Gnathostomulida, 66Gobiidae, 53; 55goby, 55; 56golden eagle, 119goldfish, 54; 55Goli otok, 68Gorgonaceae, 87Gorgoniidae, 87Gorski Kotar, 4; 8; 10; 11; 18; 26; 27;

33; 40; 97; 114; 115; 120Gospi}, 26Government of the Republic of Croatia,

83; 89; 100; 127; 128Granuloreticulosae, 66grapes, 73grass carp, 55grass frog, 56grasshoppers, 36; 58grasslands, 4; 13; 17; 24; 32; 33; 34; 35;

39; 41; 46; 51; 100; 112; 114grassy-rush, 26gray partridge, 71; 72gray-hair grass, 40; 41grazing, 33; 34; 37; 39; 46; 47; 99great bittern, 119great cormorant, 25; 119Great Lake, 5; 32greater bladderwort, 26greater noctule, 60grebes, 25Greece, 43; 56; 118green algae, 29; 30green Douglas fir, 88Green forum, 91green frog, 56Green Osijek - Ecological Society, 93green wrasse, 56; 75greenhouse effect, 48Gregarinidea, 66gren lizard, 118grey cattle of Dalmatia, 68Grey Istria, 11; 12grey mullet, 74greylegg goose, 119griffon vulture, 5; 37; 78; 119grotte goby, 55ground beetles, 63ground squirrel, 60; 61; 63; 120grouper, 56grouse, 71guilthead sea-bream, 74gull-billed tern, 119Gymnolaemata, 66Gymnosperms, 42; 45; 46; 48Gyps fulvus, 119

144 INDEX

HHadena irregularis, 35Haematopus ostralegus, 119hake, 56; 74Halicatus albicilla, 119hamsters, 36hare, 37; 63; 72harvestmans, 63hawthorn, 49Hayek, 47hay-meadows, 35heath ringlet, 25heavy metals, 32; 40; 48Helix, 65; 75; 86hellebores, 49Helsinki Convention on Forests, 70Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L., 116Hemichordata, 66Hemiptera, 64Herbarium Adriaticum, 91Herbarium Croaticum, 90; 91Herbarium in Makarska, 91Herbarium in Rovinj, 91Herbarium of Ivo and Marija Horvat,

91Herbarium of the Croatian Natural

History Museum, 91herbariums, 90; 91herbicide, 46; 48heron, 4; 25; 84Herpestidae, 62Herzegovina, 14; 18; 53; 57Heteroptera, 64Heteropteraidacea, 64Hieraaetus fasciatus, 119Hieraaetus pennatus, 119Highland Croatia, 4; 5Himantopus himantopus, 119Hippolais icterina, 119Hippolais olivetorum, 119Hippophaë rhamnoides L., 116Hippophao-Berberidetum, 26Hirudinea, 64Holarctic, 19Holland, 43holm oak, 5; 15; 19; 20; 88Holothurioidea, 66Holotricha, 66Homoptera, 64hornbeam, 14; 18; 19; 88horned lark, 119horny corals, 87horse leech, 65horse of Me|imurje, 68; 69; 121horse of Posavina, 68; 69; 121horseflies, 63Horticultural monument, 81; 86Horvath’s rock lizard, 57; 118hover-flies, 63Hrvatski Posavac, 93

Hrvatsko zagorje, 9; 26; 40; 86; 123Hucho hucho, 54Hungary, 24; 37; 43; 65; 69; 72hunting, 20; 21; 37; 44; 59; 60; 61; 63;

70; 71; 72; 78; 84; 86; 98; 99; 105;120; 122

Hvar, 3; 15; 18Hydnum repandum, 50Hydnum rufescens, 50Hydrocharis, 60Hydroideas, 65Hydroina, 64hydropower plants, 13; 20; 23; 24; 27;

53; 75; 76Hydrozoa, 64; 66Hygrocybe calyptriformis, 49Hygrophoraceae, 49HYLA – Society for the Protection and

Study of Amphibians and Reptilesin Croatia, 93

Hylidae, 56Hymenomycetes, 49Hymenophyllum tunbrigense, 116Hymenoptera, 64hypoxia, 32

IIberis carnosa, 40ice age, 36; 42ice-pits, 22ichthyofauna, 22; 43; 53; 54; 56; 124icterine warbler, 119ide, 117Ilex aquifolium, 116Imotski, 14; 24Imotsko polje, 14imperial eagle, 35; 119Implementation Monitoring

Commission, 128infralittoral zone, 30inland waters, 26; 39; 45; 46; 48; 51; 61;

63; 73insecticide, 46; 63; 112; 113insectivora, 62insects, 60; 61; 63; 64; 71institutional framework, 92; 100; 104;

105; 122; 123; 126International Species Information

System, 88interstitial fauna, 23; 38inventorying, 28; 46; 94; 95; 104; 108;

115; 118; 121; 124invertebrate collections, 90invertebrates, 23; 26; 29; 35; 39; 42; 43;

50; 51; 52; 60; 63; 65; 66; 67; 86;117; 124

Ireland, 43Iris, 34Iris pseudopumilla, 116Iris sibirica, 116Island, 43island pony, 68; 69; 113; 121

Isopoda, 63; 64; 117Isoptera, 64Issus novaki, 38Istria, 8; 11; 12; 18; 29; 30; 35; 41; 45;

50; 56; 58; 65; 68; 69; 75; 84; 86;106; 109; 112

Istrian cattle, 68; 69; 121Istrian longhaired pointer, 68Istrian sheep, 68; 69; 121Istrian shorthaired pointer, 68Italian agile frog, 26; 38; 57; 118Italian wall lizard, 44; 57Italy, 18; 43; 50; 56; 57; 69; 74; 75Ivan~ica, 9

JJabuka, 5; 29; 36; 37; 38Jabuka knapwed, 38jack snipe, 119Jacob’s scallop, 68Jadro, 53Jan~arica, 10Janthina, 67Japan, 49Japeti}, 9Jasena~ko polje, 26Jasikovac, 26Javornik, 110Jelsa, 26journals, 95

KKalnik, 9Kamptozoa, 66Kapela, 11; 120Karin, 13Karlovac, 26; 115karst and underground, 23; 109karst spring, 23; 37karst watercourses, 4; 41; 108Kaštela, 15; 32; 37; 125kentish plover, 38; 119kingfishers, 24Klek, 35Kloštar, 33; 40; 41; 114knapweed, 38Kninsko polje, 14Knipowitschia mrakovcici, 54Knipowitschia punctatissima ssp.

croatica, 54; 117Koeleria glauca, 116Kolansko blato, 37Kolombatovi}’s goby, 55kolombatovi}ev grey long-eared bat, 61Konavle, 15Kopa~ki rit, 7; 8; 23; 25; 28; 82; 83; 84;

86; 107Kopa~ki rit Nature Park, 84Koprivnica, 9; 41Korana, 10; 22; 24; 45

145INDEX

Kor~ula, 35; 118Kordun, 8; 10Kornati islands, 14; 31; 32; 75; 81; 82; 84Kornati National Park, 37; 83Kosovo polje, 14Kozja~a, 26Kozjak, 14Krapje |ol, 108Krbavsko polje, 11Kr~i}i, 122Kri`evci, 9Krk (island), 3; 12; 30; 35; 37; 58; 113Krka (river), 13; 15; 24; 26; 31; 32; 37;

52; 82; 108; 117; 122Krka Adriatic salmon, 54Krka National Park, 61; 81; 83Krndija, 8Krupa, 86; 123Kruš~ica, 11Kupa, 3; 8; 10; 11; 18; 35; 41; 45; 86;

123Kup~ina, 9Kvarner, 8; 12; 29; 40; 69Kynorhyncha, 66

LLabin, 12Labrus, 56Lacerta horvathi, 118Lacerta mosorensis, 118Lacerta oxycephala, 118Lacerta viridis, 118Lacertidae, 58Lactarius deliciosus, 50Lactarius deterrimus, 50Lactarius hemicyaneus, 50Lactarius quieticolor, 50Lactarius salmonicolor, 50Lactarius sanguifluus, 50Lactarius semisanguifluus, 50ladybird spider, 35Lagomorpha, 62Lake Bajer, 40Lake Bokanja~ko, 37Lake ^epi~ko, 37Lake Vransko Nature Park, 84lampreys, 52; 53; 54land reclamation, 16; 20; 33; 38; 52land slaters, 43lanner falcon, 38; 119larch, 88largemouth black bass, 55Larus, 95Lastovci, 32Lastovo, 15; 32; 37; 86; 113; 123late snowflake, 19Latvia, 43lavender, 48Lavernaka, 38Lemna, 60

