The Geographies of The Geographies of Cyberspace and Cyberspace and TransportationTransportation

Maggie CusackMaggie Cusack

Senior Transportation AnalystSenior Transportation Analyst

New York State Department of TransportationNew York State Department of Transportation

GGeo-spatialeo-spatial I Informationnformation S Systems for ystems for TTransportationransportation SSymposiumymposium

Rapid City, South Dakota,Rapid City, South Dakota, 20042004

Previously: TPreviously: Transportationransportation R Researchesearch B Boardoard

TTransportation & ransportation & EEconomic conomic DDevelopment evelopment CConferenceonference

Portland, Oregon in 2002Portland, Oregon in 2002

Research QuestionsResearch Questions

What kind of geographic pattern, if What kind of geographic pattern, if any, does the Internet follow?any, does the Internet follow?

What kind of economic geographies What kind of economic geographies and interactions has the Internet and interactions has the Internet spawned?spawned?

Does the Internet follow typical Does the Internet follow typical population concentrations?population concentrations?

What effect does the Internet and it’s What effect does the Internet and it’s geography have on transportation?geography have on transportation?

CyberspaceCyberspace

‘‘navigable space’navigable space’ from the Greek word from the Greek word kyber kyber popularized by William Gibson, used in popularized by William Gibson, used in

his 1984 science-fiction his 1984 science-fiction NeuromancerNeuromancer ““Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination

experienced daily by billions of legitimate experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation….A graphic operators, in every nation….A graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity.” (p.51)complexity.” (p.51)

Cyberspace exists due to Cyberspace exists due to the Internet infrastructurethe Internet infrastructure

computerscomputers telephone networkstelephone networks data switchesdata switches routersrouters IP backbonesIP backbones

Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html

Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html

Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html

Critical DevelopmentCritical Development 1990 Information Management Proposal1990 Information Management Proposal Tim Berners-Lee at CERNTim Berners-Lee at CERN Observation: information is not organized Observation: information is not organized

into tree-like structure, there is a need to into tree-like structure, there is a need to get from leaf to leafget from leaf to leaf

Proposals:Proposals:– hypertexthypertext– web browserweb browser– gatewaysgateways

Cyberspace enabled Cyberspace enabled technologiestechnologies

groupwaregroupware enterprise resource planning softwareenterprise resource planning software geographic information systemsgeographic information systems data warehousing and miningdata warehousing and mining electronic data interchangeelectronic data interchange portalsportals 3-dimensional solid modeling3-dimensional solid modeling virtual realityvirtual reality

Components of a virtual Components of a virtual organizationorganization

web-based procurementweb-based procurement web-enabled order managementweb-enabled order management business-to-business (b2b) business-to-business (b2b)

storefrontsstorefronts collaborative planningcollaborative planning web-based service and supportweb-based service and support product life cycle collaborationsproduct life cycle collaborations

C-CommerceC-Commerce

Collaborative CommerceCollaborative Commerce based on assumptions of mutual gainbased on assumptions of mutual gain Gartner Group: “fluid interaction of a Gartner Group: “fluid interaction of a

community of personnel, business community of personnel, business partners and customers that is joined partners and customers that is joined together by the Internet, component together by the Internet, component and integration technologies, resulting and integration technologies, resulting in agile but highly integrated virtual in agile but highly integrated virtual multi-company enterprises”multi-company enterprises”

Key pressures:Key pressures:

Rapidly expanding Rapidly expanding technologiestechnologies

growing global growing global competitioncompetition

increased demand increased demand for individual and for individual and organizational organizational competencies and competencies and capabilitiescapabilities

Higher customer Higher customer expectationsexpectations

ever-decreasing ever-decreasing cycle time changing cycle time changing skilled personnel skilled personnel requirementsrequirements

increased investor increased investor pressure on short pressure on short term financial term financial performanceperformance

