cyanobacteria and their toxins real concern or just … · cyanobacteria and their toxins real...
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Cyanobacteria and their Toxins Real Concern or Just Green Water?
Nicolas Clercin
Research Scientist, IUPUI Center for Earth and Environmental Science
What is an algal bloom?
NASA’s Aqua/MODIS Satellite – Oct, 9th 2011
Grand Lake St Marys, OH July 2010 (EPA)
Geist Reservoir, IN Summer 2011 (Environmental Law & Policy Center)
• Anoxia (Oxygen Depletion) – Fish kills – Changes in freshwater community structure
• Degradation of recreational resources – Socio-economic impacts – Property value impacts – Recreational use limitation
• Taste and odor in drinking water – MIB (musty) and Geosmin (earthy smell)
• Algal Toxins – Fish and other aquatic life – Livestock – Pets (reports of dog deaths in Indiana, 2009) – Humans
Impacts Associated with Algal Blooms
Fox River, IL 2005
Palestine Lake, IN
University Lake, IN
• Kingdom: Prokaryota – Cyanobacteria or “blue-green algae”
• Prokaryotic algae lacking typical membrane-bound nuclei and plastids • Capable of photosynthesis (Photobacteria) • Gram- bacteria like E. coli* (gastroenteritis), Salmonella* (typhoid fever),
Shigella* (dysentery), Pseudomonas (nosocomial infections), Neisseria (meningitis), Bordetella pertussis, Vibrio cholerae…
• Kingdom: Eukaryota
– Eukaryotic algae with typical nucleus and pigments localized within plastids.
• Chlorophytes (green algae) • Bacillariophytes (diatoms) • Cryptophytes (cryptomonads) • Pyrrhophytes (dinoflagellates) • Chrysophytes (golden algae) • Euglenophytes (euglenoids)
Algae classification
*Microbial Contaminants in EPA Contaminant Candidate List 3 (CCL3) http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ccl/index.html
Cyanobacteria • Chroococcales
– Solidary or colonial coccoid “blue-greens”, never form true filaments • Include: Aphanocapsa, Aphanothece, Chroococcus, Coelosphaerium, Gloeocapsa, Gloeothece,
Gomphosphaeria, Hyella, Merismopedia, Microcystis, Pleurocapsa, Synechococcus, Woronichinia
• Oscillatoriales – Filamentous colonies, no heterocyst- and akinete-formation
• Include: Homeothrix, Limnothrix, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Planktothrix, Plectonema, Pseudanabaena, Schizothrix, Spirulina, Trichodesmium
• Nostocales – Filaments forming heterocysts and akinetes, but never true branches
• Include: Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Aphanizomenon, Calothrix, Cylindrospermun, Cylindrospermopsis, Gloeotrichia, Nostoc, Rivularia, Scytonema
• Stigonematales – Filaments forming heterocysts and true branches
• Include: Brachytrichia, Desmosiphon, Fischerella, Hapalosiphon, Stigonema
Aphanocapsa Merismopedia Lyngbya Spirulina Anabaena Gloeotrichia Fischerella Stigonema
Chroococcales Oscillatoriales Nostocales Stigonematales
• Hepatotoxins: disrupt proteins that keep the liver functioning, may act slowly (days or weeks later) Microcystins (>80 structural variants)
• LD50: 25-60 μg kg-1
• Potent carcinogen (liver, kidneys) Microcystis aeruginosa, M. viridis Anabaena flos-aquae, A. circinalis Planktothrix agardhii, P. mougeotii Oscillatoria limosa Nostoc sp. Anabaenopsis millerii Aphanocapsa
Nodularins (9)
• LD50: 60 μg kg-1
Nodularia spumigena
Cylindrospermopsins (3)
• LD50: 300 μg kg-1 Aphanizomenon ovalisporum Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Umezakia natans
Toxicity - Cyanotoxins
Microcystin-LR
Cylindrospermopsin
• Neurotoxins: cause rapid paralysis of skeletal and respiratory muscles Anatoxin-a (5)
LD50: 200-250 μg kg-1
Anabaena flos-aquae, A. planctonica Anabaena spiroides, A. circinalis Aphanizomenon sp. Cylindrospermum sp. Microcystis sp. Oscillatoria sp.