Lepenica, 27; 114Lepeni~ko Lake, 27Lepeni~ko polje, 27Lepidoptera, 64; 65Leporidae, 62Leptidea duponcheli, 38Leptopsammia pruvoti, 67Lesquerella velebitica, 47lesser kestrel, 35; 38; 119lesser Neptune grass, 67; 111lesser spotted eagle, 4; 20; 25; 119Lethenteron zanandreai, 54Leuciscus, 38Leuciscus illiricus, 54; 117Leuciscus microlepis, 54; 117Leuciscus polylepis, 54; 117Leuciscus souffia ssp. muticellus, 54, 117Leuciscus svallize, 54; 117Leuciscus turskyi, 54Leuciscus turskyi ssp. tenellus, 54Leuciscus ukliva, 54Leucorrhinia, 63levant sparrowhawk, 38; 119lichens, 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 48; 49; 50Li~ko Petrovo Selo, 10Li~ko polje, 11Liechtenstein, 43Liechtenstein’s goby, 55Ligularia, 34Ligularia sibirica, 116Lika, 8; 10; 11; 12; 33; 69; 120Lilium, 34; 116Lilium bosniacum 116Lilium bulbiferum, 116Lilium carniolicum, 116Lilium martagon, 116Lim bay, 12lime, 18; 19; 88limestone, 5; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 21;

22; 24; 34; 36; 47Limosa lapponica, 119Limski Bay, 31; 32Limski Channel, 112Linum, 34Lipizzaner horse, 69Lipove~ka gradina, 26Lipovljani, 122Lithuania, 43little bittern, 25; 26little crake, 119little ringed plover, 24little tern, 119littoral pine, 18Lobaria lulmonaria, 48locus typicus, 21locust, 22; 44; 48Locustella naevia, 119loessial, 34loggerhead turtle, 118Lokve, 115Lolium, 65

Lomska duliba, 33long-fingered bat, 23; 61long-term plans, 104Lonja, 8Lonjsko Polje, 8; 25; 27; 82; 83; 84; 107Lonjsko polje Nature Park, 84Lopinga achine, 35Lošinj, 12; 29; 35Lovinac, 11Lowland Croatia, 4; 5; 8Luca’s cavern, 23Ludvi} potok, 26Luke’s pit, 43Luš~i}, 26Lutra lutra, 120Luxemburg, 35, 43Lycaena dispar, 35Lycopsida, 105Lymnocryptes minima, 119lynx, 4; 20; 61; 72; 110; 120

MMacelj, 9mackerel, 74Maculinea, 36; 112Maculinea alcon, 35Maculinea nausithous, 35; 38Maculinea telejus, 35magmatic rocks, 21mainland invertebrates, 42; 50Makarska, 5; 15; 38Mala Paklenica, 39; 82Malinska, 30mallard duck, 25; 71Malophaga, 64Malostonski bay, 18; 32; 111Malta, 43mammals, 23; 36; 38; 42; 44; 50; 51; 52;

58; 60; 61; 62; 63; 71; 86; 120; 124Man and Biosphere - MAB, 83mandarin oranges, 73Mandragora officinarum, 116mangulica, 69Mantodea, 64maple, 18marble trout, 54mariculture, 44; 46; 74; 99Marifugia cavatica, 23marine fish, 52Marine Fishery Act, 56; 62; 67; 79marine habitats, 40marine invertebrates, 42; 50; 67; 124marine reserves, 32; 61; 111marine turtle, 5; 29; 57; 118Maritime Code, 79maritime pine, 88marl rocks, 21marsh harrier, 25; 119marshes, 4; 5; 20; 27; 37; 41; 59; 60Martino’s snow vole, 4; 22; 61

146 INDEX

Mastigophorae, 66Mati} poljana, 10Matokit, 14Mauremys caspica, 118meadow, 4; 8; 10; 11; 25; 27; 30; 32; 33;

34; 35; 36; 39; 41; 56; 58; 65; 67;72; 73; 82; 84; 87; 98; 100; 108;111; 112; 114; 117

meadow saffron, 49Mecoptera, 64Medak, 11medicinal herbs, 44; 75; 76medicinal leech, 65Mediterranean coast, 4; 5Mediterranean Croatia, 5; 21Mediterranean monk seal, 5; 38; 60; 61;

120Mediterranean region, 17; 19; 25; 53; 67;

108Mediterranean Sea, 29; 74Mediterranean shearwater, 119Mediterranean toothcarp, 54; 55medium-term plans, 104Medora, 22Medvednica, 9; 19; 82; 84; 104Medvednica Nature Park, 77; 84; 85Megaloptera, 64Mehely’s horseshoe bat, 60Melanocorypha calandra, 119Meledella verneri, 22Merodontidae, 63metamorphic rocks, 21Metkovi}, 108; 125Microcosmus, 68microorganism, 71; 76microphytobenthos, 45migration, 16; 23; 25; 30; 41; 53; 57; 69;

100Milesiidae, 63Milvus milvus, 119Miljacka, 61Miljacka cave, 117Miljkovi}a Krug, 47mineral oils, 56minnow nase, 53; 54Mljet, 5; 15; 18; 22; 29; 30; 32; 37; 40;

82; 113; 118Mljet National Park, 81; 82Mokro polje, 8; 28Molinietum, 33Molinio- Arrhenatheretea, 33molluscs (Mollusca), 30; 60; 64; 65; 66;

118Molossidae, 62Monachus monachus, 120Monera, 42monk seals, 29monkey goby, 54monnd-building mouse, 120monoculture, 16; 33; 44; 72; 98; 112Monogena, 64Monolistra pretneri spp. spinulosa, 117

Montagn’s harrier, 119Montenegro, 57Moor frog, 118moors, 4; 17; 25; 26; 27; 40; 41; 65; 87;

98; 107; 114moray, 56; 75Mose}a, 14Moslova~ka mountain, 8Mosor, 14Mosor rock lizard, 57; 118mosses, 25; 42; 44; 45; 46; 48; 91Motovun, 106; 109mottled black sea goby, 54mouflon, 71mountain anemone, 112; 113mouse-like bats, 61moustached warbler, 119Movement of Nature Friends, 90mowing, 11; 33; 34; 37; 39; 73Mre`nica, 10; 86; 123Mrkopalj, 115Mrzla vodica, 26Mugilidae, 53Mugiliformes, 53Mura, 4; 24; 41; 45; 108; 114Muridae, 62Mus spicilegus, 120mussels, 68Mustelidae, 62mycoflora, 5;43; 44; 45; 94; 109Myocastoridae, 62Myotis capaccinii, 61Myotis dasycneme, 120Myoxidae, 62Myriapoda, 64Myricaria germanica, 116Mytiloida, 67Myxosporea, 66Myxozoa, 66Myzostomida, 66

NNadinsko blato, 37nannoplankton, 45Nannospalax syrmiensis, 120Narcissus, 34Narcissus radiiflorus, 116Nardo-Callunetea, 33narrow-leaved bindweed, 112narrow-leaved helleborine, 116National Development Strategy of the

Republic of Croatia, 80National park, 81; 86National Programme for Development

of Islands, 79NATURA - Society for Nature

Protection in Croatia, 93Natura Croatica, 95Natural monument, 81; 85; 86Nature Park, 8; 81; 86Nature Protection Act, 28; 47; 49; 57;

58; 60; 61; 62; 67; 71; 72; 75; 77;78; 79; 80; 81; 83; 85; 86; 87; 100;114; 116; 118; 122; 123; 131

Nematodes, 64; 66Nematomorpha, 64Nemertina, 66Neogobius fluvialitis, 54neoteny, 57Neretva, 5; 8; 14; 15; 18; 24; 25; 26; 28;

31; 32; 37; 45; 59; 72; 83; 86; 98;99; 107; 112; 113; 114; 123

Neretva Adriatic salmon, 54Neretva spined loach, 54Netta rufina, 119NGOs, 86; 88; 89; 90; 126night heron, 119Niphargus, 23nitrogen oxides, 48North America, 49North-Dalmatian plateau, 8; 13North Velebit National Park, 81; 83northern bat, 60northern bobwhite, 71North-western Croatia, 9Norway, 43; 91Norway lobster, 68nose-horned viper, 57; 86Novi Vinodolski, 12Novigrad, 13NSAP, 17; 18; 28; 42; 44; 86; 97; 98;

104; 105; 106; 123; 126; 127; 128Numenius phaeopus, 119Numerius tenuirostris, 119Nycticorax nycticorax, 119Nymphaea, 60

Ooak, 8; 14; 15; 18; 19; 20; 25Odonata, 64Odra, 108Ogulin, 10; 23; 26; 41; 107; 109; 115oil derivatives, 40oilseed rape, 73Oku}ani, 73oleiferous plants, 73Oligochaeta, 64olives, 73olive-tree warbler, 119olm, 57Omiš, 15Ophioglossum lusitanicum, 37; 116Ophiuroidea, 66Ophrys apifera, 116Ophrys lutea, 116Opiliones, 64orchards, 14; 17; 33Orchidaceae, 34orchids, 26; 34Orchis italica, 116Orchis lactea, 116Orchis purpurea, 116