Collaborative activity:Collaborative activity:on the riseon the rise

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Acqu

isitio

ns

Joint

Ven

tures

Marke

ting All

iance

s

Tech

nolog

ical E

xcha

nges

Licen

se Agr

eemen

ts

Merge

rs

Limite

d Pa

rtnersh

ips

'92-'94

'94-96

Collaboration, knowledge and Collaboration, knowledge and communitycommunity

post-industrial era, knowledge post-industrial era, knowledge basedbased

global economy = constellations of global economy = constellations of firms through alliance formationsfirms through alliance formations

distributed knowledge acquisitiondistributed knowledge acquisition best practices developed by best practices developed by

communitycommunity virtual proximity to the communityvirtual proximity to the community

Trends in cyberspace Trends in cyberspace

cachingcaching content distribution - metadata content distribution - metadata peer to peerpeer to peer

– gunatella (not exactly true peer to peer)gunatella (not exactly true peer to peer)– freenet (no central server - true p2p)freenet (no central server - true p2p)

mirror sitesmirror sites web traffic - bandwidthweb traffic - bandwidth

– doubles each yeardoubles each year

Bandwidth on Internet Bandwidth on Internet backbones in Mbpsbackbones in Mbps

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1997 1998 1999 2000

New YorkChicagoWashington, DCSan FranciscoDallasAtlantaLos AngelesSeattleDenverKansas City

Source: Sean P. Gorman and Edward J. Malecki: Fixed and Fluid: Stability and Change in the Geography of the Source: Sean P. Gorman and Edward J. Malecki: Fixed and Fluid: Stability and Change in the Geography of the Internet, 2001Internet, 2001

Source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/

Source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/

Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html

CMSA PopulationCMSA Population

0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

New Yor

k

Los A

ngele

s

Chicag

o

Was

hing

ton,

DC

San Fr

ancis

co

Source: Sean P. Gorman: Where are the Web factories: The urban basis of e-business location, 2001Source: Sean P. Gorman: Where are the Web factories: The urban basis of e-business location, 2001

DomainsDomains

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

Source: Sean P. Gorman: Where are the Web factories: The urban basis of e-business location, 2001Source: Sean P. Gorman: Where are the Web factories: The urban basis of e-business location, 2001

Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html

Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html

Source: http://www.mappingcyberspace.com/gallery/index.html

Transportation trendsTransportation trends

increased vehicle miles of travel increased vehicle miles of travel increased ratio of trucks in traffic mixincreased ratio of trucks in traffic mix increase in ratio of 2-axle, 4-tire increase in ratio of 2-axle, 4-tire

truckstrucks increased port activityincreased port activity increase in air freightincrease in air freight increase in passenger air travelincrease in passenger air travel increased person hours of delayincreased person hours of delay

International General Cargo at PONY & NJInternational General Cargo at PONY & NJStrong growth overall, increasing share by Strong growth overall, increasing share by

containercontainer

1000

200300400500600700800900

1,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1000

200300400500600700800900

1,000

% Containerized

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

23%31%

40%

55%

70%

23%31%

40%

55%

70%

Mill

ion

s o

f To

ns

Mill

ion

s o

f To

ns

Source: M aritim e R eporter, N ovem ber 1995Source: M aritim e R eporter, N ovem ber 1995

Source: VZM / TranSystems

2 % Compound Annual Growth

7 % Compound Annual Growth

The Future of the Highway Network?The Future of the Highway Network?NY Metropolitan Region: NY Metropolitan Region:

15,000 additional trucks a day in 199815,000 additional trucks a day in 1998

Source: Cambridge Systematics

30%

20%

10%

0%

New York Metropolitan Regional Freight

Tonnage, 1995-2020: 27% Growth, Most by Truck

Population Freight Tonnage

Popular Passenger LinesPopular Passenger LinesTotal Annual DeparturesTotal Annual Departures