Anatoxin-a(S) (1)
LD50: 20 μg kg-1
Anabaena flos-aquae, A. lemmermannii
Saxitoxins (20) LD50: 10 μg kg-1 Potent neurotoxin; Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)
Anabaena flos-aquae, A. lemmermannii Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Lyngbya wollei Planktothrix agardhii
β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), neurodegenerative agents, causative of amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease) and parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS/PDC)
Toxicity - Cyanotoxins
BMAA
Saxitoxin
Anatoxin-a
Toxicity - Cyanotoxins • Dermatotoxins: produce rashes and other skin reactions (hours or days). Potent
irritants, vesicants and carcinogens. Lyngbyatoxin-a (1)
• Potent irritant and vesicant, aka seaweed dermatitis Moorea producta (ex- Lyngbya majuscula)
Aplysiatoxins (2) • Potent tumor promoters
Lyngbya majuscula
• Endotoxins: inflame gastrointestinal epithelium. They are pyrogenic (fever) and
induce immune response. At high enough concentrations in blood, endotoxins are lethal (septic shock). Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
Lyngbyatoxin-a
Toxins and Taste & Odor Compounds Produced by Cyanobacteria
Species
Dermatotoxin, Endotoxin
Hepatotoxin (Liver)
Neurotoxin (Nervous System)
Taste/Odor Compound
Aphanacapsa spp. LPS microcystins
Microcystis spp. LPS microcystins, nodularin anatoxins
Snowella spp. LPS microcystins
Synechococcus spp. LPS microcystins MIB, Geosmin
Woronichinia spp. LPS microcystins
Lyngbya spp. LPS, lyngbyatoxins saxitoxins MIB, Geosmin
Oscillatoria spp. LPS, aplysiatoxins microcystins anatoxins, saxitoxins MIB, Geosmin
Planktothrix agardhii LPS, aplysiatoxins microcystins saxitoxins MIB, Geosmin
Pseudoanabaena spp. LPS MIB, Geosmin
Anabaena spp. LPS microcystins
cylindrospermopsin anatoxins saxitoxins
MIB, Geosmin
Anabaenopsis elenkinii LPS microcystins
Aphanizomenon spp. LPS cylindrospermopsin
microcystins anatoxins saxitoxins
Geosmin
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii LPS cylindrospermopsin saxitoxins
Nodularia spp. LPS microcystins ,nodularin
LPS = Lipopolysaccharide Modified from: Graham et al., 2008; Lawton and Edwards, 2008; NOAA, 2007; Graham, 2007; Wiedner et al., 2006
• Currently, there are NO US Federal guidelines, Water Quality Criteria and Standards or Regulations concerning harmful algal blooms.
• Cyanobacterial toxins are on EPA CCL3; EPA is reviewing standards and risks. • World Health Organization* established guidelines for drinking waters (1998)
and recreational use of water bodies (1999), based on: – Cell concentrations and/or biovolume; – Chlorophyll-a (equivalent to cell levels); – Microcystin.
• Several states have statewide monitoring programs and well-defined public health reporting and response systems – Indiana is following this path.
Status of Harmful Algal Bloom Guidelines and Standards
*WHO (1998) Guidelines for Drinking–Water Quality. Second Edition, Addendum to Volume 2, Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information. World Health Organization, Geneva. *WHO (1999) Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. I. Chorus and J. Bartram (eds.), E & FN Spon, New York, 416
WHO Guidance Values for Probability of Acute Health Risks During Recreational Exposure to Cyanobacteria and Microcystin-LR
Hazard Status Cyanobacteria Microcystin – LR Recommended Action
Low
< 20,000 cells. mL-1 or < 10 μg. L-1 chlorophyll-a or < 2.5 mm3 L-1 cyanobacterial biomass
<10 µg/L Post Advisory Signs and Continue Monitoring
Moderate
20,000 - 100,000 cells. mL-1 or 10 - 50 μg. L-1 chlorophyll-a or 2.5 - 12.5 mm3 L-1 cyanobacterial biomass
10 - 20 µg/L Post Advisory Signs and Restrict Swimming
High
> 100,000 cells. mL-1 or > 50 μg. L-1 chlorophyll-a or > 12.5 mm3 L-1 cyanobacterial biomass
20 - 2,000 µg/L Post Advisory Signs, Prohibit
Swimming and Other Water-contact Activities
US States with Reports of Acute Cyanobacterial Poisonings*
*Graham, J. L. , K.A. Loftin, and N. Kamman. Monitoring Recreational Freshwaters. Lakeline. Summer 2009. pp 18-24
Cyanobacterial Poisonings and Health Advisories Cyanobacterial Poisonings Health Advisories
Central Indiana Reservoirs 2008-2011
• Cell Density: – Moderate risk from
April to June – High risk from July to
November
• Biovolume: – Always at high risk!
• Microcystin: – Toxic from April to
January – Close to Indiana
recommendation from July to October
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Den
sity
(cel
ls/m
L)
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Low Risk
Moderate Risk
High Risk
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Bio
volu
me
(mm
3 /L)
100
101
102
103
104
105
Low Risk
Moderate Risk
High Risk
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Mic
rocy
stin
( g/
L)
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
Recreational Water
Drinking Water
State of Indiana
Detection Limit
2008-2011 Occurrences of Microcystin as Measured by Elisa-Adda in Central Indiana Reservoirs
Geist
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Morse
Mic
rocy
stin
( g/
L)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
Eagle Creek
Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11 Jul-11 Jan-12 0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0 Reservoir damUpper reservoir
# Occurrences (% Occurrences)
Central Indiana Eagle Creek Morse Geist
# Analyzed 715 299 202 214
> 0.15 μg/L 365 (51.0%)
97 (34.2%)
116 (57.0%)
152 (71.0%)
> 1 μg/L 82 (11.5%)
5 (1.7%)
13 (6.4%)
64 (29.9%)
> 3 μg/L 16 (2.2%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
16 (7.5%)
> 6 μg/L 1 (0.1%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
1 (0.5%)
• State of Indiana worked with CEES-IUPUI in 2008 to report results of CEES/Veolia Water monitoring of 3 central Indiana reservoirs
• State of Indiana utilizes 100,000 cells/mL and/or 6 µg/L (ppb) microcystin for posting advisories and press releases – IDEM Website Postings: www.algae.in.gov – ISDH Press Releases
• CEES research programs have continued to provide information to State since 2009 for posting on state website
• CEES now provides information for 3 central Indiana Reservoirs and Patoka Lake (Southern Indiana) since 2010
• IDEM collaborated with CEES-IUPUI in 2010/11 and developed its own statewide monitoring program
Indiana Monitoring and Response to Harmful Algal Blooms
Thank you
NASA’s Aqua/MODIS Satellite – Lake Erie Jan, 15th 2012