147INDEX

Orchis quadripunctata, 116Orchis spitzelli, 116oriental hornbeam, 12; 19oriental knight’s spur, 35Orlovac, 26ornithological reserve, 15; 25; 78; 108Orsini’s viper, 38; 58; 118Orthoptera, 64orthopterans, 65Osijek, 3; 18Osmunda regalis, 116Ostracoda, 64Oštrc, 9Otis tarda, 119Oto~ac, 11; 35otter, 4Our Beautiful Homeland, 90; 93overfishing, 53; 56; 67; 68; 75; 99oystercatcher, 119oysters, 68

PPag, 3; 12; 25; 35; 37; 115Paklenica, 78Paklenica National Park, 35; 39; 81; 82Pakoštane, 24Palagru`a, 17; 29; 32; 37; 39; 75Palagru`a cabbage, 38Palagru`a knapwed, 38Palestine mole mouse, 36; 60; 61; 62;

63; 120Pancratium maritimum, 38; 116Pannonian highlands, 8Pannonian hills, 5Pannonian mountains, 8Pannonian region, 23Panonnian highlands, 8Pantopoda, 66Panurus biarmicus, 119Papaver dubium ssp. lecoquii var.

albifolium, 35Papilio alexanor, 38Papuk, 8; 9; 35; 82; 84Papuk Nature Park, 84Paralcyonium corralloides, 87Paraphoxinus, 23; 44Park forest, 81; 85; 86Parnassius apollo, 38parti-coloured bat, 60partridge, 35; 59pastures, 4; 10; 11; 25; 32; 33; 39; 41;

72; 73; 84; 98; 100; 108Pauropoda, 64Pazin, 12pea crabs, 67Pelobatidiae, 56Pelješac, 15pen shell, 67Percidae, 53Perciformes, 53; 55peregrine falcon, 119

Peritricha, 66Peru~a, 3; 14pesticide, 20; 21; 33; 35; 37; 44; 46; 48;

57; 61; 63; 68; 75; 99; 110; 113; 124petroleum, 56Petromyzontidae, 53; 54Petromyzontiformes, 53Petrosia ficiformis, 68Petrova mountain, 8Petrovo polje, 14Phaeodaria, 66Phalacrocorax carbo, 119Phasmidae, 64pheasant, 59; 71phenols, 56Phocidae, 62Phoronida, 66photophilic algae, 31Phoxinellus, 38Phoxinellus adspersus, 54; 117Phoxinellus alepidotus, 54; 117Phoxinellus croaticus, 54; 117Phoxinellus ghetaldi, 54; 117Phoxinellus pstrossi, 54; 117Phragmiti-Typhetum minimae, 26Phthiraptera, 64Physeteridae, 62Physical Planning Strategy, 3; 7; 8phytobentos, 46phytoplankton, 45; 46Picoides tridactylus, 119pig of Turopolje, 68; 69; 87; 121pike, 73pilchard, 56; 74pine marten, 63pine-tree, 12Pinna nobilis, 67Pinnidae, 67Pinnotheres, 67pipefish, 55pisciculture, 73; 122pits, 4; 13; 37; 61; 108; 109Placophora, 66plaices, 56Planipenia, 64Plant Protection Act, 79Plaški, 10Plaško, 10; 26Platalea leucordia, 119Platanthera clorantha, 116Platodes, 64Platyhelminthes, 66Plecoptera, 64Plegadis falcinellus, 119Pleuronectidae, 53Pleuronectiformes, 53Plitvice Lakes, 11; 22; 24; 78; 82; 83;

107Plitvice Lakes National Park, 81Plomin, 45plums, 73

Plješivica, 9; 10; 11; 86; 120; 123Po, 18Po barbel, 54Po broke lamprey, 54Poa, 65Poa remota, 116poaching, 37; 39; 59; 63; 72; 98; 122Podarcis melisellensis ssp. pomoensis, 38Podarcis muralis ssp. maculiventris, 118Podiceps grisegena, 119Podiceps nigrocollis, 119Podolia, 69podolian cattle, 69pointer of Posavina, 68Poland, 43; 91pollution, 13; 18; 20; 21; 27; 28; 29; 30;

31; 38; 39; 40; 41; 44; 46; 48; 50;52; 53; 55; 56; 57; 59; 63; 67; 73;75; 76; 90; 95; 98; 99; 107; 108;109; 110; 111; 114; 117; 118; 122;123; 124

Polychaeta, 64; 66Polycistiena, 66Polygonum, 60poplar, 18; 19Porifera, 66Poronia punctata, 51Portugal, 43Porzana parva, 119Porzana pusilla, 119Posidonia oceanica, 30; 67; 111Potamogeton, 60poultry, 73Po`ega, 9pramenka sheep of Lika, 68; 69predators, 20; 54; 72; 110Priapulida, 66primroses, 49Primula, 34priority plans, 104Promina, 13; 14protected landscape, 81; 85; 86Proteidae, 56; 57Protelsonia hingarica ssp. thermalis, 23Proterorhinus marmoratus, 54Proteus anguinus, 57; 118Protocol Concerning Specially

Protected Areas and BiologicalDiversity in the Mediterranean, 80

Protocol on Biological Safety, 76Protoctista, 42Protoerebia phegea dalmata, 38Protozoa, 64Protura, 64Prvi}, 37Pryonotropus hystryx ssp. hystrix, 22pseudogley, 34Pseudophilotes schiffermueleri, 35Pseudophilotes vicrama, 35Pseudophyllidea, 64Pseudoscorpiones, 64pseudoscorpions, 4; 23; 43; 64

148 INDEX

Psocoptera, 64Psunj, 8; 9Pteridophyta, 42; 43; 45; 46; 48pubescent oak, 5; 12; 19; 88public information, 93; 95Pucareva staja, 125Puffinus yelkouan, 119Pulsatilla pratensis ssp. nigricans, 116pumpkin-seed sunfish, 55purple heron, 25; 119pygmy cormorants, 25pygmy owl, 119Pyrenomycetes, 49; 50; 51

Qquails, 35; 59

RRab, 18; 40; 115Rabac, 12raccoon dog, 60rainbow trout, 55Rakovica, 10Ramsar, 25; 28; 80; 83; 107Rana esculenta, 56Rana gracea, 56Rana latastei, 38; 118Rana lessonae, 56Rana ridibunda, 56Rana shqiperica, 56Ranidae, 56Rastok, 14Raša, 11Raša bay, 12Ravna gora, 9Ravni Kotari, 13recombinant DNA, 75Recurvirostra avosseta, 119red algae, 29red coral, 29; 67; 75red deer, 71; 72Red Istria, 11; 12red kite, 119Red Lake, 24red list, 43; 44; 62; 100; 115red mullet, 74red scorpionfish, 75red-crested pochard, 119red-footed falcon, 35red-necked grebe, 119Region Bilogorsko-Moslova~ka, 9rendzina, 34Report on Environmental State, 79reptiles, 26; 42; 50; 51; 52; 56; 57; 58;

62; 86; 118; 124Rhaphidioptera, 64rhegosol, 34Rhinolophidae, 62Rijeka, 3; 12; 115Rili}, 14

Risnjak, 19; 120; 123Risnjak National Park, 81; 82; 123; 126Rje~ina, 45rock partridge, 71; 72Rodentia, 62roe-deer, 71; 72Romania, 43; 54; 69roothless duckweed, 26rosemary, 49Roški waterfall, 83Rotatoria, 64; 66round-leaf sundew, 25; 40Rovinj, 67Ro`anski Kukovi, 13ruda sheep, 68; 69; 121rudd, 54ruderal flora, 35rural tourism, 72Russia, 56; 59Rutilus basak, 54Rynchospora alba, 116

SSaccharum ravennae, 116sage, 49saker falcon, 35; 119Salamandridae, 56Salici-Myricarietum, 26salinization, 48Salmo trutta, 117Salmo trutta ssp. dentex, 54Salmo trutta ssp. visovacensis, 54Salmo trutta ssp. zrmanjensis, 54Salmo trutta ssp. marmoratus, 54Salmoneus sketi, 38Salmonidae, 53; 54Salmoniformes, 53Salmothymus, 38Salmothymus obtusiristris, 117Salmothymus obtusiristris ssp. krkensis,

44; 54Salmothymus obtusirostris ssp.

obtusirostris, 54Salmothymus obtusirostris ssp.

oxyrhynchus, 54Salmothymus obtusirostris ssp.

salonitana, 53; 54Samarske stijene, 11; 22Samobor, 8; 9; 26Samoborsko gorje, 84sand goby, 55sand martin, 24; 41sandstone rocks, 21sandy coasts, 40; 41; 87sanitary cutting, 70; 71Saplunara, 113Sarcodinea, 64Sarcomastigophora, 66Sargassum, 31Satyridae, 65Sauria, 58

Sava, 3; 4; 5; 8; 18; 19; 20; 21; 23; 25;28; 32; 84; 108; 124

sawflies, 63Saxifraga sedoides ssp. prenja, 116Scandinavia, 19Scaphopoda, 66Scardinius erythrophthalmus ssp.