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

1000000

199519961997199819992000

Source: http://nasdac.faa.gov/bts/btsfrm41.htm

Charter Air LinesCharter Air LinesTotal Annual DeparturesTotal Annual Departures

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

Champion Miami NorthAmerican

199519961997199819992000

Source: http://nasdac.faa.gov/bts/btsfrm41.htm

Passenger & Cargo Passenger & Cargo Services Services

Total Annual DeparturesTotal Annual Departures

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Frontier Hawaiian Vangauard

199519961997199819992000

Source: http://nasdac.faa.gov/bts/btsfrm41.htm

Freight Air LinesFreight Air LinesTotal Annual DeparturesTotal Annual Departures

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

199519961997199819992000

Source: http://nasdac.faa.gov/bts/btsfrm41.htm

New Freight Air LinesNew Freight Air LinesTotal Annual DeparturesTotal Annual Departures

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Falcon Gemini Lyden Capital

199519961997199819992000

Source: http://nasdac.faa.gov/bts/btsfrm41.htm

Aircraft Shipments ‘80 - Aircraft Shipments ‘80 - ‘99‘99

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1980 1895 1990 1995 1999

UnitsValue

Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000

Changes Since September Changes Since September 1111

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Reviewing disaster planning documents

Reviewing insurance policies for adequate coverage

Reviewing business travel policies

Increasing use of videoconferencing

Checking backgrounds on contract personnel

Checking employee backgrounds more thoroughly

Reviewing Guidelines for number of staff on any singleflight

Conctracting for emergency alternative space

Increasing use of private or corporate planes

Lowering own public profile

Passenger & Freight Passenger & Freight Revenue Miles (billions) by Revenue Miles (billions) by

AirAir

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Passenger Miles Freight Ton-milesSource: BTS

Domestic Enplanements for Continuously Reporting Carriers

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

January February March April May June July August September

2001 2002 2003

Observed and Predicted Observed and Predicted Air Traffic Volumes into Air Traffic Volumes into

USAUSAORIGIN 2001

% Change 01/00

2002 %

Change 02/01

2003p %

Change 03/02

2004p %

Change 04/03

2005p %

Change 05/04

2006p %

Change 06/05

2007p %

Change 07/06

% Change 07/01

% Change 07/02

Canada 13,507 -8% 12,968 -4% 12,773 -2% 13,361 5% 13,882 4% 14,382 4% 14,857 3% 10% 15% Mexico 9,558 -7% 9,807 3% 9,670 -1% 9,979 3% 10,418 4% 10,793 4% 11,117 3% 16% 13% Overseas 21,833 -16% 19,117 -12% 17,698 -7% 18,818 6% 20,125 7% 21,486 7% 22,781 6% 4% 19%

Europe 9,496 -18% 8,603 -9% 8,548 -1% 9,100 6% 9,771 7% 10,391 6% 10,970 6% 16% 28% Asia 6,316 -16% 5,689 -10% 4,845 -15% 5,187 7% 5,519 6% 5,955 8% 6,370 7% 1% 12% South America 2,531 -14% 1,815 -28% 1,486 -18% 1,566 5% 1,706 9% 1,846 8% 1,983 7% -22% 9%

Caribbean 1,202 -10% 1,053 -12% 977 -7% 1,030 5% 1,074 4% 1,118 4% 1,160 4% -3% 10% Central America 771 -6% 704 -9% 655 -7% 685 5% 722 5% 764 6% 807 6% 5% 15%

Oceania 586 -20% 529 -10% 516 -2% 545 6% 579 6% 608 5% 631 4% 8% 19% Middle East 644 -8% 483 -25% 437 -9% 460 5% 490 7% 525 7% 564 7% -13% 17%

Africa 287 -3% 241 -16% 233 -3% 247 6% 263 6% 279 6% 296 6% 3% 23%

Grand Total 44,898 -12% 41,892 -7% 40,142 -4% 42,158 5% 44,425 5% 46,661 5% 48,754 4%

9% 16%

Source: BTS

ConclusionsConclusions

cyberspace does reflect physical spacecyberspace does reflect physical space community is key in the new economycommunity is key in the new economy movement of people and goods will movement of people and goods will

remain challengingremain challenging demand on transportation will increase demand on transportation will increase

more in urban areas that have the best more in urban areas that have the best communications infrastructurecommunications infrastructure