hesperidicus, 54Scardinius erythrophthalmus ssp.

scardafa, 54Sciaena umbra, 55Sciaenidae, 55science, 93; 94Scilla, 34Scincidae, 58Sciuridae, 62Scolapax rusticola, 119Scopolia carniolica, 116Scorpaeniformes, 53Scorpiones, 64Scots pine, 88scullcap, 26Scyphozoa, 66sea blossom, 32; 46sea buckthorn, 26sea cucumbers, 75; 86sea daffodil, 38sea fish, 42; 43; 50; 51; 62sea horse, 75sea mats, 65Sea of Azov, 60sea parnship, 38sea slug, 29sea squirt, 65; 68seabed, 40; 55; 67; 87; 111sea-cave, 38sea-horse, 56seashore false bindweed, 38Secernentea, 66Senj, 11Serbia, 37Serpentes, 58Serranidae, 53; 56Serratulo-Plantaginetum altissimae, 112Sesleria tenuifolia, 19shadows, 55sharks, 56sharp-snouted rock lizard, 57; 118sheep of the island, 69sheep of the island of Cres, 68sheep of the island of Pag, 68sheepshead bream, 56shellfish, 74short-eared owl, 119short-term plans, 104Siberia, 19Siberian iris, 26; 34; 112Sibinje, 47Sibiraea altaiensis ssp. croatica, 44Silba, 31Siluridae, 53

149INDEX

Siluriformes, 53silver carp, 55Sipuncula, 66Skakavac, 26Skradin, 13; 81Slavonia, 8; 9; 18; 33; 34; 35; 60; 84Slavonian pig, 121Slavonian podolian cattle, 68; 69; 121slenderbill pipefish, 55slender-billed curlow, 119Slovakia, 35; 43; 65Slovenia, 18; 35; 43; 46; 50; 57; 65; 68;

69; 72; 74; 112Slunj, 18small falcon, 119Small Lake, 32small tern, 24small-leaf lime, 88Smil~i}, 13Smokvenjak, 67smooth newt, 57; 118snail, 4; 22; 23; 43; 44; 63; 65; 67; 68;

75; 76; 86snake-eyed skink, 118snowdrop anemone, 112snowdrop, 49Snje`nik, 112; 120Solenogastres, 66Solin Adriatic salmon, 54Solin Channel, 32Soricidae, 62souffie, 54; 117South Dalmatian minnow, 54; 117South-Dalmatian donkey, 68; 69soya bean, 73, 76Spa~va, 8; 18Spaeromides virei ssp. mediodalmatina,

117Spain, 43; 56; 59Sparidae, 53sparids, 75Special reserve, 81; 85; 86Spermatophyta, 43; 44; 45Spermophilus citelus, 120Sphaeromatidae, 117Sphagnum, 25Spirotricha, 66Split, 3; 30; 32; 75sponges, 68; 75Spongia, 64spoonbill, 4; 25; 26; 84; 108; 119Sporobolus pungens, 116Sporozoa, 66sportfishing, 73spotted deer, 71spotted eagle, 119spotted minnow, 54; 117sprat, 56; 74spring-snowflakes, 49spruce, 18; 19; 88squacco heron, 26; 119

Squamata, 58St. Euphemia, 40stagshorn clubmoss, 105Starigrad, 30Stenolaemata, 66steppe mouse, 120Sterna albifrons, 119Sternorrhyncha, 64Sticholonchea, 66stock pidgeon, 119stone curlew, 35; 119stonebass, 56stork, 4; 20; 25; 26Strahinj~ica, 9strategic objective

coast and islands, 113domesticated taxa, 121education, 125grassland and arable land, 112habitats, 114institutional framework, 123landscapes, 106legislative framework, 122other sectors, 121public information, 126research and monitoring, 124species and subspecies, 115wetlands and waters, 107

strategic objectivesforests, 109karst and underground, 108sea, 110

strategy objectives - general, 104strategy principles, 103Stratiotes alloides, 26Strict reserve, 81; 85; 86stripe-necked terrapin, 26; 118sturgeon, 55; 75Styria, 65sugar beet, 73Suidae, 62Sun|er, 26sunflower, 73Sungerski lug, 26; 41; 114Sunset cup coral, 67surmullet, 56Sušac, 37; 38Sušak cabbage, 38Sv. Andrija, 37Sv. Ivan, 67Svanimir - Croatian Society for the

Protection of Natural and CulturalHeritage, 93

Svetac, 29; 32Svilaja, 14Sweden, 43sweet chestnut, 20; 49; 88; 110Switzerland, 43; 91Symphilia, 64Symphyta, 64Synentognathi, 53Syngnathidae, 53; 55Syphonaptera, 64

[Šarengrad, 112Šibenik, 8; 13; 14; 32; 37Štirova~a, 78Šugarska duliba, 47

TTaenioidea, 64Talpidae, 62Tardigrada, 64; 66teal, 119Telaš}ica, 82; 84Telaš}ica Nature Park, 84tench, 73Tengelman’s owl, 119Terebrantia, 64terminator technology, 76terrestrial snail, 22tertiary relict, 22; 23; 42; 43; 44Testudinata, 118Testudines, 58Testudinidae, 58Tetrao urogallus, 119Thaliacea, 66Thero-Brachypodietea, 33three-spined stikleback, 54three-toed woodpecker, 119Thymallidae, 53Thysanoptera, 64Thyssanura, 64Topusko, 26tornjak, 68; 69tourism, 7; 16; 31; 37; 39; 53; 67; 68; 72;

74; 76; 85; 99; 100Tourism Development Strategy, 79traditional medicine, 46transgenic plants, 76transgenic wastes, 76Transport Development Strategy of the

Republic of Croatia, 80travertine, 4; 10; 22; 24; 41; 81Trebinje, 26Trematodes, 64; 66Trichoptera, 64Tricladida, 64Tringa totanus, 119Triton’s trumpet, 67Triturus vulgaris ssp. meridionalis, 118Triturus vulgaris ssp. dalmaticus, 57; 118Triturus vulgaris ssp. meridionalis, 57Triturus vulgaris ssp. schreiberi, 57Trogir, 15troglobionic sponge, 23Troglocaris, 23Trollius europaeus, 116trout fishponds, 73Trstenik, 26Trš}e, 40; 114Tuber aestivum, 50Tuber asa, 50

150 INDEX

Tuber brumale, 50Tuber hiemalbum, 50Tuber macrosporum, 50Tuber magnatum, 50Tuber maleniconii, 50Tuber melanosporum, 50Tuber uncinatum, 50Tulipa praecox, 35Tunicata, 66Turbellaria, 64; 66Turkey, 43; 52; 56; 59turkey oak, 19turkey of Zagorje, 68; 69; 121turnstone, 119two-banded bream, 56Typha minima, 116tzigai sheep, 69; 121

UUbli, 113U~ka, 11; 12; 35; 82; 84; 120U~ka Nature Park, 84; 85UK, 43Ukraina, 59; 69Um, 11Umag, 12Umbridae, 53underground beetles, 23underground habitats, 22; 23; 39; 43; 63;

108underground waters, 20; 23; 26; 37; 41;

53; 57; 63; 99; 117; 124UNESCO, 24; 83; 84; 107; 109unfortified banks, 41Unije, 35upright dorycnium, 112; 114Ursidae, 62; 120Ursus arctos, 120

VVaganski vrh, 35Valtura, 37Vara`din, 18Varnja~a, 13vascular flora, 43Velebit, 4; 8; 11; 12; 13; 18; 22; 23; 25;

26; 33; 35; 37; 43; 44; 47; 82; 83;84; 108; 109; 112; 120

Velebit Nature Park, 84Veli Bok cove, 29Velika Kapela, 11Veliki Brijun, 31Veliki Tabor Castle, 9Velo blato, 25; 115Veratrum, 34vertebrate collections, 90vertebrates, 43; 44; 50; 51; 62

Vesicaria, 47Vespertilionidae, 61; 62Vinca minor, 116vine fruits, 73vineyard, 9; 10; 12; 14; 33; 35viper’s bugloss, 35Vipera macrops, 58Vipera ursinii, 38; 58; 113; 118Viperidae, 58Virovitica, 76viruses, 43Vis, 29Visovac goby, 54Visovac trout, 54Visova~ko Lake, 52Volhinia, 69Vransko lake, 3; 13; 24; 25; 33; 71; 82;

84Vratnik, 10Vrbovsko, 115Vrginmost, 26Vrgorac, 37Vrgorac goby, 53; 117Vrgora~ko polje, 14; 21Vrhovnjaci, 32Vrljika, 53Vukmani}, 26

Wwall lizard, 39warbler, 25water chestnut, 26water germonder, 26water management, 11; 16; 57; 76; 78;

84; 87; 98; 99water slaters, 43water-aloe, 26water-clover, 26Waters Act, 79weed-killers, 41weever, 56wels, 73western whip snake, 118wet oak, 4wetland bat, 120Weymouth pine, 88whales, 60wheat, 73whimberl, 119whiskered tern, 25; 26; 119white beadrush, 25white beam, 56white hornbeam, 19White Istria, 11; 12white poppy, 35white sea beam, 55white stork, 25

white-tailed deer, 71white-tailed eagle, 4; 20; 25; 26; 37; 45;

119white-winged tern, 119wild boar, 71wild fruit, 18wild geese, 25willow, 19; 40; 49Wine Act, 79wolf, 4; 20; 62; 69; 72; 88; 105; 110; 120wolf - management plan, 105wood anemone, 116woodchat shrike, 35woodcock, 119wooly chamomile, 112World Cultural and Natural Heritage

List, 22World Natural Heritage List, 83

XXylariaceae, 51Xylariales, 51

Yyarrow, 49Yellow florned-poppy, 114yellow gentian, 49; 115yellow sea fan, 87yellow-bellied toad, 57yew, 19Young Nature Guards, 90Yugoslavia, 43; 56; 74

ZZadar, 3; 8; 13; 14; 57Zagora, 14Zagorska Mre`nica, 23Zagreb, 3; 9; 23zander, 73Zapreši}, 26; 114Zdihovo, 10Zerynthia cerisyi ssp. dalmacijae, 38Ziphiidae, 62Zir, 11zoned miter, 67zoological garden, 88Zostera marina, 30Zrinjska mountain, 8Zrmanja, 12; 13; 15; 22; 26; 45; 52; 86;

108; 117; 123Zrmanja trout, 54

@@minj, 112@umberak, 8; 9; 10; 82; 84; 120@umberak-Samoborsko gorje Nature

Park, 84

151INDEX

Box 1. What is biological diversity and what is itsimportance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Box 2. Objectives and obligations of the parties to theConvention on Biological Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . xii

Box 3. Foundations of the biological diversity protection at the global, European and national level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii

Box 4. Organisation chart and sources of finance for the NSAP development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii

Box 5. Basic information on the Republic of Croatia . . . 3Box 6. Lowland Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Box 7. Highland Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Box 8. Coastal and insular Mediterranean Croatia . . . . . 5Box 9. The Adriatic Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Box 10. Causes of landscape threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Box 11. Negative impacts on ecological systems

originating in the neighbouring countries . . . . . . . 18Box 12. State of forests in Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Box 13. Woodland belts (according to the division in

the monograph on “Forests in Croatia”, 1992) . . . 19Box 14. Forest threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Box 15. Karst and underground features . . . . . . . . . . . 21Box 16. Features of karst of international importance . . 22Box 17. Threats to karst and underground ecological

systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Box 18. Wetlands and waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Box 19. Last remaining moors in Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . 26Box 20. Rare and threatened species and communities

of the coastal area of River Drava . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Box 21. Threats to wetland and aquatic habitats . . . . . . 27Box 22. Problems in the protection of wetland and

aquatic habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Box 23. Croatia’s wetlands included in the Ramsar list . . 28Box 24. Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Box 25. Number of taxa of green, brown and red algae . . 29Box 26. Threats and consequences of threats to

marine flora and fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Box 27. Biocenosis of photophilic algae . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Box 28. Grassland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Box 29. Classification of grassland in Croatia . . . . . . . . 33Box 30. Threats to grassland ecological systems . . . . . . 34Box 31. Arable land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Box 32. Threats to biological diversity of arable land

and nitrophyllous ecological systems . . . . . . . . . . . 35Box 33. Endemic and threatened taxa of invertebrates

found in grassland habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Box 34. Urban ecological systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Box 35. Coast and islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Box 36. Threatened plant species of the coast and

islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Box 37. Threatened animal species of the coast and

islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Box 38. Threats to coastal and island ecological systems . . 39Box 39. Threats to habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Box 40. Critically threatened habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Box 41. Velebit degenia (Degenia velebitica) . . . . . . . . . 47Box 42. Fungus Hygrocybe calyptriformis, a rare

European species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Box 43. Fungi that may be gathered for commercial purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Box 44. Threats to fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Box 45. Fungus Poronia punctata, a rare and

threatened European species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Box 46. Diversity of animal world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Box 47. Dalmatian barbelgudgeon (Aulopyge hugeli) . . . 52Box 48. Special threats to freshwater fish in Croatia . . . 53Box 49. Threat of introducing foreign fish taxa . . . . . . 54Box 50. Threats to Adriatic fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Box 51. Brown meagre (Sciaena umbra) . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Box 52. Threats to amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Box 53. Olm (Proteus anguinus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Box 54. Threats to reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Box 55. Orsini’s viper (Vipera ursinii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Box 56. Ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca) . . . . . . . . . . 60Box 57. Long-fingered bat (Myotis capaccinii) . . . . . . . 61Box 58. Threats to mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Box 59. Basic threats to invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Box 60. False ringlet (Coenonympha oedippus) . . . . . . . 65Box 61. Threats to marine invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Box 62. Pen shell (Pinna nobilis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Box 63. Indigenous livestock and poultry breeds . . . . . . 68Box 64. Threatened breeds originally not Croatian . . . . 69Box 65. Threats to domesticated taxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Box 66. Development of the nature protection legal

system in Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Box 67. From the Environmental Protection Declaration . . 79Box 68. Deficiencies of the legislative framework . . . . . 80Box 69. Methods of in-situ protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Box 70. Area protection deficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Box 71. Yellow sea fan (Eunicella cavolini) . . . . . . . . . . 87Box 72. Taxa protection deficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Box 73. Most significant collections in the field of

natural sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Box 74. Herbarium collections in Croatia entered in

the world collection list of “Index Herbariorum” . . 91Box 75. Deficiencies of institutional framework . . . . . . 92Box 76. Deficiencies of educational system . . . . . . . . . . 94Box 77. Deficiencies of the sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Box 78. Deficiencies of the public information . . . . . . . 96Box 79. Outline of basic threats to biological diversity

in Croatia and their correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Box 80. Management plan for the wolf (Canis lupus) . . 105Box 81. Action plan for public information on

biological diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Box 82. Meadows of marine flowering plants . . . . . . . 111Box 83. List of threatened and presumably disappeared

plants for which protection action plans are to beprepared and implemented, including species already disappeared (extinct) (E) – endangered species; (?Ex) – probably extinct species, (Ex) – extinct species, * – endemic species or subspecies(prepared according to the Checklist of Croatia’s Flora 1994-2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Box 84. A rare and vulnerable endemic species of isopodcrustacean Monolistra pretneri spp. spinulosa . . . . 117

Box 85. Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) . . . . . . . . 118Box 86. Brown bear (Ursus arctos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

152 LIST OF BOXES

List of boxes

153LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. From a collection of the Croatian Natural History Museum in Zagreb (photo by M. Šaši}) . . . . 1

Figure 2. The Sava river basin, characteristic low-landlandscape (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 3. Jobbing carters in Gorski kotar (photo by A.Frkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 4. The southern littoral, vicinity of Makarska (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Figure 5. Submarine slope in the Great Lake on the island of Mljet (photo by D. Zavodnik) . . . . . . . . . . 5

Figure 6. Kopa~ki rit, a flood area at the mouth of the Drava and the Danube river (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 7. Lowland Croatia, a pasture in the Lonjsko polje Nature Park (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . 8

Figure 8. One of the numerous brooks of the Papukmountain (photo by D. Grlica) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Figure 9. The Bilogora mountain (photo by D. Grlica) . . . 9Figure 10. Hrvatsko zagorje, the Veliki Tabor Castle

(photo by. I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Figure 11. The Plješivica mountain and foothills

(photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Figure 12. The Mre`nica River (photo by. I. Brali}) . . . . 10Figure 13. Mati} poljana at the foot of the Jan~arica

in winter (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Figure 14. Lika, Li~ko polje with the massif of Velebit

in the background (photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . 11Figure 15. Castle-type settlements characterizing the

Istrian landscape, Dragu~ in central Istria (photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 16. Kvarner, a view of the island of Pag from the Velebit mountain (photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 17. Velebit, Varnja~a in the Ro`anski Kukovi (photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 18. River Krka with the Promina mountain in the background (photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 19. The Kornati islands (photo by D. Grlica) . . . 14Figure 20. River Cetina (photo by D. Peli}) . . . . . . . . . . 14Figure 21. Biokovo and the Makarska littoral (photo

by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Figure 22. Reclaimed areas in the Neretva delta

(photo by D. Kova~i}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Figure 23. Submarine cave in the undersea zone of

the island of V. Palagru`a (photo by A. Jaklin) . . . . 17Figure 24. A forest in Gorski kotar (photo by A.

Frkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Figure 25. Lowland flood-affected forest of common

ash with late snowflake in the Sava basin (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Figure 26. Forest of beech and common fir on Medvednica (photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Figure 27. Pattern and width of height belts on the south-western and north-eastern side of Risnjak(according to I. Horvat, 1962; Forest vegetation of western Croatia; Prirod. istra`. 30: 37) . . . . . . . 19

Figure 28. Black pines on Biokovo affected by fire (photo by A. Frkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Figure 29. Vrgora~ko polje, a karst field subject to flooding (photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Figure 30. River Zrmanja (photo by D. Grlica) . . . . . . . 22Figure 31. Strict reserve of Bijele and Samarske stijene

(photo by A. Frkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Figure 32. Endemic species and genus, Meledella verneri,

inhabits underground habitats of island Mljet (photo by B. Jal`i}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Figure 33. Accretion of tubes Marifugia cavatica, anendemic of underground waters in Dinaric karst(photo by B. Jal`i}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Figure 34. Freshwater troglobionic sponge, Eunapiussubterraneus ssp. subterraneus Sket et. Velikonja,inhabits only underground sink-waters of riverZagorska Mre`nica in the area of Ogulin (photo by B. Jal`i}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Figure 35. Flood in Kopa~ki rit (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Figure 36. River Drava, lowland river of the Black Seacatchment area; river flow dynamic: 1/ 1990 and 2/ 1996. (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . 24

Figure 37. Red Lake near Imotski, some 250 m deepalthough very small (photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . 24

Figure 38. Velo blato on the island of Pag (photo by D. Grlica) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figure 39. Round-leaf sundew, a rare flesh-eating species of moors (photo by. T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 40. Water-aloe, a rare species connected with old backwaters (photo by D. Grlica) . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 41. Waterbirds find a plenty of food in flooded areas of Lonjsko polje (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 42. Formerly exterminated beaver was successfully reintroduced into Croatia (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 43. Lake Lepeni~ko in Gorski kotar (Fu`ine) as a result of obstructing the brook Lepenica and flooding the Lepeni~ko polje (photo by A. Frkovi}) . . 27

Figure 44. Lower Neretva included in the Ramsar list of internationally important wetlands (photo by D. Grlica) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Figure 45. Undersea rock in Veli Bok cove, island of Lošinj (photo by A. Jaklin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figure 46. Adriatic wrack, endemic brown alga of theAdriatic (photo by D. Zavodnik) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figure 47. Sea slug Cratena peregrina in the undersea zone of the island of Mljet (photo by A. Jaklin) . . . 29

Figure 48. Intruder in the Adriatic, caulerpa in the undersea zone in the vicinity of Malinska, the island of Krk (photo by A. Jaklin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 49. Marine flowering plant Posidonia oceanicain the undersea zone of the island of Mljet (photoby D. Zavodnik) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 50. Original habitat of photophilic algae, community Cystoseiretum barbatae in the underseazone of the island of Silba (photo by A. Jaklin) . . . 31

Figure 51. Cystoseira barbata in the undersea zone of the island of Silba (photo by A. Jaklin) . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 52. Photophilic algae habitat degraded aftergathering date-shells in the undersea zone of theBrijuni National Park (the island of Veliki Brijun)(photo by D. Zavodnik) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

List of figures

Figure 53. Meadow in the Sava basin (photo by M.Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Figure 54. Mountain pasture on Velebit, Lomska duliba(photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figure 55. Wet meadow of the Mediterranean area, LakeVransko near Biograd n/m (photo by D. Grlica) . . . 33

Figure 56. Overgrowing of the sands of Ðurðevac (photo by V. Hršak) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Figure 58. Siberian iris on meadows of Bilogora (photo by D. Grlica) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Figure 57. Monoculture in the neighbourhood of Oto~ac (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Figure 59. Wet bay-meadows (1) are a habitat of threatened bird corncrake, but as people ceased tomow them these habitats tend to overgrow and rapidly disappear (2) (photo by V. Dumbovi}) . . . . 35

Figure 60. The Bay of Bakar and the old town of Bakarrecovering after the shutdown of the coke plant (photo by A. Frkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Figure 61. The island of Jabuka, one of the most distantopen-sea islands in the Croatian part of the Adriatic (photo by I. Lajtner) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Figure 62. A cliff in the Kornati National Park (photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Figure 63. Kolansko blato on the island of Pag, a smallMediterranean marsh threatened by rapid overgrowing (photo by V. Dumbovi}) . . . . . . . . . . 37

Figure 64. Knapwed Centaurea crithmifolia (photo by N. Tvrtkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Figure 65. Endemic lizard Podarcis melisellensis ssp.pomoensis from the island of Jabuka (photo by B.Jal`i}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Figure 66. Lighthouse on the island of Palagru`a (photo by D. Grlica) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Figure 67. Periodical karst watercourse at the upper Mala Paklenica, the Paklenica National Park (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Figure 68. Storage lakes are degrading the biologicalintegrity of river courses, dam on the storage lake on river Drava (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) . . . . . . . . 40

Figure 69. Bog arum, a rare species of the moor Sungerski (photo by J. Topi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Figure 70. Sands of Kloštar, remnants of the former“Croatian Sahara” (photo by V. Hršak) . . . . . . . . . 41

Figure 71. Unfortified bank of river Drava is a nesting place for sand martin (photo by D. Radovi}) . . . . . 41

Figure 72. Pond ^ambina near Koprivnica, habitat ofnumerous rare species (photo by A. Frkovi}) . . . . . 41

Figure 73. From a collection of the Croatian NaturalHistory Museum (photo by M. Šaši}) . . . . . . . . . . 42

Figure 74. Number of species in Croatia in comparison with the total number of described species in theworld (figures in brackets) by major groups (drawings by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Figure 75. Sibiraea altaiensis ssp. croatica, endemic taxon of northern and central Velebit (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Figure 76. Adriatic salmon, Salmothymus obtusirostris ssp. krkensis, a rare and one of the most threatened salmonoid fish of Croatia (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Figure 77. Thermal power plant Plomin in Istria (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 78. White-tailed eagle, an threatened species whose survival in Croatia depends on the method of managing forests where it is nesting and carp

ponds where it feeds (photo by G. Robbrecht, theMEPPP archive) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 79. Velebit degenia (1) in blossom and (2) with fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Figure 80. Fibiqia triquetra, a rare species and an Illirian-Adriatic endemic (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . 48

Figure 81. Lavender, a species recently again updated in culture (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Figure 82. Fungus Hygrocybe calyptriformis (photo by A. Meši}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Figure 83. Big white truffle, one of the most appreciated species of commercially important fungi in Croatia growing wild, traditionally gathered in Istria (photo by N. Mato~ec) . . . . . . . . 50

Figure 84. Fungus Poronia punctata (photo N. Mato~ec) . . 51Figure 85. Dalmatian barbelgudgeon (photo by M.

Mrakov~i}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Figure 86. Goldfish (photo by M. Pov`) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Figure 87. White sea beam, a species in the east

Adriatic seriously declined in number (from thepublication by Jardas I.: Adriatic Ichthyofauna, 1996., photo by V. Pfeifer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Figure 88. Brown meagre (from the publication by Jardas I.: Adriatic Ichthyofauna, 1996. photo by V. Pfeifer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Figure 89. Grass frog can endure lower temperatures and therefore appears in higher mountainous regions too (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) . . . . . . . . . . 56

Figure 90. Olm (photo by A. Novosel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Figure 91. Orsini’s viper (photo by G. Aga~evi}) . . . . . . 58Figure 92. Common kingfisher, a skillful fisher nesting

in river bank holes (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) . . . . . 59Figure 93. Ferruginous duck (photo by M. Schneider-

Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Figure 94. Bank vole, the commonest forest vole of the

mainland part of Croatia (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) 60Figure 95. Long-fingered bat (photo by D. Peli}) . . . . . . 61Figure 96. Dragonfly Leucorrhinia caudalis is a species

facing extinction; it needs clear water to survive and lives exclusively on floating plant leaves in old backwaters; found in Croatia in only a few of sites (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . 63

Figure 97. False ringlet (photo by B. Jal`i}) . . . . . . . . . . 65Figure 98. Sunset cup coral, Leptopsammia pruvoti, in

the undersea zone of the island Sv. Ivan – Rovinj(photo by A. Jaklin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Figure 99. Pen shell in the undersea zone of the islandSmokvenjak- Kornati (photo by D. Zavodnik) . . . . 67

Figure 100. The snail Discordis atromaculata feeding solely on the sponge Petrosia ficiformis (Goli otok)(photo by A. Jaklin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Figure 101. Pig of Turopolje (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Figure 102. Take-over of young tornjak on the “wolf ’s”ground (photo by @. Štahan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Figure 103. Catch of a deep-sea trawl net (photo by I.Jardas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Figure 104. Cutting of trees on Bilogora mountain (photo by D. Grlica) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Figure 105. Curlew shot on Lake Vransko near Biogradn/m by Italian hunters in March 1999 – all threespecies of curlew are protected by the NatureProtection Act and the special memorandum of the Bonn Convention (photo by D. Brala) . . . . . . . 71

154 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 106. Red deer belongs to economically mostsignificant hunting game (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Figure 107. Cattle breeding in the mountainous area is constantly declining; a flock of sheep on Dinara mountain (photo by J. Kusak) . . . . . . . . . . 73

Figure 108. Production in carp fishpond near Oku}ani(photo M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Figure 109. Common spider crab is an economicallysiginificant species (photo by A. Jaklin) . . . . . . . . . 75

Figure 110. Unconscientious autonomous divers maybecome a threat to the natural heritage (photo by D. Zavodnik) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Figure 111. Rapid development of molecular biology opens the doors to biotechnology (photo by S. D. Jelaska) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Figure 112. Fragments of the plant DNA separated by gel electrophoresis (photo and data by Z. Liber) . . 76

Figure 113. Smoke stack of the sugar mills in Virovitica (photo by D. Grlica) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Figure 114. Information board in the Medvednica Nature Park (photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Figure 115. Information board on the border of theornithological reserve containing a colony of vulture griffon vulture on the island of Cres (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Figure 116. The Plitvice Lakes National Park in winter (1) and in summer (2); (1) photo by I. Brali} (2) photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby . . . . . . . 81

Figure 117. The Paklenica National Park, Mala Paklenica (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Figure 118. The Risnjak National Park, meadows of Šegina (photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Figure 119. The Mljet National Park (photo by I. Brali}) . . 82Figure 120. The Brijuni National Park (photo by I. Brali}) . . 83Figure 121. The Krka National Park, the waterfall

Roški (photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Figure 122. The Kornati National Park (from I. Brali}:

National Parks of Croatia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Figure 123. The North Velebit National Park (photo

T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Figure 124. The Kopa~ki rit Nature Park (photo by M.

Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Figure 125. The U~ka Nature Park (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . 85Figure 126. The Medvednica Nature Park (photo by

T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Figure 127. The Biokovo Nature Park (photo by T.

Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Figure 128. Yellow sea fan, undersea of Elba island

(photo by A. Jaklin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Figure 129/1,2. Botanical garden of the Department

of Botany (Faculty of Science) in Zagreb, founded in 1889, contains about 10,000 species of vascularplants on the area of 4.7 ha (photo by D. Mihelj) . . 88

Figure 130. Herbarium Croaticum (ZA) of the Department of Botany (Faculty of Science, Zagreb) founded in 1880 is the oldest herbarium in Croatia and with its about 200,000 specimens the greatest too (photo by S. D. Jelaska) . . . . . . . . 90

Figure 131. Green forum – a meeting of non-governmental organizations held in December 1998 under participation of the MEPPP (photo by T. Novakovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Figure 132. Professional non-governmental organizations may give considerable scientific

contribution to familiarity with the biological diversity (photo by D. Radovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Figure 133. “Eco-contributions”, regional schoolscompetition for the Day of Planet Earth – exhibitionof awarded works (photo by D. Spudi}) . . . . . . . . 94

Figure 134. Field studies of flora and fauna; students and assistant lecturers for the study of biology at the Faculty of Science in Zagreb working on the plant (1) and animal (2) material; observingornithofauna (3); (1 and 2 photo by T. Nikoli}, 3 photo by K. Leskovar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Figure 135. WWW sites of the Croatian InformationService for Biological Diversity on the Internet offer a variety of data, but require constant updating (photo by S. D. Jelaska) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Figure 136. Three-lane motorway through the forests of Gorski kotar (photo by A. Frkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . 97

Figure 137. Burned reedbeds in the lower part of Neretva river (photo by D. Grlica) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Figure 138. Brown toad in the safety of its home (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Figure 139. Flora inventorying in the area of Medvednica, geopositioning as an importantmethodological step (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . 104

Figure 140. Stagshorn clubmoss (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . 105Figure 141. Wolf (photo by J. Kusak) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Figure 142. Motives of flora, fauna and protected

nature parts on commemorative stamps, phone cards, coins, postcards, etc. offering the possibilityto inform a great number of people at the same time (photo by S. D. Jelaska) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Figure 143. City of Motovun, Istria (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Figure 144. The mouth of River Neretva, a Ramsar site – halophilous communities (photo by M.Mrakov~i}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Figure 145. A colony of spoonbills in the wetlandornithological reserve of Krapje ðol (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Figure 146. Karst areas of northern Velebit – elaboration of the Velebit management plan is a priority action plan (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . 108

Figure 147. Gathering of aquatic underground animals with a net in the ^ekrk cave near Pucareva staja,Glušci – Metkovi} (photo by B. Jal`i}) . . . . . . . . . 108

Figure 148. The forest of Motovun in Istria is one of the most threatened forests in Croatia (photo by J. Kralj) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Figure 149. Keeping the standing (1) and fallen (2) dead trees is one of the measures for the protection of biological diversity in forests; (1) photo by D.Grlica (2) photo by T. Nikoli} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Figure 150. Javornik forest near Delnice – several hectares of the forest were destroyed in the explosion of the ammunition warehouse of the former Yugoslav Army during the Homeland War (6 May 1992) (photo by A. Frkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . 110

Figure 151. Southern Adriatic (photo by D. Grlica) . . . 110Figure 152. Catch of deep-sea trawl net, trawlers

(photo by I. Jardas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Figure 153. Meadows of eelgrass on the left and lesser

Neptune grass on the right in the Opat cove, the island of Kornat (photo by D. Zavodnik) . . . . . . . 111

Figure 154. Sea squirt, Clavelina lepadiformis in theLimski Channel (photo A. Jaklin) . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Figure 155. Meadow on the Bilogora Mt. (photo by D. Grlica) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

155LIST OF FIGURES

156 LIST OF FIGURES / MAPS

Map 1. Position of the Republic of Croatia in Europe . . 3Map 2. Croatia’s relief (according to data by OIKON

d.o.o.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Map 3. Main towns, watercourses and roads . . . . . . . . . 3Map 4. Division of Croatia according to natural features

(source MEPPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Map 5. Overview of landscape units in the Republic

of Croatia (according to the Physical Planning Strategy of the Republic of Croatia 1997: 230) . . . . 8

Map 6. Distribution of forest communities in Croatia(according to data by OIKON d.o.o., original onmonograph “Forests in Croatia”, 1997) . . . . . . . . . 19

Map 7. Karst region of Croatia; some parts of magmatic and metamorphic rocks integrated into

the karst region are not included (according to the model by MEPPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Map 8. Wetland areas of Croatia included in the Ramsar list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Map 9. Ecologically vulnerable and threatened areas of the Adriatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Map 10. Agroecological zones (made for the needs of FAO according to the Physical Planning Strategy of the Republic of Croatia, 1997) . . . . . . . 34

Map 11. Distribution of endemic Jabuka lizard (according to data by N. Tvrtkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Map 12. Distribution of Velebit degenia (according to data from the CROFlora database) . . . . . . . . . . 47

Figure 156. Dropwort (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . 113Figure 157. Mountain anemone (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . 113Figure 158. One of the action plans relates to the

protection of small islands significant for their endemic taxa (photo by D. Grlica) . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Figure 159. Yellow florned-poppy on one of rarelypreserved gravel beaches (photo by D. Grlica) . . . 114

Figure 160. Sand beach on the island of Rab (photo by I. Brali}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Figure 161. Velo blato on the island of Pag, a significant resting site for migratory birds; glossy ibis (photo by D. Grlica) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Figure 162. Yellow gentian, a vulnerable and legallyprotected taxa of bare mountain areas (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Figure 163. Spring adonis, a species of sands threatened by extinction (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . 116

Figure 164. Wood anemone, a threatened and rare plant (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Figure 165. Turk’s-cap lily is threatened by excessivegathering and has been protected in all natural habitats since 1970 under the Nature Protection Act (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Figure 166. Common periwinkle is threatened byfragmentation of habitats and forests clearing,including the excessive gathering (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Figure 167. Narrow-leaved helleborine, an orchid declining in number as a result of excessive gathering and habitat changes; protected in all natural habitats since 1972 under the NatureProtection Act (photo by T. Nikoli}) . . . . . . . . . . 116

Figure 168. Endemic and threatened isopod crustaceanMonolistra pretneri ssp. spinulosa, the Miljacka cave (photo by D. Peli}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Figure 169. Leopard snake, renowned as the most beautiful snake in Croatia (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) . . 118

Figure 170. Moor frog, in the period of mating the male assumes a striking blue colour (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Figure 171. Loggerhead turtle (photo by N. Patiniotis) 118Figure 172. Night heron (photo by G. Robbrecht, the

MEPPP files) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Figure 173. Great cormorant (photo by M. Schneider-

-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Figure 174. Mediterranean monk seal (photo files of

the MEPPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Figure 175. Brown bear (photo by Ð. Huber) . . . . . . . 120Figure 176. Istrian cattle (photo by M. Schneider-Jacoby) . . 121Figure 177. The horse of Posavina (photo by M.

Schneider-Jacoby) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Figure 178. Trond fishfond on the spring of River

Krka (Kr~i}i) – formerly a frequent undertaking at river springs (photo by M. Mrakov~i}) . . . . . . . 122

Figure 179. Carp fishpond are extremely significant for the protection of waterbirds in Croatia – the photo showing Lipovljani fishpond (photo by V.Dumbovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Figure 180. National parks are the only among protected nature parts that are managed by publicinstitutions for a longer period of time now – directors of all national parks in the Schlosser’smountain hut at the top of Risnjak Mt. on theoccasion of celebrating the 40th anniversary of theRisnjak National Park in 1993 (photo by A. Frkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Figure 181. Gathering of terrestrial cave animals in the^ekrk cave near Pucareva staja, Glušci – Metkovi}(photo by B. Jal`i}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Figure 182. Bird marking as one of the most frequentlyused method of their study (photo by D. Radovi}) . . 125

Figure 183. A poster “We investigated – we carried out – we propose”, a work of pupils within theecological quizz named “Our beautiful homeland”held in Kaštela in 1998 (photo by T. Novakovi}) . . 125

Figure 184. Presentation of the special edition of the“Ecological Herald” dedicated to the Risnjak National Park (photo by A. Frkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . 126

List of maps

157LIST OF MAPS / TABLES

Map 13. Distribution of fungus Hygrocybe calyptriformis in Croatia (according to data by Z. Tkal~ec and A. Meši}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Map 14. Distribution of fungus Poronia punctata(according to data by N. Mato~ec) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Map 15. Distribution of olm (according to data by N.Tvrtkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Map 16. Distribution of Orsini’s viper (according to data by N. Tvrtkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Map 17. Distribution of ferruginous duck in Croatia(according to data by D. Radovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Map 18. Distribution of the long-fingered bat in Croatia (according to data by N. Tvrtkovi}) . . . . . 61

Map 19. Distribution of false ringlet (according to data by the Croatian Natural History Museum) . . . 65

Map 20. Distribution of the pen shell in the Croatian part of the Adriatic (according to data by D.Zavodnik) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Map 21. National parks of Croatia (according to data by MEPPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Map 22. Croatia’s nature parks (according to data byMEPPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Map 23. Overview of protected parts of nature (excepting national and nature parks) (according to data by MEPPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Map 24. Map of yellow sea fan distribution (according to data by D. Zavodnik) . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Map 25. Distribution map of the class Lycopsida in Croatia based on data from literature and herbariums (according to data by T. Nikoli}) . . . . 105

Map 26. Distribution of the crustacean Monolistra pretneri ssp. spinulosa (according to data by S.Gottstein) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Map 27. Distribution of loggerhead turtle (according to data by N. Tvrtkovi}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Table 1. Known and assumed number of species of major groups of living organisms in Croatia and world (*upper assumed number) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Table 2. Overview of biological diversity in individualEuropean countries illustrated by the number ofspecies. The figure in brackets shows the rank ofCroatia in Europe by the number of species in a group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Table 3. Number of species of vertebrates and higher plants in individual countries in relation to theirsurface area (* without sea fish) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Table 4. Total number of endemic taxa (species andsubspecies) in Croatia by major groups . . . . . . . . . 44

Table 5. Collective data on the diversity of flora andmicoflora (1 upper assumed limit for the entire fungi world) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Table 6. Number of endemic taxa in individual plantgroups in Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Table 7. Share of threatened taxa (species and subspecies) of mosses and higher plants according to the IUCN categorization in the totalnumber of species (1according to the List of Croatia’s Flora, 1994-2000, 2according to the 1994 Red List) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Table 8. Number of known species within the fungi groups explored (* nonlichens taxa only; ** partly treated, most of which belong to the families of Corticiaceae s. l. and Polyporaceae s. l.) . . 50

Table 9. Collective data on diversity of fauna: 1 - breeding birds, 2 - recorded in total, 3 - species only, 4 - species and subspecies found, 5 - total, 6 - breeding in Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Table 10. Number of endemic species and subspecies in Croatia in individual fauna groups . . . . . . . . . . 52

Table 11. Review of data on freshwater fish and lampreys . . 53Table 12. Freshwater fish and lampreys calling for

action plans for protection; E – Croatia’s endemic

taxa; 1 – taxa calling for immediate protectionmeasures; 2 – protection measures to be planned and defined; 3 – generally threatened taxa orunidentified subtaxa calling for scientific analysis and protection; 4 – taxa calling protection of habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Table 13. Diversity of amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Table 14. Diversity of reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Table 15. Diversity of mammals. A – number of species

recorded in Croatia to date; B – assumed numberof species in Croatia; C – number of threatenedspecies at the level of Croatia (own estimates, thenumber in brackets showing threatened supspecies or isolated populations!); D – number of threatened species at the European level (acc. to the European Red List, UN 1991, column Agroups); E – number of endemic species/subspecies;F – percentage of endemic species/taxa; G – number of threatened endemic taxa; H – number of protected species (and parts ofpopulation) in Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Table 16. Diversity of vertebrates. A – total number ofspecies; B – assumed number of species; C – number of species threatened in Croatia; D – number of species threatened in Europe; E – number of endemic species; F – number ofendemic subspecies; G – number of legally protected species (MR – according to the MarineFisheries Act; SR – according to the FreshwaterFisheries Act; ZZP – according to the NatureProtection Act; ZL – according to the Law onHunting); H – list of species in a group; I – red list of the group; ( ) – number of species recordedin Croatia’s area no matter whether reproduced here or not; * - according to the Nature ProtectionAct all European species are protected, except 26 game species (closed season according to the Law on Hunting) and the cormorant at fishponds and

List of tables

the starling in agricultural areas; ** - during the NSAP development the preliminary lists were made, representing the in-house material of theMinistry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Table 17. Overview of the number of terrestrial and inland water and inland invertebrate taxa by major taxonomic categories and existing data(1subphylum; 2 subclass; 3 suborder; in some groups the number of taxa includes beside species the subspecies too) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Table 18. Diversity of invertebrates of the Adriatic Sea on the basis of the existing data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Table 19. State of populations of Croatian livestock and poultry breeds; * - numerical strength of apopulation (estimated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Table 20. Acts and subordinate legislation partly governing the exploitation and protection of biological and landscape diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Table 21. International conventions to which the Republic of Croatia is a party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Table 22. International conventions to which the Republic of Croatia is still not a party . . . . . . . . . . 80

Table 23. Eight categories of spatial protection according to the Nature Protection Act . . . . . . . . . 81

Table 24. National parks, basic data, features andprotection problems; state on 1 October 1999 . . . . 81

Table 25. Nature parks, basic data, features and protection problems; state on 1. October 1999 . . . 84

Table 26. Number and surface area of protected parts of nature according to categories of the NatureProtection Act (state on 1 October 1999) . . . . . . . 86

Table 27. Species especially protected under the NatureProtection Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Table 28. Scientific institutions significant for study ofbiological and landscape diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Table 29. List of significant non-governmentalorganizations dealing with the protection of biological and landscape diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Table 30. Major journals publishing papers related tobiological diversity inventorying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Table 31. Participants in implementation of the NSAP . . 127Table 32. The NSAP implementation chart . . . . . . . . . 127

158 LIST OF TABLES / GRAPHS

Graph 1. Volume share of individual forest species in the composition of Croatia’s forests . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Graph 2. Forest management in Croatia (special--purpose forests include those used for scientificresearch and recreation or belonging to protectednature parts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Graph 3. Share of meadows and pastures in the totalagricultural land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Graph 4. The total number of known species of individual plant and fungi groups in Croatia in relation to the entire number of species . . . . . . . . . 46

Graph 5. The assumed number of species of individual plant and fungi groups in Croatia in relation to the entire assumed number of species . . . . . . . . . . 46

Graph 6. (1) Relation between the number of species of vertebrates, marine and mainland invertebrates;(2) Number of species in individual vertebrate groups in relation to the total number of species . . 50

Graph 7. Share of endemic species in the total number of species in major groups of vertebrates . . . . . . . . 51

Graph 8. Share of individual categories of threat (152species) within the total number of species of Croatia’s ornithofauna (371 species): EW – extinct

in the wild (7); CR – critically endangered (36); EN – endangered (38); VU – vulnerable (57); LR – lower risk (14); S – safe (219) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Graph 9. Distribution of threatened species of Croatia’s ornithofauna by habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Graph 10. Threats to Croatia’s ornithofauna showed by the percentage of threatened species in relation to the total number of threatened species(152) affected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Graph 11. Changes in the total catch in sea fishing waters of the Republic of Croatia in the period from 1990-1997 (“Communication”, National Bureau of Statistics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Graph 12. Relation between the catch of bluefish and other species in sea fishing waters of the Republic of Croatia in the period from 1990-1997(“Communication”, National Bureau of Statistics) . . 74

Graph 13. Composition of sea catch in the Republic of Croatia by fishing targets in the period from 1990–1997 (“Communication”, National Bureauof Statistics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Graph 14. A chart of General Strategic Objectives andGeneral Action Plans with basic interrelations asrecognized by the NSAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

List of graphs